.f,fx::':.y.'.;,'^\y. 
pjjijgi;;'/. ;:,  .'r  ■  . . 


S-;!!';!t''';:   ■■■■:■■ 


y.'i", 


«$'.: 


/'lT  Tit » ■  ':  I     '    -w- 


T 


It" 


LIBRARY 

OF  the: 

U  N  IVER.5ITY 

or    ILLI  NOIS 


^B777 


'^immi!iim:^>!!M? 


TO    ALL    PARTIES    WISHING 

WOOD-CUT    ILLIISTRATIOIVS. 

The  Subscribers  have  now  in  successful  operation  Price's  Patent  process  of  Photograph- 
ing directly  upon  the  Wood  Block,  instead  of  the  old  slow,  tedious,  expensive,  and  inaccu- 
rate process  of  Hand-Drawing. 

PERFECT   ACCURACY,    CHEAPNESS,  AND  DISPATCH, 

ARE    ITS    PRINCIPAL    RECOMMENDATIONS. 

We  are  ready  to  furnish,  at  the  shortest  notice.  Illustrative  Cuts  of  all  kinds  of  Manu- 
factured Articles,  Manufactories,  Stores,  Dwellings,  Landscapes,  Portraits,  Ac.  We  are 
using  this  process  iu  every  department  of  Wood-Cut  Illustrations,  and  sliall  be  pleased  to 
show  our  patrons 

PROOFS  OP  ITS  PERPECT  SUCCESS. 
Parties  wishing  work  done,  by  leaving  or  sending  their  orders,  will  be  promptly  waited 
upon.  Ambrotypes,  Photographs,  Daguerreotypes,  Ac,  copied  upon  the  wood,  and  correct 
Cuts  furnished,  so  that  parties  out  o^f  the  city  need  only  send  their  orders,  accompanied 
with  the  picture.  We  are  thankful  for  the  favour  with  which  our  efforts  to  introduce  this 
great  improvement  have  been  received.     We  shall  endeavour  to  still  deserve  success. 

WATERS    &    TIIiTOIV, 

90  Fulton  Street,  (Upstairs)  New  York. 


HOLLOWAY'S 
OINTMENT 

AND 

PII.I.S. 

Scrofula,  Erysipelas,  Salt 
Rhevim,  and  all  other  skin  dis- 
eiises,  indicate  impure  blood.  The 
Ointment  reaches  and  neutralizes 
the  poiion  in  the  veins,  while  the 
Pills  are  fi:ua'"a^nt®<*(l  *  certain 
cure  for  Pyspepsia,  Liver  Com- 

glaint,  and  all  affections  of  the 
tomacli  and  Bowels. 
*»*  Sold  at  the  Manufactories 
of  Doctor  HoLLowAY,  80  Maiden 
Lane,  New  York,  and  by  nil 
respectable  Druggists  and  Deal- 
ers in  Metlicine  throughout  the 
United  Slates  and  the  civilized 
world,  in  boxes  at  25  centa,  63 
cents,  and  $1  each. 

N.  B. — Directions  for  the  ^id- 
ance  of  patients  in  every  disorder 
are  atfixed  to  each  box. 


Cincinnati.    For 
W.W.HAMER&Co.'s 

ADVEKTISEMENT    OF 

GRINDING  MILLS, 

See  Part  I.,  between  pp.  78  &  79. 


THE 


AMERICAN 

GUIDE 


FOR 


1859. 


BRITISH 

COMMERCIAL 

LIFE 

INSURANCE  CO. 

London  &  America. 

Kgtabllghed   18  2  0. 

Capital,  $3,000,000, 

AND  A  LARGE 

Accumulated  Surplus. 

This  Company  has  been  in 
successful  operation  nearly 
40  years,  and  has  paid  for 
claims  ».1,500,000. 

No  extra  charge  for  cross- 
ing the  Atlantic. 

Loans  granted  on  Policies. 

Laree  Bonuses  on  Policies 
on  Participating  Scale. 

Frazer  Kivcr,  California, 
and  special  risks  taken. 

Chief  Office  in  America, 

65  Wall  St.,  New  York, 

GEO.  M.  KNEVITT, 

General  Agent, 

For  U.  S.  and  Canada. 


BILLIARD    TABLES. 

Improved  Billiard  Tables  and  Combination 

Cushions. 

Protected  by  Letters  Patent,  dated 
Feb.  19,  1856;  Oct.  28,  1856;  Dec.  8,  1857;  Jan.  12,  1858. 


_  The  recent  improvements  in  these  Tallies  make  them  unsurpassed  in  the  world.  They  are  now 
offered  to  the  scientific  Billiard  players  as  combining  speed  with  truth,  never  before  obtained  in  any  Bil- 
liard Table.     Salesrooms,  Nos.  7S6  and  78S  Broadway,  New  York.     Manufactory,  No.  53  Ann  Street. 

O'CONNER  &  COLLANDER,  Sole  Manufacturers. 


THE  BREVOORT  HOUSE, 

FIFTH    AVENUE, 

CORNER    OF     EIGHTH     ST.,    NEW    YORK, 

Strictly  upon  the  European  plan,  furnishing  meals  at  all  hours,  guests 
paying  only  for  what  they  call  for. 

ALBERT    CLARK,  Proprietor. 


Clarendon   Hotel, 

UNION  PLACE,   COR.   OF    18TH  STREET, 

NEW    YORK. 

This  Hotel  is  delightfully  situated  near  tlie  Union  Park,  Academy  of  Jlusic,  and  other 
places  of  attraction.  The  apartments,  from  the  single  room  to  the  suite  of  any  number 
desired,  are  amply  provided  with  Bath  Rooms,  and  all  the  modern  conveniences.  It  is 
conducted  on  the  Table  d'Hote  system,  or  meals  are  served  in  rooms.  The  cuisine  is  under 
the  directions  of  one  of  the  first  chefs  in  the  United  States. 

Terms:  ^2.50  per  day.    ISo  charge  for  Baths. 

KERNER    8l   BIRCH,    Proprietors. 


LAFARGE    HOUSE, 

BROADIVAY, 

Opposite  Bond.  St.,  ISTs^at  "^Torl^. 

This  new  and  elegant  Hotel  is  located  in  the  most  fashionable  part 
of  Broadway,  and  is  furnished  with  all  the  modern  improvements, 
rendering  it  the  most  desirable  Hotel  in  the  Metropolis, 

HENRY  WHEELER,   Proprietor. 
W.  W.  HILL,  (formerly  of  the  Irving  House,)  Superintendent. 

W.    CHASE    &,    SON, 


MANiKACTrnr.ns  of 

SCHOOL  FURNITURE, 

OF     VARIOUS     DESI  GNS. 

Chase's  Patent  Iron  Back  Chair,  Office  Desks, 
and  new  design  of  Settee;  a  supply  kept  con- 
stantly on  hand  at 

198  SEVENTH  STREET,  BUFFALO,  N.Y., 
and  194  Lake  Street,  Chic^o,  111. 
WYLIE    &.    LOGHEAD, 
BUCHANAN  STREET,  Glasgow,  Scotland.   I 

Ulustrated  Ctiialogues  sent  hrj  applying  ax 
above. 


THE  MERCANTILE  AGENCY. 

314    &L    316    BROADWAY, 
sin  ori'K  i:.  iii  kkoai>\*ay,  tki.mtv  bl'ildi.\g, 

N  E  W     Y  O  11  K  . 

r>.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  PROPRIETORS. 


EMtablishftl,    June^    1§41. 


IJ.  DOUGLASS  4  CO.,  Now  York. 

B.  DOUGLASS  i  CO.,  Philu.Ulphia. 

E.  nUSSELL  &  CO.,  Boston. 

J.  D.  PRATT  A  CO.,  Baltimore. 
B.  IK)UGLASS  &  CO.,  Ciiuinnati. 

B.  DOUGI^VSS  &  CO.,  Pittsburg. 

B.  D<)r(;LA.>NS  &.  CO.,  CKvolanJ,  Olno. 

B.  I>OUGLAS8  «fe  CO.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


B.  DOUGLASS  &.  CO.,  Chicago.  Bl. 

B.  DOUGL^VSS  A  CO.,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

B.  DOUGLASS  i  CO.,  Milwaukee,  "Wis. 

R  DOUGL^\.SS  A  CO.,  Xew  Orleans. 

R  DOUGLASS  <k  CO.,  Charleston. 
PRATT  &.  CO.,  Riclunonil,  Va. 

B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

B.  DOUGL^VSS  &,  CO.,  St  Louis,  Mo' 


Tliis  establishment  supplies  (to  subscribers  only)  all  neccssaiy  ] 
information  as  to  the  standing,  responsibility,  &c.,  of  Merchants,  | 
Traders,  Manufiictnrers,  Public  Companies,  etc.,  throughout  tlio  ' 
United  States,  their  Territories,  and  British  North  America. 

Also  makes  collections  and  attends  to  legal  business  generally.    It 
is  the  oldest  and  by  far  the  most  complete  and  extensive  system  ever  ■ 
organized  for  the  accommodation  of  Banking  and  Mercantile  interests,  i 
and  for  the  general  promotion  and  protection  of  trade.  I 

BRANCH    AND    ASSOCIATE    OFFICES. 
IIV    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


IN    CANADA. 

B.  DOUGLASS  <k  CO.,  Montreal.         |         B.  DOUGLASS  <b  CO.,  Toronto. 

IN     ENGLAND. 

B.  I>OUGLA98  A  CO.,  Unity  Buil.ling,  lo  Cannon  Street,  London,  R  C. 

1^"  Thi.s  In.stitution,  of  long-tri(Hl  utility  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Briti.'^h 
Provinces,  ha.H  lately  been  extended  by  branch  to  London.  A  continued  and  con- 
•<tantly  inrrea.«!ing  patmnagc  of  18  years,  is  a  sufficient  proof  of  the  advantages  it.s 
suhsrrilKTs  have  derive*!  from  it.  To  tho.^e  House.'?  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  are 
doing  an  American  or  Canadian  trade,  it  affords  facilities  such  as  thov  have  never  ( 
before  had  arctws  to,  and  it  will  be  found  as  well  adapted  in  its  operations  to  "  Inter- 
national Tra«le"  as  it  luw  hitherto  lx?en  found  within  narrower  limits. 

Any  rfn»nnahlf  tfft  of  the  eorrcftnfM  of  the  v\formation  on  the  records,  trill  be 
girrn  to  pnrtifM  enntemphiting  »uh»erihing,  hy  appUeation  at  the  Office  in  London^ 
irhcrf  nhn  the  termM  of  Duhnrriptirin  trill  hr  made  Inoirn. 


CINCINNATI  AND  ST.  LOUIS! 

Th-ro-ugh.  ATV'itlio-at  dieunge  of  Oars. 

OHIO    AND    MISSISSIPPI 

BROAD   GAUGE  RAILROAD! 


FOR 


Louisville,  Vincennes,  Evansville,  Cairo,  and 
S^IN^T    LOTJISI 

CONNECTING   AT   ST.    LOUIS  FOR   ALL  PLACES   IN 
MEMPHIS,  YICKSBURG,  NATCHEZ,  AND  NEW  ORLEANS ;   AT 

CAIRO! 

For  Memphis,  Vicksburg,  Natchez,  and 
n>J"ES^W"      O  rt  Hb  E5  .A.n>3"  S2 

AT  NEW   ORLEANS   FOR 

GALYESTON  &  ALL  PLACES  IN  SOUTHERN  TEXAS. 


Notice. — The  attention  of  persons  emigrating  West  is  called  to  the  fine  Timber 
Lands  between  Cincinnati  and  Vincennes.  Hickory,  Black  and  White  Walnut,  Sugar 
Maple,  Poplar,  Oak,  and  Ash,  abound.  To  those  who  prefer  Prairie  Lands  of  a  supe- 
rior quality,  and  at  favorable  rates,  a  fine  opportunity  is  offered  for  selection  between 
Vincennes  and  St.  Louis,  with  all  the  benefits  of  a  mild  climate.  Farmers  on  the  line 
of  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  have  the  advantage  of  the  two  great  western  mar- 
kets— Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis. 


ASK  FOR  TICKETS  VIA  OHIO  AND  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD. 


coiynroiiTr 

Broad  Gauge  Saloon  Cars  through  from  Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis  without  change. 
Only  one  Change  of  Cars  between  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Evansville  or  Cairo. 


Trains  leave  Cincinnati  in  Connection  with  Trains  of  all  the  Eastern  Railroads. 
ONE   THROUGH   TRAIN    ON   SUNDAY. 


THROUOH     TICKETS 

To  the  West  and  South,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  can  be  procured 
at  all  the  Eastern  Railroad  Ticket  Offices,  and  at  all  the  principal  Stations  on  Roads  east 
of  Cincinnati,  and  at  the  several  Offices  of  the  Company  at  Cincinnati. 

TF.  H.  CL-EMENT.  P.  W.  STRADER, 

General  Superintendent.  General  Ticket  Agent,  Cin. 


IMPORTANT    TO    EMIGRANTS 

(ittlNTf   TO 

Tin:    CANADAS    AM)   THE    AVESTERX    STATES. 


JmiuI  Agency  and  Jinju'ttnj  OJices  fur  the  sale  of  Canada  Lands. 
iHtrticuhiiH  of  ichuh^  as  wiU  a«  nliahJe  information^  can  now  he  oh- 
taiiod  at  HutKiKs  *fc  Bkal,  2o9  Piccadilly,  London,  Euirlaiid,  xohlr/t 
I/ouMi  /V  in  connection  with  the  icell-knoicn  Land  Aijene-y  and  Af/ri- 
cultural  /utab/inh/nent  of  Geo.  Fuller  »fe  Co.,  llaniilton  and  Toronto. 
Oinjida  West. 

The  Kn<;lish  Ilc^'istry  for  Properties  in  Canada  can  now  be  inspected 
at  2ul)  Piccadilly,  London,  England,  free  of  expense,  which  contain> 
the  jtarticulars  of  various  farms  for  sale  in  LTpper  and  Lower  Canada, 
(varying  from  £4  to  £12  and  £30  sterling  per  acre).  Breweries,  flour 
and  saw-mills,  houses,  and  all  descriptions  of  property;  also  10,000  acres 
of  land  covered  with  capital  growing  oak,  elm,  ash,  and  beech  timber, 
at  from  $(5  to  $2o  per  acre,  or,  in  English  money,  from  £1  is.  to  {.'•! 
sterling  per  acre. 

In  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  property  of  Martin  Zimmerman,  Es(|.. 
the  eminent  railway  contractor,  are  100,000  acres  of  the  very  best 
])rairie  lands,  from  £1  to  £3  sterling  per  acre.  This  soil  produces  4<> 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  besides  Indian  corn  and  other  crops.  The 
very  best  of  shooting  and  fishing  in  the  district. 

There  are  also  1,350  acres  of  excellent  land,  some  400  under  culti- 
vation, 7  miles  from  the  Coniwall  station,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  line: 
OS  miles  from  Montreal.  This  is  for  sale  at  £5  per  acre,  in  farms  of 
200  acres,  or  in  one  lot  at  £4  j)er  acre. 

People  emigrating  should  inspect  the  Register,  at  which  place  can 
be  obtained  the  most  useful  infornuition,  as  well  as  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  George  Fuller  tfe  Co.,  the  agricultural  auctioneers,  James  street, 
Hamilton,  and  at  Komain  Buildings,  King  street,  Toronto. 

Persons  will  find  it  most  desirable  not  to  settle  until  after  an  inter- 
view with  Mr.  George  Fuller,  either  at  Toronto  or  Hamilton. 


Moneys  received  from,  and  transmitted  to,  England,  Ireland  &  Scotland. 


a  K  O .     I    U  L  L  K  II    &    CO., 
A;;ri(-iilliiral     liictitMircr^i   and    l.inii<l    Vnliic'i'w, 

HAMILTON     AND    TORONTO,    O.    W., 

Who  WT  the  Importers  of  ••  Tiiorlet'h  Cattli  Food,"  and  "  Downs'  Farmer's  Friend,"  a  prc- 
TcnUtirc  to  Smut  in  Wheat  and  Wire  Worm. 


THE 


BRITISH  AMERICAN  GUIDE-BOOK: 


BEING    A    CONDENSED 


GAZETTEER,    DIRECTORY   AND   GUIDE, 


TO 


CANADA,  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 


AND 


4lriiui|];i(  Citits  on  t|c  ^cafroari 


IN  FOUR  PARTS. 

PART      I.— UPPER  AND   LOWER  CANADA. 
II._SCENES  AND  SCENERY. 
III.— THE  UNITED  STATES. 
IV.— THINGS   AS  THEY  ARE  IN   1859. 


ILLUSTRATED   WITH   UPWARDS    OF 

FIRST    EDITION. 


NEW  YORK: 

IT.  BAILLIERE,  290  BROADWAY,  AND  219  REGENT  ST.,  LONDON. 

MONTREAL:  B.  DAWSON  &  SON.     GLASGOW:  D.  JACK  &  CO. 


^777      ^al.r 


S^^-v-^^ 


TO    THE    READER. 


»  «»  » 


As  this  work  is  designed  to  be  useful  and  interesting  to  readers  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
lantic, the  author,  in  compiling  it,  has  endeavoured  to  present  it  in  such  a  manner  as  will 
meet  that  end.  Whilst  it  may  be  correctly  supposed  that  the  illustrations  given  of  Amer- 
ican and  Canadian  cities  and  scenery  will  be  new  to  readers  generally,  in  Europe,  still  it 
is  believed,  that  even  in  America  there  are  thousands  to  whom  many  of  such  scenes  will 
be  new;  and  that,  whilst  the  articles,  entitled  "  Things  as  they  are  in  1859,"  are  more  im- 
mediately connected  with  matters  with  which  evei'y  resident  in  America  is  supposed  to  be 
conversant,  yet,  from  the  introduction  of  information  having  special  reference  to  the  same 
subjects  as  they  exist  in  Britain — and  by  a  comparison  of  tliese  as  they  are  in  the  two 
countries — it  is  hoped  that  American  readers  will  find  such  articles  both  interesting  and  in- 
structive. 

>         In  the  opinions  expressed,  or  descriptions  of  "  men  and  things"  given,  the  author  does 

^'  not  lay  claim  to  either  infallibility,  or  any  great  literary  merit;  but  to  a  sincere  desire  to 

g  present  such  in  an  intelligible,  unbiassed,  and  disinterested  manner;  and  where  he  has 

;])  happened  to  err  as  to  any  particular  facts — or  differ  from  any  in  the  opinions  expressed — 

^  he  claims  that  such  may  be  attributed  to  error  in  information  received,  and  in  judgment — 

5  tlian  to  error  of  intention,  to  gratify  any  personal,  or  prejudiced  preconceived  notions. 

^  ... 

^  In  attempting  to  describe  and  illustrate  so  vast  a  territory  as  this  work  embraces,  it  has 
^  been  found  impossible — ev4n  with  considerable  assistance  rendered  him — for  the  author  to 
^-  produce  original  descriptions  of  every  place  noticed  in  time  for  this  edition  of  the  work ; 
o  consequently,  he  has  availed  himself  of  extracts  from  some  of  the  most  reliable  authori- 
^  ties  having  reference  to  the  districts  not  yet  visited  personally  by  him.  Amongst  these, 
V  he  mentions  Lippencot's  and  Hayward's  Gazetteers,  the  Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal,  Francis's 
rv  Guide  to  New  York,  and  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine,  and  to  a  work  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Smith 
,,^^of  Baltimore,  on  the  "Railroad  Celebration  of  1857,"  for  information  pertaining  to  the 
^^^  States;  and  "  Lovell's  Directory"  and  "  Key  to  Canada,"  as  regards  Canada.  Any  other 
y  sources  of  information  are  mentioned  where  extracts  from  them  occur.  By  this  means, 
N  the  information,  given  as  a  whole,  is  rendered  more  complete.  It  is,  however,  the  inten- 
tion in  future  editions  of  this  work,  to  bring  the  information  respecting  particular  districts 
N    down  to  later  dates,  from  personal  observation  and  ex])erience. 


6  TO  THE   READER. 

The  author  has  confidence  in  submitting  the  illustrations  for  public  approval,  as  he  has 
endeavoured  to  secure  the  best  at  command  where  already  in  existence,  and  also  by  hav- 
ing others  engraved  from  photographic  and  pencil  sketches  taken  specially  for  this  -woi'k. 
To  preserve,  as  far  as  possible,  all  the  truthful  details  of  the  photographic  views,  they 
have  been  re-photographed  upon  wood  by  Messrs.  Waters  &  Co.  of  New  York,  by  Price's 
patent  process,  and  engraved  from  such  by  them,  so  that  the  illustrations  presented  from 
these,  faithfully  illustrate  each  scene  represented. 

A  few  typographical  and  clerical  errors  occur  here  and  there,  which  were  not  observed 
till  after  being  printed  off;  these,  however,  will  be  rectified  in  future  editions,  which,  it  is 
intended,  to  extend  and  improve. 

The  work  has  been  divided  into  parts,  each  part  containing  one  class  of  matter  and  an 
index  to  contents,  so  that  readers  may  all  the  more  easily  find  out  any  particular  informa- 
tion or  illustration,  they  are  in  search  of. 


ge:n^ekal  index  of  contents, 

ARRANGED    IN    PARTS. 


-♦-♦ 


CONTENTS   OF   PART    i. 


PAGE 

Addington  Road,  free  lands.  37 

Agriculture  of  Canada 34 

Banks  in  Canada  and  a^'ts.  42 
Banks  in  G.  Britain  and  Ire  42 
Canada,  gener'l  information  31 

Consuls  at  Montreal 16 

Climate 34 

Conditions  of,  free  lands. ..   39 

Crown  land  agents 39 

Canadian  banks  and  agents.  42 

Crops,  rotation  of 35 

Distribution  of  intest.  est's.  45 

Expense  of  a  family 3'5 

Emigration  gov.  otiicers...  41 
Free  lands  of  government.  37 
Free  lands,  conditions 39 

Quebec 7 

Montreal — 

The  entire  City 12 

Great  St.  James  Street.. .  15 

Place  d' Armes 15 

Beaver  Hall 15 

Bonsecour's  Market 15 

Victoria  Bridge 14 


PAGE 

Game  of  the  country 37 

Government  free  lands 37 

Government  land  agents..   39 
Government  emigt'n  offic's.  41 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Hastings  Road,  free  lands. .  37 
Income  &  expend,  of  prov.  38 

Kingston,  C.  W 28 

Laws,  Municipal  Institution  32 

Log  house,  cost  of 35 

Loudon,  C.  W 26 

Land  agents,  government. .   39 
Lauds,  wild,  cost  of  cl'ring.  35 

Montreal,  C.  E 11 

Money-order  office  system. .  44 
Naturalization 31 

ILLUSTEATIONS  OF  PAET  I. 

Toronto.— The  entire  City  .  22 

St.  Lawrence  Hall 22 

The  Normal  Academy  ...  24 

King  Street 23 

Triinty  College 24 

Yonge  Street 23 

Crown  Lands'  Office,  and 

Mechanics'  Institution.  22 


PAOB 

Ottawa,  C.  W 17 

Offices  held  by  settlers 36 

Postal  regulations  in  Can. .  45 

Quebec 7 

Rideau  canal  and  locks 21 

Religion 34 

Settlers,  information  for. . .  35 
Sale  and  occupation  of  lands  40 

School  lands  for  sale 41 

Toronto,  C.  W 22 

Trinity  College 22 

Taxes  payable 36 

Victoria  Bridge 13 

Wild  beasts,  if  troublesome  37 
Wages  to  agriculturists.. . .  36 
Work  during  winter 36 


Ottawa. — 
Lower  and  Central  Town.  18 

Upper  Town 19 

Locks  on  Rideau  Canal. .  21 

Kingston 28 

London 27 

Hamilton 25 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    II. 


Albanv,   Scenerv  between 

New  York  anil 64 

Alleghany  Mountains,  The.     7 

Altamount,  Alleghanies 13 

Avon  Springs 62 

Ballston  Spa 61 

Baltimore  to  Cincinnati 7 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  22 
Beauliarnois,  St.  Lawrence.  45 
Bottom  lands  in  Missouri..   2S 

Breezes  on  the  Prairies 29 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara..  77 
Canadian   boat-song 79 


Canandaigua  Lake 62 

Cape  May 48 

Cassidy's  Ridge 15 

Catskiil  Mountains 53 

Canghnawauga,   St.  Law- 
rence    45 

Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  45 

Crooked  Lake 52 

Chauderie  Falls,  Ottawa. . .  82 

Cheat  River  and  Valley 13 

Cincinnati  to  Columbus...  19 

Clarksburg 17 

Clifton  Springs 51  ' 


Climate  of  Missouri  Valley.  29 

Cohoes  Falls ". .  43 

Columbia  Bridge  Susqueha.  23 

Columbia  Springs 62 

Columbus  to  Cincinnati 19 

Columbus  to  Baltimore 21 

Columbus  to  Philadelphia. .   21 

Columbus  to  New  York 21 

Cranberry  Summit 13 

Cumberland,  Alleghanies..  12 

Davenport,  Iowa 30 

Descending  the  Rapids....  43 
Falls  of  the  Chauderie 82 


8 


r.ENEKAL  INDEX   OF  CONTEXTS. 


rxnw 

Falls  of  tlip  Ridfuu >«•.' 

Full*,  l.iitli' t;j 

FftlUof Colicies 4H 

Falls  of  (M'lii'scf »i"i 

Falls  of  Kuiitor^kill .'■:. 

Falls  of  Mimu'liiilia »•• 

Fulls  of  Mniitinorenci H" 

Falls  of  Niuffura. 7'J 

Falls  of  till'  I'ussaic HI 

Falls  of  St.  Anthonr 87 

Falls  of  Tivnton. . .". 46 

Genesee  Fulls 60 

Geneva  Lake 6a 

Granoii  Jiiiiction 1.5 

Givat  t'oliimhiu  Itriil^e 28 

Han>er's  Kerry,  Virginia. . .  10 

Hiulson  Kiver 64 

Imliun  Lake 6i 

Indian  Muiunl,  .Muundsville  17 
Iron  Hridge — the  largest  in 

Anierieu 16 

Iron  Mountain,  Missouri...   '2'> 

Islands,  the  Thousand 4.'3 

JefTerson's  Rook lO 

Junction   to   Wheeling  and 

r«rker.sl)urg 1.") 

Juniata,  Scenery  of  the 23 

Kan>as  and  Nebraska 27 

Kaiiter.skill  Falls .5.5 

Kingwood  Tunnel 1.5 

La  Chine, St.  Lawrence 4.5 

Lake  C'anandaigua 62 

Lake  (ieorge .51 

Lake  Mahoiuic 62 

I^ke  of  the  Thousand  Isl'ds  43 
Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains  W 
Lake  I'epin,  Mis.^i.ssij>|ii ....  3.5 
Lakes  I'leasant  and  Crooked  .52 

Lake  Saranacs 62 

Lakes  (Jeneva  and  Seneca. .   62 

I^kc  St.  Francis 46 

I^keSvinerior 4" 

I.4»ke  .Sylvan,  Cat.skill  Mt'ns  .54 

Lake  Winnipiseogee .5o 

Lebanon  Springs 61 

Little  Fulls «•_' 

Little  Miami  Kiv'rand  Val'y  I'.i 

Long  .'*aiill  Kiipids 4.T 

LiuiiIkt  in  .Missoim 2'.' 

Maiden  liock,  Mississippi..  85 


rAOi 

Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky.  4>s 

.Miami  Valley  uiid  Kiver . .'. .  lit 

Minnehaha  Falls 8S> 

.Mi^^iKxippi  |{'dge,Rock  Isl'd  3o 
.Mi>>i'<r*ip]ii  Trip  on  I'jiper.  31 
Missouri,  Mineral   Resour- 
ces of 2.5 

Missouri,  Valley  of  the 27 

Monongahi-la  and    Tygart's 

Valley  Rivers .' 16 

Montiiiorenci  Falls s7 

Montreal  to  Ottawa,  per  Rail  h3 

Montreal  to  Ottawa, per  Riv'r  "V 

Mountain,  the  Iron 2.5 

Mount  Vernon 49 

Xuhant 49 

Nebraska  and  Kansas 29 

New  Lebanon  .Springs 61 

New[)ort,  Rhodi'  Island 62 

New  York  to  Albany 54 

Niagara  Hiirniiig  Springs. .  77 

Niagara  Falls 72 

Niagara  Kails,  Routes  to...  7S 

Niagara  Susi)ension  Bridge  70 

Niagara  to  Thon>and  Isl'ds.  46 

Ottawa  River,  Trip  up  the.  79 

I'arkcrsburg 18 

I'nssaic  tails 61 

I'atapsco  River,  Scenery  of.  8 

Philadelphia  to  Tittsbiifg...  23 

Pictured  Rocks,  Lake  .Sun'r  40 

Piedmont,  Alli_':ianv  .Mt  ns  12 

Pittsburg  to  Pliiladeljihia. .  21 

Platte  River  an  i  Valley 2S 

Plymouth  Rock " 49 

Point  of  Rocks y 

Potomac  Valley  and  River..  l<i 

Prairies,  Hreezct  on  the 29 

Prairies  in  Missouri 28 

River  Hudson,  ."scenery  of..  6.5 

River  Hudson,  ."Source  of...  63 

River  Juniata,  Pa 24 

River  Mississippi 31 

River  .Missouri 27 

River  Ottawa 79 

River  Passoic 61 

Kiver  Patnpsco 7 

River  Platte,  Missouri 28 

River  Potomac 10 

River  Sogucnny 85 


I  PiOl 

Rirer  St.   Lawrence  and 

Rapids 42 

River  .Susi|uehanna,  Pa 23 

River  (Upper;  Ottawa 84 

Rochester 46 

!  Rockuway  Reach 49 

Rock  Ishind  Riidge 30 

i  Rondout  Creek 69 

I  Saguenay  River 85 

,  Saratoga  ."springs 49 

.Scenery  of  Alleghanv  Mt'ns     7 
'  Scenery  of  Catskill  Mt'ns. .   .53 

I  Scenery  of  the  Potomac 9 

Scenery  of  White  .Muunt'ns  57 

;  Scenes  and  .Scenerv 5 

Scottish  and  Am.  tMrener}-..     7 

I  Sharon  .Sj>rings .50 

[  Shooting  the  Rapids 43 

Sleepy  Hollow .56 

Soil  of  the  .^Iissouri  Valley.   27 

Source  of  the  Hudson 63 

Springs  &  Watering  places.  4S 

1  St.  Anthony,  Minnesota 37 

Steaming  up  the  Mississippi  31 
Steaming  up  the  Mis.souri..   28 

St.  Krancis'  Lake 45 

I  St.  Lawrence  River,  Rapids.  42 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota 35 

I  St.   Paul  to  St.  Anthony's 

I      Falls :...  .37 

!  Superior  Lake 40 

,  Sue(iuehanna  River 23 

I  .Sylvan  Lake .54 

I  Tip-Top  House 59 

'  Trenton  Falls 46 

Trip  up  the  Ottawa 79 

Trip  u|)  the  Saguenay 85 

I  Trip  through  the  Thousand 

I      Islands 4."? 

i  Trip  up  the  Upper  Miss'ppi   31 

Tup])er's  Lake 62 

I  Turk's  Face,  on  the  Hudson  68 
Upjier  Mississippi  River. . .   31 

I  Upper  Ottawa  River 84 

Valley  of  the  Missouri 27 

!  Watering  Places 4S 

White  >U)untains 57 

White  .Sulphur  Springs 50 

Willcy  House 58 

I  Winnipiseogee  Lake 50 


Viailuct    ucross   the    Pa- 

tapsco 8 

Scenery  at  P^llysvillc  and 

Iron  Hri>lge.' 7 

Har]>er's  Kerry 10 

Point  of  Roclis <i 

Moiintuin  View,  Cranber- 

ri-  (trade 18 

Grand      Potomac    Valley 

View 11 

Scenery  on  the  Potomac 

River H 

The  Cheat  River  Grade..  14 

Cheat  River  Valley It 

Grafton     Junction      and 

Iron    Bridge 1.5 

Piiclm<int "  Foot  of  the 

M'  nutain" 12 

Tyjart's   Valley  and    Mo- 

iiont;abe|n    Rivers 16 

Indi.-ui    Mound,   Mounds- 

tUIc 17 


ILLUSTRA'nONS  OF  PAST  n 
'  '.it.-l.-,!!  Miiiint4iiri*. 
■"^i-eiie  in  the  .Mountains.   .53 
The    Kauterskill    Kails..   .55 
View  down  .Sleepy  Hollow  56 

Sylvan  Lake. . . ." ,54 

nth  ..f  St.  Paul,  MifiMJiota.  36 
iy»  IVaUr  Cum  51 

■ 60 

./!'■  .'•  on  tht 24 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

LUth-  Jlliimi  Hirer  and  ValUjf, 
View  near  Fort  Ancient.  i9 

m;  iiiiiv  iiii. 20 

ilU 88 

FaUA 87 

«/<  hland 62 

.  i ,  .;.,jf. 

Suspension  Bridge,  full 
view 70 

Railroail  Track  on  Sus- 
]>ension  Bridge 72 

Terrapin  Tower 75 


yinOiira  FaRi. 
The  American  and  Ilorse- 

Shoe  Falls 78 

T.nble  Rock 75 

Biirnini:  Springs 77 

/•flAnijiV  /-iilU,  AVir  Jertti/. . .   61 

Jiirer  l[ii<l»on. 

Source  of  the  Hudson 63 

The  Palisades 64 

The  Turk's  Face 68 

Rondout  Creek 69 

Interior  Hud.son  Steamer  65 

liirrr  Mitfi/uippi. 
Steaming   up   the  Missis- 
sippi   31 

View  between  Lake  Pepin 

and  St.  Paul 84 

The  Maiden  Rock 38 

Britlge  across  the  Missis- 
sippi   80 

Rivfr  SI.  hiwrrnct. 

Descending  the  Rapids..  44 
The  Thousand  Islands...  43 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF  CONTENTS. 


9 


PAGE  , 

River  St.  Lawrence. 
Shooting  the  Long  Sault       1 

Rapids 42 

Steamintj  up  the  Missouri.. .  SS 
St.  Aiitfujny's  Falls 3S 


PAGE  I 

SusqueTianna-,  "View  on  the. .  23  I 

The  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri  26  I 

Trenton  Falls.  i 

•The  High  Falls 47 


PAQB 

Trenton  Falls. 
The  Cascades 47 

Whiie  Mountains. 

Tip-Top  House 59 

The  Willev  House 58 


CONTENTS   OF   PART    III. 


Baltimore,  Citv  of 

Boston,  City  of. 

Brief  Account  of  U.  States, 

Butfalo,  City  of. 

Chicago,  City  of. 

Cincinnati,  City  of 

City  of  Baltimore 

"    Boston 

"    Buffalo 

"    Cincinnati 

"     Chicago 

"    Cleveland 

"     Detroit 

"     Madison 

"    Milwaukee 

"    New  York 

"     Philadelphia 

"     Portland 


59 
56 
17 

87 
113 
75 

5y 

5'J 

87 
75 
'J3 

84 

;i-2 
lou 

•ji 

52 
91 


Citv  of  Pittsburg 71 

■  "    St.  Louis 73 

"     Citv  of  Washington  47 

Detroit,  City  of. 92 

Elevations,  in  America IS 

George  Washington li! 

Government  of X'.  States..   21 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

Illinois,  State  of 101 

Iowa,  State  of 103 

Madison,  City  of ImO 

Michigan,  State  of 106 

Mihva'ukee,  City  of 90 

Minnesota,  Territory  of 112 

Missouri,  State  of . ." 109 

Mountains  in  America 17 

Mount  Vernon 50 


New  Orleans,  City  of 63 

Patent  Office,  Washington..  51 

Philadelphia,  Citv  oiT. 52 

Pittsburg,  City  of 71 

Portland"^  City  of 91 

Presidents  of  United  States  22 

Rivers  in  America 13 

St.  Louis,  City  of 73 

The  Capitol  at  Washington.  48 

The  Great  Lakes 20 

United  States,  Account  of..  17 
United  States'  Government.  21 
United  States'  Presidents..  22 
United  States' Gov.  Depart's  23 

Washington,  City  of. 47 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

Wisconsin,  State  of 104 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  PAET  KL 


Creorge  Washington 10 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

New  York — 

View  of  City 25 

Broadwav 27 

Park  and  City  Hall 28 

Universitv 29 

Halls  of  Justice 30 

Custom  House 30 

Merchants'  Exchange 31 

Free  Academy 32 

Private  Residence 33 

The  Cooper  Institute 33 

The  Hospital 34 

La  Farge  House 35 


New  York — • 

Trinitv  Church 

All  Souls'  Church 

High  Bridge — Aqiwduct. 

Bank  of  the  Republic . . . . 

Phelan's  Billiard  Rooms. 
Washington — The  Capitol. 

The  Patent  Office 

Baltimore — View  of  City.. 
New  Orleans — 

View  of  Canal  Street 

The  French  Cathedral. . . 

Avenue  in  the  Cemetery. 
Ohio  River — Susp.  Bridge. . 
Wheeling,  Virginia 


37 
41 
42 
42 

48 
51 
60 

64 
65 
67 
69 
70 


Pittsburg— View  of  City.. .  71 

Cincinnati — View  of  City.  80 

Third  Street 77 

Fourth  Street 80 

Masonic  Temple 78 

National  Theatre 81 

Cleveland — 

View  of  Superior  Street.  85 
Buftalo— 

Looking  up  Main  Street.  88 

From  the  Creek 89 

Detroit— View  of  City 92 

Chicago^View  of  City 95 

Milwaukee — View  of  City..  97 

Madison,  View  of. ". . .  99 


CONTENTS   OF   PART    IV. 


American  Auction  Rooms..  30 

American  Bank  Notes 23 

American  Banks,  Banking.   19 

American  Hotels 11 

American  Houses 66 

American  People,  Degenc'y  62 
Anterican  Railroad  Cars. . .  41 
American  Railroad  Conduc.  45 
American  Railr'd  Locomo..  43 

American  Railroads 40 

Amusements  and  Sports. .     59 

Attendance  -at  Church 49 

Auctioneer,  the  American..  31 
Auction  Rooms  in  N.  York.  30 

Automaton  Oven 33 

Bakeries,  Mechanical 33 

Ballot  Voting  in  America. .  76 

Bank-Note  Reporters 24 

Bank  Notes  of  America. . . .  23 
Banking  Lit'ture,  Cur'ties..  25 

Banking,  Wild-Cat 21 

Banks  and  Banking 19 

Billiards  and  Chess 61 

Bookseller,  The  Railroad...  45 
Booksellers'  Trade  Sales. . .  31 


Broken  Banks 28 

Business,  Past,  Present   & 

Future 88 

Canada,  Trade  with 32 

Cars  on  American  Railr'ds.  41 

Cars,  Railroad  Sleeping 48 

Church  Attendance 49 

Churches  in  America 49 

Church  Psalmody 50 

Citizenship 64 

Clergymen  in  America 72 

Clothing  and  Dress 49 

Commercial  Agencies 17 

Commercial  Colleges 29 

Commercial  Retrospect 88 

Comparative  Time  Indicator  85 

Consumption  of  Ice 40 

Curiosities  in  Bank  Lit'ture  25 
Cutting  Ice  on  Rockl'd  L'ke  38 

Debt  Collecting 19 

Declaration  of  Intentions. .  64 
Degeneracy  of  Am.  People.  62 
Difl'erence  in  Time,  Canada.  86 
Diflfereuce  in  Time,  U.  S. . .  85 
Distances  from  New  York.  92 


Distances  from  Quebec 95 

Domestic  Servants 71 

Dress  and  Clothing 49 

Drinking  Customs 36 

Drinking.     Water 36 

Drinks,  "Refreshing 38 

Educational  Inst,  of  Am. . .  74 

Elections  in  America 76 

Exchange  and  Ex.  Offices. .  22 
Exemption  Laws  of  U.  S. . .  83 

Express  1 55 

Express  Companies ,56 

Extracts  from  Bk-Note  Rep  24 
Failures  in  l'<57  and  1^58..   90 

Fares  from  New  York 93 

Fares  from  Quebec 95 

Farmers  in  Winter  Time,. .   .53 
Fire  Engine  Establishment.  53 

Fire  Engine,  Steam .55 

Fruit,  Prices  of 70 

Furniture  Manufacturing..   83 
Hoe  k  Co.'s  Print.  Machine    7 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Affairs 67 

Housekeeping,  Expenses  of.  63 


10 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   CONTENTS. 


PAQB 

Ice  Trade 3S 

Indicator,  Time SO 

luteutions,  Declaration  of . .   C4 

Interest,  Legal 28 

Laws,  Exemption,  of  U.  S.   83 

Laws,  Usury 28 

Leviathan  I'rint.  Machine. .  7 
Locomotive,  Tlio  American.  43 
Lumber  and  Lumbermen  . .   51 

Meat,  Prices  of 70 

Mechanical  Bakeries 33 

Mercantile  Agencies 18 

Newsman,  The  Railroad. . .  45 
New  York  Auction  Rooms.  30 
Peter  Funk  Auction  Rooms  32 
Printing  JIach.,  Hoe  &  Co..  7 
Professional  Jlen  in  Amer. .  71 

Protection  to  Trade 17 

Psalmody  in  Churches 50 

American  Locomotive 44 

American  "  Racker" 60 

American  Railroad  Car 42 

Hoe  &  Co.'s  Print.  Machine    6 


PAGE 

Pushing  Trade  on  the  Cars.  46 

Quaker  Settlement 79 

Railroad  (Am.)  Locomotive  43 

Railroad  Cars 41 

Railroad  Conductor 45 

Railroad  Refreshment  Sta- 
tions   47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars 48 

Railroads  in  America 40 

Railroad  Newsman 45 

Rapids,  Rafts  running 51 

Refreshing  Drinks 38 

Refreshment  Siat'ns  in  Am  47 

Reporters,  Bank-Note 24 

Shakers,  The 79 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Raili'oads.  48 
Sleighing  in  Winter  Time..  57 
Sports  and  Amusements...  59 
Steam  Fire  Engine 55 


PAOB 

The  Shakers 79 

Time  Indicator 86 

Time  in  Europe  and  Amer.  86' 

Trade  Sales 31 

Trade  with  Canada 32 

Trade  Protection  Societies..  13 

Trotting  Matches 59 

"Two  Forty" 60 

Usury  Laws  of  America. . .  28 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

Voting  by  Ballot 76 

Water  and  Water  Drinking  36 
Wayside  Refresh.  Station. .  48 

Who  are  Yankees ? . .». 35 

Wild  Cat  Banking 21 

Winter  Evenings 58 

Winter  Time  in  America  . .   57 

Worthy  of  Credit 18 

.  Y'ankees,  Who  are? 35 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  PART  IV. 

Ice-cutting  at  Rockl'd  Lake  39 

Running  the  Rapids 52 

Sh;iker  Costume 80 


Shakers  Dancing 81 

Steam  Fire  Engine 55 

Time  Indicator 86 


ADVERTISEMENTS    AND    BUSINESS   DIRECTORIES 

Will  ie  found,  on  reference,  as  follows: — 


PAGE 

Baltimore 62 

Buttalo 90 

Canada,  generally 78 

Cleveland ^  . .  .^. .   86 

Cincinnati 74,  78,  79 

Chicago 93 

Detroit 92 

Grand  Rapids 100 

Hamilton,  C.  W 20 

Kalamazoo,  Mich 100 


PAGE 

London,  C.  W 16 

Milwaukee,  Wis 98 

Montreal,  C.  E 16 

New  Orleans 68 

New  York 46 

Niagara  Falls 78 

Ottawa,  C.  W 20 

Prairie  du  Chien 100 

St.  Louis '73 

St.  Paul 10*^ 


lart  Jfirst. 


U  F  P  E  li 


AND 


LOWER    CANADA. 


CONTEJ^TS    OF    PART    I. 


PAGE 

Addington  Road,  free  lands 37 

Agriculture  of  Canada 34 

Alphabetical  list  of  cities,  towns  and  vil- 
lages   46 

Banks  in  Canada  and  agents 42 

Banks  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 42 

Canada,  general  information 31 

Consuls  at  Montreal 16 

Climate 34 

Conditions  of  occupying  free  lands. ...  39 

Crown  land  agents 39 

Canadian  banks  and  agents 42 

Crops,  rotation  of 35 

Distribution  of  intestate  estates 45 

Expense  of  supporting  a  family 36 

Emigration  government  officers 41 

Free  lands  of  government 37 

Free  lands,  conditions  of  occupation. . .   39 

Game  of  the  country 37 

Government  free  lands 37 

Government  land  agents 39 

Government  emigration  officers 41 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Hastings  Road,  free  lands 37 

Income  and  expenditure  of  province  ...  33 


FAGB 

Kingston.  C.  W 28 

Laws  and  Municipal  Institutions 32 

Log  house,  cost  of. 35 

Land  agents,  government ....  39 

Lands,  wild,  cost  of  clearing 35 

Montreal,  C.  E 11 

Money-order  office  system 44 

Naturalization 31 

Ottawa,  C.  W 17 

Offices  held  by  settlers 36 

Personal  intestate  estate 45 

Postal  regulations  in  Canada 45 

Quebec 7 

Rideau  canal  and  locks 21 

Religion 34 

Settlers,  information  for 35 

Sale  and  occupation  of  lands 40 

School  lands  for  sale 41 

Toronto,  C.  AV 22 

Trinity  College 22 

Taxes  paj-able 36 

Victoi'ia  Bridge 13 

Wild  beasts,  if  troublesome 37 

Wages  to  agriculturists 36 

Work  during  winter 36 


SUttstrati0ns. 


PAGE 

Quebec  7 

Montreal. — The  entire  City 12 

"  Great  St.  James  street 15 

"  Place  d'Armes 15 

"  Beaver  Hall 15 

"  Bonsecour's  Market 15 

"  Victoria  Bridge 14 

Toronto. — The  entire  City 22 

"         St.  Lawrence  Hall 22 

"         The  Normal  Academy 24 

"         King  Street 23 

Trinity  College 24 

Yonge  Street 23 

"         Crown  Lands'  Office,  and  Me- 
chanics' Institution 22 

Ottawa. — Lower  and  Central  Town. ...   18 


PAGE 

Ottawa. — Upper  Town 19 

"         The  Locks  on  the  Rideau  Canal  21 

Kingston 28 

London 27 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  CANADIAN  SCENERY 

Will  be  found,  on  reference,  as  follows: 

lilontmorenci  Falls.     Part  II 87 

Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence.     Part  II . . .  44 

The  Thousand  Islands.     Part  II 43 

Descending  the  Lost  Channel.     Part  II.  42 

Niagara  Falls.     Part  II 73 

Suspension  Bridge.     Part  II 70 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara  Falls.  Part  IL  77 


NOTES 


ON. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 


In  the  following  pages  of  this  part,  will  be  found  information  and  illustrations  relating 
to  Canada,  compiled  from  different  sources  of  information,  as  well  as  from  our  own  obser- 
vations. 

As  a  large  amount  of  information  bearing  upon  the  present  position  of  Canada,  and  the 
inducements  it  presents  for  emigrants,  together  with  stetches  of  Canadian  life,  appears  in 
other  parts  of  this  work,  readers  are  referred  to  them,  so  that  they  may  form  a  proper 
idea  of  what  Canada  is — in  1859. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  although  Canada  does  not  at  present  oflfer  inducements 
for  almost  any  description  of  emigrants,  excepting  those  of  the  agricultural  class,  and  how- 
ever much  some  parties  have — through  ignorance  of  the  country  and  its  requirements — 
been  disappointed  by  emigrating  there,  under  circumstances  like  the  present,  it  is  impossi- 
ble that  it  can  be  long  before  Canada,  like  other  sections  of  the  world,  will  recover  entire- 
ly from  the  effects  of  the  late  panic,  and  present  depressed  state  of  things  generally,  and 
offer  as  great  inducements  for  emigrating  thither,  as  ever  as  it  has  done  heretofore. 

In  future  editions  of  this  work,  we  purpose  adding  considerably  to  the  information 
already  given,  and  will  then  have  opportunities  of  publishing,  from  time  to  time,  the  con- 
dition of  the  country,  and  what  inducements  there  may  be  for  emigrating  to  what  has 
been  termed,  the  "land  of  hope,  not  to  be  disappointed." 


QUEBEC. 


CITY   OF    QUEBEC— CANADA  EAST. 

AssooATED  as  Quebec  is  with  so  man}'  scenes  of  military  glory,  of  success  as  well  as  defeat, 
it  must  at  all  times  possess  a  peculiar  interest  to  almost  every  one.     On  its  fields,  and 

around  its  bat- 
tlements, some 
of  the  bravest 
of  the  sons  of 
Great  Britain 
and  Ireland, 
America  and 
France,  have 
f  all  e  n,  and 
around  its  cita- 
del, some  of  the 
most  daring  ex- 
ploits have  taken 
place.  Standing 
on  a  bold  and 
precipitous  pro- 
montory, Quebec 
has  not  inappro- 
priately been 
called  the  "  Gib- 
raltar of  Ameri- 
ca," with  which 
the  names  of  the 
brave  Wolfe, 
Montcalm,  and 
Montgomery 
must  ever  re- 
main connected. 
The  citadel 
stands  on  what 
is  called  Cape 
Diamond,  3  5  0 
feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea, 
and  includes 
about  40  acres  of 
ground.  The 
view  from  oft"  the 
citadel  is  of  the 
most  picturesque  and  grand  character.  Tliere  will  be  seen  the  majestic  St.  Lawrence, 
winding  its  course  for  about  40  miles,  whilst  the  background  of  the  panoramic  scene  is  filled 
up  by  extensive  plains,  running  backwards  to  lofty  mountains  in  the  distance,  with  Point 
Levi  opposite,  and  the  Island  of  Orleans  in  the  distance,  whilst  the  junction  of  the  River  St 
Charles,  and  the  Great  River,  form  that  magnificent  sheet  of  water,  where  numerous  vessels 
are  to  be  seen  riding  at  anchor  during  the  summer  season. 

A  walk  around  the  ramparts  of  the  citadel  will  well  repay  the  stranger,  by  a  magnifi- 
cent change  of  scene  at  every  turn  he  takes.     The  city  itself  bears  all  the  resemblance  of  a 


8  QUEBEC,    PLAINS   OF  ABRAHAM,    ETC. 

strongly  fortified  and  am'ieut  city,  and,  in  that  respect,  so  very  different  from  the  newly 
sprung-up  cities,  westward.  The  streets  are  generally  narrow,  and,  in  some  parts,  very 
steep,  in  walking  from  Lower  Town  to  Upper  Town,  more  particularly.  Lower  Town  is 
where  all  the  shipping  business  of  the  port  is  carried  on,  chiefly  lumber — in  export — and 
every  description  of  goods — in  import.  At  Quebec,  the  greater  portion  of  the  immense 
lumber-district  of  the  Ottawa  finds  a  market;  vessels  coming  to  Quebec,  in  ballast  and 
cargo,  return  with  the  logs,  staves,  and  deals  of  the  up-country.  The  population  of 
Quebec  is  largely  infused  with  French  Canadians,  and  in  passing  along  its  streets,  nothing, 
almost,  but  the  French  language  is  heard. 

In  tiie  Quebec  Exchange,  there  is  an  excellent  reading-room,  well  supplied  with  British, 
American,  and  Canadian  papers,  and  which  a  stranger  may  visit  for  a  short  time,  free  of 
charge. 

The  tourist  will  find  a  cheap  and  useful  little  guide  to  Quebec,  published  by  Mr.  Sin- 
clair, bookseller,  there,  in  which  he  will  find  full  details  of  all  matters  of  interest  wortliy 
of  being  visited  in  and  around  the  city.  From  it  we  avail  ourselves  of  the  following 
extract : — 

"  A  morning's  ramble  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham  will  not  fail  to  recall  historical  recollec- 
tions and  to  gratify  a  taste  for  beautiful  scenery.  On  leaving  the  St.  Louis  Gate,  let  the 
traveller  ascend  the  counterscarp  on  the  left,  that  leads  to  the  glacis:  of  the  citadel ;  and 
hence  pursuing  a  direction  to  the  right,  let  him  approach  one  of  the  Martello  Towers, 
whence  he  may  enjoy  a  beautiful  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  little  beyond  let  him  ascend 
the  right  bank,  and  he  reaches  the  celebrated  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  the  spot  where 
General  Wolfe  fell.  On  the  highest  ground,  surrounded  by  wooden  fences,  can  clearly  be 
traced  out  the  redoubt  where  he  received  the  fatal  wound.  He  was  carried  a  few  yards 
in  the  rear,  and  placed  against  a  rock  till  he  expired.  It  has  since  been  removed.  Within 
an  enclosure  lower  down,  and  near  to  the  road,  is  the  stone  well  from  which  they  brought 
him  water.  The  English  right  nearly  faced  this  redoubt,  and  on  this  position  the  French 
left  rested.  The  French  army  arrived  on  the  Plains  from  the  right  of  this  position,  as  it 
came  from  Beauport,  and  not  from  Quebec ;  and,  on  being  defeated,  retired  down  the 
heights  by  which  it  had  ascended,  and  not  into  Quebec.  In  front  of  the  Plains  from  this 
position  stands  the  house  of  Marchmont.  It  is  erected  on  the  sight  of  a  French  redoubt 
that  once  defended  the  ascent  from  Wolfe's  Cove.  Here  landed  the  British  army  under 
Wolfe's  conmiand,  and,  on  mounting  the  banks,  carried  this  detached  work.  The  troops 
in  the  garrison  are  usually  reviewed  on  the  Plains.  The  tourist  may  farther  enjoy  a 
beautiful  ride.  Let  him  leave  by  St.  Louis  Gate  and  pass  the  Plains,  and  he  will  arrive  at 
Marchmont,  the  property  of  John  Gilmour,  Esq.  The  former  proprietor.  Sir  John  Harvey, 
went  to  considerable  expense  in  laying  out  the  grounds  in  a  pleasing  and  tasteful  manner. 
His  successor,  Sir  Thomas  Noel  Hill,  also  resided  here,  and  duly  appreciated  its  beauties. 
The  view  in  front  of  the  house  is  grand.  Here  the  river  widens,  and  assumes  the  appear- 
ance of  a  lake,  whose  surface  is  enlivened  by  numerous  merchant-ships  at  anchor,  and  im- 
mense rafts  of  timber  floating  down.  On  leaving  Marchmont  he  will  pass  some  beautiful 
villas,  whose  park-like  grounds  remind  one  of  England,  and  from  some  points  in  which  are 
commanded  views  worthy  of  a  painter's  study.  Among  these  villas  may  be  mentioned 
Wolfesficld,  Spencer  Wood,  and  Woodfield.  The  last  was  originally  built  by  the  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Samos,  and,  from  the  several  additions  made  by  subsequent  proprietors,  had  a 
somewhat  irregular,  though  picturesque  appearance.  It  was  burnt  down,  and  rebuilt  in  a 
fine  regular  style.     It  is  now  the  residence  of  James  Gibb,  Esq. 

"  In  this  neighbourhood  is  situated  Mount  Hermon  Cemetery.  It  is  about  three  miles  from 
Quebec,  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lewis  road,  and  slopes  irregularly  but  beautifully 
down  the  cliff  which  overhangs  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  thirty-two  acres  in  extent,  and  the 
grounds  were  tastefully  laid  out  by  the  late  Major  Douglass,  U.  S.  Engineers,  whose  taste 
and  skill  had  been  previously  shown  in  the  arrangement  of  Greenwood  Cemetery,  near 
New  York." 


QUEBEC,    LAKE   ST.    CHAKLES,    ETC.  9 

Leaving  this  beautiful  locality,  the  walk  continues  to  the  wood*,  on  the  edge  of  the 
banks  rising  from  the  shore. 

The  tourist,  instead  of  returning  by  a  road  conducting  through  a  wood  into  St.  Louis 
Road  for  Quebec,  would  do  better  by  continuing  his  ride  to  the  Church  of  St,  Foy,  from 
which  is  seen  below  the  St.  Cliarles,  gliding  smoothly  through  a  lovely  valley,  whose  sides 
rise  gradually  to  the  mountains,  and  are  literally  covered  with  habitations.  The  villages 
of  Lorette  and  Charlesbourg  are  conspicuous  objects.  Before  entering  the  suburb  of  St, 
John,  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Charles  stands  the  General  Hospital,  designed,  as  the  name 
implies,  for  the  disabled  and  sick  of  every  description. 

A  day's  excursion  to  Indian  Lorette  and  Lake  St.  Charles  would  gratify,  we  doubt  not, 
many  a  tourist.  It  will  be  necessary  to  leave  by  6  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  to  take  provisions  for 
the  trip.  After  leaving  tlie  Palace  Gate,  the  site  of  the  former  intendant's  palace  is 
passed.     Mr.  Bigot  was  the  last  intendant  who  resided  in  it. 

The  most  pleasant  road  to  Lorette  is  along  the  banks  of  tlie  St,  Charles.  On  arriving  at 
the  village,  the  best  view  is  on  the  opposite  bank.  The  fall  is  in  the  foreground,  and  the 
church  and  village  behind.  The  villagers  claim  to  be  descended  from  those  Hurons,  to 
whom  the  French  monarch,  in  1651,  gave  the  seigniory  of  Sillery.  In  the  wars  between 
the  Frencii  and  English,  the  Ilurons  contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the  former,  as  they 
were  one  of  the  most  warlike  tribes  among  the  aborigines  of  this  continent.  At  present, 
they  are  a  harmless,  quiet  set  of  people,  drawing  only  part  of  their  subsistence  from  fishing 
and  hunting.  A  missionary  is  maintained  by  government  for  their  religious  instruction, 
and  the  schoolmaster  belongs  to  the  tribe.  Here  may  be  purchased  bows  and  arrows,  and 
moccasins  very  neatly  ornamented  by  the  squaws. 

On  arriving  at  Lake  St.  Charles,  by  embarking  in  a  double  canoe,  the  tourist  will  have 
his  taste  for  picturesque  mountain  scenery  gratified  in  a  high  degree.  The  lake  is  four 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  projecting  ledges.  The  lake 
abounds  in  trout,  so  that  the  angling  tourist  may  find  this  spot  doubly  inviting.  On  the 
route  back  to  the  city,  the  village  of  Charlesbourg  is  passed.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  interesting  settlements  in  Canada.  It  has  two  churches,  one  of  which  is  the  centre 
of  the  surrounding  fiirms,  whence  they  all  radiate.  The  reason  for  this  singular  disposal 
of  the  allotments,  arose  from  the  absolute  necessity  of  creating  a  neighbourhood.  For  this 
purpose,  each  farm  was  permitted  to  occupy  only  a  space  of  three  acres  in  front  by  thirty 
in  depth.  The  population  was  in  these  days  scanty,  and  labourers  were  difficult  to  be  pro- 
cured. By  this  arrangement,  a  road  was  more  equally  kept  up  in  front  of  each  farm,  and 
it  was  the  duty  of  every  proprietor  to  preserve  such  road.  Another  advantage  was  the 
proximity  of  the  church,  whence  the  bell  sounded  the  tocsin  of  alarm,  whenever  hostile 
attempts  were  made  by  the  Indians,  and  where  the  inhabitants  rallied  in  defence  of  their 
possessions. 

Within  the  citadel  are  the  various  magazines,  store-houses,  and  other  buildings  required 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  numerous  garrison  ;  and  immediately  overhanging  the  precipice 
to  the  south,  in  a  most  picturesque  situation,  looking  perpentlicularly  downwards,  on  the 
river,  stands  a  beautiful  row  of  buildings,  containing  the  mess  rooms  and  barracks  for  the 
officers,  their  stables,  and  spacious  kitchens.  The  fortifications,  which  are  continued  round 
the  whole  of  the  Upper  Town,  consist  of  bastions  connected  by  lofty  curtains  of  solid 
masonry,  and  ramparts  from  25  to  35  feet  in  iieight,  and  about  the  same  in  thickness, 
bristling  with  heavy  cannon,  round  towers,  loophole  walls,  and  massive  gates  recurring  at 
certain  distances.  On  the  summit  of  the  ramparts,  from  Cape  Diamond  to  the  Artillery 
Barracks,  is  a  broad  covered  way,  or  walk,  used  as  a  place  of  recreation  by  the  inhabitants, 
and  commanding  a  most  agreeable  view  of  the  country  towards  the  west.  This  passes 
over  the  top  of  St.  John's  and  St.  Louis  Gate,  where  there  is  stationed  a  sergeant's  guard. 
Above  St,  Jolin's  Gate,  there  is  at  sunset  one  of  the  most  beautiful  views  imaginable.  The 
St.  Charles  gambolling,  as  it  were,  in  the  rays  of  the  departing  luminary,  the  light  still  lin- 
gering on  the  spires  of  Lorette  and  Charlesbourg,  until  it  fddes  away  beyond  the  lofty 
mountains  of  Bonhomme  and  Tsounonthuan,  present  an  evening  scene  of  gorgeous  and  sur- 


10  QUEBEC,    FORTIFICATIONS,    ETC. 

passing  splendour.  The  city,  being  defended  on  its  land  side  by  its  ramparts,  is  protected 
on  the  other  sides  by  a  lofty  wall  and  parapet,  based  on  the  cliff,  and  comniencing  near 
the  St.  Charles  at  the  Artillery  Barracks.  These  form  a  very  extensive  range  of  buildings, 
the  part  within  the  Artillery  Gate  being  occupied  as  barracks  by  the  officers  and  men  of 
that  distinguished  corps,  with  a  guard  and  mess  room.  The  part  without  the  gate  is  used 
as  magazines,  store-houses,  and  offices  for  the  ordnance  department. 

The  circuit  of  the  fortifications,  enclosing  the  Upper  Town,  is  two  miles  and  three-quarters; 
the  total  circumference  outside  the  ditches  and  space  reserved  by  government,  on  which  no 
house  can  be  built  on  the  west  side,  is  about  3  miles. 

Founded  upon  a  rock,  and  in  its  highest  parts  overlooking  a  great  extent  of  country — 
between  300  and  400  miles  from  the  ocean — in  the  midst  of  a  great  continent,  and  j-et  dis- 
playing fleets  of  foreign  merchantmen  in  its  fine  capacious  bay,  and  showing  all  the  bustle 
of  a  crowded  sea-port — its  streets  narrow,  populous,  and  winding  up  and  down  almost 
mountainous  declivities — situated  in  the  latitude  of  the  finest  parts  of  Europe — exhibiting 
in  its  environs  the  beauty  of  an  European  capital — and  yet,  in  winter,  smarting  with  the 
cold  of  Siberia — governed  by  a  people  of  different  language  and  habits  from  the  mass  of 
the  population — opposed  in  religion,  and  yet  leaving  that  population  without  taxes,  and  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  every  privilege,  civil  and  religious.  Such  are  the  prominent  features 
which  strike  a  stranger  in  the  City  of  Quebec!" 


MOXTKEAL. 


11 


CITY  OF  MONTREAL,  C.  E. 

The  stranger,  on  approaching  Montreal,  either  from  Quebec  by  the  steamer,  or  crossing 
over  from  tiie  opposite  side  of  the  ris'er,  in  coming  from  the  States,  -will  at  once  be  im- 
pressed favorablj'  with  the  situation  of  the  citj',  the  business-like  appearance  it  presents, 
and  the  picturesque  scener}'  by  which  it  is  surrounded. 

Montreal  is  the  most  populous  city  in  Canada,  and  in  every  respect  must  take  the  first 
rank  in  the  province.  It  is  situated  on  the  Island  of  Montreal — which  is  represented  as  the 
garden  of  Canada,  being  the  richest  soil  in  the  province — at  the  head  of  ocean  steamship 
navigation,  and  beyond  which  no  large  sailing  vessels  go,  although  smaller  vessels  pass  on, 
via  the  canals  and  St.  Lawrence,  to  tiie  west. 

The  city  is  built  of  a  gray  limestone,  having  very  much  the  appearance  of  Aberdeen 
granite,  with  buildings  of  great  solidity  and  excellence  in  design.  The  chief  business  street 
is  that  of  Xotre  Dame,  whilst  Great  St.  James  street  exceeds  it  in  handsome  buildings,  be- 
sides being  much  broader.     (See  engraving.) 

The  wholesale  stores  ai-e  situated  on  the  wharves  alongside  the  river,  and  streets  running 
parallel  therewith. 

jNIontreal  is  the  port  at  which  arrives  the  great  bulk  of  the  importations  from  Great 
Britain  and  other  places  abroad,  being  there  either  re-sold  or  transhipped  to  all  parts  of 
Canada  East  and  West ;  consequently  a  large  wholesale  trade  is  carried  on  at  Montreal  in  all 
descriptions  of  goods. 

In  the  conglomerate  mass  of  buildings  there  concentrated,  are  stores,  churches,  groceries, 
and  nunneries,  all  intermixed  with  each  other,  whilst  in  the  streets  may  be  seen  the  manu- 
facturer's cart  driving  alongside  of  the  Catholic  priest  in  his  "  buggy,"  the  merchant's  clerk 
burrj-ing  on  past  a  sister  of  charity  or  nun  at  large,  and  Frenchmen,  Scotchmen,  Germans, 
and  Americans,  all  elbowing  each  other  in  the  busy  streets  of  the  city  par  excellence.  No 
better  sample  of  this  heterogeneous  gathering  is  to  be  seen  than  by  paying  a  visit  to  the 
Rue  Notre  Dame,  or  Bonsecours  Market,  where,  on  a  Saturday  night,  a  mixture  of  English, 
French,  German,  and  broad  Scotch,  will  fall  upon  the  ear  with  peculiar  effect. 

Although  one  of  the  finest  views  of  the  citj-  is  obtained  from  off  the  mountain,  undoubt- 
edly the  most  extensive  one  is  to  be  had  from  tlie  top  of  the  Catholic  cathedral,  in  the  Place 
d'Armes.  By  paying  l.s.  stg.  you  will  be  conducted  to  the  top,  and,  if  a  fine  day,  the  view 
is  such  as  will  well  repay  the  ascent. 

There  are  some  very  handsome  churches  in  Montreal.  At  Beaver  Hall,  St.  Andrew's 
Church  (Presbyterian),  and  the  Unitarian  Church  there,  form  two  of  the  most  prominent 
in  the  citj-,  situated  as  they  are  on  a  considerable  elevation,  on  rising  ground.  The  public 
buildings  of  Montreal  are  substantial  and  elegant,  and  consist  of — 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

The  Xew  Court  House,  on  Notre  Dame  street,  and  directly  opposite  to  Nelson's  Monu- 
ment, is  of  elegant  cut  stone,  in  the  Grecian  Ionic  style.  The  ground  plan  is  ?,00  feet  by 
125  feet;  height,  76  feet. 

The  New  Post-office,  on  Great  St.  James  street,  is  a  beautiful  cut  stone  building. 

The  Mercha.ms'  Excuaxge  Reading  Room,  situated  on  St.  Sacrament  street. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute,  a  very  fine  building,  situated  on  Great  St.  James  street,  of 
cut  stone,  3  stories  high,  built  in  the  Italian  style.  The  Lecture  Room  is  60  by  8i)  feet, 
height  18  feet,  neatly  and  tastefully  finished. 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association,  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  opposite  the  above. 

The  Bank  of  Montreal,  Place  d'Armes,  St.  James  street,  opposite  the  Cathedral,  an 
elegant  cut  stone  building  of  the  Corintliian  order.     (See  engraving.) 

The  Crrv  Bank,  next  to  the  above,  in  the  Grecian  style,  of  cut  stone  and  worthy  of  note. 

The  Bank  of  British  North  America,  Great  St.  James  street,  next  the  Post-oflace,  is  a 
handsome  building  of  cut  stone,  and  built  in  the  composite  style  of  architecture. 


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MONTREAL — VICTORIA   BRIDGE.  13 

The  Bonsecours  Market,  on  St.  Paul  and  Water  streets,  is  a  magnificent  edifice.  (See 
engraving.) 

The  St.  Ann's  Market,  opposite  the  Grey  Nunnery. 

The  Grey  Nunnery  is  situated  on  Foundling  street,  designed  for  the  care  of  foundlings 
and  infirm. 

The  Hotel  Died  Nunnery,  on  St.  Joseph  and  St.  Paul  streets,  designed  for  sick  and  dis- 
eased persons. 

The  Convent  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Sacred  Heart  is  situated  at  St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
9  miles  from  Montreal. 

Academy  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Congregation  de  Notre  Dame,  now  Maria  Villa,  about 
3  miles  from  Montreal,  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Governor-General. 

The  SIcGill  College. — This  is  an  institution  of  very  high  repute,  founded  by  the  Hon. 
James  McGill,  who  bequeathed  a  valuable  estate  and  £10,000  for  its  endowment.  Tlie 
buildings  for  the  Faculty  of  Arts  are  deliglitfully  situated  at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  and 
command  an  extensive  view. 

The  Museum  of  the  Nati-ral  History  of  Montreal,  is  situated  in  Little  St.  James  street, 
and  is  free  to  strangers. 

The  New  City  Water  Works. — These  works  tap  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  Lachine 
Rapids,  some  6  miles  above  the  city,  and  will  cost,  when  fully  completed,  nearly  $1,000,000. 
The  2  receiving  reservoirs,  for  supplying  the  city  are  about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
river,  and  hold  20,000,000  gallons. 

The  Jail. — This  is  a  substantial  stone  building,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  and  is  worthy 
of  a  visit.     It  has  recently  been  erected,  at  an  expense  of  $120,000. 

The  General  Hospital,  on  Dorchester  street,  is  a  fine  cut  stone  building,  and  is  one  of 
the  many  prominent  institutions  of  the  city. 

The  St.  Patrick's  Hospital,  at  the  west  end  of  the  same  street,  is  an  elegant  structure, 
and  occupies  a  commanding  position. 

The  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum,  situated  in  Catherine  street,  is  a  well-conducted  charity, 
sustained  by  the  benevolence  of  private  individuals. 

The  Ladies'  Benevolent  Institution,  for  the  relief  of  widows  and  half  orphans,  is  a 
large  three-story  building  in  Berthelot  street.  It  is  managed  solely  by  a  committee 
of  ladies. 

Nelson's  Monument,  Jacques  Cartier  square,  Notre  Dame  street. 

The  Lachine  Canal  is  among  tlie  public  works  worthy  of  note. 

Place  d'Armes  is  a  handsome  square,  between  Notre  Dame  and  Great  St.  James  streets, 
opposite  the  French  Cathedral. 

As  a  place  of  beauty  and  pleasure,  the  ride  from  the  city  to  Mount  Royal  will  attract 
the  traveller  at  all  times.  The  distance  around  it  is  0  miles,  commanding  one  of  the  finest 
views  of  beautiful  landscape  to  be  fduiul  in  Nortli  America  ;  and  in  returning,  entering  the 
city,  a  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  Montreal,  both  comprehensive  and  extended,  that 
well  repays  the  time  and  expense. 

Mount  Royal  Cemetery,  about  2  miles  from  the  city,  on  the  mountain,  is  one  of  tlie 
placed  of  interest  about  the  city  which  many  parties  visit. 

The  Champ  de  Mars  is  a  public  parade  ground,  situated  in  Gabriel  street,  off  Notre 
Dame.  In  the  evenings,  sometimes,  the  military  bands  play  there,  to  a  large  concourse  of 
the  inhabitants. 

THE    VICTORIA    BRIDGE. 

This  gigantic  undertaking  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  wonderful  features  con- 
nected with  the  city,  at  Point  St.  Charles. 

It  is  being  built  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  form  a  contin- 
uous railroad  communication  with  the  railroads  of  the  United  States,  instead  of  passengers 
being  obliged  to  cross  the  river  in  steamers,  as  at  present. 

The  width  of  the  river  where  the  bridge  is  being  built  is  very  nearly  2  miles. 


%m  If  i 


CITY   OF   MONTREAL. 


SOUTH  SIDE  OF  GREAT  ST.  JAMES'  STREET. 

The  first  building  on  left  side  of  the  street  is  the  Gen- 
eral Post-office — bi  by  100  feet — built  in  the  Italian 
Btyle.  The  third  building  in  view  is  the  Bank  of  Brit- 
ish North  America — which,  with  the  Post-office,  forms 
two  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  street.  Still  further 
on,  is  the  Mechanics'  Library,  a  subtantial,  plain, 
square  block,  with  an  excellent  reading-room,  library, 
and  hall  for  lectures,  etc. 


NORTH  SIDE  OF  GREAT  ST.  JAMES'  STR 

The  building  with  the  beautiful  fluted  column 
Corinthian  order,  represented  above,  is  the  B 
Montreal — one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  citi 
next  building  to  it  is  the  City  Bank  of  Mc 
an  establishment  with  a  much  plainer  exterior, 
Grecian  style.  Still  further  on,  are  some  very 
stores,  with  the  Wesleyan  Chapel  in  the  distanci 
er  the  far  end  of  the  street. 


BONSECOLRS    MARKET. 

This  is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in 
the  city.  Erected  at  a  cost  of  |2S7,300.  Used  as  a 
public  market  for  the  most  part,  where  are  sold  an  ex- 
traordinary quantity  of  provisions,  vegetables,  fruit, 
fi-sh,  besides  clothing,  "  Yankee  Notions,"  and  an  om- 
nium  gatherum  of  almost  every  thing  required  for 
domestic  purposes.  One  portion  of  the  building  is  used 
as  a  police  station,  as  well  as  offices  connected  with  the 
municipal  government.  It  is  situated  close  to  the  river 
side    Built  in  the  Grecian-Doric  style  of  architecture. 


fS^ 


HAYMARKET   AND    BEAVER   HALL 


The  above  view  represents  the  Haymarke 
Beaver  Hall  in  the  back  rising  ground,  whicl 
number  of  handsome  churches,  presents  one 
finest  views  in  the  city — more  particularly  in  sui 
with  the  mountain  rising  up  behind,  and  fillinj 
back-ground  of  the  picture  with  the  luxuriant  fo 
its  shrubbery.  The  church  with  the  highest  : 
the  above  engraving,  is  that  of  St.  Andrew's  ( 
of  Scotland).  The  one  seen  in  the  corner  to  th 
is  a  very  handsome  church,  now  completing 
Unitarian  congregation. 


16  MONTREAL,    VICTORIA   BRIDGE,    ETC. 

The  current  of  the  river  is  very  rapid — with  a  depth  of  from  4  to  10  feet,  excepting  in 
the  main  channel,  where  it  is  from  30  to  35  feet  deep. 

In  the  winter,  the  ice  is  formed  into  a  great  thickness,  and  frequently  immense  piles 
accumulate — as  high  as  30  to  40  feet.  Thus  piled  up  in  huge  boulders,  the  water  rushos 
through  them  at  a  fearful  rate,  driving  the  blocks  of  ice  along,  and  crushing  all  before  them. 

The  bridge  will  consist  of  24  strong  piers,  standing  242  feet  apart,  excepting  the  centre 
span,  which  is  339  feet  wide.  They  are  all  perpendicular  on  three  sides,  and  slope  down 
to  the  water-edge  against  the  current,  so  as  to  withstand  the  force  and  action  of  the  float- 
ing masses  of  ice,  on  its  breaking  up.  Each  pier  is  estimated  to  withstand  the  force  of 
70,000  tons  of  ice  at  one  time. 

Resting  on  these  piers,  and  running  from  abutment  to  abutment,  is  the  bridge,  which 
consists  of  a  hollow  iron  tube,  22  feet  high,  and  16  feet  wide. 

The  centre  span  is  to  be  50  feet  above  the  average  level  of  the  water,  thence  sinking  to- 
wards each  end  1  foot  in  130,  thus  making  the  height  of  the  abutments  about  37  feet. 

The  estimated  cost  is  about  £1,250,000  stg.  The  weight  of  the  iron  in  the  tubes  will  be 
8,000  tons,  and  the  contents  of  the  masonry  will  be  about  3,000,000  cubic  feet.  The  whole 
will  be  completed  in  the  autumn  of  1859  or  spring  of  1860.  As  is  well  known,  the  engineer 
of  this  greatest  bridge  in  the  world  is  Mr.  Robert  Stephenson  of  Newcastle-upon-Tj-ne. 

The  whole  of  the  views  of  ^Montreal,  as  given  in  the  accompanjing  pages,  were  taken  for 
this  work  by  Mr.  Notman,  photographer,  Montreal,  and  the  clear  and  sharp  photographs 
supplied  by  him  for  the  purpose  of  engraving  from,  affords  the  best  evidence  of  his  being  a 
first-class  artist. 

The  two  illustrations  given  of  Montreal  embrace  the  entire  city,  and  presents  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  it  as  seen  from  the  mountain.  Being  engraved  from  photographs,  we  have  every 
confidence  in  saj-ing  that  the}'  faithfully  represent  Montreal  as  it  is  in  1859.  To  understand 
the  position  of  the  city  as  it  is,  the  stranger  will  cast  his  eye  to  the  left-hand  corner  of  the 
upper  engraving  in  the  page,  and  pass  on  to  the  right.  The  lower  engraving  forms  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  upper,  continuing  from  left  to  right. 

THE    FOREIGN    CONSULS    AT    MONTREAL. 

For  Belgium — Jesse  Joseph.  For  United  States — C.  Dorwin.  For  Denmark — Thomas 
Ryan.  For  Sardinia,  Hanover,  Spain,  and  Prussia — Henry  Chapman.  Vice-Consul  for 
Norway  and  Sweden — H.  Chapman.  Vice-Consul  to  the  Oriental  Republic  of  the  Uru- 
guay— J.  M.  Grant. 

NATIONAL    SOCIETIES    AT    MONTREAL. 

The  St.  George's  Society. — 11.  Bulmer,  proident ;  R.  Birks,  treasurer. 

St.  Andrew's  Society. — William  Murray,  president;  Geoi'ge  Templeton,  treasurer. 

Thistle  Society. — Alexander  Smith,  president ;  William  Reid,  treasurer. 

Caledonian  Society. — Jolm  Fletcher,  president;  J.  Craig,  treasurer. 

St.  Patrick's  Society. — Dr.  Howard,  President ;  J.  E.  Mullin,  treasurer. 

St.  Jean  Baptiste  Society. — Hon.  J.  B.  Meilleur,  president. 

German  Societj-. — Ernest  Idler,  jiresident ;  G.  Rheinhardt,  treasurer. 

New  England  Society. — H.  Stephens,  president ;  P.  D.  Brown,  treasurer. 


PHOTOGRAPHY. 

11   DE   BLEURY  STREET,  MONTREAL. 
First  Prize  for  Photographs.      First  Prize  for  t-lnibrotypes. 

PHOTOGRAPHS,  UNTOUCHED  OR  COLORED,  IN  OIL,  WATER  COLORS,  OR  CRAYONS, 

FROM  FULL-LENGTH  LIFE  SIZE  TO  THE  SMALLEST  PRODUCED. 

Ambrotypes  Colored  for  Frames  or  Cases.  Miniatures  of  every  description  for  Lockets, 
Brooches,  or  Rings.  Daguerreotypes  and  Paintings  copied  in  all  the  various  styles,  and 
increased  or  reduced  to  any  size  required.  Stereoscopic  Portraits  and  Groups,  in  cases  or 
paper  slides.  Views  Stereoscoped,  and  otherwise,  to  order.  Portraits  taken  and  finished 
in  Oils  or  Water  Color  without  the  aid  of  the  camera,  if  required.  Artists  and  Amateurs 
supplied  with  Stock  and  Apparatus,  and  the  Art  taught. 

Specimens  to  be  seen  at  Mr.  Notman's  Studio,  11  De  Bleury  Street. 

Observe  the  Address ;  no  Specimens  exhibited  outside. 


B.    DAWSON    &    SON, 

BOOKSELLERS    A1\D    STATI01\ERS, 

GREAT  ST.  JAMES  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


J^M:ES    STA.EKE    &    CO., 
i=^i^irsr  TESTES, 

ST.  FRANCIS  XAYIER  STREET,  MONTREAL. 

EDWIN    H.    LONGMAN, 

LoisriDoisr,    c.    "W^. 

ARTIST  AND   PROFESSOR  OF  MUSIC, 

Organ,  Piano  Forte,  Flute,  Violin,  and  Singing; 

ALSO,   DRAWING  AND   PAINTING. 

Photographic  Views  and  Portraits  taken  in  every  variety  of  style  ;  and  every  branch  of 
the  Art  taught  on  reasonable  terms.  A  variety  of  Views  of  the  city  constantly  on  hand 
for  sale. 

TAYLOR    &    WILSON, 
BOOKSELLERS     AND     STATIONERS, 

LONDON,   C.   W. 


OTTAWA. 

OTTAWA,    CANADA   WEST. 

The  notoriety  which  this  city,  in  cniLryo,  has  received  l.itely,  first  as  being  fixed  u] 
as  tlie  seat  of  !j;overnnient  for  Caiia<la,  and  tlien  decided  against  as  such  liy  the  provin< 
legislature, — although  it  had  been  acquiesced  in  by  Her  Majesty  as  the  most  advisa 
locality — has  invested  it  with  a  significance  which,  otherwise,  it  would  not,  in  all  pro 
bility,  have  obtained. 

Ottawa  is  the  new  name  given  to  the  town  of  Bytown,  by  which  it  has  long  b 
known,  as  the  centre  of  the  immense  lumber  district  of  the  River  Ottawa.  It  is  situa 
on  that  river,  where  the  Rivers  Ridea  and  Gatineau,  and  the  Rideau  Canal,  all  meet. 

The  town  is  intersected  by  the  Rideau  Canal  and  bridge,  and  forms  three  districts,  v 
that  of  Lower  Town,  on  the  east ;  Central  Town,  on  the  west ;  and  Upper  Town,  on 
north-west ;  all  of  which,  however,  are  on  the  south  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  and 
Canada  West,  the  River  Ottawa,  as  is  well  known,  forming  the  boundary  line  betw 
Canada  East  and  Canada  West.  The  town  was  laid  out  under  the  coniniand  of  Colonel 
of  the  Royal  Engineers,  who  constructed,  also,  the  Rideau  Canal.  Hence  the  origi 
name  of  the  town  being  called  Bytown — although  now  called  Ottawa,  after  the  magi 
cent  river  on  wliich  it  stands. 

The  streets  are  all  wide  and  regularly  laid  out,  and,  so  far,  reflects  great  credit  on 
engineering  skill  employed.  Lower  Town  is  the  most  imjiortant  portion  of  the  town,  a 
in  all  probability,  will  become  the  chief  business  part,  as  the  population  and  business 
creases.  Tlie  two  principal  streets  of  Lower  Town  are  Rideau  street  and  Sussex  str 
In  Rideau  street  there  are  several  substantial,  stone-built  stores  and  dwellings.  In  Sus 
street  there  are  also  a  few ;  the  majority,  however,  are  wooden  erections,  both  old 
new.  In  Central  Town  the  buildings  are  almost  all  of  stone,  presenting  one  excel' 
street,  called  Spark  street;  whilst  Upper  Town  exiiibits  a  mixture  of  both  stone 
wooden  buildings  in  its  Wellington  street.  All  the  buildings  in  the  town  are  exceedir 
plain,  but  substantially  built,  and,  being  built  of  gray  limestone,  resemble  very  much  in 
pearance  some  of  the  streets  of  Montreal,  as  well  as  in  the  granite  city  of  Aberdeen  (S 
land).  On  "Barrack  Hill,"  the  highest  elevation  of  the  town,  are  situated  what  are  ten 
the  government  buildings — the  remains,  however,  we  should  say,  rather  than  of  aci 
buildings.  Tliere  are  a  few  small  out-houses  and  offices — which  certainly  do  not  desc 
the  name  of  government  buildings — with  sundry  small  cannon,  taking  their  ease  on 
ground  alongside  of  carriages,  which  have  evidently  seen  service  of  some  sort.  These  are 
"  dogs  of  war,"  which  are  intended,  we  presume,  to  protect  the  town  against  all  invad 
On  Barrack  Hill  is,  however,  also  tiie  residence  of  the  chief  military  authority  of  the  pi 
The  "  location"  of  these  buildings  and  the  "  gun  battery"  alluded  to,  is  certainly  one  of 
finest  we  have  seen  any  where,  eitlier  in  Canada  or  the  United  States — equal,  in  s( 
respects,  even  to  the  famous  citadel  of  Quebec.  In  the  rear  is  Central  Town,  whilst  Uf 
and  Lower  Town  are  completely  commanded  bj^  it  on  each  side,  whilst  in  front  is  a  ' 
cipitous  embankment  running  down,  almost  perpendicular,  to  the  river,  several  hunc 
feet,  thus  completely  sweeping  the  river  and  opposite  shore,  north,  east,  and  west;  so  t 
in  a  military  point  of  view,  Ottawa  certainly  occupies  one  of  the  finest  natural  positicms 
where  in  Canada;  and,  in  that  respect,  is  the  kej-  to  an  immense  territory  of  back  coun 
valuable  for  its  wood  and  minerals. 

The  stranger,  on  visiting  Ottawa  for  the  first  time,  is  apt  to  be  disappointed  that 
does  not  find  a  larger  "city,"  and  one  more  advanced,  in  many  respects;  but  it  mus 
recollected  that  it  has  been  forced  into  public  notice  from  the  cause  we  have  alread\ 
hided  to,  and  obtained  a  publicity,  with  which  parties  at  a  distance  are  apt  to  com 
wrong  or  exaggerated  ideas;  and  if  the  town  is  not  larger  tlian  it  is,  tlie  fault  rest 
much  in  the  imaginations  of  individuals,  as  with  the  inhabitants,  generally,  of  the  t( 
itself,  who,  in  tlie  sliort  time,  since  Bytown  became  a  place  of  note,  liave  been  doing  tl 
utmost  to  make  it  "go  a-head."  In  the  desire  to  do  so,  however,  some  of  the  landlioh 
there,  we  fear,  by  putting  very  high  prices  on  their  lots,  and  landlords  refusing  to  j 


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20  CHAUDIERE   FALLS — RIDEAU    FALLS,    ETC. 

leases  at  reasonaV)le  rates,  have  only  tended  to  defeat  the  very  object  which  they,  and  all 
the  inhahitiints  ouglit  to  have  in  view,  viz.,  giving  everj'  facility  in  their  power,  and  offer- 
ing every  inducement  tliey  can,  for  parties  at  a  distance  to  locate  amongst  them.  In  fact, 
the  idea  that  Ottawa  was  selected  as  the  headquarters  of  the  government,  has  had  any 
thing  but  a  beneficial  effect  so  far,  in  some  respects,  upon  the  town;  but  there  is  the  conso- 
lation, that  whether  it  is  to  be  the  seat  of  government  or  not,  there  is  no  doubt,  that  of 
necessity,  it  is  destined  to  become — it  may  be  gradually — the  centre  of  a  much  more  exten- 
sive trade,  a  town  of  much  greater  importance  than  it  is  at  present,  and  the  point,  round 
whioli  radiate  a  numl>er  of  other  towns,  and  extensive  agricultural  districts,  of  which  Ot- 
tawa ix  the  capital  and  centre,  and,  in  all  human  probability,  always  likely  to  remain  so. 
From  it,  a  large  wholesale  and  retail  trade  is,  and  must  always,  be  done — with  the  districts 
round  about ;  whilst,  as  is  well  known,  it  is  the  centre  of  a  district,  which,  for  extensive 
forests  of  fine  lumber,  has  no  superior  in  America. 

The  scenerj'  around  Ottawa  is  far  beyond  what  we  had  any  idea  of,  and  the  view  from 
the  Barrack  Hill,  is  one  of  surpassing  grandeur  and  extent,  combining  in  it  a  trinity  of 
river,  landscape,  and  fall  scenery,  which  few  places  can  boast  of 

Looking  to  the  west — (see  engraving) — at  the  west  end  of  the  town  are  situated,  the 
celebrated  Chaudiere  Falls,  wliich  fall  about  40  feet,  and  the  spraj'  of  which  may  be  seen 
a  long  way  off,  ascending  in  the  air. 

In  the  earlj"  part  of  the  season,  (say  in  May,)  these  falls  are  not  seen  to  so  much  advan- 
tage, the  river  then  being,  generally,  so  much  swollen  with  the  immense  volume  of  water 
from  the  upper  lakes  and  the  tributaries  of  the  Ottawa.  Then  they  partake,  in  some  re- 
spects, more  of  the  character  of  huge  rapids.  Farther  on  in  the  season,  however,  they  ap- 
pear more  in  their  real  character  of  "  falls,"  and  are  a  sight  worth  seeing,  although  they 
are  being  very  much  encroached  upon,  by  lumber  establishments.  An  excellent  view  of 
the  falls,  as  well  as  of  the  rapids,  is  got  from  off  the  suspension  bridge,  which  crosses  the 
river  quite  close  to  them.  At  the  eastern  suburb  of  Ottawa,  again,  called  New  Edin- 
burgh, there  is  a  little  Niagara,  in  miniature,  in  the  Rideau  Falls,  and  one  of  the  prettiest 
little  falls  to  be  seen  any  where.  Although  only  of  30  feet  fall,  the}-  present  features 
of  interest  and  great  beauty. 

The  town  of  Ottawa  is  supplied,  in  many  parts,  with  gas.  Its  markets  afford  an  excel- 
lent supply  of  cheap  provisions,  whilst  tlie  purity  of  the  air,  from  its  elevated  position, 
renders  it  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in  Canada. 

Emigrants,  in  looking  to  Ottawa,  will  do  well  to  remember,  that  it  is  only  the  agricul- 
tural labourer,  or  farmer  with  capital,  to  whom  its  locality  offers  inducements  at  present. 

Amongst  the  schemes  for  connecting  Canada  East  with  the  "Western  States,  is  the  Ot- 
tawa Ship  Canal,  via  the  Ottawa  and  French  Rivers  to  Lake  Huron,  which,  if  successful  in 
being  established,  wUl  render  Ottawa,  more  than  ever,  one  of  the  great  entrepots  of  that 
route  and  trafiic. 

The  communication  between  Ottawa  and  Montreal,  is  by  rail  via  Prescott;  also  by  river, 
per  steamer  to  Grenville,  rail  from  Grenville  to  Carrillon ;  thence,  steamer  to  Lachine ; 
thence,  rail  to  Montreal.  To  Canada  West,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  via  rail.  To  Ogdensburg, 
via  rail  to  Prescott,  and  steamer  across  the  St.  Lawrence.  Distances  : — from  Montreal,  126 
miles ;  Quebec,  296  miles ;  Toronto,  223  miles ;  Kingston,  95  miles ;  Prescott,  55  miles ; 
New  York,  450  mUes;  Boston,  485  miles.     Population,  about  12,000. 

For  the  information  of  emigrants  proceeding  to  the  newly-opened  districts,  where  free 
lands  are  to  be  had,  full  information  regarding  these,  with  routes  and  fares,  will  be  found 
in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

Tlie  views  of  Upper  Town,  and  Lower  and  Central  Town,  as  given  elsewhere,  are  from 
pencil  drawings  made  for  this  work,  by  Mr.  Eastman,  artist,  of  Ottawa.  All  who  know 
Ottawa  will  be  able  to  attest  to  the  very  fiiithful  manner  in  which  they  are  done,  and  that 
the  engi'avers  have  preserved  all  the  truthfulness  in  detail,  in  enabling  us  to  present,  for  the 
first  time,  we  believe,  complete  and  accurate  views  of  Ottawa,  Canada  West. 


OTTAWA  BUSINESS  DIRECTORY. 


Agricultural  Implements, 
Hat,  George,  Sparks  street. 

Aitcn-neys  and  Barristers. 
CtEGG,  William,  Eideau  street. 
Marsan,  J.  B.  C,  Rideau  st.     (See  adv't.) 
Ring  &  O'Connor,  Sussex  street. 

Bookseller. 
RrrcHiE,  James,  Sparks  street.     (See  adv't). 

Builder  and  Carpenter. 
Lang,  Edward,  Sparks  street.     Central.   (See 
advertisement). 

Cmnmission  Merchants. 
Heubach,  George,  Rideau  street. 
Marett,  Frederick,  Rideau  street, 

Confectioner  and  Baker. 
Scott,  Alexander,  Sparks  street 

Dry  Goods. 
Cunningham,    Barclay    <fe    Lindsay,    Mains' 

Buildings,  Rideau  street. 
HuNTON,  Tuos.  and  Wm.,  Sparks  street. 


Drug  Store. 
Van  Felson  &  Co.,  Sussex  street.   (See  , 

Crrocers. 

HuNTON,  Thos.  and  Wm.,  Sparks  street, 
Marett,  Frederick,  Rideau  street. 
Patterson,  Thomas,  Rideau  street. 

Hardware  Merchants. 
Workman  &  Griffin,  Rideau  and  Welli 
streets. 

Hotel. 
Campbell's  Hotel,  Sparks  street.  (See  i 

Land  Agents. 
Austin,  W.  A.,  Central  Town.     (See  ad 
O'Connor,  C.  J.,  Wellington  St.  (See  a( 
Preston,  G.  H.,  Rideau  street.     (See  ac 

Milliner  and  Dressmaker. 
Humphreys,  Mrs.,  Wellington  street. 

Tobacco7iist. 
WiLCOCK,  Thomas,  Sparks  street. 


CAMPBELL'S   HOTEL, 
SPARKS     STREET, 

OTTAWA, 
J.  i.  CAMPBELL,  Proper. 


JAMES   RITCHIE, 

Bookseller  &  Stationer, 

SPARKS    STREET, 

OTTAWA  CITY,  CANADA  WEST. 

Agent  for  Anierican  and  English  Periodicals. 
VAN    FELSON    &.    CO., 

WHOLESALE    AND    KETAIL    DEALERS    IN 

DRUGS,  CHEMICALS,  PERFUMERY,  PAINTS, 

A.mD   OILS- 
SUSSEX  STREET,  OPPOSITE  York  St., 

OTTAWA. 

J.  B.  C.  MAESAN^ 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 

&c.,  &c., 

RIDEAU    STREET, 

OTTAWA. 

EDWARD     LANG^ 

Carpenter   &  Builder, 

SPARKS   STREET, 
CENTRAL    OTTA"WA. 


City  of  Ottaira,  Can: 


G.  H.   PRESTON, 
LAND  &  GENERAL  AGI 

BROKER,   8lc., 
AUCTIOINEER  AIND  COMMISSION  MERC 
Office  and  Rooms, 

OTTAWA   LAND   AGEIS 

The  Subscriber,  being  commissior 
most  of  the  heavy  landholders  of  tht 
of  Ottawa  and  vicinity,  offers  for  sale 
description  of 

R  E  ^  L,    E  S  T^  T E^ 

having  on  hand  every  variety  of  ' 
Villa,  and  Village  lots.  Farming  an 
cleared  land.  Mill  Sites,  &c.,  &c. 
High  Percentage  to  Money  Lenders  oi 
doubted  Security  of  Real  Estate. 

Jfloney  J^ent  on  approved  Securit 
W.    A.    AUSTIN, 

PROVINCIAL    LAND    SURVEYOR,    CIVIL   ENGI 
ARCHITECT,  ETC. 

CENTRAL  TOWN,    OTTAWA. 

CHAS.  O'CONNOR, 
L.AIVD    AGEIVT,     & 
WELLINGTON    RTREET, 
OTTAWA. 


LOCKS   ON    RIDEAU    CAXAL,    OTTAWA. 


21 


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22 


TORONTO,   CANADA   WEST. 


CITY  OF  TORONTO,  C  W. 

Toronto  forms  the  Metropolis  of  Upper  Canada,  (or  Canada  West,)  the  second  city  in 
commercial  importance  in  the  entire  province,  and  at  present  is  the  seat  of  the  pro\ineiul 
legislature.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  has  a  nnnh 
more  prepossessing  appi-arance  whon  viewed  from  a  steamer  on  the  lake,  than  when  ap- 
proached by  railway.  From  the  large  quantity  of  trees  and  shruhher}-  inter^l)(•rsed  through 
many  of  the  streets,  it  may  well  lay  claim  to  the  title  of  the  Forest  Citj-  of  Canada.  Sit- 
uated as  the  city  is,  on  almost  a  dead  level,  it  presents  no  particular  features  further  than 
being  plentifully  studded  with  graceful  spires,  which,  with  the  wooded  hills  situated  in  the 
background,  completes  the  picture  of  a  beautiful  city. 

The  street  along  side  of  the  shore  of  the  lake — recently  very  much  improved — is  termed 
the  Esplanade,  along  which  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  runs,  and  where  it  has  its  terminus. 


CROW>--LASD»    OFTICK  AND  MECHANICS    INSTnXTE. 

In  one  portion  of  the  above  building  are 
the  offices  of  the  Crown  land  Department, 
where  all  bu«ine99  connected  with  the 
"\N'oo<l9  and  Forests"  are  conducted.  In 
another  portion  is  the  excellent  Mechanics' 
Institution  of  the  city,  situated  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Church  and  Adelaide  streets 


>^- 


ST.    LAWKENCK   UALL. 


The  above  forms  one  of  the  most  imposing 
buil.hnes  in  the  city.  The  basement  and 
first  floors  are  occupied  as  stores,  whilst  up- 
stairs there  is  a  large,  well-lighted,  and 
neatly  done-up  public  hall,  where  meetings, 
concerts,  etc.,  are  held.  St.  Lawrence  Hall 
is  situated  at  the  east  end  of  King  street. 


TORONTO,   CANADA   WEST. 


28 


KING   STREET    (weST). 

King  street  is  the  principal  thoroughfare 
in  the  city.  It  is  fully  2  miles  in  length,  and 
•with  its  many  handsome  stores  and  build- 
ings, forms  the  chief  promenade.  Two  of 
the  largest  buildings  in  the  city  are  in  King 
street,  viz.,  St.  Lawrence  Hall,  and  the  Rossin 
House. 


YONGE   street    (nORTH). 

Yonge  street  rivals  King  street,  in  its  busy 
bustling  appearance,  and  although  the  stores 
are  not  so  elegant  as  some  in  King  street,  yet 
a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is  trans- 
acted in  the  section  presented  above. 


As  in  most  cities  in  the  United  States,  the  streets  of  Toronto  are  long  and  spacious,  and  laid 
out  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

Tlae  principal  streets  for  wholesale  stores  are  the  lower  end  of  Yonge  street  and  Wel- 
lington street,  whilst  Upper  Yonge  street  and  King  street  are  the  chief  streets  for  retail 
business  of  all  sorts. 

We  may  mention  that,  with  the  exception  of  spaces  here  and  there,  the  pavements  in 
all  the  streets  are  of  wood — planks  laid  across,  and  nailed  down  to  sleepers. 

The  Provincial  Legislature  holds  its  meetings  in  Toronto,  in  the  government  buildings,  a 
cluster  of  red  brick  buildings  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the  city,  close  to  wliich  is  the 
residence  of  the  Governor-General,  Sir  Edmund  Walker  Head,  Bart.,  representative  of  Her 
Majesty  in  Canada. 

Tlie  public  buildings  of  Toronto  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  very  handsome.  We 
have  engraved,  from  photographs,  four  of  the  principal  buildings,  viz. :  St.  Lawrence  Hall, 
Trinity  College,  the  Normal  School,  and  Crown-lands  Otfice,  in  which  building  is  also 
situated  the  Mechanics'  Institute.  Osgoode  Hall,  in  Queen  street,  when  completed  will  form 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city.  There  the  Superior  Courts  of  Law  and  Equity  are 
held.  Besides  those  named,  the  other  public  buildings  of  any  note  are  the  Post-office,  the 
new  General  Hospital  and  the  Lunatic  Asylum — the  latter  an  immense  building  at  tlie 
■western  extremity  of  the  city. 

Toronto  may  well  boast  as  being  the  city  of  churches  in  Canada,  from  the  number  of 
elegant  structures  it  contains,  of  all  denominations.  The  two  largest  are  the  English  Ca- 
thedral and  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  but  both,  being  without  spires  as  yet,  do  not 
present  that  graceful  appearance  which  even  some  of  the  smaller  churches  do,  although 
none,  we  should  suppose,  exceed  the  rich  and  handsome  interior  or  comfortable  accommo- 
dation of  the  English  Cathedral,  as  a  place  of  worship. 

Toronto  lias  several  manufacturing  establishments,  some  of  them  extensive,  and  which,  in 
ordinary  good  times,  turn  over  a  large  amount  of  business ;  the  city,  from  its  central  posi- 
tion, and  the  ready  means  of  land  and  water  carriage,  now  extended  almost  in  every  direc- 
tion, affording  great  facilities  for  manufactures  as  well  as  merchandise  finding  their  way 
all  over  the  country. 


24 


TOEONTO   AND   HAAIILTON,    CANADA  WEST. 


TKIMTY    COLLEGE. 

The  above  building  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  city,  whether  as  regards  its 
character  as  an  educational  institution,  or 
the  magnificent  style  of  the  edifice,  wiiich, 
■when  completed,  will  certainlj'  be  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  city. 


THE    NORMAL    AND    MODEL    SCUOOLS. 

The  above  building,  in  the  Italian  style  o 
architecture,  is  devoted  to  the  establishment 
known  as  the  Normal  and  Model  Schools, 
and  which  forms  the  head  of  that  invaluable 
system  of  public  education  pervading  the 
whole  province. 


As  we  have  said,  Toronto  forms  the  second  commercial  city  in  Canada,  and,  until  the 
panic  of  1857  set  in,  enjoyed  a  large  and  steadily  increasing  trade.  Its  merchants  were  of 
the  most  enterprising,  active,  and  "  go  a-head"  character ;  consequently  probably  no  city 
in  America  has  experienced  the  effects  of  the  panic  more  than  Toronto.  Willi  the  general 
revival  of  business,  we  have  no  doubt,  it  will  assume  its  wonted  activity,  although  it  may 
be  gi-adually. 

The  railways  centring  in  Toronto  are: — The  Great  Western,  to  Hamilton;  Supension 
Bridge,  (Niagara,)  and  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  (Michigan). 

The  Grand  Trunk,  to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  (east,)  and  to  Stratford,  (west). 

The  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Uuron,  (now  called  the  Noi'thern  Railroad,)  to  Collingwood. 


26 


LONDON. 


LONDON,   CANADA  WEST. 

Like  its  namesake,  the  great  Babylon  of  England,  London,  C.  W.,  is  in  the  County  of 
Middlesex,  and  also  on  the  River  Thames,  with  streets  and  bridges  named  after  those  of  the 
great  cit}\  There,  however,  the  similarity  ends.  It  possesses  some  excellent  public  build- 
ings and  churches,  and  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  and  rich  agricultural  dis- 
trict, which  furnishes  it  with  a  large  amount  of  trade  in  grain  and  other  agricultural  pro- 
duce. Previous  to  the  late  commercial  panic,  few  places  showed  greater  signs  of  progress 
than  London ;  in  fact  it  went  ahead  too  fast,  like  many  other  cities  and  towns,  consequently 
it  has  felt  the  revulsion  all  the  more — and  every  department  of  business,  nearly,  has 
suffered — to  revive  again,  we  hope,  when  business  becomes  more  buoyant  generally.  The 
town  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  supports  as  many  as  six  newspapers,  and  five  bank  agencies. 
The  streets  are  wide,  and  laid  off  at  right  angles.  London  is  one  of  the  principal  stations 
on  the  Great  "Western  Railroad  of  Canada,  on  the  section  from  Hamilton  to  Windsor,  with 
a  branch  to  port  Stanley,  on  Lake  Erie,  from  which  there  is  a  regular  steam  communica- 
tion with  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

The  soil  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  London,  it  is  true,  is  sandy,  and  the  country  almost 
a  dead  level,  as  far  as  "Windsor ;  but  you  cannot  travel  many  miles  in  a  northern  or  south- 
ern direction,  until  you  meet  with  an  undulating  country,  and  productive  farms,  whose 
proprietors,  of  course,  betake  themselves  to  London  for  sale  and  purchase — for  mart  and 
market. 

Our  representation  of  London  is  from  one  of  several  photographs,  supplied  to  us  by 
Mr.  E.  H.  Longman,  of  London,  C.  "W.,  and,  from  the  excellent  manner  in  which  they  are 
executed,  we  feel  pleasure  and  confidence  in  saying,  that  the  photographic  art  is  well  re- 
presented there  by  Mr  Longman — judging  from  the  specimens  he  has  supplied  to  us. 

HAMILTON,   C.  W. 

Hamilton,  one  of  the  cities  of  Canada  "West,  is  situated  at  the  south-western  extremity  of 
Burlington  Bay,  an  inlet  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  terminus  of  lake  navigation. 
The  site  on  which  Hamilton  is  built,  occupies  gradually  rising  ground  for  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  from  tlie  shore  of  the  lake  to  the  base  of  the  hill,  called  the  Mountain,  which  rises  up 
in  the  background.  It  was  laid  out  in  1813,  and  has  spread  with  wonderful  rapidity — ftisler 
than  almost  any  other  town  in  Canada.  In  1841  the  population  was  only  about  3500,  while 
in  1850  it  had  increased  to  10,312,  and  now  has  reached  to  nearly  30,000. 

Hamilton  is  the  centre  of  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  best  agricultural  portions  of 
Canada,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  to  be  seen  some  of  the  best  cultivated  farms,  not  long  re- 
claimed from  the  primeval  forest. 

As  in  most  American  cities,  the  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  and  present  a  fine, 
spacious  appearance.  The  public  buildings,  banks,  churches  and  hotels,  which  are  amongst 
the  finest  in  the  province,  are  built  of  stone  and  brick.  Some  of  the  merchants'  stores  excel 
any  thing  of  the  same  sort  in  Toronto,  or  even  Montreal,  and  are  carried  on  by  some  of 
the  largest  importers  in  Canada,  who  do  an  extensive  business  throughout  the  country. 

The  ciiief  business  streets — named  King,  John,  James,  York,  and  McNab  streets — are 
situated  a  considerable  distance  back  from  the  shore. 

The  Gore  Bank  of  Canada  has  its  head-quarters  in  Hamilton,  in  addition  to  which  there 
are  five  or  six  other  Bank  agencies. 

The  finest  and  certainly  most  extensive  view  of  the  city  is  to  be  had  from  the  Mountain. 


DRUGS. 

r  WINER  &  CO.,  Importers  and  Wholesale  Druggists,  receive  constantly,  direct  from  the  sources 
•  of  growth  and  manufacture,  all  the  staple  Drugs,  Chemicals,  Perfumery,  Toilet  Soaps,  lirushes, 
imbs.  Surgical  and  Dental  Instruments,  Glassware,  etc.,  etc.  Paints,  Oils,  Varnishes,  Naval  Stores,  Dye- 
iffs.  Spices,  etc.,  etc.     J.  AViner  &  Co.  are  proprietors  of  Mott's  Febrifuge  Wine  and  Garden's  Worm  Tea, 


Combs, 

stuffs,     .  ,         ,  ,       . 

and  also  keep  all  other  Patent  Medicines  in  stock,  at  manufacturers  prices. 
Particular  attention  paid  to  keeping  articles  of  first  quality. 


JOSIAS     BR-A.^,  I  JAMES     CAHILL, 

Broker,  Insurance,  and  General  AgentJeARRISTER,  SOLICITOR,  &c., 

KING  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W.  KING  ST.,  (East,)  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


M.  w.  ^vart:?ian,  d.  d.  s., 

CORNER  OF  KING   &  JOHN  STREETS, 

H.\MILTON,    C.  W. 

HILTON  BROTHERS, 
HARDWARE  MERCHANTS, 

KING  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


GEORGE  BARNES  &,  CO., 
BOOKSELLERS    &    STATIONERS, 

HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


JONATHAN  M.  VAN  NORMAN,  M.  D., 

Eclectic  Physician,  Accouchenr,  and   Surgeon, 

COR.  OF  KING  &  BOWERY  STREET, 

HAMILTON,  C.  W.  BOX,  478. 


A     POLITICAL,     COMMERCIAL     &,     GENERAL     NEWSPAPER, 

is  Published  at  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  by  the  Proprietors, 

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SPECT.tTOR  Office,    I  C3-I3L.XjESF"2'    Sz    I^OBEI^TSOIsr, 


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Hamilton,  C.  W.     5  J^tiblisliet-H  ti  proprietors. 


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An  Independent  W^eekly  Conservative  Journal, 

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KINGSTfJN,    CANADA    WEST. 


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KINGSTON,    CANADA  WEST.  29 

view  of  tlie  surrounding  country  is  obtained.  These  buildings,  besides  tlie  immense  Ilall, 
■which  is  used  on  all  public  occasions,  and  for  concerts,  etc.,  contain  the  common  council 
chambers,  city  offices,  commercial  news  room,  agency  of  the  bank  of  Britisli  North  Ameri- 
ca, temporary  post-offico,  wholesale  stores  and  warehouses,  together  with  numerous  other 
offices,  etc.,  which  will  give  some  idea  of  its  proportions.  Its  average  cost  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  new  "Court  House  and  Jail,"  now  completed,  stands 
next  in  order,  and  is,  indeed,  an  ornament  to  the  city,  the  front  elevation,  with  its  six  mag- 
nificent pillars,  being  in  Grecian  Ionic  style,  and  the  design  extremely  chaste  and  elegant. 
Its  length  is  208  feet,  width  54  feet.  The  average  outlay  in  its  construction  was  nearly 
ninety  thousand  dollars.  The  lower  story  is  designed  for  public  offices,  above  which  are 
the  court  and  council  rooms,  cousisting  of  the  assizes  and  county  court,  the  division  court, 
and  county  council  rooms,  etc.  In  rear  are  tlie  Jail  and  jailer's  dwelling,  forming  an  extensive 
wing  to  the  main  building.  The  other  buildings  of  note  are,  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathe- 
dral, and  Regiopolis  College;  the  General  Hospital,  Queen's  College,  the  Grammar 
School ;  St.  George's,  St.  Paul's,  and  St.  James's  Protestant  Churches;  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Irish  Free  Church,  Chalmer's  Church,  Wesleyan  and  Primitive  Methodist  Churches,  Con- 
gregational Church,  Baptist  Church,  Apostolic  Church,  and  the  old  French  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church,  now  used  as  a  nunnery.  Tlie  new  Custom  House  and  Post-office,  recently  com- 
pleted, would  be  an  ornament  to  any  city.  Tlie  chief  public  institutions  are,  tlie  Genei'al 
Hospital,  House  of  Industry,  Hotel  Dieu,  Mechanics'  Institute,  etc.  There  are  two  daily 
newspapers — "  The  British  Whig,"  the  first  daily  published  in  Canada  West,  and  "  Tlie 
News;"  one  tri-weekly  in  the  Roman  Catholic  interest,  the  "Herald;"  and  four  weeklies, 
the  "Chronicle  and  News,"  the  "  British  Whig,"  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser,"  and  the 
"Tribune."  One  thing  must  not  be  overlooked  in  mentioning  the  lions  of  the  city — the 
Public  Park,  which,  in  a  few  years,  will  be  a  chief  source  of  healthful  recreation  to  the 
citizens. 

Kingston  has  long  been  known  for  its  safe  and  capacious  harbour,  which  is  well 
adapted  to  shelter  a  large  fleet  of  vessels,  besides  liaving  over  twenty  wharves,  some  of 
them  very  extensive,  and  furnished  with  capacious  warehouses  and  accommodations  for 
the  forwarding  trade.  The  shipping  trade  has  long  been  a  chief  feature  of  the  phice.  In 
addition  to  the  shiji  yards  at  Garden  Island,  opposite,  and  at  Portsmouth,  at  the  extreme 
west  end  of  the  city,  there  is  the  noted  Marine  Railway  of  John  Counter,  Esq.,  from  all  of 
which  have  been  launched  the  greatest  number  and  largest  tonnage  of  Cafiadian  vessels  in 
Canada  West.     Kingston,  in  this  particular,  being  only  second  to  Quebec. 

A  branch  railroad  has  lately  been  made  across  a  portion  of  the  bay  below  the  Catara- 
qui  Bridge,  to  connect  with  the  city  from  the  main  depot,  coming  in  at  the  foot  of  Onta- 
rio street,  at  the  Tete  du  Pont  barracks,  and  passing  thence  along  the  harbour  to  Shaw's 
wharf,  where  the  branch  or  city  depot  is  to  be  established.  Kingston  has,  also,  her  Crys- 
tal Palace,  at  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  in  which  the  County  Agricultural,  Horticultural, 
aud  other  shows  are  held,  and  in  which  will  be  held  the  Provincial  Association's  great  An- 
nual Show  for  18.59.  This  is  a  large,  handsome,  and  commodious  building,  which  speaks 
favourably  for  the  public  enterprise  of  the  Kingstonese,  and  the  yeomenry  of  the  county 
of  Froutenac.  Not  the  least  remarkable  evidence  of  the  prosperity  of  the  farming  com- 
munity, is  the  large  markets  in  Kingston — larger,  perhaps,  than  any  others  in  Canada,  aud 
attesting  greatly  in  favour  of  the  superiority  of  the  land  in  the  vicinit^^ 

Kingston  is  well  defended,  judging  from  her  martello  towers,  market  battery,  and  ex- 
tensive and  commanding  fortifications  at  Fort  Henry  and  Point  Frederick.  Towards  the 
west  end  of  the  city  are  numerous  handsome  private  residences,  fronting  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Still  further  on  is  the  private  Insane  Asylum,  at  "  Rockwood."  The  Penitentiary,  situated 
on  the  lake  shore,  is  a  great  attraction  to  strangers  visiting  Kingston.  It  is  surrounded 
with  walls  30  feet  high,  witli  flanking  towers,  the  whole  covering  an  area  of  about  twen- 
ty acres.  Inside  the  walls,  the  first  building  seen  is  of  a  crnciform  shape,  in  one  wing  of 
which  is  the  hospital ;  in  another,  the  dining-hall ;  above  these,  the  chapel ;  and  under- 
neath, the  asylum  for  the  insane.  The  north  part  is  the  dwelling-house  of  the  Warden 
and  other  officers,  with  a  beautiful  garden  attached  ;  the  remainder  being  occu])ied  as  cells 
for  the  convicts,  who  are  all  well  cared  for,  and  have,  with  their  own  liands,  erected  the 
walls,  workshops,  sheds,  cells,  etc.  At  the  back,  and  next  the  lake  side,  are  ranges  of 
workshops,  where  the  surplus  labour  is  let  to  contractors. 

On  the  whole,  Kingston  seems  to  keep  the  even  tenour  of  her  way  amongst  the  cities  of 
Canada  West,  with  a  creditable  steadiness  and  perseverance;  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 
healthy  localities  in  the  province;  with  a  population  of  about  13,000.  Kingston  is  repre- 
sented in  the  U]iper  House  by  the  Honourable  Alexander  Campbell,  and  in  the  Lower 
House  by  the  Honourable  Jolin  A.  Jlaedonald,  the  cx-Preniier ;  the  member  for  the  county 
being  the  Honourable  Henry  Smith,  Sjieaker  of  the  Legislative  Assenibl}\ 

The  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  is  about  2  miles  from  the  city.  Omnibuses 
ply  to  aud  from  it,  in  connection  with  the  hotels. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 


The  following  information  is  compiled  from  the  authorized  publications  of  the  Canadian 
government,  official  documents,  and  private  information  received : — 

Geographical  Position  and  Extent. — The  province  of  Canada  embraces  about  350,000  square 
miles  of  territory,  independently  of  its  north-western  possessions,  not  yet  open  for  settlement : 
it  is,  consequently,  more  than  one-third  larger  than  France,  nearly  three  times  as  large  as  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  more  than  three  times  as  large  as  Prussia.  The  inhabited,  or  settled 
portion,  covers  at  least  40,000  square  miles,  and  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  Denmark,  threo 
times  as  large  as  Switzerland,  a  third  greater  than  Scotland,  and  more  than  a  third  the  size  of 
Prussia. 

Prior  to  the  year  1840,  Canada  was  divided  into  two  distinct  provinces,  known  as  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada,  possessing  separate  legislative  bodies,  or  parliaments,  for  the  local  goverumeiit 
of  each.  In  1840  these  provinces  were  united,  although,  for  some  purposes,  the  old  territorial 
divisions  still  exist.  Upper  Canada  is  that  part  of  the  now  united  provinces  which  lies  to  the 
west  of  the  Kiver  Ottawa  ;  Lower  Canada  embraces  the  country  to  the  east  of  that  river. 

This  extensive  province  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  British  possessions,  at  present  in  the 
occupation,  or  guardianship,  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company ;  on  the  south  and  east,  by  the  states 
of  the  American  Union,  and  the  British  province  of  New  Brunswick.  The  western  boundary  of 
Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  is  yet  undefined.  The  River  St.  Lawrence,  and  Lakes  Ontario, 
Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  Superior,  with  their  connecting  rivers,  form  the  division  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

Form  of  Government.— Canada  is  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  but  is  as  free  and  unfettered  as 
an  independent  nation.  The  mother  country  has  entrusted  to  the  Canadians  the  management  of 
their  own  affairs.  The  Governor  of  Canada,  who  is  also  Governor-general  of  British  North  Amer- 
ica, is  appointed  by  the  British  Crown,  and  is  its  representative  in  the  colony.  He  nominates  an 
executive  council,  who  are  his  advisers  on  all  matters.  There  are  two  legislative  bodies,  called 
the  House  of  Assembly  and  the  Legislative  Council,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  by  tho 
people.     The  Legislative  Council  was  formerly  filled  by  the  nominees  of  the  crown. 

The  system  of  government  is  that  of  legislative  majorities  and  responsibility  to  electors,  in 
imitation  of,  and  as  similar  as  possible,  to  that  which  exists  in  Great  Britain.  All  public  ofBcea 
and  seats  in  the  legislature  are  open  to  any  candidate  possessing  the  confidence  of  the  people, 
and  holding  a  certain  limited  amount  of  property,  and  being,  at  the  time,  a  British  subject.  The 
elective  franchise  is  nearly  universal.  Every  man  paying  an  annual  household  rental  of  30  dol- 
lars, (£6  stg.)  in  the  cities  and  towns,  and  20  dollars,  (£4  stg.)  in  the  rural  districts,  is  entitled 
to  vote. 

N.^.TnRALizATiON  OF  Aliens. — Under  the  provisions  of  the  12  Vict.  cap.  197,  sect  4,  as  amended 
by  the  18  Vict.  cap.  6,  foreigners  can  become  naturalized  after  a  residence  of  _/?«!<>  years  in  Can- 
ada, by  taking  an  oath  as  to  such  residence,  and  the  oath  of  allegiance,  before  any  Justice  of 
the  Peace  of  the  place  of  his  residence,  and  afterwards  obtaining  a  certificate  of  residence  from 
such  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  causing  it  to  be  presented  and  recorded  in  any  one  of  the  courts 
mentioned  in  the  sixth  section  of  the  12  Vict.  cap.  197,  upon  which  a  certificate  of  naturalization 
will  be  granted  by  such  court. 

Before  they  are  naturalized,  we  are  informed  that  foreigners  can  hold  and  transmit  real  estate 
the  same  as  natural-born  subjects ;  that  they  have  a  vote  at  municipal  elections,  although  not  at 
elections  for  members  of  the  provincial  legislature. 

The  British  government  maintains  a  small  force  in  Canada  and  the  neighboring  provinces,  for 
protection  against  foreign  invasion,  and  for  the  maintenance  and  preservation  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Quebec,  Kingston,  and  other  places,  in  the  event  of  a  foreign  war. 

Character  of  the  Population. — Canada  was  once  a  French  colony,  and,  until  it  was  ceded 
to  the  British,  possessed,  exclusively,  a  French  population.  In  that  part  of  the  province  which 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  which  is  called  Lower  Canada,  the  people  are  chiefly  of 
French  extraction.  West  of  the  Ottawa,  or  Upper  Canada,  is  essentially  British.  The  popula- 
tion of  the  province  now  exceeds  2,500,000.  In  some  parts  of  Upper  Canada  there  are  large 
colonies  of  Germans  and  Dutch,  and  it  is  probable  that  not  less  than  30,000  Germans  and  Dutch 
are  settled  in  difierent  parts  of  the  upper  or  western  half  of  the  province. 


32 


POPULATION — LAWS  AND   MUNICIPAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


POPULATION    OF   CANADA    FOR    185C-1857. 


NutiM  of  Conntlet. 


Total  estimated  Pop- 
ulation up  to  Jan.  1 

"Ism!        iswT 


Brant  

Klgi"  

Prei-Ciitt 

KussiU    

Lamliton 

Stomiont    . . . 

Dunilos  

Qlengary 

Carleton 

Leeds  

Grenvllle 

Norfolk 

Lanark   

Renfrew   

Frontenac  . . . 

Lennox 

Adiliiigton    j 

H.isliiips ,. 

Prince  Kdnrard 1 

Ilaldimand I 

Northumberland..  I     ( 

Durham    j     ) 

Peterborough 
Victoria 


fll 


26,8T3 
80,416 

fi.lM 
1T,79G 
IS.im 
17,*M 
2-.',SS6 
*),W0 
S9,o(U 
2«,«6 
27,8*4 
2S,S34 
13,684 
21,684 

9,148 
18,6*8 
41,616 
22,(556 
21,660 
86,124 
38,456 
2(»,276 
16,752 


29.557 
83,451 
15,422 
6,803 
19,569 
19,844 
19,624 
25,119 
8;J,594 
42,970 
29,101 
80,672 
81,706 
14,814 
23,852 
10,062 
20,556 
45,777 
24,921 
23,826 
89,7;J6 
42,301 
22,803 
18,427 


Names  of  Counties 
and  Cities. 


11  Total  estimated  Pop- 
ulation up  to  Jan.  1. 


Brougfit  forward. 

Ontario , 

York    

Peel 

Simcoe 

Wenlworth 

llalton 

(irey    

Wellington 

Huron 

Bruce  

Perth  

jWaterloo 

Lincoln 

'Welland   

Oxford 

Middlesex 

Kent 

Essex  

City  of  Toronto. . 
City  of  Hamilton 
City  of  Kingston. 
City  of  Ottawa  . . 
City  of  Loudon  . . 


M 


1856^ 

66,532 
86,520 
61,572 
27,."i63 
85,712 
81, 5U 
21,592 
i  16,580 
1  34,584 
j  82,684 
(  8,000 
26,552 
.'«,3-i4 
33,7iX» 
21,060 
40,908 
40,151 
23,800 
26,040 
46,500 
20,400 
16,150 
11,060 
13,600 


_1357. 

62,006 
40,172 
07,729 
8(),.324 
89,283 
84,693 
23,751 
18,238 
88,033 
&'i,942 
9,240 
29,207 
37,756 
97,o70 
23,166 
44,999 
44,167 
26,180 
28,644 
51,000 
22,440 
17,759 
12,155 
14,960 


Carried  up I    56,532  62,0o6     I  11,228,123    11,850,923 

Total  estimated  population  of  Lower  Canada,  adding  one-seven-  I 
teenth  for  one  year's  increase 1,152,709     1,220,514 


Total  population  of  Canada  in  1856  and  In  1857 j  |2,830,S31    12,571,487 


Laws  and  Mdnicipal  Institutions. — The  laws  of  England  were  introduced  into  Upper  Can- 
ada in  1701,  and  prevail,  subject  to  the  various  alterations  made,  from  time  to  tijiie,  by  the  local 
parliament.  The  laws  of  France,  as  they  existed  at  the  conquest  of  Canada,  by  Britain,  prevail 
in  Lower  Canada,  subject  also  to  the  alterations  effected  by  the  local  parliament.  The  crinjinal 
and  commercial  laws  of  England  prevail  there,  as  in  Upper  Canada.  The  parliament  of  Canada 
have,  and  e.xercise,  entire  control  over  the  province  ;  the  imperial  government  never  interfere 
now,  unless  (which  scarcely  ever  occurs)  some  great  national  interest  is  involved. 

The  municipal  system  of  Upper  Canada  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  exigencies  of  a  young  and 
vigorous  country  ;  its  success  has  been  complete.  In  order  to  comprehend  it,  it  is  necessary  to 
state,  that  Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  counties,  forty-two  in  number;  each  county  is  divided 
into  townships;  so  that,  on  an  average,  each  township  is  about  ten  miles  square.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  a  township  elect  five  "councillers,"  the  councillors  elect,  out  of  this  number,  a  presiding 
ofEcer,  who  is  designated  the  "town  reeve;"  the  town  reeves  of  the  different  townships,  form 
the  "  county  council,"  this  Council  elect  their  presiding  oflicer,  who  is  styled  the  "  Warden."  The 
town  council  and  county  council  are  municipal  corporations,  possessing  the  power  to  raise 
money  for  municipal  purposes,  such  as  making  public  improvements,  opening  and  repairing 
roads  and  bridges.  Repayment  is  secured  by  a  tax  on  all  the  property  in  the  township  or  county 
where  the  debt  is  incurred;  but  no  by-law  for  raising  money  can  be  enforced,  unless  it  has  been 
previously  submitted  to  the  electors  or  people.  Each  corporation  possesses  the  power  of  suing, 
and  is  liable  to  bo  sued,  and  their  by-laws,  if  illegal,  are  subject  to  be  annulled  by  the  Superior 
Courts  of  the  province,  at  the  instance  of  any  elector. 

Each  township  council  has  the  power  to  provide  for  the  support  of  common  schools  under 
the  provisions  of  the  school  law ;  to  construct  roads,  bridges,  water-courses,  etc.,  to  appoint 
path-nioaters  or  road-inspectors,  etc.  The  county  councils  are  charged  with  the  construction  and 
repairs  of  goals,  and  court-houses,  roads  and  bridges,  houses  of  correction,  and  grammar  schools, 
tmder  the  provisions  of  the  school-law  ;  to  grant  money,  by  loan,  to  public  works,  tending  to  the 
improvement  of  the  country,  and  to  levy  taxes  for  the  redemption  of  the  debts  incurred,  subject 
to  the  proviso  before  mentioned,  namely,  the  vole  of  the  people.  Villages  not  having  a  popula- 
tion over  ir>iX\  are  governed  by  a  board  of  police,  and  are  styled  police  villages;  possessiivg  over 
1000  inhabitants,  they  become  incorporated  villages,  and  are  governed  by  a  council  of  five,  whose 
reeve  is  a  member  of  the  county  council,  ex  offirio ;  as  soon  as  a  village  acquires  a  population 
exceeding  three  thousand,  it  becomes  a  town  governed  by  a  mayor  and  council,  and  is  represented 
in  the  county  council  by  a  town  reeve,  and  deputy  town  reeve.    When  the  number  of  inhabit- 


CANADA — INCOME    AND   EXPENDITURE — EDUCATION. 


33 


ants  exceeds  10,000,  it  may  be  created  a  city,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  alderman,  and  coun- 
cilmeu.     All  town  reeves,  wardens,  mayors,  and  aldermen,  are,  ex  '9/^'fio,  justices  of  the  peace. 

REVENUE    AND    EXPENDITURE    FOR    1856. 


Revenue,  1856. 

£    «r 

Customs 1,028,905    9 

Excise    20,53-2    8 

Revenue  from  Public  Works.     51,765    7 

Territorial 25,(»6     6 

Bank  Imposts    22,142  14 

Casual  Revenue 89,(it>4  12 


-Total  Currency £1,238,666  18    4 


Expenditure,  1856. 

~  £        «.   d- 

Interest  on  Public  Debt 225,223  15    7 

Civil  Government 50,i)30  10    3 

Administration  of  Justice. . .  1!4.254    8    5 

Provincial  Penitentiary l:3,ii89  11     2 

Legislature 117,444  17    4 

Education 97,514    1     6 

Agricultural  Societies 17,955  13    3 

Hospitals  and  other  Charities  3S,756  18  10 

Public  Works 92,787  16    6 

Militia 36,107  14  11 

Maintenance  of  Lighthouses  27,994    4    1 

Emigration 0,383  18    7 

Pensions 9,S20     8    0 

Indian  annuities 8,755    0    0 

Sinking  Fund,  &c 60,84S  14    5 

Miscellaneous 120,897    Oil 

Total  Currency £1,050,714  13    9 


Educational  Institctioxs. — Upper  and  Lower  Canada  enjoy  separate  school  laws,  adapted  to 
the  religious  elements  prevailing  in  either.  Each  township  in  Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  sev- 
eral school  sections,  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  inhabitants.  The  common  schools  are 
supported  partly  by  government,  and  partly  by  local,  self-imposed  taxation,  and  occasionally,  by 
the  payment  of  a  small  monthly  fee  from  each  scholar.  The  total  amount  expended  on  educa- 
tional purposes  in  Canada,  during  1S.56,  was  £y7,5]4  1<.  6(/.,  currency.  In  long-settled  rural  dis- 
tricts, each  school  section  is  now  distinguished  by  a  handsome  brick  school-house,  furnished  with 
maps,  authorized  school  books,  and  elementarj'  philosophical  apparatus.  The  salaries  of  teachers 
vary  from  £130  stg.  to  £40  stg.  in  country  parts,  and  from  £2sO  stg.  to  £75  stg.  in  cities  and 
towns.  All  common-school  teachers  must  pass  an  examination  before  a  count}-  board  of  educa- 
tion, or  receive  a  license  from  the  provincial  normal  school,  empowering  them  to  teach,  before 
they  can  claim  the  government  allowance. 

The  provincial  normal  school  is  a  highly  eflFective  and  useful  institution,  for  the  training  of 
teachers,  and  annually  sends  forth  from  100  to  1.50  young  men  and  women,  who,  having  been 
uniformly  instructed  in  the  art  of  conducting  a  school  and  communicating  knowledge,  are  grad- 
ually establishing,  in  Upper  Canada,  a  system  of  common-school  education  of  great  j)romise. 

The  free  school  system  is  gaining  ground  in  many  parts  of  Canada ;  the  principle  it  involves 
implies  the  support  of  common  schools,  open  to  all,  by  a  general  tax,  and  the  non-exaction  of 
fees.  Any  school  section  may  adopt  it  by  the  vote  of  the  majority  of  its  inhabitants.  Separate 
schools  for  Roman  Catholics  are  sanctioned  under  certain  regulations. 

The  grammar  schools  are  65  in  number,  with  3726  pupils.  They  are  intended  to  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  the  coilimon  schools  and  the  universities.  Teachers  must  be  graduates  of 
some  university;  they  receive  an  allowance  from  government  in  addition  to  fees.  The  amount 
raised  for  grammar-school  purposes,  in  1S55,  was  £12,00u  sterling. 

Besides  a  richly-endowed  provincial  university,  supplied  with  a  complete  staff"  of  highly  com- 
petent professors  and  lecturers,  there  are  several  other  universities  and  colleges  in  Upper  Can 
ada,  in  connection  with  ditferent  religious  denominations.  The  standard  of  education  adopted 
in  some  of  the  Canadian  universities,  assimilates,  as  closely  as  possible,  to  that  established  in 
the  time-honoured  institutions  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  ranks  of  the  professorial 
staffs  are  generally  supplied  from  the  same  unfailing  sources.  All  the  expenses  of  a  full  uni- 
versity course  in  Toronto  need  not  exceed  £60  sterling  per  annum,  board  and  tuition  included. 
To  the  Provincial  University,  and  to  the  University  of  Trinity  College  in  connection  with  the 
Clmrch  of  England,  scholarships  are  attached,  which  vary  in  value,  from  £1S  stg.  to  £40  stor. 
per  annum.  These  are  awarded  (at  annual  examinations)  to  successful  candidates  competing 
for  them. 

In  Lower  Canada  a  system  of  education  in  some  respects  similar  to  that  which  has  just  been 
described  exists,  and  is  rapidly  obtaining  favour  among  the  people.  The  superior  schools  there, 
however,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  and  many  of  the  seminaries  attached  to  religious  houses  are 
well  endowed,  and  amply  provided  with  eflicieut  professors  and  teachers. 


34  RELIGION — AGRICULTL'HE — CLIMATE. 

Relicios.— Among  Canadians  there  is  perfect  toleration  in  religious  matters.  While,  how- 
ever, all  religions  are  respected  by  law  and  by  the  people,  there  are  strict  distinctions  jealously 
presiTVfd  between  clnirches  of  diflerent  denoniinntions. 

The  iiiivuiiiiig  rili<;i(>us  denominations  niuy  he  thus  classified,  according  to  the  census  of 
18:)1,  from  which  un  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  present  strength  of  each  leading  religious  body: 
—Church  of  England, -.JtW.iVj^  ;  Church  of  Scotland,  75,587  ;  Church  of  Rome,  1114,571 ;  Free  I'res- 
byterians.  03,3>^5  ;  other  Presbyterians,  82,733  ;  Wesleyan  Metiiodists,  114,839;  Episcopal  Metho- 
dists, 4'.i,W"5 ;  all  other  Methodists,  5-_',449  ;  Haptints,  4'.",s4<; ;  Lutherans,  1-J,U>7,  etc.,  etc.  In  Upper 
Canada  the  Roman  Catholics  form  about  one-si.\th  of  the  whole  population,  and  in  Lower  Can- 
ada about  tive-sixths. 

AoKitiLTiRAL  CAPABILITIES  OF  THK  SoiL.— In  the  valleys  of  some  of  the  larger  rivers  of 
Upper  Canada  wheat  has  been  grown  after  wheat  for  thirty  years;  the  first  crops  yielded  an 
average  of  40  bushels  to  the  acre,  but,  under  the  thoughtless  system  of  husbandry  then  pursued, 
the  yield  diminished  to  \->  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  compelled  a  change  of  crop,  which  soon  had 
the  ellect  of  restoring  the  land  to  its  original  fertility.  But  this  system  of  husbandry  has  ef- 
fected its  own  cure,  and  led  to  the  introduction  of  a  more  rational  method  of  cultivating  the  soil. 
Years  ago,  when  roads  were  bad,  and  facilities  for  communicating  with  markets  few  and  far  be- 
tween, wheat  was  the  only  saleable  produce  of  the  farm,  so  that  no  etlort  was  spared  to  cultivate 
that  cereal  to  the  utmost  extent.  Now,  since  railroads,  macadamized  roads,  and  plank  roads 
have  opened  up  the  country,  and  agricultural  societies  have  succeeded  in  disseminating  much 
useful  instruction  and  information,  husbandry  has  improved  in  all  directions,  and  the  natural 
fertility  of  the  soil  of  the  old  settlements  is,  in  great  part,  restored. 

The  average  yield  of  wheat  in  some  township.^  exceeds  22  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  where  the 
least  approach  to  good  farming  prevails  the  yield  rises  to  thirty,  and  often  forty  bushels  to  the 
acre.  On  new  land  fifty  bushels  is  not  at  all  uncommon  ;  and  it  must  not  be  forgotten,  that 
Canadian  wheat,  grown  near  the  city  of  Toront),  won  a  first  prize  at  the  Paris  exhibition.  It 
may  truly  be  said,  that  the  soil  of  what  may  be  termed  the  agricultural  portion  of  Canada,  which 
comprises  four-fifths  of  the  inhabited  portion,  r.nd  a  vast  area  still  in  the  hands  of  the  govern- 
ment and  now  open  to  settlement,  is  unexceptionable;  and  when  deterioation  takes  place,  it  is 
the  fault  of  the  farmer,  and  not  of  the  soil.  In  Upper  Canada  the  yield  of  wheat  one  year  con- 
siderablv  exceeded  2i),'iOii,000  bushels;  and  the  ((uality  of  Canadian  wheat  is  so  su])erior,  that 
the  American  millers  buy  it  for  the  purpose  ot  mixing  with  grain  grown  in  the  United  States. 
in  order  to  improve  the  quality  of  their  dour. 

The  most  erroneous  o]iinions  have  prevailed  abroad  respecting  the  climate  of  Canada.  The 
80-called  rigour  of  Canadian  winters  is  often  advanced  as  a  serious  objection  to  the  country,  by 
many  who  have  not  the  courage  to  encounter  them,— who  prefer  sleet  and  fog,  to  brilliant  skies 
and  bracing  cold,  and  who  have  yet  to  learn  the  value  and  extent  of  the  blessings  conferred  upon 
Canada  by  her  world-renowned  "  snows." 

It  will  scarcely  be  belie^d  by  many  who  shudder  at  the  idea  of  the  thermometer  falling  to 
lero,  that  the  gradual  annual  diminution  in  the  fall  of  snow,  in  certain  localities,  is  a  .subject  of 
lamentation  to  the  farmer  in  Western  Canada.  Their  desire  is  for  the  old-fa.-<hit)ned  winters,  with 
sleighing  for  four  months,  and  spring  bursting  upon  them  with  mar^•ellous  beauty  at  the  begin- 
ning of  April.  A  bountiful  fall  of  snow,  with  hard  frost,  is  equivalent  to  the  construction  of 
the  best  macadamized  roads  all  over  tiie  country.  The  absence  of  a  sullicient  quantity  of  snow 
in  winter  for  sleighing,  is  a  calamity  as  much  to  be  feared  and  deplored,  lus  the  want  of  rain  in 
spring.     Happily,  neither  of  these  deprivations  is  of  frecpient  occurrence. 

The  climate  of  Canada  is  in  some  measure  exceptional,  espix-ially  that  of  the  peninsular  por- 
tion. The  influence  of  the  great  lakes  is  very  strikingly  felt,  in  the  elevation  of  winter  temper- 
atures, and  in  the  reduction  of  summer  heats.  East  and  west  of  Canadl^  beyond  the  inflnence 
of  the  lakes,  the  greatest  extremes  i)revail,— intense  cold  in  winter,  intense  heat  in  summer,  and 
to  these  features  may  be  added  their  usual  atlendnnf,  drought. 

Perhaps  the  popular  standard  of  the  a«lBptation  of  climate  to  the  pun>oses  of  agriculture,  is 
more  suitable  for  the  present  occasion,  than  n  reference  to  monthly  and  annual  means  of  tem- 
perature. Much  intornuUion  is  conveyed  in  the  .simple  narration  of  facts  bearing  upon  fruit  cul- 
ture. From  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  round  by  the  Niagara  frontier,  and  all  along  the  Canadian 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  the  grape  and  pcoch  grow  with  luxuriance,  and  ripen  to  perfection  in  the 
open  nir.  without  the  slightest  artificial  aid.  The  island  of  Montreal  is  distinguished  every 
where  for  the  fine  quality  of  its  apples,  and  the  i.sland  of  Orieans,  i)elow  yuebec,  is  equally  cele- 
brated for  its  plums.  Over  the  whole  of  Canada,  the  melon  and  tomato  acquire  large  dimensions, 
and  ripen  fully  in  the  open  air,  the  seeds  being  planted   in  the  soil  towards  the  latter  end  of 


GENERAL   INFORMATION   FOR  SETTLERS.  35 

April,  and  the  fruit  gathered  in  September.  Pumpkins  and  squashes  attain  gigantic  dimensions ; 
thev  have  exceeded  250  pounds  in  weight  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Toronto.  Indian  corn,  hops, 
and  tobacco  are  common  crops,  and  yield  large  returns.  Hemp  and  flax  are  indigenous  plants, 
and  can  be  cultivated  to  any  extent  in  many  parts  of  the  province. 

The  most  striking  illustration  of  the  influence  of  the  great  lakes  in  ameliorating  the  climate 
of  Canada,  especially  of  the  western  peninsula,  is  to  be  found  in  the  natural  limits  to  which  certain 
trees  are  restricted  by  climate.  That  valuable  wood,  the  black  walnut,  for  which  Canada  is  so 
celebrated,  ceases  to  grow  north  of  latitude  41°  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but,  under  the  influence  of 
the  comparatively  mild  lake-climate  of  peninsula  Canada,  it  is  found  in  the  greatest  profusion, 
and  of  the  largest  dimensions,  as  far  north  as  latitude  43°. 

The  following  information  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  E.  "Widder,  Commissioner  of  the  Canada 
Company,  and  will  be  found  to  contain  some  information  of  interest  and  utility  to 

SETTLERS  AND  SMALL    FARMERS. 

Pbice  of  Clearing  Wild  Lands,  and  how  Cleared. — The  clearmg  of  wild  land  is  always  to 
be  understood  as  clearing,  fencing,  and  leaving  it  ready  for  a  crop,  in  ten-acre  fields,  the  stumps 
and  roots  of  the  trees  alone  being  left  to  encumber  the  operations  of  the  farmer.  The  price  va- 
ries greatly,  according  to  circumstances,  but  may  be  quoted  at  present,  as  £5  cy.,  per  acre.  The 
payment  is  always  understood  to  be  made  in  cash,  except  a  special  written  bargain  to  the  con- 
trary IS  entered  into.  Timber  is  now  becoming  scarce  and  valuable  in  some  locations,  and 
near  the  railway,  the  value  of  the  timber  is  equal  to  the  cost  of  clearing  the  land. 

Rotation  of  Crops,  etc.— As  wheat  (the  boast  of  Canada)  succeeds  best  on  a  new  fallow, 
(newly  cleared  and  burnt  laud  being  so  called,)  it  is  always  the  first  grain  crop.  Farmers  with 
capital,  seed  the  fallow  down  with  grasses,  and  wait  five  or  six  years ;  but  the  farmer  with  lim- 
ited means,  puts  the  land  into  crop  the  next  year,  either  with  potatoes  or  spring  grain  ;  then 
follows  wheat  again,  every  alternate  year,  until  he  has  power  to  clear  enough  new  land  for  his 
wheat  crop  each  year,— when  the  old  land  is  laid  down  in  meadow,  and  otherwise  cropped,  with- 
out much  attention  to  the  usual  general  rules  of  good  farming,  until  the  stumps  rot  sufficiently 
to  admit  of  the  free  use  of  the  plough.  The  best  English  and  Scotch  farmers  then  adopt  the 
customary  three  or  four  field  system,  or  otherwise  wheat,  and  winter  and  summer  fallow,  each 
alternate  year.  The  first  crops  are  always  put  in  with  the  harrow  alone.  It  is,  however,  almost 
impossible  to  speak  positively  in  regard  to  this  question,  as  it  seems  to  be  quite  a  matter  of  con- 
venience, or  perhaps,  caprice,  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  cultivation  shall  proceed.  We  have 
farmers  from  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Europe,  and  the  United  States,  and  each  person 
assimilates  his  practice,  as  much  as  possible,  to  the  customs  to  which  he  has  been  used— or  thinks 
best  for  the  countrj-. 

Produce  of  Crops.— The  produce,  per  acre,  of  all  crops  varies  much  from  year  to  year  in 
Canada,  owing  to  the  late  and  early  frosts.  It  is,  however,  generally  considered,  that  the  follow- 
ing is  a  fair  average  of  ten  years,  on  all  tolerably  cultivated  farms  :— Wheat,  25  bushels  ;  barley, 
30  bushels ;  oats,  40  bushels ;  rye,  30  bushels ;  potatoes,  250  bushels  per  acre.  Swedish  turnips, 
mangel  wurtzel,  and  other  roots  of  a  similar  kind,  are  not  generally  sufiiciently  cultivated  to  en- 
able an  average  yield  to  be  given ;  but  it  may  very  safely  be  said,  that,  with  similar  care,  culture 
and  attention,  the  produce  will  not  be  less  per  acre  than  in  England.  Flax  and  hemp  are  now 
coming  rapidly  into  notice,  as  an  additional  resource  to  the  agriculturist,— the  quality  of  both 
articles  is  excellent,  and  the  quantity  obtained  afi'ords  a  profitable  return— the  climate'  and  soil 
being  well  adapted  for  their  growth.  Tobacco  has  also  been  raised  in  considerable  quantities, 
particularly  in  the  western  extremities  of  the  province. 

Land  Carriage.— That  is,  the  hire  of  a  team  of  two  horses,  wagon  and  driver,  which  will 
take  IS  cwt.  of  load,  may  generally  be  reckoned  at  Sd.  per  mile,  to  the  journey's  end— supposing 
the  team  to  come  back  empty ;  cheaper  land  travelling  than  this,  can,  however,  often  be  obtained 
by  making  a  bargain. 

Log  House,  or  Shanty.— A  comfortable  log  house,  16  feet  by  24,  with  two  floors,  with  shin- 
gled roof,  £18 ;  log  barn,  24  feet  by  40,  £15 ;  frame  house,  same  dimensions,  £S0  ;  do.  barn, 
£100,  suitable  sheds,  etc.,  £40.  Tables,  10*.  to  lis.  U;  stump  bedsteads,  10«  to  20s.  each; 
chairs,  per  dozen,  £1  bs.  Boilers,  saucepans,  kettles,  knives  and  forks,  etc.,  etc.,  about  50  per 
cent  over  the  usual  sterling  retail  prices  in  England.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  settler 
very  seldom  spends  nmiey  in  erecting  his  buildings,  they  being  generally  built  by  himself,  with 
the  assistance  of  his  neighbours,  and  added  to,  as  his  wants  and  increasing  prosperity  may  from 
time  to  time  require.    The  cost  of  household  furniture,  or  rather  the  quantity  required,  varies 


36  WORK   DURING  WINTER — PRODUCE — WAGES — FOXES,    ETC. 

with  the  ideas  of  almost  every  family.  In  most  cases,  the  household  furniture  of  a  new  settler 
will  not  be  found  to  exceed  in  value  £15 ;  sometimes,  not  half  that  sum  ;  and  is  often  manufac- 
tured by  the  settler  himself 

Frost — when  it  Comes  and  Goes. — The  time  of  the  setting  in  of  the  frost,  and  of  its  depart- 
ure, varies  in  Canada  extremely  in  different  years.  But  no  prudent  man  ought  to  calculate  on 
beinu;  able  to  do  any  thing  in  the  open  field  after  the  middle  of  November,  or  much  before  the 
first  day  of  April.  Fodder  must  be  provided  for  cattle  suflicient  to  last  till  the  middle  of  Jlay, 
as  although  a  surplus  may  be  lei^,  owing  to  the  early  setting  in  of  spring,  yet  cases  have  been 
known  of  great  distress  prevailing  from  want  of  proper  attention  on  this  head. 

Farmers'  Avocations  during  Winter. — The  new  settler's  avocations  during  the  winter  months 
are  generally  confined  to  taking  care  of  his  cattle  and  chopping,— that  is,  felling  and  cutting  up 
the  trees  ready  for  burning  in  the  spring.  The  underbrush  must  be  cleared  ofl"  before  the  snow 
falls.  The  family,  when  industrious,  find  their  time  fully  employed  in  spinning,  and  other 
female  occupations;  and,  when  it  is  considered,  that  in  the  newest  settlements  almost  every  ar- 
ticle of  convenience  or  luxury  must  be  made  at  home,  or  dispensed  with,  by  poor  settlers,  it  may 
easily  be  imagined  that  the  duties  of  a  farmer's  wife  and  grown-up  daughters  are  numerous  and 
unceasing— for  in  proportion  to  their  industry  and  abilities  will  be  their  domestic  comfort  and 
happiness.  In  the  summer,  from  the  scarcity  of  labour,  all  assist  in  the  fields — the  child  of  even 
five  years  old  being  usefully  and  healthily  employed  in  some  occupation  befitting  his  age  and 
strength.  Amongst  too  many  Canadian  farmers,  however,  the  winter  is  a  season  of  idleness  and 
enjoyment — a  great  portion  of  it  being  spent  in  amusement  and  visiting,  to  the  manifest  neglect 
of  their  farms  and  impoverishment  of  themselves  and  families. 

The  Descriptions  of  Fruit  and  Garden  Produce  in  Canada  West. — All  the  fruits  generally 
found  in  England  thrive  remarkably  well  in  Canada  ;  but  the  plum,  apple,  strawberry,  rasp- 
berry, and  melon,  attain  a  luxuriance  of  growth  and  perfection  unknown  in  England.  The 
melon,  planted  in  the  open  ground,  in  most  years  produces  excellent  crops.  In  many  places 
vines  prosper  well.  Peaches  are  indigenous  south  of  the  parallel  of  43%  or,  if  not  absolutely 
indigenous,  grow  rapidly  from  the  stone,  and  bear  fruit  within  a  few  years ;  although  good  and 
rich  flavoured,  grapes  and  peaches  are  seldom  met  with,  owing  to  their  culture  being  neglected. 
The  same  observations  apply  to  all  garden  produce,  which  will  attain  a  degree  of  luxuriance  un- 
known, perhaps,  in  Britain,  with  far  less  care  and  culture. 

Wages  of  Male  and  Female  Servants,  and  Prices  op  Job  Work,  such  as  Carpenters  and 
other  Tradesmen. — These  have  varied  considerably,  but  the  average  wages  are  as  follows:— 
Farm  servants  per  month,  with  board,  £i ;  ditto,  without  board,  £5.  Female  servants,  £1  and 
£1  5s.  per  month.  Day  labourers,  4s.  to  5s.— in  harvest,  10s.  without  board.  The  wages  of  car- 
penters and  other  tradesmen  vary  considerably  according  to  the  ability  of  the  workmen  ;  they 
all  range,  however,  between  6s.  3d.  and  12s.  6(^.  per  daj-— taking  these  as  the  lowest  and  highest 
prices.  These  are  the  rates  of  wages  to  servants  and  workmen  who  are  experienced  in  the  work 
of  the  country.     Newly-arrived  emigrants  do  not  get  so  much.* 

Taxes  pay.vble  by  the  Settlers,  and  Offices  they  are  liable  to  be  called  on  to  serve. — 
Great  alterations  have  lately  been  made  in  the  laws  relating  to  assessments— the  power  being 
now  vested  in  the  municipal  councils,  elected  by  the  people,  to  impose  what  rates  they  please. 
Each  county,  township,  town,  or  incorporated  village,  elects  its  own  council,  and  may,  therefore, 
be  said  to  tax  itself.  All  the  taxes  raised  by  the  council  are  expended  within  the  several  local- 
ities. There  is  a  .small  tax  for  the  provincial  lunatic  asylum,  and  some  other  public  buildings, 
imposed  by  the  legislature.  It  is,  perhaps,  useless  to  go  into  pai-ticulars,  as  almost  every  mu- 
nicipality varies  in  the  amount  of  taxes  imposed.  The  offices  which  settlers  are  liable  to  be 
called  on  to  serve  are  numerous,  but  arc  much  sought  after,  as  they  are  considered  to  confer 
distinction,  and  fretiuently  emolument  on  the  holders,  who  may  be  said  to  be  members  of  a  local 
government,  in  which  is  vested  the  levying  of  taxes,  and  administering  the  moneys  collected  from 
the  settlers,  for  all  purposes  connected  with  their  wemire,  viz.,  the  roads,  bridges,  schools,  and 
improvements,  and  its  other  municipal  affairs,  in  none  of  which  does  the  provincial  government 
now  interfere. 

The  probable  Expense  op  .supporting  a  Family  op  five  or  six  grown  Persons,  until  they 
could  get  sufficient  from  tub  Land  to  support  Themselves.— Information  from  several  per- 
sons has  been  received  on  this  head  ;  the  amount  must  necessarily  vary  according  to  the  wants 
and  usages  of  the  family.     Many  persons  will  do  with  one-half  of  what  others  require;  and  it  is 

Note.— The  w.iges,  at  prenenl,  fSeptember,  IS.'SS,)  are  only  about  one  h.alf  of  the  above  rates,  on  account 
of  the  general  depression  in  commerce,  and  the  low  prices  obtained  by  farmers  for  praiu.— Ed. 


CANADA — THE   GOVEENMENT   FREE   LANDS.  37 

impossible,  therefore,  to  give  any  decided  information  on  this  point; — the  prices  of  produce  and 
provisions  given,  will  enable  each  individual  to  judge  for  himself.  Support  for  a  family  is  rarely 
required  for  more  than  twelve  months,  in  which  time,  an  industrious  family  should  be  able  to 
raise  a  crop  for  themselves. 

Are  Wild  Be.^sts  troublesome  to  New  Settlers  ? — No.  Some  severe  seasons,  wolves  in 
remote  settlements,  may  annoy  the  farmer,  but  to  a  small  extent.  Sheep  are,  however,  in  the 
more  settled  districts,  generally  protected  by  a  fold;  and  the  farmer  ma}%  now  and  then,  lose  a 
stray  hog  by  the  bears — but  many  men  have  been  settled  for  ten  years  in  the  province,  without 
seeing  either  wolf  or  bear.  All  wild  animals  are  getting  scarcer  every  j'ear,  as  the  country  be- 
comes settled. 

The  common  Game  of  the  Codntrt. — The  game  in  some  parts  is  plentiful,  and  consists  of 
deer,  wood  grouse,  (called  partridges,)  quails,  rabbits,  (called  hares,)  and  a  great  variety  of  wild 
ducks  and  geese.  Wild  turkeys  are  numerous  in  the  western  section  of  Canada.  Fish  are  also 
most  abundant  in  all  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  excellent  of  their  kind ;  but  an  observation  made 
by  an  old  farmer  and  wealthy  settler,  may  be  added  to  the  answer,  as  it  is  a  very  true  one,  viz  : 
— That  a  new  settler  can  earn  a  quarter  of  beef,  in  the  time  which  it  takes  him  to  hunt  for  a  quar- 
ter of  venison. 

GOVERNMENT  FREE  LANDS. 

Tlie  following  information  is  compiled  from  a  circular  issued  by  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment, as  well  as  from  a  pamphlet  issued  by  Mi\  F.  P.  French,  the  government  land  agent, 
on  the  Opeongo  Road  : — 

The  Provincial  Government  have  recently  opened  out  THREE  GREAT  LINES  OP  ROAD,  now  in  course 
of  completion,  and  have  surveyed  and  laid  out  for  settlement  the  lands,  through,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  which 
those  roads  pass. 

The  roads,  as  advertised  by  the  agents  of  the  government — appointed  to  the  respective  localities  to  afford 
Information  to  the  settler— are  known  as  "  THE  OTTAWA  AND  OPEONGO  ROAD,  "  THE  ADDINGTOV 
ROAD,"  and  "THE  HASTINGS  ROAD." 

THE  OTTAWA  AND  OPEONGO  ROAD 

Commences  at  a  point  on  tlie  Ottawa  River,  known  as  "  Ferrall's,"  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  Bonchere 
River,  and  runs  in  a  westerly  direction,  passing  through  the  northerly  part  of  the  County  of  Renfrew. 

This  road,  and  the  country  through  which  it  passes,  now  open  for  settlement,  is  easily  accessible,  and  the 
agent  for  the  granting  of  lands  in  this  district,  is  Mr.  F.  P.  French,  who  resides  at  Mount  St.  Patrick,  near 
Renfrew,  on  the  Opeongo  Road,  a  few  miles  from  the  lands  which  are  to  be  granted.  To  reach  the  section 
of  the  country  under  Mr.  French's  charge,  the  settler  must  go  from  MONTREAL  up  to  the  Ottawa  River,  to 
a  place  called  Bonchere  Point,  and  thence  by  land  some  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  westward  to  the  township 
of  Grattan,  in  which  Mount  St.  Patrick  is  situated. 

The  distance  from  Ferrall's  Landing  to  the  village  of  Renfrew  is  but  7  miles,  and  a  stage  is  on  this  road  in 
summer,  which  conveys  passengers  for  about  2s.  6(/.  each.  Thus,  from  Quebec  to  Renfrew,  a  distance  of  .307 
miles,  may  be  travelled  at  a  cost  of  £1  '2s.  6d.  sterling.  At  Renfrew,  the  emigrant  is  within  16  miles  of  this 
agency,  (Mr.  French's,)  and  he  will  have  no  difficulty  in  procuring  a  mode  of  conveyance  to  take  him  there, 
and  hence  along  the  Opeongo  Road,  should  he  be  unable  or  unwilling  to  walk.  The  lirst  of  the  free  lots  is  20 
miles  from  the  Ottawa  River,  and  as  the  entire  length  of  the  Opeongo  Road  is  99  miles,  it  tlms  leaves  79  miles 
U])on  which  free  grants  are  being  given.  This  road  commences  at  Ferrall's  Landing,  on  the  Ottawa,  crosses 
the  Bonchere  at  Renfrew,  and  then  taking  a  north-westerly  course,  it  runs  midway  between  the  Bon- 
chere and  Madawaska  Rivers  on  to  Lake  Opeongo.  It  is  intended  to  connect  this  with  a  projected  line  of 
road  known  as  "Bell's  Line,"  leading  to  the  Lake  Muskako,  and  Lake  Huron,  by  a  branch  which  will  diverge 
from  the  Opeongo  Road,  in  the  township  of  Brudenell,  at  a  distance  of  about  5.3  miles  from  the  River  Ottawa, 
forming,  with  "  Bell's  Line,"  a  gi-eat  leading  road,  or  base  line,  from  the  Ottawa  to  Lake  Muskako,  171  miles 
in  length,  passing  through  the  heart  of  the  Ottawa  and  Huron  territory,  and  opening  up  for  settlement  avast 
extent  of  rich  and  valuable  land. 

The  Bonchere  and  Madawaska  Rivers— between  which  this  road  runs— are  important  tributaries  to  the 
Ottawa,  and  contribute  a  large  quota  of  the  very  best  timber  that  annually  passes  down  that  river  to  the 
Quebec  market.  Over  40  miles  of  the  road  are  now  good  for  wagons,  and  as  the  remaining  portion  will  be 
repaired  next  spring,  settlers  can  easily  take  in  their  families  and  supplies  at  all  periods  of  the  year.  For 
some  years  past,  settlers  have  been  occasionally  locating  themselves  on  the  wild  lands  of  the  Crown,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  road,  and  as  there  are  besides  over  120  of  the  free  lots  at  present  conceded,  those  who 
come  in  future  will  experience  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  prompt  gratuitous  assistance  to  erect  their  shan- 
ties, and  temporary  accommodation  while  they  are  being  put  up.  Twelve  men  can  build  a  good  shanty  in  a 
day — the  timber  of  which  it  is  constructed  being  always  to  be  had  on  the  spot.  The  best  possible  feeling 
prevails  among  the  settlers,  and  no  kindness  that  any  one  of  them  can  render  is  ever  denied  to  the  stranger, 
no  matter  from  what  country  he  hails,  or  at  what  altar  he  kneels.  Settlers  are  permitted  to  select  their  own 
lots,  those  coming  first  having  first  choice.     The  lots  are  all  posted  and  numbered. 


38  THE  ADDIN'GTON  AND  HASTINGS  ROAD  FREE   LANDS. 

A«  yet,  the  nearest  villages  to  the  road  arc  Uenfrew,  Douglas,  and  KganvlUe.  Renfrew  b  distant  13  miles 
from  thi-  first  free  lot  on  the  east  end.  Some  13  miles  further  up— that  Is  26  miles  west  of  Kenfrew— Douglas 
Is  within  I'.»  miles ;  and  again,  14  miles  farther  west,  Eganvllle  Is  sixteen  miles  from  the  road.  At  each  of 
these  villages  there  Is  a  post-offlee,  and  also  mills  and  stores,  where  all  necessary  supplies  can  be  obtained. 
In  Renfrew,  there  is  a  Catholic  church,  a  kirk,  and  a  free  church,  (Presbyterian,)  in  each  of  which  there  U 
service  once  a  fortnight.  In  DoukU.s,  a  Methodisit  iniiiister  resides,  and  he  has  prayers  there  and  at  Egan- 
vllle  each  alternate  Sunday.  There  is  also  a  Catholic  church  two  miles  from  Douglas,  and  another  at  Egan- 
Tllle  ;  In  the  former  the  clergyman  ofliciates  once  a  month,  and  at  the  latter  twice  a  month  during  the  sum- 
mer, and  once  a  month  during  the  winter.  At  Mount  St.  Patrick,  and  3  miles  from  the  east  end  of  the  road, 
there  Is  also  a  post-oQlce  and  a  Catholic  church :  a  clergj'man  attends  once  a  month. 

The  free  lots  on  the  east  end  of  the  road,  for  12  miles,  lie  within  the  recently  organized  township  of  Grat- 
tan,  which  is  already  pretty  well  settled.  No  schoob  have  as  yet  been  established  on  the  road,  but  there  Is 
no  doulit  that,  ere  long,  churches  will  be  erected,  and  school  sections  defined.  In  this  province,  the  "  Volun- 
tary System"  obtains  In  regard  to  all  churches,  but  the  schools  are  liberally  aided  by  the  government. 

THE  ADDIXQTON  ROAD, 

Commencing  In  the  township  of  Anglesea,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  of  Addington,  near  the  village 
o(  Flint's  .Mills,  in  Kaladar,  runs  almost  due  north  to  the  River  Madawaska — a  distance  of  85  miles — and  is  to 
be  continued  thence  for  the  distance  of  25  miles,  till  it  Intersects  the  Ottawa  and  Opeongo  Road. 

The  agent  for  the  granting  of  the  land  in  this  district  is  Mr.  E.  Perry,  who,  for  that  purpose,  is  now  resi- 
dent at  the  village  of  FLINT'S  MILLS.  The  outlines  of  five  townships  of  very  superior  land  are  already 
surveyed  and  ready  for  settlement  within  the  limits  of  the  agency  lying  north  of  lake  .Massanoka,  and  be- 
tween It  and  the  River  Madawaska.  The  townships  are  called,  respectively,  Ablnger,  Denbigh,  Ashley,  Effing- 
ham, Anglesea,  and  Barrie. 

The  direct  route  to  this  section  Is  by  way  of  KINGSTON,  Canada  West,  thence  to  N.VPAXEE,  either  by 
rail  or  steamboat,  and  thence  north  to  the  townsliip  of  Kaladar,  and  the  village  of  FLINT'S  MILLS,  where 
Mr.  Perry  resides. 

THE  HASTINGS  ROAD. 

The  government  agent  is  M.  P.  Hayes,  who  resides  at  the  village  of  MaJoc,  from  whom 
we  have  received  the  following  particulars  respecting  the  district : — 

The  Hastings  Free  Grant  Road  commences  on  the  nortbem  boundary  line  of  the  townships  of  Madoc,  13 
miles  from  the  village  of  the  same  name  where  my  office  Is.  The  latter  Is  distant  from  Belleville,  SC  miles ; 
the  road  is  good  between  these  points,  and  there  Is  a  stage  carrying  the  mail  each  way,  daily.  Fare  $1.00. 
The  stage  leaves  lielleville  every  morning  at  S  o'clock,  and  arrives  at  Madoc  at  4  In  the  afternoon. 

The  tract  of  country  through  which  the  first  forty  miles  of  the  Hastings  Road  runs,  presents  a  very  varied 
aspect.  It  Is,  In  general,  hilly  and  stony,  with  patches  of  good  level  at  intervals.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam 
mixed  with  clay  In  some  places,  and  In  others  with  vegetable  mould  of  more  or  less  richness.  This  portion 
of  the  road  Is  now  pretty  well  settled,  and  a  large  number  of  the  lots  in  the  township,  on  both  sides  of  the 
road,  are  being  taken  up  by  actual  settlers.  The  crops  of  the  present  season  were  most  excellent  all  along 
the  road,  the  wheat  having,  so  far,  in  these  back  settlements,  escaped  the  ravages  of  the  "  weevil,"  which 
has  of  late  been  so  destructive  to  that  crop  in  other  townships.  Continuing  along  the  Hastings  Road  In  a 
northerly  direction,  through  the  tract  of  rough  land  to  which  I  have  just  referred,  we  have  a  fine  level,  or 
rather,  gently  undulating  country,  between  the  branches  of  the  Madana.«ka  River,  emptying  Into  the  Ottawa. 
This  tract  of  good  land  extends  for  a  breadth  of  IS  or  20  miles  In  a  north  and  south  direction,  and  extends 
eajt  and  west  to  a  considerable  distance.  The  timber,  chletly  hard  wood.  Is  large,  straight,  and  thrifty.  The 
soil  Is  a  mixture  of  vegetable  deposit  with  sandy  loam,  and  the  crops,  of  every  description,  have  been  satis- 
factory for  the  la-it  two  seasons.  This  tract  is  intersected  also  by  a  new  line  of  road,  opened  by  the  govern- 
ment during  the  present  season,  and  connecting  the  Hastings  Road,  at  the  junction  of  the  townships  of  Wick- 
low  and  Montcagle,  with  the  Opeongo  Road,  a  distance  of  4C  miles. 

The  climate  of  this  part  of  Canada  Is  decidedly  healthy,  (irobably  the  most  so  of  any  part  of  the  conti- 
nent of  America,  and  this  consideration  should  enter  very  largely  into  the  account  on  a  comparison  with 
other  territories. 

The  country  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  a  good  class  of  settlers,  and  In  the  ordinary  course,  the  lands  which 
arc  given  free  this  year,  will  be  worth  four  or  five  dollars  an  acre  in  the  course  of  four  or  five  years. 

In  addition  to  the  free  grants  on  the  Ha.itings  Road,  the  government  Is  opening  a  range  of  townships, 
fourteen  In  all,  namely  seven  at  each  side  of  the  road.  These  townships  are  ten  miles  square,  and  contain 
each  about  O^W)  lots  of  1<M)  acres.  Two  townships  arc  already  open  for  sale  at  eight  cents  per  acre,  and  the 
remainder  will  be  brought  Into  the  market  very  soon. 

Emigrants  should  put  themselves  Immediately  in  communication  with  the  government  agent.  From  him 
they  will  always  receive  valu.ihic  ami  reliable  advice. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  sclllcment  of  the  country,  and  provide  for  keeping  In  repair  the  roads  thus 
opened,  the  government  has  authorized  free  grants  of  laud  along  these  roads,  not  to  exceed  In  each  case, 
ONE  HUNDRED  ACRES,  upon  application  to  the  local  agenU,  and  upon  the  foUowlng  conditions  :— 


CONDITIONS   OF   GR.INTIXG   FREE   LANDS   IN   CANADA.  89 

CONDITIONS. 

That  the  settler  be  eighteen  years  of  age. 

That  he  take  possession  of  the  haul  allotted  to  him  within  one  month,  and  put  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  at 
least  twelve  acres  of  the  land  in  the  course  of  four  j'ears— build  a  house,  (at  least  20  by  23  feet,)  and  reside 
on  the  lot  until  the  conditions  of  settlement  are  duly  performed  ;  after  which  accomplishment  only  shall  the 
settler  have  the  right  of  obtaining  a  title  to  the  property.  Families,  comprising  several  settlers,  entitled  to 
lands,  preferring  to  reside  on  a  single  lot,  will  be  exempted  from  the  obligation  of  building  and  of  residence, 
(except  upon  the  lot  on  which  they  live,)  provided  that  the  required  clearing  of  the  land  be  made  on  each 
lot.  The  non-accomplishment  of  these  conditions  will  cause  the  immediate  loss  of  the  assigned  lot  of  land, 
which  will  be  sold  or  given  to  another. 

The  road  having  been  opened  by  the  government,  the  settlers  are  required  to  keep  it  in  repair. 

The  local  agents,  whose  names  and  places  of  abode  have  already  been  given,  will  furnish  every  informa- 
tion to  the  intending  settler. 

The  LOG-UOCSE  required  by  the  government  to  be  built,  is  of  such  a  description  as  can  be  put  up  in  four 
days  by  five  men.  The  neighbours  generally  help  to  build  the  log-cabin  for  newly-arrived  settlers,  without 
charge,  and  when  this  is  done,  the  cost  of  the  erection  is  small,  the  roof  can  be  covered  with  bark,  and  the 
spaces  between  the  logs  plastered  with  clay  and  wliitewashed.  It  then  becomes  a  neat  dwelling,  and  warm 
as  a  stone  house. 

The  lands  thus  opened  up,  and  offered  for  settlement,  are,  in  sections  of  Canada  West,  capable,  both  as  to 
soil  and  climate,  of  producing  abundant  crops  of  winter  wheat,  of  excellent  qualitj'  and  full  weight,  and  also, 
crops  of  every  other  description  or  farm  produce,  grown  in  the  best  and  longest  cultivated  districts  of  that 
portion  of  the  province,  and  fully  as  good. 

There  are,  of  course,  in  such  a  large  extent  of  country  as  that  referred  to,  great  varieties  in  the  character 
and  quality  of  land — some  lots  being  much  superior  to  others ;  but  there  is  an  abundance  of  the  very  best 
land  for  farming  purposes.  The  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  these  three  roads  will  be  found  to  be  very 
similar  in  quality  and  character,  and  covered  with  every  variety  of  timber — some  with  hard  wood,  and  some 
with  heavy  pine. 

Water  for  domestic  use  is  every  where  abundant ;  and  there  are,  throughout,  numerous  streams  and  falls 
of  water,  capable  of  being  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  heavy-timbered  land  is  almost  always  the  best,  and  of  it  the  ashes  of  three  acres — well  taken  care 
of,  and  covered  from  wet — will  produce  a  barrel  of  potash,  worth  from  £6  to  £7  currency.  The  capital  re- 
quired to  manufacture  potash  is  very  small,  and  the  pi'ocess  is  very  simple  and  easily  understood. 

The  expense  of  clearing  and  enclosing  heavily-timbered  lands,  valuing  the  labour  of  the  settler  at  the 
highest  rate,  is  about  FOUR  POUNDS  currency  per  acre,  which  the  first  wheat  crop,  if  an  average  one,  will 
nearly  repay.    The  best  timber  for  fencing  is  to  be  had  in  abundance. 


CANADIAN  GOVERNMENT  AGENTS  AND  LANDS. 

Emigrants  desirous  of  purchasing  any  of  the  Crown  lands  in  Upper  or  Lower  Canada,  may  obtain  the  full- 
est information,  as  to  the  price  and  quality  of  the  lands  for  sale,  in  then'  respective  counties,  by  applying 
to  the  undermentioned  Crown  Land  Agents,  viz.  :— 

Prices  of  Lands  range  from  Is.  to  10s.  per  acre. 

CROWN   L.\ND   AGENTS  IN  UPPER  (WESTERX)   C.UfADA. 

Counties.  Agents.  Residences. 

Stormont,  Dundas  and  Glengary, Samuel  Hart Cornwall. 

Preseott  and  Russell N.  Stewart  Vankleekhill. 

Carleton  John  Durie Ottawa. 

Lanark G.  Kerr Perth. 

Renfrew William  Harris Renfrew. 

Leeds  and  Grenville W.  J.  Scott Preseott.  \. "% 

Front enac,  Lenox  and  Addington Allan  McPhei-son Kingston. 

Hastings  Francis  McAnnany Belleville. 

Prince  Edward N.  Ballard Picton. 

Northumberland  and  Durham Vacant  Port  Hope. 

Peterboro'  and  Victoria Walter  Crawford Peterboro'. 

York,  Peel  and  Ontario Vacant  Toronto. 

Simcoe .Tohn  Alexander Barrie. 

Waterloo H.  S.  Huber Berlin. 

Wellington .Vndrew  Geddes  Elora. 

Grey William  Jackson Durham,  (Bentinck  P.  0. ) 

Wentworth . .  .T.  A.  Ambridge Hamilton. 

Halton  . .! Vacant   Milton. 

Lincoln,  Haldemand  and  Welland. . .  Henry  Smith  Smith ville. 

Oxford John  Carrol Beachville. 

Norfolk Duncan  Campbell Simcoe. 

Middlesex  and  Elgin John  B.  Askin London. 

Essex  D.  Moynahan Sandwich. 

Kent  and  Lambfon J.  B.  Brooke Raleigh. 

Huron 0  Widder Goderich. 

Perth John  Sharman Stratford. 

Bruce Alexander  McNab Saugeen. 


t 


> 


4:0  CANADIAN"   GOVERNMENT — LAND   AGENTS,    ETC. 

CEOWN   LAND  AGENTS  IN  LOWER   (bASTERN)   CANADA. 
NORTH    OF    RIVEH    OTTAWA. 

Agents.  JienUIenee.  County. 

Fohn  Lynch AUumettes  Island  Part  of  County  of  Ottawa. 

Francois  X.  Bastien Grand  Calumet  Island Do.  do. 

G.  M.  .Judgson Clarendon Do.  do. 

Aime  Lafontaine Aylraer Do.  do. 

Donald  McLean Lochaber Do.  do. 

E.  W.  Murray Buckingham    Do.  do. 

(ieo.  Kaines Grenville    Two  Mountains.    J 

Thomas  Barron Argenteuil Do.  do.  Vis.  6rf.  per  acre. 

Andre  B.  Lavallee St.  J6r6me  Terrebonne.  ) 

NORTH    OF    RI\'ER    ST.    LAWRENCE. 


Alexander  Daly Rawdon   Leinster. 

William  Morrison Berthier    Berthier. 

Vacant   Three  Rivers St.  Maurice.  la. 

Amable  Bocliet St.  Anne  La  P6rade Parts  of  Champlain  and  Portneuf.       (  -p 

Ignace  P.  Dery St.  Raymond   Part  of  Portneuf. 

McLean  Stewart Quebec Quebec. 

Ed.  Tremblay Murray  Bay Part  of  Saguenay.  Ug  per  Acre 

John  Kane Grand  Bale Do.  ) 

SOUTH   OF    RIVER    ST.   LAWRENCE   AND    WEST   OF    RIVER    CHAUDIERE    AND    KENNEBEC    ROAD, 

Joshua  S.  Lewis Huntingdon Beauharnois. 

Wm.  Fleming Baby ville Huntingdon.  [Stanstead 

Orin  J.  Kemp Frelighsburg Shefford  and  part  of  Missisquoi  and 

John  Felton Sherbrooke  Part  of  Sherbrooke,  Drummond  and      - 

Charles  C.  Sheppard Wendover   Part  of  Drummond.  [Stanstead.  y  j^ 

N.  A.  Beaudet Arthabaska Do. 

George  A.  Bourgeois St.  Gregoire Do 

J.  T.  Le  Bel :  . . .  Garthhay Part  of  Sherbrooke  and  Drummond. 

f".  X.  Pratte Stanfold -  .Part  of  Drummond  and  Nicolet. 

John  Hume Leeds Part  of  Megantic. 

Jean  0.  C.  Arcaud St.  Joseph  de  la  Beauce Do. 

Cyprien  Blanchet St.  FranQois         Do.  Do. 

Andrew  Ross Frampton Do.  and  Dorchester. 

SOUTH    OF    RIVER    ST.    LAWRENCE   AND   EAST    OF    RIVER    CHAUDIERE. 

Andrew  Ross Frampton Part  of  Megantic,  Dorchester  &  Belle- 

S.  V.  Larue...' St.  Charles,  River  Boyer R.  BoyerA  part  Bellechasse.  [chasse. 

Francois  T6tu St.   Thomas L'Islet  and  part  of  Bellechasse. 

Florence  Deguise Ste.  Anne  La  Pocati^re Part  of  Kamouraska. 

J  B.  Lepage Rimouski    Part  of  Kamouraska  and  Gasp6. 

Louis  N.  Gauvreau Isle  Verte Part  of  RimouskL 

Jos.  A.  Le  Bel New  Carlisle Bonaventure         I ig.  per  Acre. 

John  Eden Gasp6  Basin Part  of  Gaspe.      ) 

TERMS   OF  SALE   AND   OCCUPATION. 

"VrOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  future  sales  of  Crown  lands  will  be  at  the  prices  and  on  the  terms  specified 
-'-'  in  the  respective  localities  mentioned  below  : — 

West  of  the  counties  of  Durham  and  Victoria,  at  seven  shillings  and  sixpence  per  acre,  payable  in  ten  an- 
nual instalments  with  interest,  one  tenth  at  the  time  of  sale. 

East  of  the  county  of  Ontario,  within  Upper  Canada,  four  shillings  per  acre. 

In  the  county  of  Ottawa,  three  shillings  per  acre. 

From  thence,  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  county  of  Saginaw,  and  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  the 
district  of  Quebec,  east  of  the  Chaudi^re  River  and  Kennebec  Road,  one  shilling  and  sixpence  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Quebec,  west  of  the  River  Chaudiere  and  Kennebec  Road,  two  shillings  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Three  RiT«rs,  St.  Francis,  and  Montreal,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  three  shillings  per 
acre. 

In  the  district  of  Gasp6  and  county  of  Saguenay,  one  shilling  per  acre. 

In  all  cases  payable  in  five  annual  instalments,  with  interest,  one-fifth  at  the  time  of  sale. 

For  lands  enhanced  in  value  by  special  circumstances,  such  extra  price  may  be  fixed  as  His  Excbllenct 
THE  Governor-Genkral  in  Council  may  direct. 

Actual  occupation  to  be  immediate  and  continuous,  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  five  acres  annu- 
ally for  every  hundred  acres  during  five  years,  and  a  dwelling  house  erected  not  less  than  eighteen  feet  by 
twenty-six  feet. 

The  timber  to  be  subject  to  any  general  timber  duty  that  may  be  imposed. 

The  sale  to  become  null  and  void  in  case  of  neglect  or  violation  of  the  conditions. 

The  settler  to  be  entitled  to  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  with  all  the  conditions. 

Not  more  than  two  hundred  acres  to  be  sold  to  any  one  person. 


CANADA  LANDS   FOR   SALE — EMIGRATION   OFFICES. 


41 


SCHOOL   LANDS   FOR  SALE. 

The  School  lands  in  the  counties  of  Bruce,  Grey,  and  Huron,  are  now  open  for  sale  to  actual  settlers  on 
the  following  terms,  viz. : — 

The  price  to  be  ten  shillings  per  acre,  payable  in  ten  equal  annual  instalments,  with  interest :  the  first  in 
stalment  to  be  paid  upon  receiving  authority  to  enter  upon  the  land.  Actual  occupation  to  be  immediate 
and.  continuous  ;  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  five  acres  annually  for  every  hundred  acres  during  the 
first  five  j'ears ;  a  dwelling  house,  at  least  eighteen  feet  by  twenty-six,  to  be  erected  ;  the  timber  to  be  re- 
served until  the  land  has  been  paid  for  in  full  and  patented,  and  to  be  subject  to  any  general  timber  duty 
thereafter ;  a  license  of  occupation,  not  assignable  without  permission,  to  be  granted ;  the  sale  and  the  li- 
cense of  occupation  to  become  null  and  void  in  case  of  neglect  or  violation  of  any  of  the  conditions  ;  the 
settler  to  be  entitled  to  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  with  all  the  conditions  ;  not  more  than  two  hundred 
acres  to  be  sold  to  any  one  person  on  these  terms. 

All  emigrants  who  require  information  as  to  the  best  routes  and  cheapest  rates  of  conveyance,  to  any  part 
of  Canada,  should  apply  to  the  emigrant  agents  stationed  at  Quebec,  Montreal,  or  Toronto,  who  will  al?o 
direct  emigrants,  in  want  of  employment,  to  places  where  they  may  obtain  it.  The  agents  will  also  give 
settlers  information  as  to  the  best  and  safest  mode  of  remitting  money  to  their  relations  or  friends  residing 
in  any  part  of  Great  Britain  or  Ireland. 

ROUTE   TO   THE   GOVERNMENT   FREE   LANDS   ON   THE   OPEONGO   ROAD. 


FROM. 


WHERE  TO. 


Montreal I  Ottawa  City,         1 

KLake  Bytown.)     j 

Ottawa  City Aylmer 

Aylmer Onslow 

"     Fitzroy 

"     Arnprior 

" Bristol 

"     Sand  Point , 

"     lionchere  Point. . , 

"     Ferrall's  Landing 

"     Portage  du  Fort  . 

"     Pembroke , 


CONVETANCB. 


Grand  Trunk  Railway 
Steamer  and  Railway  . 

Stage  or  wagon 

Steamer   

Do 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


and  Stage 


MILES. 


181 

14 

9 
24 
30 
40 
41 
45 
60 
52 
60 
95 


STG. 


6S. 

2s. 

2s. 

3s. 

4s. 

4s.  6d. 

4s.  6d. 

5s. 

5s. 

6s. 

5». 


12.00 
1.50 
0.50 
0.50 
0.75 
1.00 
1.12J 
1.12i 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 
1.25 


To  Townships  of  Onslow,  Bristol,  and  Clarendon 

"  Litchfield  and  upper  townships  on  the  north  side  of  the  i 


Ottawa  . 


Land  at  Onslow. 
"  Portage  du  Fort. 

"  Fitzroy  and  Arnprior. 

"  Bonchere  Point,  or  Ferrall's 

Landing. 


"  Fitzroy,  Huntly,  Packenham,  Ramsay,  McNab,  Renfrew,  I         ,, 

•  Bromley ( 

"  Horton,  Bagot,  Admaston,  or  to  Mount  St.  Patrick,  in]  „ 

the  township  of  Grattan,  the  residence  of  Mr.  Frencli,  I 

the  agent  for  the  Opeongo  Road,  28  miles  from  Fer-  f 

rail's  Landing J 

The  newly-surveyed  townships  of  Sebastopol,  Brudenell,  Algona,  and  Rolph,  each  10  miles  square,  are  now 
open  for  settlement,  distance  about  20  miles  from  Mount  St.  Patrick.  Emigrants  proceeding  to  any  of  the 
above  places,  will  receive  every  information  respecting  the  lands  open  for  sale  in  these  respective  localities, 
from  the  following  Crown  Land  Agents  : — At 

CL.\RENDON MR.  F.  B.  HEATH. 

CALUMETTE "      p.  X.  BASTIEN. 

ALUMETTE "      joHN  LYNCH. 

RENFREW "      ■JVM.  HARRIS. 

MT.  ST.    PATRICK "     t.  P.  FRENCH. 


GOVERNJIENT   E.MIGRATION   OFFICERS   IN   CANADA. 

QUEBEC A.  C.  BUCHANAN,  Chief  Agent. 

MONTREAL A.  CONL.\N. 

OTTAWA   CITY FRANCIS  CLEMOW. 

KINGSTON ALLAN  McPHERSON,  Crown  Land  Agent. 

TORONTO A.   B.    HAWKE,  Chief  Emigrant  Agent,   Upper   Canada. 

HAMILTON T.  C.  DIXON. 

Who  will  furnish  emigrants,  on  application,  with  advice  as  to  the  routes,  distances,  and  rates  of  convey- 
ance, also  respecting  the  crown  and  other  lands  for  sale,  and  will  direct  emigrants  in  want  of  employment 
to  where  it  may  be  procured. 


42 


HANKS    IN   GUKAT   BRITAIN,    1KEL.\-\D,    AND   C.VNADA. 


BANKS   IX   r.HKAT   BIMTAIN   AM)   IltELAND, 
With  their  agents  in  Canada,  upon  whom  they  draw,  and  f^runt  letters  of  credit. 
Jianktrs  in  Britain.  Ihitw  and  fjiie  Uttfm  of  err  Jit  iijxin 

London,  Glyn.  Mills  &  Co Bank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

City  Bank • Bimk  of  Toronto  and  agents. 

"         Joint  Stock  Bunk CDninuTciul  Bank  and  aijeuts. 

Union  Bank Monti lal  Bank  and  ajients. 

"        Glyu,  Mills  &  Co (juebec  Bank  and  aRents. 

City  Bank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

"         "         "        Gore  Bank  and  agents. 

'*        Bosanquet  i  Co Niagara  District  Bank  and  agents. 

"        Glyn,  Mills  A  Co Bank  du  I'enple,  Montreal,  and  agents. 

Ontario  Bank  and  agents. 

"        British  North  America Own  branches  and  agents. 

Liverpool,  Bank  of  Liverpool Montreal  Bank  and  agents. 

Edinburgh,  British  Linen  Company Bank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

"  "  "  "  Montreal  Bank  and  agents. 

"  Commercial  Bank Commercial  Bank  of  Canada  and  agents. 

"  Union  Bank Gore  Bank  and  agents. 

Glasgow,  British  Linen  Company Mtrntreal  Bank  and  agents. 

"        Clydesdale  Bank Commercial  bank  of  Canada  and  agents. 

Dublin,  Boyle,  Low,  Pirn  &  Co "  "  "  "  " 

"      National  Bank  of  Ireland City  Bank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

By  reference  to  the  above,  and  also  to  tlie  List  of  ]{anks  in  Canada  with  their  Agencies,  it  mil 
at  once  be  seen  with  whom  the  banks  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  have  correspondents,  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Canada,  and  through  whom  money  can  be  remitted  or  received. 

BANKS   IN   CANADA,    WITH   THEIR   AGENCIES. 

For  Banl-n  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  who  are  agentn/or  the  follmcing,  see  List  of  Banks  in  Great 

Britain  and  Irelund,  preceding  thi«. 


PLACES.  NAMES  OF  BANKS.  OFFICERS. 

Bnrrie l"iii)cr  Canada  E.  I.ally,  Apt-nt. 

"  Toronto  AiiKu:' Hussi-ll.Agt. 

BtUetille VpperCanada  E.  lloMen,  Api-nt. 

"  Coiiinierolul      A.  Tlioiii|>s()ii,  M'r. 

"  Mimlroal  H.  MrNi.ler.  M'r. 

Berlin I'lipiTfunada  (i.  Uiividsoii,  Apt. 

BoicmanviHe Ontakio  I).  FistuT,  CasliliT. 

"  I'jipiT  Canada  <i.  Mi-ariisi,  .\)rent. 

"  Montroal  CI.  Dji'tl,  .Manager. 

Bradford. CIlv  Hank         A.  McMa.ilcr,  Apt. 

Brailt/ord U.  N.  America  J.  C.  (Jedde-o,  Mr. 

"  Upper  Canada  T.  f*.  .^ln.rtt,  ARent. 

"  Montreal  A.  (trier,  Manaper. 

BrockriUe t'pper  Canada  K.  F.  Clmrcli,  Agt. 

"  Commercial      J.  Ilanrroft,  M"r. 

"  Montreiil  F.  M.  Holme?.  M'r. 

I  'hathnm Upper  Canada  ii.  Tlioma.-!,  Ciu«h'r. 

"  Commercial      T.  McCrac,  Airenl. 

"  (tore  A.  Charteriii.Aiienl. 

I'hijipftra Upper  Canada  J.  .Maoklem,  Aki'"'. 

I'Obourg Montreal  C.  II.  Murjfan,  M'r. 

"  Toronto  .1.  .''.  Wiilljire,  Apt. 

i''omicaU Upper  Canada. I.  F.  I'riiiKle,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  \V.  Mattlce,  Ak'HI. 

f>Hndn» II.  X.  America  Wm.  I.iinh,  .\ffent. 

Elgin '/.iMMKKMAx's    J.  W.  Dunklee,  Ca. 

(full (iore  J.  I)avld!<on.  .\p. 

"  Commercial      W. Cooke,  Mannfr'r. 

liodtrich Upper  Canada  . I.  MrDinmld,  .\(f1. 

Montreal  II.  McCiitclKin.  Ag. 

iriieljiA (ioro  T.  Sandilaml-i,  .\gt. 

"  .Montreal  K.  .M.  .Moore,  Agt. 

/famllton (i«iRK  W.  ii.  Crawford,  C. 

"  Upper  Canada  .V  Ploir,  Canhler. 

"  B.  .\.  America  (i.  II.  Tavlor,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  A.  Milrov,  Manng. 

"  ConuDcrcial      M".  11.  I'ark.  M'r. 


PLACES.  KAMES  OF  BANKS.  OFFICBBS. 

IngernoU Commercial      AV.  M.  Sape,  Agent. 

"  Ni.igara  Mst't.  C.  E.  Chadwick,  Ag. 

Kingston Commkik-iai.      C.  f.  Ross,  Ca.«liler. 

"  Upper  Canada  \V.  G.  Hinds,  Cash. 

"  H.  N.  America..**.  Taylor,  Maiiag. 

"  Montreal  ,\.  Dnimmond,  .M'r. 

J.lnd»ny Upper  Canmla  .1.  McKililmii,  Agt. 

London Upper  Canada  .1.  Ilanillton,  Cash. 

"  H.  N.  America  T.  Cliri.-tian,  M'r. 

"  Commercial      .1.  (i.  Ilari>er,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  W.  Titinn,  Manager. 

"  Ciore  C.  Monsarratt,   Ag. 

Montreal .^Iontrkai.         I).  Pavidson,  Caslu 

"  City  Hank         K.  McCulloch,  Ca. 

"  Di  I'Kiii.K        It.  II.  I.emoine,  Ca. 

"  JIoi.son's  W.  Saclie,  Cashier. 

"  Upper  Canada  E.  T.  Taylor.  M'r. 

"  B.  X.  America  K.  Ca.-'seU,  Manag. 

"  Commercial      T.  Kirhy.  Manager. 

"  Quebec  H.ink  dn  I'enple,  A. 

"  Provincial         J.  D.  Niitter.lCo.,A. 

Xfircnittlt Toronto  S.  Wilmot,  Agent. 

^■■■'■'■"•■' l"pper  Canada  T.  McCorniick,  Ag. 

Quebec  I..  M.  Cres-e,  Agt. 

' Toronto  J.  T.  M.  Iliirnside,  A 

oiluitia fintario  J.  B.  Warren,  .M'r. 

Otiinca UpperCanada  H.  f*.  Ca.ssels,  Agt. 

11.  N.  America  A.  C.  Kellv,  Agent. 
Montreal  I'.  P.  Harris,  M'r. 

Qiietiec  It.  V.  Noel,  Agent. 

Pari* (tore  J.  NImmo,  .\gent. 

Perth. Commercial      A.  Leslie,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  J.  Mclntyre,  .\genf. 

Peterhro' Commercial      AV.  CInxton,  Agent. 

"  Toronto  .lames  Hall.  .\gei)t, 

"  .Montreal  R.  Nicholls,  AveuU 

Plcton Montreal  J.  Gray,  Agoot. 


BANKERS   IN   CANADA — POSTAL   EEGULATIONS. 


43 


PLACES.  NAMES  OP  BANKS.  OFFICERS. 

Po-rt  Hope Upper  Canada  J.  Smart,  Agent. 

"  Toronto  J.  E.  Walsh,  Agent. 

"  Commercial      W.  F.  Harper,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  R.  Uicliardson,  Ag. 

"  Molson's  D.  Smart,  Agent. 

Piyrt  SUtnleif Commercial      E.  E.  Warren,  Agt. 

Prescott ..Commercial      J.  Patton,  Agent. 

Quiehen Qtebec  C.  Getliings,  Cash. 

"  Upper  Canada  J.  F.  Bradshaw,  M. 

"  B.  N.  America  F.  W'.  AVood,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  J.  Stevenson,  M'r. 

"  Commercial      • 

"  City  Bank         

"  Du  Peuple         Quebec  B'k,  Agts. 

Sarnia Upper  Canada 

"  Commercial      G.  W.  Thomas, Agt. 

Sault  l>te  Marie  .  .B.  X.  America  J.  Ballenden,  Agt. 

t>herbrook6 City  Bank         W.  Ritchie,  Agent. 

Siincoe (lore  D.  Campbell,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  S.  Read,  Agent. 

SotUhamptmi.   . .  .Upper  Canada  A.  McNabb,  Agent. 

Sta/istedd Provincial       J.  W.  Peterson,  Ca. 

St.  CatlMrine's  . .  .Niagara  Di.st.  J.  Smart,  Cashier. 
"  Upper  Canada  T.  L.  llelliwell,  Ca. 

St.  Jif(tri/''s Commercial      T.  D.  Timms,  .\gent. 

St.  Thomas Co.  Elgin  B'k.  E.  Ermatinger,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  E.  M.  Yarw()od,M'r. 

Stratford Upper  Canada  J.  C.  W.  Daly,  Agt. 

"  Commercial      U.  C.  Lee,  Agent. 

Three  Rivers Upper  Canada — De  Moulin,  Agt. 

"  B.  N.  America  W.  Scougall,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  M.  Stevenson,  Agt. 

"  Quebec  J.  McDougall,  Agt. 

Tormito Uppkr  Canada  T.  G.  Ridout,  Cash. 

"  Toronto  A.  Cameron,  Cash. 

"  B.  N.  America  W.  G.  Cassels,  M'r. 

"  Commercial      C.  J.  Campbell,  Wr. 

"  Jlontreal  II.  C.  Barwick,  M'r. 

"  City  Bank         T.  Woodside,  M'r. 

"  Quebec  W.  W.  Ransom,  M. 

"  Du  Peuple         E.  F.  Whittemore,A 

"  Jlolson's  J.  Glass,  Agent. 

Trenton Montreal  J.  Cumming,  Agt. 

Whithy Montreal  T.  Dow,  Agent. 

Woodstock Gore  J.  Ingeisol,  .\gent. 

"  Montreal  W.  P.  Street,  Agt. 

Windsor Upper  Canada  T.  E.  Tre\v,  Agent. 


AGENTS. 

Head  Oftice. 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co. 
City  B'k  of  London. 
Lon.  Joint  St'k  B'k. 
Union  li'k  of  Loud. 
Glvn,  Mills  &  Co. 
Glvn,  Mills  &  Co. 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co. 
Bosanquet  &Franks 
Glvn,  Mills  &  Co. 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co. 


Foreign  Agents. 

PLACES. 

London  {Eng.) 


AGENTS  FOR. 

B.  N.  America 
Upper  Canada 
Toronto 
Commercial 
Montreal 
Quebec 
City  Bank 
Gore 

Niagara  Dist. 
Du  People 
Ontario  Bank 


Bank  of  Liverpool./.H'crpoo/!  (Eng.)  .Montreal 
British  Linen  Co.     Edinburgh  (Scot)Upper  Canada 
British  Linen  Co.  "  "      Montreal 

Com.  Bank  of  Scot.  "  "      Commercial 

Union  Bank.  "  "      Gore 

British  Linen  Co.     Glasgow  {Scot.). . .  Montreal 
Clydsdale  B'k'gCo.         "  "  Commercial 

Bovle,  Low  &  Vim. BuMin  {Ir6land.)Commercui\ 
National  B'k  Irel'd.       "  "  City  Bank 

J.  G.  King  &  Sons.  J^ew  York Upper  Canada 

Bank  of  Commerce.         "  Toronto 

R.  Bell,  F.  H.  Grain,        "  B.  N.  America 

&  C.  F.  Smitli,  Ag'ts. 

Merchants'  Bank.  "  Commercial 

Bank  of  Commerce.         "  Montreal 

Maitland  &  Phelps.         "  Quebec 

B'k  of  the  Republic.         "  City  Bank 

Ward   &   Co.,   and        "  Gore 

Merchants'  Bank. 

B'k  of  the  Republic.        "  Du  Peuple 

B'k  of  the  Republic.         "  Ontario  Bank 

Merchants'  Bank.    Boston Montreal 

Blake,  Hoare  &  Co.       "  Upper  Canada 

Merchants'  Bank.  "  Commercial 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.    Albany Upper  Canada 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.  "  Commercial 

N.  Y.  State  Bank.  "  Gore 

L.  Wright's  Bank.    Osirego Upper  Canada 

L.  Wriglit's  Bank.         "  Commercial 

L.  Wright's  Bank.         "  Toronto 

Rochester  City  B'k.  Rochester Upper  Canada 

B'k  of  B.  N.  Amer.St.  Johnny.  B.)  ..B.  N.  America 
Com.  Bank,  N.  B.  "  "  Quebec 

B'k  of  B.  N.  Amer. JTali fax  (K  S.)...B.  N.  America 
B'k  of  B.  N.  Amer..S'i'.  John  (X  F.)  ..B.  N.  America 
Central  Bank.  Fre<lericio)i{JV^.£).iiMehec 


POSTAL  REGULATIONS   IN   CANADA. 


Postage  Rates  on  Letters. 

Between  any  two  places  in  Canada,  Sd.  per  |-  oz. — 

Prepayment  opticnial. 
On  letters  deposited  at  an  office  for  delivery  in  the 
same  place,  called  Drop  or  Box  Letters,  the  rate 
is  id. 
From  Canada  to  United  States,  (td. — Prepay't  op'nal. 
"  California         9d.  do. 

"  Oregon  9d.  do. 


LOWEK  PROVIN'CES. 


I  Via 

Qiifbef  and 

HlllillLY. 


Via 

Portliiml  and 

St.  John. 


New  Brunswick ...  Hd. 

Nova  Scotia J  M. 

Prince  Ed.  Island.]  3(7. 

Newfoundland  . . .  l^d. 


8f/. 
Sd. 
M. 
lid. 


Via 
Bost'n  k  H'x 
Cimiird  St'r. 


lid. 
lid. 
lid. 
\k.  Od. 


Payment  optional.  Letters  to  be  forwarded  by 
British  steamer,  from  Boston  or  New  York,  must  be 
specially  so  addressed. 

Stamps  of  tlie  denomination  of  ^i'J..M.,  dd.,  lid., 
and  1(V/.,  for  the  i)repayraenl  of  letters,  can  be  pur- 
chased at  the  princijial  offices. 

To  the  principal  railway  mail  trains  throughout 
the  Province  are  attaclied  post-office  cars,  carrying 
railway  mail  clerks,  and  at  these  "  Travelling  Post- 
offices"  can  be  posted  at  each  station  such  corres- 
pondence as  may  l)e  too  late  for  mailing  in  the  ordin- 
ar.v  manner.  Letters,  however,  mailed  in  the  post- 
office  car  can  be  i)rei)aid  only  by  using  postage 
stamps,  no  railway  m.-iil  ck'rk  being  ])ermitted  to 
oollect  postage,  or  to  i-eceive  prepajnuent  in  money. 


Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

B.v  British  (Cunard)  mail  steamers,  from  New  Y'ork 
or  Boston,  lurf.  currency  (Sd.  sterling). 

By  Canadian  mail  steamers,  from  Quebec  (in  sum- 
mer), lid.  currency  (M.  sterling). 

When  letters  are  sent  by  the  mails  for  England, 
rid  tlie  United  States,  whetlier  for  a  liritisl\  or  Cana- 
dian packet,  a  United  Stales  transit  rate  of  •lid.  cur- 
rency per  i  ounce  is  chargeable  in  addition. 

(Letters  to  be  sent  riii  Marseilles  must  be  so  ad- 
dressed.) 

Registration  of  Letters. 

Persons  transmitting  letters  which  they  desire 
should  jiass  through  the  post  as  "  registered  let- 
I  ters,"  must  observe  that  no  record  is  taken  of  any 
letter  uidcss  specially  handed  in  for  registration  at 
1  the  time  of  posting.  Upon  all  sucH  letters,  with  the 
exception  of  those  addressed  to  the  United  States, 
If/,  must  be  prepaid,  as  a  registration  cliarge.  If  ad- 
dressed to  the  Uinted  States,  the  ordinary  postage 
rate  on  tlie  letter  to  that  country  7n)(.Kt  he  prep<iid, 
and  in  aihlition  a  registraticm  charge  of  '\il.  per  let- 
ter. Tlie  registry  thus  efl'ectc-d  in  Canada  will  be  car- 
ried on  by  the  United  States  post-office,  until  the  let- 
ter arrives  at  its  destination. 

In  like  manner,  letters  addressed  to  Canada  may 
be  registered  at  the  place  of  jiosting  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  registry  made  there  will  accompany 
the  letter  to  the  jilace  of  delivery  in  Canada. 

A  certificate  of  registration  will  be  given  by  a 
postmaster,  if  required. 

It  must  be  distinctly  understood  by  parties  who 


44 


POSTAL  AND   MONEY-ORDER  REGULATIONS. 


•vnll  thornsclvfn  of  the  prlvlli>pc  of  ropLdriitlnn,  tliiit  ' 
»iu-li  r<.-(!i''riiliiiii,  with  the  ocrtinciite  iiiiil  rccflpt,  uru  ! 
niiTi-ly  ititi-iiilril  to  iitlord  tho  iiu'iiim  of  tnicltiR  the 
course  iif  siu-h  li-tters  tlirmiKh  the  pii.st,  anil  nf  ii.tcer- 
tulnliiK  their  delivery  at  destliiiitinii,  and  wiil  not  lie 
helil  to  imply  any  liability  on  the  part  of  the  poHtnl 
d'-partiiient  to  make  gooil  any  loss,  or  alleged  Io.hh, 
ari.siiiK  upon  the  miscarriage  uf  any  such  letter  or  itn 
conteuta. 

£ooli-  Poet  with  England. 

The  rates  and  repulations  are  as  follows : — 
A  hook  packet  may  contain  any  nuiiiher  of  goparnte 
books,  piihlicatii>ns,  works  of  literature  or  art,  alnian- 
sc.i,  maps,  prints,  or  j>rinte<l  letters,  and  any  quan- 
tity of  paper,  velluni,  or  parchment  (to  the  exclusion 
of  written  letters  whether  sealed  or  open),  and  the 
books,  maps,  etc.,  may  either  he  written,  printed,  or 
plain,  or  any  mixture  uf  the  three,  and  may  be  either 
British,  colonial,  or  foreign. 
The  rates  of  postage  ou  such  book  packets  are : — 

Sttf.  Cur. 

«.   (/.    «.   d. 
For  a  packet  not  exceeding  4  oz.  weight  0 
"    excted'g4oz.,andnot exceed'giU). 
"  "        \  lb.  "  1  II). 

"  "         1  lb.  "  HU'S. 

"  "       U  Ihs.  "  'i  II'S. 

"  "        2  lbs.  "  2i  ll)s. 

"  "      SJl'w-  "  '\\hi. 

— and  so  on,  increasing  M.  sterling  for  every  addition- 
al half  pouml  or  fraction  of  half  a  pound. 

The  follott  in;;  conilitions  must  be  carefully  observed, ' 
as  prescribed  by  the  imperial  iiost-oflice  : — 

Kvery  book  packet  must  be  either  without  a  cover,  ! 
or  in  a  cover  open  at  the  ends  or  sides.  ' 

It  must  not  contain  any  written  letter,  open  or  seal- 
ed or  any  sealed  enclosure  whatever. 

No  packet  must  exceed  two  feet  in  length,  breadth,  ' 

or  wlilth.  I 

The  postage  of  book  packets  must  be  paid  in  ad-  1 

vance,  liy  postage  slamj).  I 

Should  a  hook  packet  be  posted  unpaid,  or  with  a 
prejiayment  of  less  Uian  three  pence,  or  be  enclosed 
In  a  cover  not  open  at  the  ends  or  sides,  or  shouhl  it 
exceeil  the  dlmeosions  specified,  such  packet  cannot 
be  forwarded. 
All  book  post  matter,  intended  to  be  sent  to  the 


0 

8-0    4 

0 

6-0    7i 

1 

0-1    H 

1 

6-1  1(4 

a 

0-2    6 

2 

6-  8    H 

H 

0-3    9 

t'llted  Kingdom  from  Canada,  must  bo  forwarded  t* 
tjuebec  for  transmission,  either  ria  Halifax,  or  in 
summer  by  Canadian  steamer. 

ItiM>ks  cannot  he  forwarded  except  at  letter-postage 
rates  by  the  mails  sent  to  Kngland  through  the  Culted 
.States. 

The  book  postal  regulations  between  Canada  and 
(ireal  liritaln  apply  also  to  matter  between  Canada 
and  France. 

Ktw»pnptr». 

All  newspapers  printed  and  published  within  this 
Province,  lunl  tulilreiiiifd  frinii  the  ojfire  o/  imhli- 
rittii'ii,  are  transmitted  from  the  post-ollicc  where 
mailed  by  the  putidsher,  to  any  other  post-oflTice  in 
Canada,  or  to  the  I'niled  Kingilom,  or  to  any  Uriti.sh 
province,  colony,  or  possession,  or  to  France,  or  the 
United  .States,  free  of  Canitduiu  jmiitiige. 

Newspapers  received  from  the  Cnited  8tates  are 
charged  one  halfpenny  each  on  delivery  in  Canada, 
with  the  exception  only  of  err/itint/e  pujiern,  ad- 
dressed to  the  editors  or  publishers  of  Canadian 
papers,  which  ))ass  free. 

England  to  Canada  (Cunard  line).  Id.  on  delivery; 
If/,  also  to  he  )ire|)aid  in  England. 

England  to  Canada  (Canadian  line),  Irf.,  to  be  pre- 
paiil  ill  England. 

To  foreign  countries,  at  rates  of  charge  prescribed 
by  Imperial  post-oflice. 

Transient  news|iapers  posted  in  Canada,  (including 
all  newspapers  not  sent  from  the  oflice  of  publication 
to  regular  suhscriliers,)  when  addressed  to  any  place 
in  Canada  or  Hritish  North  .\merica,  the  L'nited 
Kingdom,  the  Cnited  !"tates,  or  elsewhere,  must  in  all 
cases  be  jirejuii'l  hi/  po«tage  stamp,  oilierwise  they 
cannot  be  forwarded. 

Transient  newspapers  for  any  place  in  Canada, 
British  North  America,  the  Cniteil  Kingdom,  France, 
or  Cnited  Slates,  ^'Z.  each. 

Transient  periodicals  for  an.v  place  in  Canada, 
British  North  Amcrii-a.  or  the  Cnited  t?lales,  if_  not 
over  8  oz.  in  weiglil,  i'/.  each  ;  if  over  3  oz.  in  weight, 
•Id.  each— to  lie  pre|iaid  by  postage  stump. 

I'rinteil  circulars,  prices  current,  or  handbills,  and 
other  printed  matter  of  a  like  description,  anil  books, 
boiuid  or  unbound,  are  charged  at  a  rate  of  ^/.  per 
oz.,  or  fraction  of  an  ounce,  whether  sent  singly  or 
in  packets  to  one  address. 


MONEY  ORDER  SYSTEM  IX  CANADA. 


In  Canada,  Money-Order  Offices  are  classed  and  conducted  as  follows: — 

1.  Money-order  post-offlces  are  divided  into  first  '  filled  up  and  stamped.  This  caution  will  appear  snf- 
and  second  class.  ficiently  iinportaiil  when    it    is   understood   that    an 

2.  Both  classes  may  draw  for  any  sum  on  one  order  ,  order,  ilefective  in  any  iiiiporlant  respect,  will  throw 
up  to  i;iiM)  upon  first-class  ollices,  and  for  any  sum     dilliculties  in  the  way  of  its  payment. 

up  to  £.'iii  on  one  onier,  upon  secDnd-clii-'S  ollices.  y.   When  a  money  order  is  presented  for  payment 

8.  When  money  orders  exceeding  f-.'.'i  in  aggregate  '  at  the  ofiice  on  which  it  is  drawn,  the  poslmaslcr,  or 
amount  are  issued  in  one  day,  and  to  the  same  per-  clerk  emjiloyed,  will  use  all  i>roper  means  to  a.ssure 
ion,  bv  one  or  more  officers,  upon  a  secoml-class  himself  that  the  applicant  is  llie  party  named  and 
ofiice,  llie  postmaster  of  the  office  drawn  upon  will  inlemled  in  the  advice,  ami,  upon  payment  of  the 
be  at  liberty  to  defer  the  payment  of  such  orders  for  order,  will  he  careful  to  obiain  the  signature  of  the 
three  days.  |  payee  to  the  receipt  al  foot. 

4.  Tbc'money  orders  shall  be  maile  out  upon  forms  1  io.  When  through  illness  or  other  insuperable  diffi- 
■upplieil  by  the  head  office,  <iiid  no  oriler  irilt  lif  cully,  Ihe  payee  is  preveiiled  from  presenting  the 
valid  or  iiiii/ii'df,  iinleMS  i/irfn  upon  We  rtgiUar  order  In  person,  the  postmaster  will  he  at  liberty  to 
printed  /••rinn.  \  accept  a  written  order  on  the  back,  in  favour  of  a 

ft.  I'ersons  applying  for  money  orders  will  be  re-  '  second  person,   provided    always   that   such  written 
quircil  to  state  the  particulars  upon  a  form  of  appli-     order  Is  satisfaclorily  proved  to  be  genuine, 
cation  proviiled  for  that  purpose.  |      H.   Any    money -order    post-office    may    repay   an 

6.  If  In  conse<|uence  of  error  or  misapprehension  in  order  issued  by  itself,  but  only  to  the  parly  who 
giving  the  ntkme  of  the  place  of  payment  of  a  money  obliiined  It.  The  charge  or  commission,  however, 
order,  Ihe  piircluisrr  should  desire  to  have  the  same     shall  imi  In  any  case  be  refundeil. 

changed,  the  i-«iiin):  po.tmasler  will   take   back   Ihe         I-'.   The  charges  or  commissions  for  orders  will  be  as 

flrvt  orrler  and  issue  another,  for  which  he  will  charge  ,  follows  : — 

cofiimlsoion,  as  on  a  new  transaction.                                |  ••  "• 

7.  When  a  nilsfakc  In  the  name  of  the  payee,  or    Under  and  up  to  £2    10* 0    8 

person  who  is  to  receive  Ihe  money,  ha.s  been  made  I  Over    £•-' UK  not  exceeding  £5    0« 0    6 

by  the  applicant  for  a  money  order,  the  erroneous         "       £•}    "«.             "              £1  10» 0    9 

order  mav  also  betaken  back,  and  a  new  one  irranted,  ■      "       £7  10*.             "            £ln    0« 1     0 

for   which    a    second    commlMlon   will    likewise    be         '•     £1">    0«.             "            £12  10» 1     8 

exacted.                                                                                '      "    £12  Kw.            "            £1.^    fw 1    6 

>^.  Tarties  proourinit  money  orders  will   please   to         "     £\->    0».  "  £17  10» 1     9 

examine  them  carefully,  to  fce'e  that  they  are  properly         "    £17  10*.  "  £20    0« 2    0 


t( 


LAWS  KEGAEDING  THE   PEOPERTY   OF   INTESTATES.  45 

#.  d.  a.  d. 

Over  £45  0.y.  not  exceeding  £60  0« 5    0 

Thus  far  for  orders  on  first  and  second-class  offices, 
and  by  additional  commissions  of  6(?.  between  every 
£5  from  £50  up  to  £luo  for  orders  on  first-class  offices 

£35    0*.  "  £40    0« 4    0  ;  only. 

£M   0«.  "  £A6    OS 4    6'     N.  B.  No  half-pence  to  be  introduced  in  the  orders. 


Over  £-20  0«.  not  exceeding  £22  10s 2  3 

"    £22  10*.            "           £25    0« 2  6 

"    £25    0«.            "           £;30    0« 8  0 

"    £30    OS.            "           £;J5    0« 3  6 


DISTRIBUTION   OF   PERSONAL  ESTATE   OF   INTESTATES. 

[according   to   the   lavs   of   CANADA   WEST.] 

If  the  intestate  die,  leaving  wife  and  child,  or  children — his  personal  representatives  take  thus  :  Oue- 
third  to  wife,  rest  to  child  or  children :  if  children  dead,  then  to  their  representatives,  (that  is,  their  lineal  de- 
scendants,) except  such  child  or  children  (not  heirs  at  law)  who  had  estate  by  settlement  of  intestate,  in  his 
lifetime,  equal  to  the  other  shares. 

Wife  only — half  to  wife,  rest  to  next  of  kin  in  equal  degrees  to  intestate  or  their  legal  representative*. 

No  wife  or  child — all  to  next  of  kin  and  to  their  legal  representatives. 

Child,  children,  or  their  representatives — all  to  him,  her,  or  them. 

Children  by  two  wives — equally  to  all. 

If  no  child,  children,  or  representatives — all  to  next  of  kin  in  equal  degree  to  intestate. 

Child  or  grandchild— half  to  child,  half  to  grandchild. 

Husband — whole  to  him. 

Father  and  brother,  or  sister — whole  to  father. 

Mother  and  brother,  or  sister — whole  to  them  equally. 

Wife,  mother,  brother,  sisters,  and  nieces— half  to  wife,  residue  to  mother,  brother,  sisters,  and  nieces. 

Wife,  mother,  nephews,  and  nieces — two-fourths  to  wife,  one  fourth  to  mother,  and  one-fourth  to  nephews 
and  nieces. 

Wife,  brothers  or  sisters,  and  mother— half  to  wife,  (under  statute  of  Car.  II.)  half  to  brothers  and  sisters, 
and  mother. 

Mother  only — the  whole  (it  being  then  out  of  the  statute). 

Wife  and  mother — half  to  wife,  and  half  to  mother. 

Brother  or  sister  of  whole  blood,  and  brother  or  sister  of  half  blood — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother  or  sister,  and  mother — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother,  or  sister  and  brother,  or  sister  born  in  lifetime  of  father — equally  to  both. 

Father's  father  and  mother's  mother — equally  to  both. 

Uncles'  or  aunts'  children,  and  brother  or  sister's  grandchildren — equally  to  alU 

Grandmother,  uncle,  or  aunt — all  to  giandmother. 

Two  aunts,  nephew,  and  niece — equally  to  all. 

Uncle  and  deceased  uncle's  child — all  to  uncle. 

Uncle  by  mother's  side,  and  deceased  uncle  or  aunt's  child — all  to  uncle. 

Nephew  by  brother,  and  nephew  by  half-sister — equally  per  capita. 

Nejihew  by  deceased  brother,  and  nephews  and  nieces  by  deceased  sister — each  in  equal  shares  per  capUa, 
and  not  per  stirpes. 

Brother  and  grandfather — whole  to  brother. 

Brother's  grandson,  and  brother  or  sister's  daughter — to  daughter. 

Brother  and  two  aunts — to  brother. 

Brother  and  wife — half  to  brother,  half  to  wife. 

Mother  and  brother — equall.v. 

Wife,  mother,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  (or  sister)— half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  one-fourth 
per  stirpes  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  children. 

Wife,  brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister— half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  or 
sister  per  capita,  one-fourth  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  child  j)er  stirpe'S. 

Brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister— half  to  brother  or  Bistes  per  capita,  half  to 
children  of  deceased  brother  or  sister  per  stirpes. 

Grandfather  and  brother — all  to  brother. 

Note.— Personal  property  Is  held  by  man  and  wi/e  in  common.  This  community  exists  by  law,  unless  there  b«  a  marriage  contract,  executed 
before  the  marriage,  which  expressly  stipulates  that  there  shall  be  no  community.— JV{a<ije  on  M«  Law  of  Marriaye  in  Lotcer  Canada,  bf 
Janut  .inmtronff. 


46 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


CITIES,  TOWNS,   AM)   MLLACJEvS, 

IN   UPPER  AND   LOWER  CANADA, 

Alplmbelionlly  arrnngeil,  witli  imiiie  of  Town  or  Villnire  tir^t,  tlicn  the  County  (Co.)  it  is 
in,  followiil  by  the  niimo  of  Township  (Tj».).     Tims,  for  oxainple : — 
•'  Abgrfoyle,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  I'nslinch." 

C.  E. 

C.  W. 

Co. 

Tp. 

G.  T.  R. 

G.  W.  R. 


denotes  Canada  East. 
Canada  West. 

"  CoLNTY. 

"        Township. 
"        Grand  Trixk  Railroad. 
'        (treat  Western  Railroad. 
Towns  liftving  JIoney  Order  OKncEs  may  be  known  by  their  names  being  printed  in 
black  letter  thus,  ALLANSVILLE. 

All  the  places  meuiioiicJ  liavo  1*ost-okfice>,  unless  where  mentioned  to  the  contrary. 
In  aildressing  letters  to  parties  in  any  town  or  village,  they  should  be  addressed — 
1st  Christian  and  Surname  in  full. 
2d.    Name  of  Township. 
8d.    Name  of  County. 

4th.  "  Canada  West,"  or  "  Canada  East,"  which  is,  of  course,  synonymous  with  "  Upper 
Canada"  and  "  Lower  Canada." 

For  rates  of  postage  to  and  from  Canada,  iee  elsewhere  in  this  work,  headed  "  Pi>?tal 
Regulations." 

J^"  To  find  out  the  distance  of  any  one  place  fiom  another,  on  the  lines  of  the  G.  T.  R. 
(Grand  Trunk  Railroad),  G.  W.  R.  ((Jreat  Western  Railroad),  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron, 
and  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  lluroii  Railroads,  see  the  Distance  Tables  of  these  lines,  given 
elsewhere. 

A. 


ABBOTT'.''  COnXER,  C.  E.,  Co.  MU.oisquol.    Make  for 

"  I'cmiiitoii"  on  ihe  (i.  T.  K.     t'opiiliitimi  alioul  1<K». 

ABBOTTSFOKK,  C.   E.,  Co.  Kouvllle,  St.  Ililliilre  on 

the  If.  T.  I(.  Is  the  Station  best  uvaihible.     I'opula- 

tixii  alM>iit  liN). 

AltKUCKOMBlE,  »ee  St.  Adele. 

AllKKCoUN,  C.  E,,  Co.  Broine,  Compton  on  the  O.  T. 
U.  l"  till-  nearest  .xtallon.     Population  about  S<). 

AIlKltliKKN,  see  Kapldes  des  Joaeliiins. 

AltEKKttYI.E,  C.  W.,  Co.  WelliiiKtoii,  Tp.  Puslincli. 
(ro  to  ttuelph,  a  main  i?tatioii  on  the  (i.  T.  It.  I'op- 
ulallon  about  liN). 

ABlNdini.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  I.lnroln,  Tp.  Cnl.itor.  Be- 
tween the  (ireat  Western  ami  Ihe  BulTalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Kailways  ;  for  the  (i.  \V.  K.  mule  lake  (iriuis- 
l>.v  .''lalliin  on  the  llanillton  ami  MaK'ira  Section, 
or  "Cantlelil"  StatiiUi  on  the  BuITulu  and  Lake  Hu- 
ron Line.     Population  about  .'m. 

ACTON,  C.  E.  (alia«  Acton  Vale),  Co.  Bagot.  ATele- 
ICrapli  .Station  on  the  U.  T.  K. 

ACTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Kiquesing.  A  Station 
on  Ihe  ti.  T.  it.      Population  about  ."MN). 

AUA.MSVII.LE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ilronie.  Make  for  "Comp- 
ton" ,>*tation  on  the  (i.  T.  11.     I'opulation  about  ItXi. 

ADA  RE,  C.  W..  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Blddulph.  (io  to 
■•Striitf'.rd"  on  the  (}.  T.  R.     Piipulnflon  about  W). 

AItl>IMiToN  llOAI>,  C.  W.     SeeKreeterant.sof  Lund. 

AIH>l."^ON,  C.  W.,Co.  Leerls.  Tl>.  ElUabethtnwn,  clo«c 
t.,  Hrorkville,  a  main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Pop- 
ut  I.'><l. 

A  I  Pp. ,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex.  Go  to  "  Mount 

I,,  ..n..  -     ..n  the  (I.   W.  R. 

AI).IALA  Tp..  »'■•■  Atli|..n.'.  Ballyroy,  and  Keenans- 
vllh-,  Villatf'*  aii'l  l"o«t-..(rir<'S  within  that  Township. 

AI>.\IASTON  Tp.,  C.  W..  Co.  Renfrew.  Steamer  from 
Avlmer  on  the  Ottawa,  nearest  Station  Ottawa  Cit.v, 
c.innected  at  Pr-'srott  with  the  0.  T.  R. 

ADOLPHCSTOWN  Tp.,  Co.  I^nnox.  Station  F.me«t- 
town  on  the  U.  T.  R.     Also  Kingston  or  UeUeviiie 


for  Bay  of  Qulnt6  Steamer  plying  botli  to  and  fyom 

Adolpliustown  in  summer. 
ALBION  Ti>.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel.     Go  to  Brampton,  a 

main  Station  on  G.  T.  R. 
ALDlloROCtill  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.      Go  to  Ncw- 

burv  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R. 
ALl)EUSIIorr,C.  \V..Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Flamboro". 

(io  to  Dundas,  (5.  W.  It.     Population  about  >»<•. 
ALEXANDRIA,   C.   W.,  Co.   Glengnry,  Tp.   LochicL 

Make  for  Lancaster  on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about 

7lHl. 

ALFRED  Tp..  C.  W.,  Co.  Presootf.     On  South  Shore 
of  Loner  Ottawa.     Ijincaster  is  the  nearest  G.  T.  R. 
Station,  and  Steamers  b>uch  at  Orifdnal  and  Ilawkes- 
bury  on  Ottawa  for  Ott.iwa  City  and  MoutreaU 
I  ALGONA.     .''ee  Crown  Lamis  for  sale. 
I  ALLANltfRG.    C.    \V.,    Co.    Welland,   Tp.    Thnrold 
I      (io  toThorold  on  the  (J.  W.  R..  or  to  Port  Dalhousic 
I      for  Steamer  to  Toronto  and  all  other  parts  Eaj-t. 
!  ALLAN  PARK.   Co.   Grey,   Tp.    Ilenlick.      Make  for 
"Guelph,"  thence  liy  Stiiire  to  Owen's  Sound.     Or 
I      fort'olliiifrwood  t>y  the  Northern  Rail  from  Toronto, 
'      ami  Steamer  Canadian  to  Owen's  Sound  and  down 
i       l>v  ,"»taKe. 
Al.i.ANS   CORNER.".  C.   K,  Co.   Chaleauquay,  Tp. 
Durham,     tio  to   >lontrenl.  and  thence  by  Cham- 
I      plain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway.    Population  about 

t'lO. 

ALLANSVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  PecL 

I      tJo  to  ••(iuelpli"  on  tJ.  T.  R, 

I  ALLl.<oNVJI,I.K.  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Ame- 
I      liasburK.     Steamers    ply   ilown   from    Trenton   and 
,      Belleville,  both  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.     I'p  from 
;      Kingston  and  Montreal  on  the  same  RailwiA-  Sec- 
1      tlon.     For  land  journey  go  to  "  Brighton  or  Tren- 
ton" Stations  on  <}.  T.R.,  and  thence  to  Carrying 
Place.  Tp.  Murray.     Population  about  .VI. 
ALLfMETTE    ISLAND.    C.    W.,    Tp.    Renfrew.     An 
Lsiand  on  Upper  Ottawa  River  near  Terminiu  of 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


47 


projected  Brockville  and  Arnprior  Railway.  May- 
be reached  from  Aylmer,  C.  E.  On  the  Nortli  Shiire 
of  Ottawa  River  by  Steamer  in  connection  with 
Stages  for  Ottawa  Railway,  which  joins  the  ii.  T.  R. 
at  Prescott.     Also  called  Adams. 

ALMA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to 
Guelph,  see  AUansville.     Pojjulation  about  70. 

ALIN.\,  O.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Huron.  '25  miles  from 
Goiierich.     Population  about  50. 

AL.MIKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to  Scarboro' 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Or  Toronto,  whence  Stage 
daily.     Population  about  00. 

ALNWICK  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  Make 
for  Harwood,  a  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peter- 
borough Line,  which  connects  with  the  G.  T.  R.  at 
Cobourg. 

ALTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Caledon.  Go  to  George- 
town, a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
200. 

ALTON  A,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  "  Port 
Union  or  Frenchman's  Bay"  are  nearest  Flag  Sta- 
tions, but  Whitbv  main  Station  may  be  preferable, 
all  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  200. 

ALVINSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Brooke.  Go 
to  "  Glencoe,"  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Wind- 
sor Section.     Population  about  Go. 

AMKLIASBURG  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward. 
Dail.v  Steamer  down  from  Belleville,  and  up  from 
Kingston,  both  Stations  on  the  G.  X.  R.  Population 
about  100. 

AMHERSTBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Maldon. 
On  Lake  Eric.  Make  for. Windsor  Terminus  of  tlie 
G.  W.  R.,  and  proceed  by  River  or  Road.  Popula- 
tion about  2500. 

AMHERST  ISLAND,  Tp.,  O.  W.,  Co.  Addington. 
Cross  Bay  of  Quinte  from  Ei'neston,  or  take  Steam- 
er from  Kingston.  Both  "Erneston"  and  Kingston 
are  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  100. 

AMIENS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Lobo.  Take 
ticket  for  "  Komoka"  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

A>'CIEXXE  LORRETTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec.  On  the 
North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.  "  Point  Levi"  Sta- 
tion, on  the  (r.  T.  R.  to  Quebec,  is  on  the  opposite 
shore.     Population  chiefly  Huron  Indians. 

ANCASTER  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co".  AVentworth.  Take  ticket 
for  Dundas  G.  W.  R.  Hamilton  Section,  and  go  on 
by  daily  Stage. 

ANGUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Essa.  Essa  is  a 
Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  Kill. 

APPLE15Y',  0.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.  Make 
for  Wellington  Square,  a  Station  on  G.  W.  R. 

APTO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  T)).  Vespra.  Take  ticket 
for  Sunnidale  Station  on  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron 
Railway  from  Toronto.     Population  about  25. 

ARLINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try 
Malton  Station,  on  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford 
Section,  and  stage  thence  to  Mono  Mills  and  to 
Mono  Centre.     Poiiulation  about  So. 

ARNPRIOR,  C.W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  McNab.  Steamer 
from  .\ylmer  in  connection  with  railway  to  and  from 
Ottawa  City,  connected  again  at  Prescott  with  G.  T. 
R.  Also  connected  by  stage  with  Brockville  Station 
on  the  same  railway  section,  via  Perth,  and  Smith's 
Falls.     Population  about  2To. 

ARRAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Arran.  Go  to  Col- 
lingwood  by  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway, 
from  Toronto,  thence  by  Steamer  Canadian  to 
Owen's  Sound.  Or  by  Guelph  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  by  stage. 

ARTE.MESIA,  Tj).,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey.  Make  for  Sunni- 
dale Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron 
Railway,  and  tlience  go  west. 

ARTHAB"aSKA,  C.  E.  a  Telegiaph  Station  on  the  G. 
T.  R.     Population  about  loo. 

ARTHUR,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  I  o.  AVellington.  Go  to  Guelph 
bv  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  north  by  stage. 

ARVA,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp."  London.  Go  to 
London,  a  main  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  200. 

ASHBURN,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  AA'hitby.  Go  to 
Whitby  main  Station  on  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
200. 

ASHFIELD,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  Go  to  Stratford 
by  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Goderich  Stage. 

ASH  ROVE,  C.  W.,  Co.  HaUon,  Tp.  Esquesing.  Pro- 
ceed from  Georgetown,  a  Station  on  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  Go. 

ASPHODEL,   Tp.,   C.  AV.,  Peterborough.     Make   for 


Cobourg,  on  G.  T.  R.  Thence  for  Peterborough  by 
the  Junction  Railway,  and  Passage  Boat  on  Rice 
Lake. 

ATHELSTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  Rouse's  Point 
is  the  nearest  Railway  Station  on  the  South,  tiiid 
Montreal  on  the  North.  It  lies  between  Lake  St. 
Francis  and  the  Chainjjlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  >?0. 

ATH"ERLEY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Mara.  Book  by 
Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway  for  Belle  Ewart, 
and  on  by  steamer,  direct.  In  winter,  go  to  Barrie, 
and  thence  by  stage  to  Orillia.    Population  about  TO. 

ATHLONE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try 
Malton  Station,  G.  T.  R.,  and  on  by  stage  to  Mono. 
Population  about  320. 

ATHOL,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Glengarry.  Go  to  Lancaster  Sta- 
tion, on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

AUBURN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Colborne.  Go  to 
Stratford  on  G.  T.  R.  Also  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron,  and  go  on  bv  Goderich  Stage. 

AUDLEY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  "Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  "  Port 
Huron,"  and  "  Frenchman's  Bay,"  on  G.  T.  R.,  are 
nearly  equidistant  Stations. 

AUGHRIAI,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Eupliemia. 
Book  for  Glencoe  Station,  on  G.  AV.  R.  Population 
about  25. 

AULTSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Osnabruck. 
Make  for  "  Dickenson's  Landing,"  a  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  150. 

AURORA,  C.  AV.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch.  A 
Telegraph  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Hu- 
ron Railway.     Population  about  450. 

AVON,  C.  AV.',  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  N.  Dorchester.  Go 
to  "  Edwardsburg,"  a  Station  on  the  G.  AA'.  R. 
Population  about  .50. 

AVON  BANK,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downie.  Get  to 
Stratford  Junction  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

AYLMER  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Hull.  On 
north  shore  of  River  Ottawa,  connecting  point  for 
tapper  Ottawa  District  with  Ottawa  City.  Take 
ticket  for  Ottawa  City,  connected  at  Prescott  with 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  on  by  stage  to  Aylmer.  Pop- 
ulation about  1500. 

AYLMER  AVEST,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahide.  On 
London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway,  connected  at 
London,  C.  W.,  with  the  G.  AV.  R.  Population 
about  Gon. 

AY'LWIN,  Tp.,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa.  North  of  Ottawa 
River  ;  Steamer  direct  from  Montreal.  Population 
about  100. 

AY'R,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.'  Dumfries.  Go  to 
"  Gait,"  now  connected  b.y  Branch  Railway  with 
G.  AA'.  R.,  and  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railways  at 
Paris — which  see.     Population  about  lOOO. 

AYTON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Normanby.  Go  to 
Guelph,  and  on  by  Stage  through  Fergus,  Elora, 
Mount  Forest.     Guelph  is  on  the  G.  T.  R. 


B 

BABY'S  POINT,  C.  \A'.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Somhra. 
Reached  from  Chatham  Station,  on  the  G.  AV   R. 

BABYVILLE,  C.  F,.,  Co.  Napierville,  Tp.  Sherrington. 
Which  is  a  Station  on  the  -Alontreal  and  Plattsburg 
Railway,  32  miles  from  Alontreal. 

BADEN,  "C.  AV.,  Co.  AVaterloo,  South  Riding,  Tp.  AVil- 
mot.  In  the  same  township  as  Petersburg.  Station 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BAGOT,  C.  AV.,  Tp.  in  Co.  Renfrew.  North  of  Perth, 
on  line  of  Brockville  and  Arnjirior  Extension.  Pres- 
ent nearest  Station,  Ottawa  City,  on  Branch  Rail- 
way, connected  at  I'rescott  with  the  G.  T.  R. 

BAGOT,  C.  E.     See  Grande  Baie. 

BAGOTVILLE,  C.  E.  Near  Chicoutimi,  on  the  Sague- 
na.v  R.  Go  by  Steamer  Saguena.y,  from  Quebec, 
or  St.  Thomas,  C.  E.,  the  Eastern  Terminus  of  the 
G.  T.  R.,  below  Quebec,  thence  by  same  Steamer. 

BALLINAFAD,  0.  AV.,  Co.  AVellington,  South  Riding, 
Tp.  Erin,    (ioto  Georgetown  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

BALLYCROY,  C.  W.  See  Athlone,  both  being  in  Tp. 
of  Adjala. 

BALMORAL,  C.  W.,  Co  Haldimand,  Tp.  AA'alpole. 
Near  Cook's  Station,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

BALTIMORE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton.    A  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peterborough 


48 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


IlAllway,  wlilrti  Ik  cnnneoteil  at  Cobourg  with  the 

O.  T.  It.     !>  miles  fniiii  I'olxiur);. 
BANlMt.N,  C.   W.,  «  o.    Huron,    Tp.    Iliillott.     «o   to 

i^irniroril,  by  the  UulTulo  and  hukc-  Huron,  or  U. 

T.  K. 
nAKKOltl),  ('.  K.     ^e  CoBllcook. 
UAUNKTT,  V.  W.,  I'o.  Welliugton,  Tp.  NIchoL    Go  to 

(iiK'Ipli,  c.ri  the  li.  T.  K. 
BAItNsrnN,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  In   Co.  Stanstead.     Near 

(.'outiooiik  Stiition,  on  the  O.  T.  It.,  bordering  on 

Vrriliollt   ."<llllf. 
UAKKIK,  ('    W.     .\  Tp.  In  Co.  Frontennc.     Nearest 
i'ii~t<il)k'e  at  Kalaihir,  the  ailJnliiiiiKTouiiship.  This 
Township  is  now  hein^ settled.     It  i.s  best  jipproach- 
ed  from  .N'apanee,  a  >italii>n  on  the  (i.  T.  K.,  Mon- 
treal and  Toronto  Seellon.     The  price  of  the  land  in 
4a.  per  acre.     Sec  Crown  Lands  for  Sale. 
BARRIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  i^iuicoe,  Tp.  Vespra.    County 
Town  and  Main  Station   on  Ontario,  Siinroe,  and 
Huron  Hallway  from  Toronto  to  ColllnKwood.     60 
miles  from  Toronto.     Population  about  'iMO. 
HAKTON,  C.  W. 
ItAltrttNVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Woiilworth,  Tp.  Barton. 

Niir  Ontario  Station  on  the  (i.  \V.  R. 

BATH,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Ernestown.    Which 

Is  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.     Population  about  OlMl. 

BAST.VRU,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Leeds,  containing  the  Villages 

and  Post-oflices,  Delta,  Forfar,  Philipsville,  which 

nee  respeclivelv. 

B.\TI.>*CAX,  C.  K.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Champlain.     On  the 

Itiver  St.  Maurice,  which  l>i.sect.s  the  St.  Maurice 

Territory  from  it.s  conllueiire  with  the  St.  Lawrence 

below  Lake  St.  Peter  at  Three  Rivers,  at  which  Port 

the  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  call.     The  (iovernment 

have  formed  a  road  from  Three  Rivers  to  the  Ciraml 

Piles,  on  the  St.  .Maurice  River,  whence  Steamers 

plv  for  the  rpper  St.  Maurice,  touching  at  llatiscan. 

BATlSt  AN  HItlDOK.   Higher  up  the  St.  Maurice  than 

llatiscan,  which  see. 
RATTKItSKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  ptorrington. 
Try    Kingston    City,  as   nearest    Main   Station,   or 
Kingston  .Mills  anil  Gananoque,  all  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  al>out  1(N). 
BAYFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Stanley.    Go  to 
.■^iriitr'.rd  Station  of  RiilTalo  and  Lake  Huron  and 
(i.  T.  R.     Population  about  3(H(. 
BAY  HAM,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Klgin,  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Krie.     Co  to  Port  Staidey,  connected  by  Itail- 
wiiV  Itrani-h  with  (t.  W.  It.  at  London,  C.  W. 
BEACHVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford,  West  Ri<ling,Tp. 
Oxford  West.     A  Station  on  the  (i.  W.  It.     M  nules 
West  nf  Hamilton  City.     Population  alioul  tino. 
BEAMSVILLE,  C.  W.",  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  (  linton.    A 

.^i^ition  on  the  G.  W.  R.     'I'i  miles  from  Niagara. 
BKAR  ItRKOK,  Co.  Itu.ssell,  Tp.  Cumberland.     Goto 
(Hosier  Station  on  the  Ottawa  Railway,  which  con- 
nects with  the  »;,  T.  R.  at  Prescott. 
BKACHARNOIS,  C.  K.      An  Electoral  District  on  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.   Lawrence,  nearly  opposite 
the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  River  and  the  t  edars 
Station,  on  the  («.  T.  R. 
BKAl'.MONT,  C.   E.,  Co.  BellechasMtc,  on   the   South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  Isle  of  t»r- 
leatis,  below  Quebec.      Nearest  Station,  Point  Levi, 
on  the  »;.  T.  R. 
BEACPORT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec.     Knxt  of  Quebec  City. 
Nearest  Station,  P<dnt  Levi,  on  the  South  Shore  of 
the  .><t.  Lawrence,  Terminus  of  the  <}.  T.  R. 
BEAVERTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Thornh.     Go 
to    llelle    Ewart,  on    Ontario,   SImcoe,   and    Huron 
Rnllroad,  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  ."^learner  on 
iMkr  Simcoe.      In    Winter   by   Railway  from  I'ort 
Hope  to  Linilsav,  which  connects  at  Port  Hope  with 
<l.  T    R 
BE<  AN»  <»CR,  C.  E,  Co.  N'Icolel.     On  South  Shore  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Three  Rlvcr»,  which  Is 
the  nearest  Steam  Packet  Station. 
BE<  KWITH,    (  .    W.     A    Tp.    In  <o.   Lanark,  South 

Killing.     Stg  CarletoD  Place  nn<l  Franktown. 
IIKDKORI),    C.   E,    Co.    MI.««l.sc|iiol.    Tp.    Stanbrldge, 
Make  for  River  Richelieu  liy  Steamir  from  Montre- 
al     If  by  Hall  by  Rouse's  Point  on  the  Chaiuplain 
and  St    Lawrence  R. 
PELKA.><T,  C.  W.     See  Ashfleld. 
IIELFOINTAIN,  C.  W.     .'<cc  (  alednn. 
BELLAMYS  .MILUS,  C.  W.     See  Ramsay 
BELLE  RIVIERE,  C.  E  ,  Co.  Two  Mountains.       Ne.ir 
conllu'-nce  of  Ottawa  River  with  the  1*1.  l<awrence. 
Go  by  Ottawa  Steamer  from  .Montreal. 


BELLEVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.   Hasting*.   Tp.   Thurlow. 
County  Town.     Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on  G. 
T.   It.  Section.     a-Jii  miles  from   .Montreal,  and  118 
from  Toronto.     Population  about  itiUU. 
BELL  EWAItT,  C.   W.,  Co.  SImcoe.  Tp.   Innlsfll.     A 
Station  of  the  Ontario,  SImcoe,  an<l  Huron  Railway, 
and  for  the  Lake  Simcoe  Boats.     M  uUes  from  To- 
ronto.    Population  about  tiiK). 
BELL'S  CORNERS,  Co.  Carleion,  Tp.  Nepcan.      Try 
"Gloster,"    or    Ottawa   Stations    on    the    Railway 
Branch  from  Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Population 
about  "0. 
BELMONT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  South  Dorchester. 

(to  to  Edwardsburg,  a  Station  on  the  (i.  W.  R. 
BELMORE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Turnberry.     Goto 
Stratforil,  present  Terminus  of  (i.  T.  R.  iind  BulTalo 
and  Lake  lluron  Railway.     Population  about  14(1. 
BELtEIL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vercheres.      On  South  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.     Try  Longulel  or  St.  Hyacinthe  Sta- 
tions on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  aoo. 
BENMILLER,  C.  W.     See  Auburn. 
BENNIES  C(»RNEItS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark.  Tp.   Ram- 
say.     Try   North   Gower   Station,   on  Ottawa  and 
Prescott    Branch   from   the  G.  T.   B.      Population 
about  T.'i. 
BENTINCK,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.     Go  to  Col- 
lingwooil  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe.  and  Huron  Hall- 
way, and  thence  by  Canadian  Steamer  to  Owen's 
Sound,  and  down  by  Stage ;  or  to  Guelph.  on  the 
(i.  T.  R..  and  up  bv  Stage  for  Owen's  .Siuml. 
BERKELEY,   C.    W.,'  Co.   Grey,   Tp.    Holland.      For 

Route  see  Benliuck. 
BERLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North   Riding.  Tp. 
Waterloo  North.     A  Telegraph  Station  on  the  G  T. 
R.     <U  miles  from  Toronto. 
BERTIIIER  EN  B.VS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montmagny.     A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Sec- 
tion.     42  miles  below  Quebec.      Population  about 
l.'>ii(». 
BERTHIER  EN   HAUT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Berthier.      On 
the  North  ."^lioro  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  head  of  Lake 
St.    Peter.      Reached    by    Quebec    and    Montreal 
Steamers. 
BERWICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Finch.     Go  to 
Dickinson's  Landing,  a  Station  on  G.  T.  R.     Popu- 
lation about  '[M. 
BERTIE.     See  Fort  Erie. 

PER  VIE.  ('.  W..('o.  Brnce,  Tp.  Kincardine,  which  see. 
BEVERLEY.  C.    W.     A  Tp.   in  Co.    Wentwrth.   ci>n- 
talning  Copelown,  Rockton,  Shctlield  Vlllagi-s  ami 
Posl-ollices,  which  see. 
BEWIlLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.   Hamil- 
ton.    Go  to  Port  Hope,  a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
It. ;  also  a  Lake  Port,  frequenteil  by  the  Steamers, 
population  about  Kni. 
IIIC,  C.  E.,  Co.  Itimouskl.     A  Port  on  the  Lower  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  South  Shore,  opposiii-  l-l:ind  of 
St.  Cecile.      Population  about  3lH)0. 
BIDDILIMI.     See  Adare. 

UIMIUOdK,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Wenlwortli.  near  to 
the  .lordan  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and 
Niagara  IHslrii-t. 
BIKMIN(;ilAM.  C.  W..  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Pltt,«burg. 
Kingsli.n  <  ilv  and  Kingston  Mills  are  the  Stations, 
the  latt.r  only  a  Flag  Station,  both  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
Population  aliout  '.'ixi. 
BISHOP'S  MILI-S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Oxford. 
(Ill  to  O.vford,  a  Station  on  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott 
Branch  of  the  (t.  T.  R. 
BLAINVILLE  TERREbONNE,  C.  E.    See  St. Therese 

lie  Blalnville. 
BLACK  (REEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland.  Tp.  Willoughby. 
(io  to  Ridgcway  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railwiiv. 
BLANDKORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford.     See  Woodstock, 

Rat  bo.  etc. 
BLANItKttRD,  C.  F..,  Tp.  In  Arthabaaka  Co.     Go  to 

Somerset  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
BLANSHAKI),  C.  W.      See  Fish  Creek,  St.  Mary's, 

Itlansbanl. 
BLF>SIN<iToN.  C.  W..  Co.  Hastings.  Tp.  Tycndlnaga, 

where  there  is  a  Station  of  the  (i.  T.  R. 
BI.OOMKIELIt,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Hallo- 
well.     Situate  on  Bay  of   Quinte,  and  reached  by 
Ste.imer  daily  from  Kingston   and  Belleville,  both 
Stations  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 
BLO(»MSIlCRG,  (  .  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townscnd. 
(io  to  Onondaga  or  Paris,  l,otli  Stations  on  the  Buf- 
1      falo  and  Lake  lluron  Railway. 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


49 


BLYTHE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.    North  of  Stratford  Ter- : 
minus  of  G.  T.  R.  1 

BOBCAYGEOX,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.   Verulam. 
Uo  to  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  ami  thence  by 
Branch  Railway  to  Lindsay.    Population  about  200.  I 
BOLTON,  C.  W.  "  See  South  Bolton.  I 

BOD.MIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.     North-west 
of  Stratford  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population 
about  ao. 
BOMANXON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham-  ' 
ilton.     Go  to  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence 
by  Lindsay  Railway,  open  to  Omemee. 
BOND  HEAD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Tecuniseh.      Go  to  Bradford  on  the  Ontario,  Sim- 
coe, and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.    Population  j 
about  2otl.  j 

BOUGARD'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward, 
Tp.  Marvsburg,  on  Bay  of  liuinte.  Take  the  Steamer 
from  Kingston  or  Belleville  on  G.  T.  R.     Population 
about  30. 
BOSANQUET,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lambton.     Go  to 

Stratford  on  G.  T.  R. 
BOSCOBEL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford,  Tp.  Ely.     Go  to  Dur- 
ham Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 
BOSTON,  C.  W.     A  Village  in  Townsend  Township, 
Norfolk  Co.  See  Blooiusburg.  Population  about  130. 
BOTHWELL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Zone.     A  Station 
on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section, 
about  4(i  miles  west  of  London,  C.  W.     Population 
about  500. 
BOCCHERVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chambly.     Go  to  Lon- 
gueil  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  close  to  MontreaL 
Population  about  SOO. 
BOURG    LOUIS,   C.  E.,   Co.  Portneuf.      On  North 
Shore   of    St.  Lawi-ence — no   nearer  Station   than 
Point  Levi,  the  Quebec  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.  ; 
may  be  reached  by  Montreal  and  Quebec  Steamers 
at  Portneuf,  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  Population 
about  100. 
EOWEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox.  Tp.  Richmond.     Go  to 

Napanee  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  250. 
BOWNIANVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Darling- 
tiHi.     A  Main  Station  on  G.  T.  R.     43  miles  from  To- 
ronto.    Pojiulation  about  4000. 
BdW.MORE.     See  Nottawasaga. 
BRADFORD,  C.   W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  AV.  Gwillim- 
bury.     A  Main  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.     42  miles  from  To- 
ront'i.     Population  about  600. 
BRAMPTON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chinguacousy— 
C'lunty  Town.     A  Main  Station  on  G.  T.  R.     22 
miles  from  Toronto.     Population  about  2000. 
BRANCHTON,  C.AV.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Dumfries,  (south.) 
(lO  to  Paris  by  the  G.  AV.  R.,  or  BulTalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway.     Population  about  101.). 
BR.VNT.     An  Inland  County  in  Canada  AVest,  inter- 
sected by  the  G.  AV.  R.  and  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway.      The  G.   \V.  R.  skirts  it  on  the 
North,  and  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  bisects  into 
nearly  equal   halves.     Wentworth  County  bounds 
it  onthe  East,  O.xford  on  the  AVest,  AVaterloo  and 
O.xford  on  the  North,  and  Norfolk  and  Haldimaud 
on  the  South. 
BRANT,  C.  AV.     Tp.  in  Co.  Bruce.    Go  to  Guelph  by 
G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  thence  by 
Stage. 
BRANTFORD  EAST,  C.  AV.     See  Cainsville  and  Rose- 
bank. 
BRANTFORD,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brant.     A  Main 
Station  on   Buffalo   and  Lake  Huron   Railway.     6 
miles  from  Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  AA'.  R.     Popu- 
lation about  SOOO. 
BRESLAAV,  C.  AV.,  Co.  AVaterloo,  Tp.  AVaterloo.     Go 

to  Berlin  on  the  (J.  T.  R. 
BREWER'S  MILLS,  V.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Pitts- 
burg.     Kingston  .Alills  Station  is  nearest  Kingston 
City,  and  the  most  frequented.    Both  on  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  150. 
BREWSTER,  C.  AV.     A  Post-office  in  Bruce  Co.     See 

BRlbtiENORTH,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Peterboro',  Tp.  Smith. 
A  little  North  of  Peterborough.  Go  to  Cobourg  on 
the  G.  T.  R..  and  thence  by  Railway  to  Peterbo- 
rough.    Pojiulation  about  50. 

BRIDGEPORT,  C.  W.  A  Aillage  in  AVaterloo  Co. 
See  Petersburg.     Population  about  .500. 

BRIGHTON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Mur- 
rav.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
15i)0. 


BRITONVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteuil,  Tp.  Morin.     On 

North  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa,  reached  by  Steamer 

from  Montreal. 

BRISTOL,  C.  E.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Pontiac.     On  North  Shore 

of  Ottawa  above  Aylraer  East,  (which  see,)  reached 

bv  Upper  Ottawa  Steamers.     Po])ulation  about  30. 

BROCK,  C.  W.     A   Tp.,   Co.  Ontario.      Equi-distant 

from  G.  T.  R.  at  AAhitby,  and  from  Bradford  and 

Holland  Landing  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron 

Railway. 

BROCK'S  CREEK,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Aldborough. 

Go  to  Newbury  on  G.  AA".  R. 
BROCKVILLE",  C.  AV.,  Co.    Leeds,   Tp.   Elizabeth- 
town.     County  Town.     A  Main  Station  on  G.  T.  R. 
129  miles  from  Montreal.     Population  about  50U0. 
BROME,  C.  E.     An  Electoral  Division.     Nearest  Sta- 
tions, Ascot  and  Sherbrooke,  G.  T.  R. 
BROMLEY,  C.  AV.    A  Tp.,  Co.  Renfrew.    See  Douglas. 
BROMPTON  FALLS  AND   BROilPTON,  C.  AV.,  Co. 
Richmond.     Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.      This  is  the 
Station  for  St.  Francis  Mills.     Population  about  40. 
BRONTE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp,  Trafalgar.     A  Sta- 
tion  on   the  Ci.  AA'.  R.     13   miles   from   Hamilton. 
Population  aliout  oiiO. 
BROOKE,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Lambton.     Go  to  Glen- 

coe  on  G.  AA'.  R. 
BROOKLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  AA'hitby.     Go 
to  Whitbv  or  Oshawa  on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about 
600. 
BROUGHAM,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.    Go 
to  Duflin's  Creek  or  Wliitby  (as  the  main  Station)  on 
the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  1.5^1. 
BROUtJHAM,  C.   W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Renfrew.    See 

Mount  St.  Patrick. 
BROUGHTON,  C.  E.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Megantic.     Go  to 

Somerset  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Poi>ulation  about  SOO. 
BROWNSBURG,  C.  E.,  Co.  ArgenteuiL      On   North 
Shore  of    Lower   Ottawa.     May  be   reached  from 
Montreal  bv  Steamer.     Population  about  100. 
BROAVN'S  CORNERS,  C.  E.     A  Post-olfice  in  Picker- 
ing Tp.,  which  see. 
BROWNSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham. 
Go  to  IngersoU  by  the  G.  AV.  R.    Population  about 
150. 
BRUCE,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  County  of  same  name.    Go 
to  Guelph,  thence  North  by  Stage  from  Guelph  Sta- 
tion G.  T.  R.  for  Saugeen  District. 
BRUCEFIELD,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Stanley.   Near 
Goderioh.     Go  to  Stratford  Terminus  of  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  200. 
BRUCE  MINES,  C.  AV.     On  Lake  Huron.     There  is  a 
Post-office,  and  in  Summer  a  Steamer  from  CoUing- 
wood  from  the  Terminus  of   the  Ontario,  Simcoe 
and  Huron  Railway,  from  Toronto  for  the  Sault 
St.  Marie.     Populat'iim  about  500. 
BUCKINGHAM,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  on  North  Shore  of  Ot- 
tawa River,  Co.  Ottawa.     Nearest  Station,  Ottavra 
City,  connected  by  Branch  Railway  from  Prescott 
with  G.  T.  R.     Also  a  landing  on  Ottawa  River.    17 
miles  from  landing.  Approached  by  Steamer.  Pop- 
ulati'^n  about  250. 
BURFORD,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brant.     Go  to 
Princeton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R.     About  7 
miles  west  of  Paris. 
BUKGESSVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich. 

Trv  AVoodstock  on  the  G.  AV.  R. 
BURNBRAE,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Sej'- 
mour.    North  of  Belleville,  a  Main  Station  on  G. 
T.  R. 
BURXSTOAVN,    C.   AV.,   Co.    Renfrew,    Tp.    McNab. 
Reached  by  Ottawa  City,  which  is  connected  with 
G.  T.  R.,  at   Prescott,  "by  way   of  Upper   Ottawa 
Steamere  from  .\vlnier  Esist,  which  see. 
BURRITT'S  RAPIDS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Mari- 
borough.     Go  to  Oxford,  a  Station  on  the  Prescott 
and  Ottawa  Branch  Railway,  from  the  G.  T.  R.,  at 
Prescott,  or  Kingston,  thence  by  the  Ridean  Canal 
Steamers  through  Smith's  Falls,  etc. 
BURY,  C.  E.     A   Tp.  in  Compton.    For  Post-office, 

etc.,  see  Robinson. 
BUTE,  C.  E.,  I'o.  Megantic,  Tp.  Somerset.     Go  to  Som- 
erset on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 
BUTTON  VILLE,  C.  AA'.     See  Markham.    Population 

about  5(). 
BUXTON,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Raleigh.   Go  to  Chat- 
ham on  the  G.  AA'.  R.     Population  about  500. 
BYRON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westminster.     Go 
to  London  on  the  G.  W.  R. 


50 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


C 

CACOrXA,  »'.  E.,  Co.  TeiiiUi-oiiat.i.  «)n  South  Shore 
of  I.0W1T  St.  Lawrence.  The  Sii(nieii:i.v  SleHmers 
touch  here  (luring  nuuiiner,  to  iiikI  from  ijuehec,  St. 
Thomas  ;  tlie  KiL-^terii  Terminus  nf  the  O.  T.  R., 
behjw  liiieheo,  Is  the  nearest  Kuiliviiy  point. 

CO:S.\KK.\,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Cartwrltiht. 
North  of  Itowmanville.  Uo  to  llowmanville  on  the 
G.  T.  n.,  Montreal  ami  Toronto  Section. 

CAl.VSVILLK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Urant,  Tp.  Kast  Brantford. 
A  Sliili'in  on  tlie  liuflTalo  and  Lalce  Huron  Hallway, 
S>  miles  frcun  Paris  Junction. 

CAINTOW.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Vonpe.  «o  to 
.Miillory  Town  on  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto 
Section. 

CAL-^TOK,  C.  W. ;  CAISTORVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lin- 
coln, T\>.  Caistor.  (Jo  to  Beamsville  on  the  (I.  W. 
R.,  Hamilton  and  Xiapara  District,  or  to  Cook's 
Station,  on  the  KufTalo  ami  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

CALAIKXMK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew.    A  new  I'ost-onice. 

CALKDtJN,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Peel.     Co  to  Hratiip- 
ton  or  (ieorcetown,  both  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  ' 
Toronto  ami  Stratford  Section.  I 

CALKDDN  KAST,  C.  W.     A  village  In  Caledon  town-  ' 
ship,  which  see.  I 

CALKDKNIA,  C.  \V.     A  Station  on  the  BufTalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway,  34  miles  from  Paris  Junction.  | 
See  Canhoro'. 

CALKDOMA  FL.VT.S  C.  W.  CAL?:D0NIA  SPRINGS, 
C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Caledonia.  (Jo  to  Lancas- 
ter Station  on  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion. 

CALIMET  L*5LAND,  C.  K.,  Co.  Pontlac.  An  Island 
on  I'pper  Ottawa  River.  See  Aylmer  East,  for 
Railwav  and  Steamer  connection. 

CAMIIR.VV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon.  Go  to 
Port  Hope  hy  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
ti.in.  and  thence  to  Lindsav,  by  way  of  Omemee. 

CAMltitlDUK.     See  Ca.sselm"an. 

CAMDK.N  KA.<T,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Ad<lington.  Go 
to  Xapaner,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and 
Toronto  Section. 

CAMPUKLLKltRD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberian>l.  Tp. 
Seymour.  Uo  to  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  t.) 
Trenton,  on  same  Railway  Section.  Population 
about  IT."). 

CAMPBELL'S  CROSS,  a  Tp.  of  Chlnguaoousy,  Co. 
Peel,  near  Brampton,  which  see.  Population  about 
200. 

CAMPBEI,LVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Hallon.  Tp.  Xassaira- 
weya.  Go  to  Rockwood  on  the  (i.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  -JiNl. 

CANBORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Haldlmand.  Go  to  Cale- 
donia, a  Station  on  the  Buifalo  an<l  Lake  Huron 
R.iilwav. 

CANFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand.  Tp.  Cayupa. 
Station  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway, 
for  the  Town  r>f  Cayupa,  about  'M't  ndles  from  Paris 
Junction.     Population  about  .Vi. 

CANFi*T<M;A,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwich, 
(io  to  Berlin  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

CANMFTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ha.«tlnpi,  Tp.  Thurlow. 
»■  f  .  Bt-iieville  on  the  (J.  T.  R.     Population 

L  \  ,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.     Go  to 

Princ.t.m  or  ParU  on  the  O.  W.  R.     Population 

about  ■.•'•<>. 

CANMNiiTOV,  C.  W..  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.    North 

of  anv  Hallway  Station  ;  Whitby  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Is 

-t  point  at  pri-xent.    Population  about  IM. 

I  '  .    W..  Co.  Durh;»m,  Tp.  Hope.     Oini-mee 

■'  II 'nd  Limlsay,  connected  with  the 

<t.  1  '    pe,  the  nearest  Hallway  point. 

Poj.  -I. 

CAPE  i>>\  K.  »  .  K.  I  o.  (ini>\ii'.  Tp.  Pvrcb.  On  the  En- 
trance of  the  (iulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Gaj<p(> 
1!  IV,  reached  bv  trading  vcusols.     Population  about 

In   I. 

I    M-K  IM'  !•   '     vv     .       .  -  •    Tp.  SU  Vincent.    The 

.-■    ,-,■■■  i><hsee)  touches  there 

■  l-iil'..     1'  ,  -     '. 

CAPE  Sr.   DiNA<  E.  I  .   K.,  «  o.  Montmapny.     Go  fo 

St.  Thomas  on  the  G.  T.  R..  pr-«eut  Eautern  Terminus 

Quebec.      Population  about  iinoo. 
CAPE   9ANTK,  C.   E.,  Co.   Portneuf,  Tp.   Portneuf. 

Below  Three  Rivers  on  the  north  shore  of  St.  Law- 


rence RlTer,  between  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and 
reached  by  Steamers  on  that  noite. 

CARILLON.  C.  E.,  Co.  Arpent.ull.  Tp.  <h:ith:im,  on 
the  East  shore  of  l.^wer  Ottawa  Rivi-r.  reacb-d  by 
Steamer  from  Montreal  and  Ottawa  City.  Popula- 
tion about  'i'si. 

CAHLETttN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bonaventure,  Tp   <    -11  — 
On  the  Bay  of  Challeurs,  opposite  New   I 
Coast ;  traders  from  (iuehec.  l'><|iulation  .< 

CAKLKTON  PLACE,  C.  W..  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  lie.  k- 
with.  will  be  bisecteil  by  Brockvllle  and  .\rni>rior 
Railway,  (to  to  Perth,  connected  with  Broekville, 
a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
r>Ol). 

CARLINGKOHD.  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth, Tp.  Kullarton.  Go 
to  Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  'lO. 

CARLISLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wcntworth,  Tp.  East  Hara- 
boro.  Klamboro  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  H.,  near 
Hamilton.  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section.  Popu- 
lation about  b'si. 

CARLOW,  C.  W..  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Colbome.  Go  to 
Stratford  Tenuinus  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
al)Out  liMl. 

CARUKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Ancaster. 
Go  to  Dunilas  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

CARHADOC,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Middlesex  Co.  Se« 
Mount  St.  Brydpes  and  Strathroy,  etc. 

CARP,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton.  Tp.  Huntlc.v,  near  Boutb 
shore  r)f  River  Ottawa,  above  Ottawa  (.'Ity.  Popu- 
latioi\  about  I1H). 

CARHONBK<H»KK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Lopan,  on 
line  of  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Extension  to 
Goderich.     Population  about  Hki. 

CARTHAGE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Momlnpton. 
Lies  north-cast  of  Stratford,  which  ma.v  be  reached 
bv  BulTalo  anil  Lake  Huron  Railwav,  or  G.  T.  K. 

CAHTWHIGIIT.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Durham.  Situ- 
ate niirlli  of  Itowmanville  on  the  G.  T.  H.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section. 

CASHEL,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markhara.  Reached 
by  Stape  from  Scarboro'  ."Jtation,  on  the  G.T.  H.,  or 
hV  Stape  from  Toronto  dallv.    Population  atiout  SO. 

CASH.MEUE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Mosa.  Go  to 
Glencoe  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Also  called  Canton. 
Population  about  l>M^. 

CASSKLM  AN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell.  T\i.  Cambri-lpe.  Go 
to  Dickinson's  Lainling,  on  the  G.T.  R.  Cambridge 
Town.-liip  lies  north. 

CASTLE  BAH,  C.  E.,  Co.  Arthahaska.  Go  to  .\rtha- 
baska.  on  the  G.  T.  H.     Population  about  10t>. 

CASTLEKOHD,  C.  W.,  Co.  lUnfrew,  Tp.  Horton.  on 
the  south  shore  of  I'pper  Ottawa  River,  In  neiph- 
bourhood  of  Ottawa  and  Opeongo  Road.  See  .Vyl- 
nier  East,  for  best  route. 

CASTLEMOHE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Gore  of  Toronto. 
Go  to  Weston  or  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  H.  (^first  Sta- 
tions out  "f  Toronto). 

CASTLETON,  C,  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Cr.nm- 
aho.  <io  to  Brighton,  on  the  G.  T.  H.  Population 
about  CttM). 

CAlKillNAWAGA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lapr.alrie,  Tp.  Salt  St. 
Louis,  on  south  shore  of  i^t.  Lawrence,  opposite  Mon- 
treal, near  Tenuinus  of  Champlain  anil  St.  Law- 
rence Hallway.  An  Indian  Village,  9  miles  from 
Montreal.     Pi>pulation  about  I'.'ixl. 

CATCHCAHT.  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant.  Tp.  Burford.  Go  to 
Braiitford,  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron,  or 
Prineet.>n.  on  theG.  W.  K. 

CAVAGNOIL,  C.  E  .  Co.  Vandreull.  Go  to  Vandrenll 
Station,  on  (i.  T.  H.     Population  about  .'HMl, 

CAVAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp  in  Co.  Durham,  north  of  Port 
Hope,  on  lino  tif  Lindsay  Railway,  connected  at 
P.Tl  Hope  with  (i.  T.  H.     Population  about  'J.^l. 

CAYUGA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Hablituand.  Can- 
field  l«  the  .station  frequented,  on  the  BulTalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railwav.     Pi>pid8tion  about  "("•. 

CEDAHttRoVE.  C.  W'.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markhnm.  Go 
to  Scarborough,  on  the  (J.  T.  R.     Population  about 

1(NI. 

CENTRE  ACGISTA.     .'Jee  Aupusta. 
CENTREVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Addlnpton,  Tp.  Camden 

East.     Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.T.  R.     Population 

about  *Ht. 
CHAMBLV.  r.  E  ,  Co.  Chambly,  Tp.  West  Chambly, 

near  Lonptiell,lho  Canada  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

Population  about  fitMl. 
CHAMPLAIN,  C.  E.Co.  and  Tp.  at  the  head  of  Lake 

Champlain,   near  the   Boundary.      Go   to   Moer'a 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


51 


Junction,  47  miles  from  Montreal,  on  the  Montreal 
and  Pattsburg  Line  of  Kail.  Population  about 
'JUIlO. 

CHAIU.ESBOCKG,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  on  Nortli  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Go  by  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  to 
Quebec,  or  by  Rail  to  Point  Levi,  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 
Population  about  2oltM. 

CHARLE.STON,  0.  W.,  Co.,  Leeds,  Tp.  Escott.  Go  to 
Lana.-;<iowue,  bv  G.  T.  R. 

CH.VKLEVILLE,  Co.  Greuville,  Tp.  Augusta.  Go  to 
Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Population  about  100. 

ClIAULOTTENBUKG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Glengary  Co., 
l)ut  not  a  Post-office,  sliirted  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
containing  Summerstown,  Martiutown,  and  St.  Ka- 
pliatl  West,  Villages  with  Post-offices,  which  see. 

OJIARLOTTEVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Xortollc  Co.,  but 
not  a  Post-otfice,  on  Lalce  Erie,  with  Eorrestville, 
Normandale,  and  SUver  Hill  Villages,  and  Post- 
offices  witliiu  it.     Refer  to  either. 

CMATE.VUGU.VY,  C.  E.  A  Co.  on  South  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  bisected  by  the  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Railway.  Go  to  MontreaL  Population  about 
600. 

CHATEAU  RICHER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montmorenci,  on 
North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  within  tlie  Island  of 
Orleans.  Go  to  Quebec  by  Steamer,  or  liy  Rail  from 
Point  Levi,  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  1800. 

CH.VTH.VM  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteuil.  On  North- 
east Sliore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Reached  by  Steamers 
from  Montreal  and  Vandreuil,  both  Stations  on  the 
G   T   K.     Pojiulation  about  3000. 

CHATHAM  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Raleigh, 
on  tlie  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  0000. 

CHATSWORTH,  C.  V,'.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland.  Go  to 
Collingwood  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  and  tlience  to  Owen's  Sound  by 
Canadian  Steamer,  or  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  tlience  by  Stage  north. 

CHELSEA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Hull.  See  Aylmer 
East.     Population  about  300. 

CHELTENHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chinguacousy. 
Situated  north  between  Brampton  and  Georgetown, 
both  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Either  will  do.  Population 
about  200. 

CHERRY  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Innisfil, 
Craigvale,  or  Belle  Ewart,  are  the  nearest  Stations 
on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway.  The 
latter  preferable.     Population  about  l-'H. 

CHERTSEY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Montcalm.  On 
North  shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  River  du  lac 
Oudreau,  about  40  miles  north.  Tliis  River  unites 
with  the  Riwre  L' Assumption,  whicli  flows  into  the 
St.  Lawrence  a  little  east  of  the  Isle  of  Montreal. 
Go  to  Montreal.     Population  about  SOO. 

CHE.STEUFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim. 
Go  to  Drunibo'  Station,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron.  Or  to  Paris,  the  junction  point  of  that 
Railwav  and  the  G.  W.  R. 

CHICHESTER,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Pontiac.  On 
North-west  shore  of  River  Ottawa,  within  Alumette 
Island.     See  Aylmer  East,  route  to  Ujjper  Ottawa. 

CHICOUTI.MI,  C.  E.  District  of  the  Saguenay,  G8 
miles  above  the  confluence  of  that  River  witli  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  the  farthest  point  of  steam  com- 
munication up  the  Saguenay.  The  Steamer  plies 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  lOoO. 

CHINtJUACOUSY.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Peel,  comprising 
the  town  of  Brampton,  Campbell's  Cross,  Chelten- 
ham, which  see. 

CHIPPAWA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stamford.  Is 
the  Terminus  of  the  Erie  and  Ontario  Railway,  con- 
nected at  Niagara  with  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  1200. 

CHURt  IIVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Go 
to  Mimico  or  Port  Credit  Stations,  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
also  by  Stage  from  General  Wolfe  Inn,  Toronto  City 
via  Etobicoke,  etc.     Population  about  L'.jO. 

CLAREMONT,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  Go 
to  Port  Union,  on  G.  T.  R.,  Jlontreal  and  Toronto 
Section. 

CLARENCE.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Russell,  on  South 
shore  of  Ottawa,  below  Ottawa  City,  reached  by 
Steamer  from  Ottawa  and  Montreal.  See  also 
Prescott. 

CLARENCEVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  On  East 
shore  of  River  Richelieu.  St.  Hillaire,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  the  nearest  Station.     Population  about  200. 

CLARENDON,  C.  E.  and  Clarendon  Centre,  aTp.  and 
Village  in  Co.  Pontiac,  on  North  Shore  of  Upper 


Ottawa.     For  steamboat,  see  Aylmer  East.    Popu- 
lation about  150 

CLAKEVIEW,  C  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Sheffield. 
North  of  Napanee  ;  choose  tliat  Station  or  Kingston 
Citv,  both  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  70. 

CLARKE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  the  1.0.  of  Durham,  in 
which  is  Newcastle,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

CLAUDE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Houghton. 
On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Erie,  Port  Stanley  is  the 
nearest  Station  now  connected  at  London,  0.  W. 
with  G.  W.  R. 

CLEAR VI LLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Oxford.  Go  to 
Botliwell,  on  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  100. 

CLIFFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Minto.  Go 
to  C.uclph,  on  the  G.  T.  R,  Stage  communication 
from  Guelph. 

CLIFTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stamford.  Go  to 
Clifton  House  Station,  on  the  Erie  and  Ontario 
Railway,  connecting  with  the  G.  W.  R.  atSuspension 
Bridge.     Population  about  lOUO. 

CLINTON,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Lincoln  Co.,  but  no  Post- 
office,  for  w^hich  see  Beamsville. 

CLINTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Tuckersmith.  Go 
to  Stratford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  on  G. 
T.  R.  Section,  and  take  Goderich  stage,  which 
passes  near. 

CLOVER  HILL,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Essa.  See  Essa  West. 

CLUNAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dorchester,  South. 
Go  to  London  or  IngersoU,  as  the  best  frequented 
Stations,  if  not  the  nearest,  both  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

COATEICOOK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stanstead;  a  Telegraph 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  SOU. 

COBDEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Ross.  On  south 
bank  of  Upper  Ottawa  River.  On  line  of  Brockville 
and  Arnpi'ior  Extension.  See  Aylmer  East  for 
Upper  Ottawa  route.     Population  about  75. 

COBOURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton. A  large  town,  and  main  and  Telegraph  Sta- 
tion, on  G.  T.  R.,  connecting  point  for  Peterborough 
Branch  Railwav.     Population  about  70UO. 

CODRINCTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Brighton.  Go  to  Brighton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
K.     Population  about  75. 

COLBORNE,  a  Tp.  in  the  Co.  of  Huron,  but  no  Post- 
office,  comprising  the  following  villages,  with  Post- 
offices,  which  see,  viz. :  Auburn,  BenmuUer,  Carlow. 

COLBORNE,  0.  W.,Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Crama- 
he.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  14  miles  east  of 
Cobourg.     Population  aboutlloo. 

COLCHESTER,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Essex  Co.,  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  By  way  of  Detroit  River,  the 
Terminus  of  the  G.  W.  It.,  at  Windsor,  may  be 
readilv  reached. 

COLDSPRINGS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Hamilton.  Go  to  Cobourg  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
tlience  bv  the  Peterborough  Branch.  Population 
about  1200. 

COLDSTREAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Lobo,  in 
which  is  Komoka,  a  Station  of  the  G.  W.  R. 

COLDWATER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Medonte.  In 
summer  go  to  Belle  Ewart,  and  thence  by  Steamer 
to  Orillia,  14  miles  distant.  In  winter  go  to  Barrie; 
Belle  Ewart  and  Barrie  are  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe 
and  Huron  Rail,  from  Toronto. 

COLEBROOK,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Camden 
East;  the  Railwav  Station  is  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.     Population  about  125. 

COLERAIXE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  Gore.  Go 
to  Mimico  or  Port  Credit,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  .50. 

COLIN  VILLE,  C.  AV.,Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Moore,  in  the 
Port  Sarnia  District,  London  being  the  nearest  Rail 
Station  on  tlie  G.  W.  R. 

COLLINGWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Nottawasa- 
ga.  Terminus  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron 
Railway,  97  miles  from  Toronto.  Population  about 
20110. 

COLLINGWOOD,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.,  west 
of  Nottawasaga.  Not  a  Post-office  of  itself,  but 
comprising  Craigleith,  which  see. 

COLLIN'S  BAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  7  miles  west  of  Kingston. 
Population  about  100. 

COLU.MBUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitby.  Go  to 
Whitby  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  .350. 

COMBER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Tilbury  West.  Go 
to  Baptiste  Creek,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Populatioc 
about  oO. 


LfBRAItY 

uNivFPsmr  OF  iLUtiMe* 


52 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND    VILLAOES. 


COMKK'8  MII.I.S,  C-  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Kirn's-' 
tiiwii.  (ill  lo  Kriie«t(nvri  or  Xapanee,  on  the  (i.  T.  [ 
l;.      l>u|>iiliitioii  about 'JIMI.  I 

COMPTON,  »'.  K.     A  Tp.  and  Electoral  Division,  I 
and  main  Kailway  Stalii.n  on  the  O.  T.  K.,  11(1  milfil 
from  Montreal.     I'opnlaiioii  alumt 'jriO. 
CONt'dKK,  V.   \V.,  to.   York,  Tp.  VaUKhan.     fio  to 
Ttiiiniliill  Station,  on  the  Ontario,  ?iiucoe  and  Huron 
Itiiilnav,  from  Turoiilo. 
CONKY.t'.  W.,  <'i>.  I'erlh,  Tp.  Downle.    Go  to  Strat- 
ford i.n  the  G.  T.  U. 
CONfKCON,  t'.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Kdward,  Tp.  Hillier, 
on  l.akc  Ontario.     Go  to  Murray  (  arryintt  Place. 
Nearest  JJtallon,   Hrightoii,   on   the  G.  T.   K.,  with 
which  ^ta^.'e■^  connect.     Population  about  50il. 
CONSTAXt  K,  C.  W.,  lo.  Huron,  Tp.  Hullctt.     Go  to 
Stratford  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  aliio  the  Terminus  of 
the  Itullalo  and  Lake  Huron  Kail,  whence  the  ex- 
tension  to   (ioderich   through    thi«    township   will 
shortly  be  completed.  I 

CON'TKiX'<Erit,  I'.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Vercheres.     On 
the   souih   shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  just  below 
Montreal,  where  go  by  Kail  or  Steamer. 
COOKSHIKK,  C.  K  ,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Eaton.     Go  to 
Sherbroiike  on  the  G.  T.  U.      Population  about  '^id". 
COOK.'^TOW  N,   C.   \V.,  Co.   Siincoe,   Tp.   Tecumseth. 
Go  to  Holland  Landing,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
Huron  Kail,  from  Toronto.     Population  about  IWt. 
CO(»KSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.     Daily 
sta^-e  from  tieneral  Wolfe   Inn,  City   of  Toronto, 
through  Ktobicoke:  ali-o  t.lage  from  Port  Credit  St a- 
tiiin,  »1.  \V.  It.     Pop\ilatii>n  about  8(10. 
COI'KI'OWN,  C.  W.,  Co.   Wentworth,  Tp.   Ileverley. 
A  Station  on  G.  W.  U.,  11  miles  west  of  Hamilton. 
Popiilatinn  about  •.•'lO. 
CORNWALL,  C.  W.     County  Town  of  Stortnont.    A 
main  St.ition  of  G.  T.  U.,  68  miles  from  Montreal 
I'o|iulation  about  '2.")iK). 
COIU'N.N  A.  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Moore.     In  Port 
Sarnia  l>i^trict,  on  St.  Clair  Kiver.     Present  nearest 
Station,   London,   on   the  G.    \V.    K.      Population 
about  •1»0. 
COTK.VC  DC  LAC,  C.  E.,  Co.  Poulanges.     On  north 
shore  of  St.  Lawrence.   See  Coteau  Landing.    Popu- 
lation al)OUt  ti(K). 
COTKAC  LA.N'DINO,  C.  E.,  Co.  Soulanges.     A  Station 

on  the  G.  T.  K. 
COTK  DKS  NK.1GE.S,  C.  E.,  Co.  Hochelaga.      On  the 
Island  of   Montreal.     To  which  city  go  by  Kail  or 
Steamer.     Population  about  2(H». 
COCKVAL.  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Yamaska.     For  Post- 

ollice  and  route  see  St.  '/ephirim. 
COVKY    HILL,   C.  E.,  Co.    Huntingdon,   Tp.    Hem- 
mingforil.     On  south  shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  (Lake 
St.  Francis,)  nearly  opposite  O.  T.  R,  Station,  K. 
Ileaudette. 
COX,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  In  Donaventure.     For  Post-offlce, 

etc.,  see  New  Carlisle. 
COWANSVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Misslsquol,  Tp.  Durham. 
In  which   is  the   Durham  Station  of  the  G.  T.   K. 
Populiitiiin  about  '.'.'»(l. 
CKAKiLEITH,   C.  W.,  Co.  Crey,  Tp.   CoUingwood. 

See  CoUingwood.     Population  about  5<1. 
CKAKiVALE,   C.   W.,    Co.    Simcoe,    Tp.   Innisfll.     A 
Station  on  the  (tnlario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Kailway. 
For  Post-odice  see  Innisfll. 
CKANUOCU.NE,    C.    E.      A    Tp.    In    Co.    Dorchester, 
some  .'id  miles  south  of  the  O.  T.   K.     Population 
about  'hh). 
CUAMAHE,  C.  W.     A  Tp.   In  Co.  Northumberland. 
For  Post  offices,  see  Castleton.     For  Kali  Station, 
see  Brighton. 
CREDIT,  C.  \\'.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.      Go  to  Port 

Credit,  on  tin-  G,  W.  K. 
CIIEEK   HANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwich, 
(io  to  Sclinnt/,  on  the  G.  T.  K  ,  Toronto  and  Strat- 
fiird  Seilinn.     t'lipulatlon  about  Hii. 
CKEKMOKK  MILI„>*,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Nottawa- 

s:iga.     See  Niittawasiiga.    populati'in  about  .'•<). 
CKOMAUTY.  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Hibbert.      Go  to 

Stnilfonl,  G.  T.  K.  Terminus. 
CKOSHY'S  COKNKUS.  C.   W.,  Co.   York.  Tp    Mark- 
ham,     (io  to  Thornhlll,  by  dally  Stage  frmn  Yonge 
Street,  Toronto,  or  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Railway. 
CRoS.-^IliLL,  C.  W.,   Co.  Waterloo,   Tp.   Wellesley. 
Oo  to   Petersburg,  on   the  0.  T.  R.     Population 
about  fin. 
CROSS  POINT,  C.  E.,  Co.  BonaTcntnrc,  Tp.  Restl- 


goiiche.  On  borders  of  New  Bninswick,  near  Bay 
of  (.'haleurs.  On  the  pr<ipose<l  line  of  Rail  con- 
necting the  Grand  Trunk  Rail  with  Halifax.  Popu- 
lation al>out  IKK). 

CROTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.  20  miles 
from  (  hatliam,  on  the  (i.  W.  K.  Also  called  John- 
ston's Cornerx.     Population  about  fj<». 

CltoTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  .Middleton.  12 
miles  from  Simcoe,  and  .'IT  miles  from  Brantfurd. 

CKOWLAND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  (  o.  Wellaiid.  Goto 
Port  Colborne,  on  the  Bullalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

CKoWN  LANDS.    See  Government  Lantls  for  Sale. 

CROYDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Camden  East. 
Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about 

llK). 

CCLROS.**.      A  Tp.  In  Co.  Bruce.      For  Post-offices, 

etc.,  see  Teeswater. 
CCLLODEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham.    Oo 

to  Ingersoll,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  Ifi*). 
CCMRERLAND.      A  Tp.  in  Co.  RusselL      For  Post- 

ollice,  etc.,  see  Hear  Brook. 
CI  -M.MINSVILLE,  C.  W.,(  o.  lIalton,Tp.  Nelson.    Go 

to  Wellington  Scjuare,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population 

about  l.'xi. 
Cl'MNOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  NichoL     Go 

to  (iuelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
CUMIIERLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell.     17  miles  inland 

from  landing  of  same  name  on  Ottawa  Kiver,  where 

Steamer  calU.     Population  about  "J."!*). 


D. 

DAILLEBOrr,  C.  E.,  Co.  Joillette,  Tp.  De  Ramsay. 
On  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  SI.  Maurice 
District,  lear  the  head  of  the  Assumption  River, 
which  flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  Isle  of 
Montreal.    Go  to  Montreal.    Popiilatiim  about  ImM). 

DAILLEVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argentenil.  Rear  of 
Chatham  Tp.  On  Lower  Ottawa  District.  North- 
ea.sf  Shore  of  thai  Kiver.  Steamers  from  Montreal 
touch  at  front  of  Chatham.     Population  about  liMI. 

DALHOUSIE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanark.  For  Post- 
office,  etc.,  see  McDonald's  Curuers. 

DALHOCSIE  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  (ilenpary,  Tp. 
Lochiel.  Go  to  Lancaster,  on  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  I.W. 

DANVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richmond,  Tp.  Shipton. 
RichmiiiKl  Junction  of  the  (i.  T.  R.  Is  In  Shipton 
Township.     Population  about  AV). 

DARLING,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanark.  For  Post- 
office,  etc.,  see  Tatlock. 

DAKLINtiTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Durham.  For 
Piist-oflice  and  Railway  Station,  see  Bowmanville. 

DAKTFOKD,  C.  W.,  Co.Northumberlanil,  Tp.  Percy. 
(lo  to  Ilarwood  or(!ore's  Landing,  on  Petert)orough 
Branch  fn-m  Coboiirg,  on  the  O.  T.  R.,  thence  by 
Passage  Boat  on  Rice  Lake  to  Dartford.  Popula- 
tion about  Tr). 

DAWN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Lambton.  For  Post- 
oflice  and  Station,  see  Croton. 

DAWN  .MIIJ.S,  0.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Gore  of  Cam- 
den. Try  Thamcsville,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  '.'IKI. 

DEAl  TKl  IL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Portneuf.  For 
I'listnllice,  see  Ecureuils. 

DEALTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Raleigh.  Oo  to 
Chatham,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  .Mt. 

DECEWSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand.  Tj).  Cayuga, 
fio  to  Caiilleld,  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  R. 
Population  about  Ion. 

DELAWARE,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  In  Co.  Middlesex.      Lon- 
dmi  is  the  main  iioini,  or  Komoka,  both  on  the  O. 
W    R.      P.ipulatliiii  alioiit  iM. 
DELTA,  C.  W.  (  o.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.     Go  to  Lands- 
downe,  on  the  (t.  T.  R.     Population  about  2.'K». 

DELHI,   C.   W.,  Co.   Norfidk,  Tp.    Middleton.      Lies 
South  of  the  O.  W.  R.,  Brantford  and  London  arc 
abmit  e(pil"ll»tant. 
DELEKY.     A  Tp.  on  River  Richelieu.    See  Naplcr- 

ville  f..r  P.isl  iilfice,  etc, 
DEMoKE.<TVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp. 
.•iopbi.i.-biirg.  Situated  on  the  Bay  of  (iiiinte. 
Kingston  from  the  East,  and  Bell.ville  from  the 
West,  are  the  nearest  Stations,  both  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
The  It.iv  "if  tiuinte  Steamers  touch  daily  at  all 
Ports  within  the  Bay.  Population  about  *Hi. 
DENISTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Hluchinbrooke. 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


53 


Situated  North  above  Portland.  Go  to  Kingston, 
on  the  G.  1.  R.  At  which  also  all  Lake  Ontario 
and  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  touch. 

DERAMSAY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Bagot  Co.  See  St. 
Simon  de  Yamaska. 

DKRAMSAY,  0.  E.,  Co.  Joliette.    See  Daillebout. 

DKRBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  See  Kilsyth,  for 
Pust-office,  etc. 

DEREHAM.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford,  C.  W.,  South  of 
Ingersoll,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  j 

DERRY  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Try  1 
Port  Credit,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  IdO. 

DESCHAMRAULT,  C.  E.     Tp.  in  Co.  Portneuf.     On 
the  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.     See  De  Auteuil  I 
or  Les  Ecureuils.     Population  about  1800. 

DEVON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Usborne.  Go  to 
Stratford,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

DEWITTVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  On  the 
South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Coteau 
Landing,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Population 
about  200. 

DICKENSON'S  LANDING,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp. 
Osnabruck.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  77  miles 
from  Montreal.     Population  about  500. 

DINGLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Huron.  Go  to  Strat- 
ford, from  thence  the  Butfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Ex- 
tension to  Goderich  will  assist. 

DIXON'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Matilda, 
in  which  is  .Matilda  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

DONEG.^L,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Elma.  Go  to 
Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

DOON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.  Go  to 
Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

DORCHESTER  NORTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Middle- 
sex.    Go  to  Edwardsburg,  on  the  G.  AV.  R. 

DORCHESTER  SOUTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin. 
For  Post-offices,  etc.,  see  Belmont,  Clunas,  etc. 

DOUGHERTY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  N.  E.  Hope.  Go 
to  Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

DOUGLAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Bromley.  On 
Ottawa  Upper  District,  on  South  Shore  of  the 
Kiver.     See  Aylmer  East.     Population  about  12(3. 

DOUGLAS,  C.  E.  See  Douglas  Town,  for  Post-office, 
etc.     Population  about  oOO. 

DOUGLAS  TOWN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe,  Tp.  Douglas. 
Un  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  as  it  flows  into  the 
Gulf — communication  by  trading  vessels.  Popula- 
tion about  300. 

DOWNEYVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Emily.  Go 
to  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Port 
Hope  and  Lindsa.v  Rail,  now  open  as  far  as  Omemee. 
Population  about  lUO. 

DOWNIE,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Avon  Bank,  SebringviUe. 

DRAYTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  150. 

DRESDEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Gore  of  Camden. 
Go  to  Thamesville,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  300. 

DREW'S  MILLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stanstead.  Go  to  Coati- 
cook  in  same  Township,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
Population  about  60. 

DRU.MBO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  9 
miles  north-west  of  Paris  Junction. 

DRUMMOND,  C.  Vf.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark  Co.  See  Perth 
for  Post-office,  etc. 

DKUMMONDVILLE  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp. 
Grantham.  Go  to  Acton  or  Upton,  on  G.  T.  li. 
Population  about  350. 

DKUMMONDVILLE,  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland, 
Tp.  Stamford.  Go  to  Stamford,  on  the  Erie  and 
Lake  Ontario  Railway,  from  Suspension  Bridge  on 
G.  W.  R.     Population  about  700. 

DUART,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Kent.     A  new  Post-office. 

DUDSWELL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.  Go  to  Wind- 
sor, on  the  G.  T.  U.     Population  about  100. 

DU.MONTIER,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore  of  Lake 
St.  Peter.     For  Post-office,  etc.,  see  St.  Leon. 

DU.MMER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterboro'  Co.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Warsaw. 

DUMFRIES  NORTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brant.  For 
Villages,  Towns,  and  Post-offices  within  it,  see  Ayr, 
Gait,  Glenmorris,  Ronville. 

DU.MFRIES  SOUTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  East  Riding  of 
Co.  Brant.  For  Towns,  Post-offices,  etc.,  see  Branch- 
town,  Harrisburg,  Paris,  St.  George,  Brant. 

DUN  ANY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteuil,  Tp.  Wentworth.    On 


North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,  Steamers 
pass  from  Montreal. 

DUNBAR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Williamsburg.  Go 
to  Williamsburg,  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion aljoul  100. 

DUNBARTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering. 
Try  Frenchman's  Bay,  on  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  70. 

DUNDALK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Melancthon. 
Brampton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  is  the  most  frequented 
Station  in  that  District.     Population  about  100. 

DUNDAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  West  Flamboro. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R.,  5  miles  from  Hamilton. 
Poi)ulation  about  2600. 

DUNDEE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  Godmanches- 
ter.  On  South  Shore  of  River  St.  Lawrence,  oppo- 
site Coteau  Landing,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  125. 

DUNHAM,  C.E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Missisquoi.  Try  Coati- 
cook,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  other  Stations  may  be  equi- 
distant, such  as  Acton,  Durham,  etc.,  to  the  north- 
ward. 

DUNNVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Moulton.  A 
Station  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  45  miles 
south  of  Paris  Junction.     Population  about  1500. 

DUNWICH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin.  For  Post- 
offices,  Villages,  etc.,  see  lona,  Largie,  Port  Talbot- 
ville,  Tvrconnel. 

DURHAM,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond.  A  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  10  miles  from  Richmond  Junction.  Popu- 
lation about  200. 


E 

EARDLEY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co. ;  fronting  the 
North  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  above  Hull  Tp.  See 
Aylmer  East. 

EAST  t  LIFTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  ComptoD.  Go 
to  Compton  Station,  G.  T.  R. 

EAST  FARNHAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brome.  As- 
cott  and  Compton  Stations  of  the  G.  T.  R.  are  equi- 
distant. 

EAST  FRAMPTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dorchester. 
Becancour  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  is  nearest  Rail 
point. 

EAST  GLENELG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
Guelph  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  thence  by  stage  on  Owen 
Sound  route. 

EAST  HAWKESBURG,  C.  W^  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Prescott, 
fronting  the  South  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  and  passed 
bv  steamers  between  Montreal  and  Ottawa. 

EAST  HEREFORD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Compton.  Go  to 
Coaticook  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EAST  HOLLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland.  Go 
to  Collingwood  by  Ontario,  Siincoe  and  Huron  Rail 
from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Owen  Sound  by  Cana- 
dian Steamer. 

EASTON'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  AVol- 
ford.  Go  to  Brockville  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence 
by  stage  on  Perth  route.     Population  about  100. 

EAST  NISSOURI,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford.  For 
Post-office,  etc.,  see  Lakeside. 

EAST  ORO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro,  fronting 
AVest  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe.  Go  to  Barrie  by  the 
Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 

EAST  AVILLIAMSBURG,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Dundas.  A  Tp. 
and  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Usually  called  AA'il- 
liarasburg — which  see. 

EAST  AVOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  South  Oxford. 
Go  to  Ingersoll  on  the  G.  AV.  R. 

EATON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Compton.  Go  to  Lennox- 
ville  or  AVaterville  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EDEN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Bayham,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.  Port  Stanley,  which  see,  is  the  nearest  Rail- 
way point. 

EDEN  MILLS,  C.  AV.,  Co.  AVellington,  Tp.  Eramosa. 
Go  to  Rockwood  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EDMONTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chinguacousy.  Go 
to  lirampton  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EDWARDSBURG,  C.  AV.  A  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R., 
(not  a  Postolhce, )  10  miles  east  of  London,  C.  AV. 
Population  al)Out  300. 

EDAVAKDSBURG,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grenville.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  68  miles  east  of  Khigston, 
C.  AV. 

EGANVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Graftan.  A 
back  Township.     The  Brockville  and  Arnprior  ex- 


54 


CANADA:    CITIKS,    TuWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


tension  will  coroe  williln  14  miles  ;  proceed  liy  rp-  I 

per  (lltiiWtt  Hleiiiuem — fur  which  see  Ajliiier  Kiu-<t.  ' 

Popiiliilioii  ubuut  ITS. 
K(iMNtiT(»N,  (.'.  \V  ,  to.  York,  Tp.  York.     Five  miles 

from  TiiriMilii  I'ity,  up  Voiiue  street.     Uo  \>y  Thorn- 
hill  or  '.M  loll  (iik'le  niiiiillm^. 
Kli.MoNUVll.l.K,  r.  \V.,ro.  Huron,  T|>.  Tuckenimith. 

<io  lu  Slratrurd  Junction  of  the  UuiTalo  and  Lake 

Huron  uiiil  (i.  T   K. 
KOKKMONT,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.    GotoGnelph 

on  the  (i.  T.   U.,  and  theuce  \>y  .Stage  on  Owen 

.SmiihI  Road. 
KKKUll),  f.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex.     A  Ti>.,  and  Station, 

iind  r<i-t-ollice  on  the  U.  W.  U.,  M  miles  west  of 

London. 
KLDKK.-^LIE,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Bruce.     Pogt-office, 

I'lii.sley — which  see  for  route,  etc. 
Kl.lKl.V,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.    Oo  to  Port 

Hope  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and  thence  by  Lindsay  Branch 

Hiiilwiiy,  partly  open. 
El.tilN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Sou'h  Crosby.     Oo  to 

Kiii;;-lon  City  on  the  (!.  T.  H.     ropulation  aliout  Ml. 
Kl.tilNltl  U»i,  C.   W..  Co.  Krunt.iiac,  Tp.   Kingston. 

Sff  Klfiin.     I'opiilutiiin  about  l.io. 
Kl.r/.Alli;TIIT(»\VN,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.    For 

Town.-i  iiud  I'ost-ollices,  see  Urcitkville,  .Xddison,  etc. 
ELLKS.MKUK,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Scarboro'.     Oo  to 

Starboro'  Station,  oo  the  0.  T.  K. 
Kl-l.ICK,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.     For  Post-office, 

etr.,  jice  Kinkora. 
EI.MA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.      Co  to  Stratfor<l 

Juniliiiii  of  the  Uuffalo  iind  Lake  Huron  and  0.  T.  U. 
Kl.MiiKOVK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  R<.-<a.     Oo  to  Essa 

.'«lalion,  on  Ontario,  ^^^u•oe,  and  Huron  Hallway. 
ELORA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Pilkington.     Oo 

to  tiuelph  by  the  G.  T.  K.,  whence  Stages  daily  con- 
nect.    Population  about  I'iJiKt. 
ELY,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Shefford.     Divided  Into  North 

aiitl  South  Ely,  which  see  ;  also  see  Koscobel. 
EMItUt),  I'.  W.,  O.xford  Co.,  Tp.  West  Zorra.     Go  to 

Woodstock,  on  the  <i.  W.  K.     Population  about  500. 
EIJ5EVIU,  C.  \y.     A  Ti).  in  Co.  Hastings.    For  Post- 

olVu'es,  etc.,  see  Queensboro. 
EMILY,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.     Pee  Lindsay. 
EN  MS.  C.  W.,  Co.  Lamblon,  Tp.  Enniskillen.     Go  to 

Tliami'svill.-,  on  the  (i.  W.  U. 
ENNI.-^Kll.l.KN   WEST,  C.  W.     See  Ennls. 
ENNISKILLEN  E.\ST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Uurhara,  Tp.  Dar- 
lington.    Oo  to  BowmanvlUe,  on  0.  T.  IL     Popula- 
tion iil.out  •Jim. 
ENTKKl'KISE,  C.   ^V.,  Co.   Addington,   Tp.   Camden 

K.i-t.     (io  to  Napanee,  on  the  0.  T.  IL     Pojiulatlon 

about  'JIKI. 
EP.-iOM,  V.  W.    A  Pogt-office  In  Tp.  Reach,  Ontario 

Co.,  which  see.     Population  about  ir>il. 
EKAMOSA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.     Go  to 

Uockwooil,  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  It. 
EUIN,  f.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  OotoGuclph, 

on  the  0.  T.  U.     Population  about  300. 
EUNE.'^TOWN,  C.  W.     [lor  Post-olVice,  see  Bath. 1     A 

Tp.  in  Co.  Adilington,  and  a  Station  on  the  (>.  1".  II. 

.St  also  Comer's   Mills  and   SwllierviUe,  in  same 

Township. 
EKitOL.  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton.  Tp.   Plympton.   near 
Port  Sarniil.      Presmt  ni'ar>st   Kallway  point,  Lon- 
don, on  the  O.  W.  U.,  and  Slratfi.nl,  on  the  Itiill'iilo 
no!  Lake  Huron  and  <!.  T.  R.    Population  about  .'x». 
E-IIKU,  C.  E.       A  Tp.  on    .North   Shore   of    Ottawa 
Kiver,  Co.  Pontiac.     For  Pout-offlce,  see  Fort  Wil- 
Ibim. 
I  NO.  C.  W.     A  Tp.  tn   Co.  Ualton.     Go  to 

wn,  nn  the  O.  T.  R. 
>.--  >,  .      .V.     A  Tp  in  Co.  SImroe.     A  Railway  Sta- 
tion on  Ontario,  .*iiiii<-oe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  T.>- 
ronto,  with  the  rollowlng  l'ost-oflir<i«  and  Vllhigi-», 
which  icc :— Angus,  tloverhlll,  West  Jjisa,  and  Elm- 

ETOBl'cOKE.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  York.  Daily 
SI. lit''  from  Toronto.  Go  to  .Mlmlco  Station,  on  the 
(i    W.  K. 

E*  l'HI!\SIA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
1  II  ..  -iv.Mid  by  the  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and  Huron 
from  Toronto. 

1  ^.  C.  W..  Co.  Wellington.  Tp.  Eraroosa.    Oo 

to  Uockwood.  on  the  O.  T.  R.   Popul.-vtlon  about  100. 

EXETER,  C.  W.,  Tn,  llruce,  Tp.  Strpben,  fronting 
\Mke    Huron  -'       n     from 

Goderich,   H  I'oy,  or 

cross  by  lan-i   ..o...   w„..,  .- .,  ;...   .-;..iiuer  for 


CoUlngwood   Tirminus,   on   Ontario,  SImcoc,   and 
Huron  Rail  for  Toronto.     Population  about  (XM. 


F. 

FAIRVIEW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Zorra.    Go  to 

Woo.l.tock,  on  the  0.  W.  R. 
FALKIRK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Miihllesex,  Tp.  Williams.    Lou- 
don, on  the  O.  W.  R.  is  the  present  nearest  Railway 
point.     The  Extension  of  the  ti.  T.  R.  to  Port  Sar- 
nla  will  bnecl  the  Tp.  of  Williams. 
FAK.MKHSV  ILl.E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tj).  Yonge.     Lyn 
or  .Mallory  Town,  on  the  0.  T.  R.,  are  the  nearest 
Stations.     Population  about  3oo. 
FARXHA.M,  C.  E.    See  East  Farnham,  Adamsville, 

etc.,  for  I'o.-t-ollices. 
FAR.NHA.M  CENTRE.   Sec  East  Farnham.    Farnham 

Centre  has  a  Post-office.     Population  about  100. 
FENELO.V.  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.     For  PosW 

offices,  see  Cainbrav,  Keiielon  Kail.-*. 
KENELON   FALLS,  c".  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon. 
Oo  to  Port  Hope,  on   O.  T.  R.,  thence  make  for 
Limlsiiy  by  Kailw  ay.  partly  open  aji  far  as  Umemee. 
Population  about  I'tO. 
FEN  WICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham.    Go  to 

Jordan,  on  the  (J.  W.  R. 
FERGUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  XichoL    Daily 
Stagi-  to  anil  from  Ouel|di,  a  main  Station  on  the 
O.  T.  R.     Population  about  Hhhi. 
FEKOISONS  KALl-^,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Dnira- 
mond.     Oo  to  Perth.     Daily  ."^tage  from  UrockvUle, 
a  main  O.  T.  K.  Station.      Extension  Railway  in 
progress. 
FEKKALLS  LANDING,  C.  W.     On  the  South  Shore 
of  River  Ottawa,  near  the  mouth  of   River   Bon- 
chere.     This  is  reacheil  by  Steamer  from  Aylim-r 
E;ist,  ano  U  the  Point  for  "the  tJltawa  and  Opeongo 
Road  Settlement.     See  .Moiuit  St.  Patrick.     Popula- 
tion about  fSI. 
FERMOY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Bedford.    Go  to 

Kingston  City,  on  the  O.  T.  R, 
FIXCH,  C.   W.     A  Tp.  in  Stormont  Co.    For  Post- 
office,  etc.,  see  Berwick. 
FlNtiAL.  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Southwold.      Go  to 
Port  Stanley,  on  Lake  Erie,  connected  with  Lon- 
don by  Branch  to  tlie  0.  W.  B.     Population  about 
5iio. 
FISH  CHEEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Blanshard.    Go 

to  .>Jtratfor.l  O.  T.  R. 
FITCH  BAY,  C.  K,  Co.  Stanstead.    Go  to  Coaticook, 

on  the  O.  T.  R. 
FITZALAN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Arpenteull,  Tp.  AnindelL     On 
North  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  Montreal,  which 
see. 
FITZHOY  HAHBOCR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Fitr.- 
roy.    On  Cpper  Ottawa.    See  Aylraer  Ea«t,  whence 
Steamers  jilv  to  and  fro. 
FLAMBOKO  EAST,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Wentworth  Co. 

For  Post-office,  see  Carlisle. 
FLAMlloRt*  Wt^T.  C.  W.     A  Tj).  in  Co.  Wentworth. 

For  Post-office,  etc.,  see  Strabane. 
FLINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Kaladar.  The 
Post-office  under  this  name.  In  this  newly-settled 
DislricI,  has  been  discontinued.  Napanee  is  the 
Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.  Montreal  ami  Tnrcmto  \)U- 
trlcl  by  which  this  place  is  reached  through  New- 
burg,  t  ndles.  Kellor's  Corners  9  miles.  Canulen  and 
SluDirld  Hoail  1  mile.  Tamworlh  T)  miles,  which  is 
about  11  mlb-s  from  Kala.lar  Township,  where  the 
.\dilington  Road  Free  Grants  of  Luml  commence. 
Fl.oKENt  E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Euphcmia.  Go 

to  llotbwell,  on  the  O.  W.  R. 
FLOS,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  SInicoe  Co.    Oo  to  Barrie  or 
Suiii.ldale,  liolh  ."Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Slmcoe, 
and  Huriin  Hail  from  Toronto. 
FONTHILL.     A   Post-office  In  Pelham  Tp.,  Co.  Wel- 

laml.     .S'O  Fenwiok. 
FOHCA.^TLE.  C.  W.,  Co   Ontario.  Tp.  Thorah.     Make 
for  Beavrrton  bv  llrlle  Ewart,  on  the  Ontario,  Siin- 
Ci»\  ami  Huron  H.illwav,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 
FOHI-ytERS   FALLS,  (  .  W..  Co.  Renfrew.  Tp.  Ross. 
On  Upper  Ottawa  River.     For  Steamer,  see  Aylmer 
East.     Population  about  "iV 
FORI'-'*TVILLE. «  .  W..  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Ch.irlotteville. 
f»n  shore  of  Lake  Erie.     No  Hallway  Station  c.in  be 
nameil   as   a.ljacent.     Try   Port   >Liltland   on   the 
ButTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Line.    Population  about 
100. 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


5.: 


FORFAU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.  Back  of 
LHiisdowne,  which  is  a  !<tation  on  the  Or.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  5(1. 

FOItT  COULOiNGE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Mansfield. 
On  North  Shore  of  Ottawa,  al)Ove  Calumet  Island. 
See  Avhuer  Kast.     Population  about  75. 

FOKT  ERIE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Welhind,  Tp.  liertie.  The 
Canadian  Terminus  of  the  liulValo  and  Lake  Huron 
Kail,  opposite,  and  8  nnles  from,  liuH'alo  by  Steamer. 

FORI"  WILLIA.M.  En  route  for  Hudson's  Bay  Terri- 
tory, above  Sault  St.  Marie. 

FORT  WILLIAM,  C.  K.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Esher.  On 
North  Shore  of  Upper  Ottawa,  fronting  the  river. 
For  route,  see  Avhuer  East. 

FOUUXIER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Plantagenet. 
(.io  to  Cornwall  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
100. 

FOX  RIVER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe.  Flows  ipto  Gaspe 
Bay,  near  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Trading  vessels 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  4011. 

FOSSA.MBAULT.  A  Tp.  in  Portneuf  District.  On 
.North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  about  20  miles  west 
of  Quebec.     See  St.  Catherine's,  C.  E. 

FRAMPTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Dorchester  Co.  Go  to 
Craig's  Road  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

FRAXKFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Sidney.  Go 
to  Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  650. 

FRANlvTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Beckwith. 
Back  from  Perth.  On  the  line  of  the  Brockville 
Extension  to  Arnprior.  See  Perth  and  Brockville. 
Population  about  150. 

FRA.N'KVILLE,  (.:.  W.,  Co.  Leeds  and  Grenville,  Tp. 
Kitlev.     See  Franktown.     Population  about  100. 

FREUERICKSBURtf,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk.  A  Tp. 
For  Post-olfice,  etc.,  see  Windham. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox.  A  Tp.  and 
Post-ollice.     Go  to  Ernestown  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

FREE  GRANTS  OF  LAND,  C.  W.  See  Govern- 
ment Free  Land  and  Routes. 

FRKEI/rOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  W.  Flamboro'. 
Go  to  Dundas  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about 
1.50. 

FREIBURG,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.  Go 
to  Berlin  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

FUELUtllSBURG,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missiscpioi,  Tp.  St.  Ar- 
niands.  Near  the  boundary  line  of  the  States.  No 
adjacent  Station  can  be  named.  See  Coaticook  as 
ajjproximate.     Population  about  oOO. 

FRENCH  VILLAGE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  King- 
sey.  Go  to  Danville  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  -.'50. 

FRO.'^T  VILLAGE,  C.  E.,  in  Tp.  and  Co.  ShelTord.  Go 
to  Richmond  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  Junction  of  two  Sec- 
tions.    Population  aliout  150. 

FULLARTON,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in  Perth  Co.  Go  to  Strat- 
ford on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  al)out  lOO. 

FULTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Caistor.  Go  to 
Grimsby  on  the  G.  W.  R. 


a 

GAINSBOROUGH.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lincoln,  but  no 
Post-office  under  that  title.     See  St.  .\nn's,  Lincoln. 

GALT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Dumfries.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  Gait  and  Preston  .lunclion  of  the  G.  W. 
R.,  joining  the  main  line  at  Paris,  G.  W.  R.  Popu- 
lation ilbout  oOOO. 

G  AN  ANOQU  E,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Leeds.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  18  miles  east  of  Kingston.  Pop- 
ulation, about  1,500. 

GARAFRAXA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  Go 
to  Guelph  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

GARTllBV,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe.  Go  to  Danville 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

GASPE  BASIN,  C.  E.  On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, near  the  Gulf.  Traders  from  Quebec.  Pop- 
ulation about  550. 

GENTILLY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Nicolet.  Fronting  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  5  miles  be- 
low Three  Rivers,  (on  the  opposite  shore,)  where 
the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers  touch.  Popula- 
tion about  (iiio. 

GEORGETOWN.  C.  AV.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  I'ioo. 

GEORliEVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Stanstead.  Go  to 
Coaticooke  or  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  On  the 
Magog  Lake  with  Steamer  plying  to  Newport.  Pop- 
ulation about  250. 


GEORGINA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  York,  fronting  Lake 
Sinicoe.  Go  to  Holland  Landing  on  the  Ontario, 
Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto. 

GILBERT'S  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tj). 
Sopluasluu'g.  tio  to  Belleville  for  down,  and  to 
Kingston  for  up,  Steamers  plying  on  the  Bay  of 
Quinte.  Belleville  and  Kingston  are  both  Stations 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 

GLANFORD,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wentworth.  Go  to 
Onondaga,  on  the  Bultalo  and  Lake  Huron,  or  to 
Ontario,  on  the  (i.  W.  R. 

GLENCOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Ekfrid.  A  Sta- 
tion on  tlie  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  150. 

GLENELG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to  Guelph, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section, 
thence  by  O'Neil's  Owen  Sound  Stages. 

GLENLOYD,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantic,  Tp.  Inverness.  Go 
to  Somerset,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

GLENLYON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Carrick.  Go  to 
Gueljih  as  for  Glenelg,  which  see.  Population 
al)out  40. 

GLEN  xMORRIS,  C.  W^,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Dumfries.  Go 
to  Paris  Junction  of  Gait  and  Preston  G.  W.  R., 
and  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway.  Population 
about  100. 

GLEN  WILLIAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
Go  to  (ieorgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
aljout  850. 

GLOUCESTER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton.  (Not 
a  Post-oHice.)  A  Station  near  Ottawa  City,  on  the 
Ottawa  and  Prescott  Railway. 

GOBLE'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blen- 
heim. Go  to  Drumbo,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron,  or  Paris  Junction  of  G.  W.  R. 

GODERICH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron.  See  no- 
tice elsewhere.     Population  about  4000. 

GODMANCHESTER,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Huntingdon, 
fronting  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  and 
near  which  are  the  following  Villages  and  Post- 
offices,  viz. :  Dundee,  Aniset,  Huntingdon,  and  La 
Guerre,  which  see. 

GOLDEN  CREKK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Bosan- 
quet,  fronting  Lake  Huron.  In  Port  Sarnia  Dis- 
trict.    .'Vt  jiresent  go  to  Stratford  by  G.  T.  R. 

GOODWOOD,  C  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Uxbridge.  Go 
to  Stoulfville  b}'  Stage  from  Toronto  City  daily,  at 
2  P.  M.,  or  to  Scarboro',  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section.     Po])ulation  about  100. 

GORE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Argent euih  (Not  a  Post- 
otlice.)     See  Lakefield.     Poj)ulation  about  lOOtt. 

GORE  OF  TORONTO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.Peel.  See 
Castlemore,  Coleraine,  Richview,  and  TuUamore. 

GORE'S  LANDING,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Hamilton.  A  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peter- 
boro'  Jtaihvay.  From  Cobourg  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  al)out  50. 

GORMLEY'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham.  Goby 
Stouffville  Stage  from  Toronto  City  daily,  at  2.30 
P.  M. 

60RRIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.     A  new  Post-office. 

GOSFIELD,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Essex,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.     Go  by  G.  W.  R.  to  Baptiste  Creek. 

GOSPORT,  V'.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Adolphustown, 
fronting  Bay  of  Quinte.  Go  to  Ernestown,  on  the 
G.  T.  R. 

GOULBURN.  A  Tji.  in  Co.  Carleton.  For  Post- 
office,  etc.,  see  Ashton. 

GOULD,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Lingwick.  Go  to 
Windsor  or  Sherbrooke,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion aliout  loo. 

GOUROl  K,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Guelph. 
(iuilph  is  a  Main  Station  on  the  G,  T.  R. 

GOWER  POINT,  C.  W.,  to.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Westmeath, 
fronting  Ci)per  Ottawa  Shore.  For  Route  see  Ayl- 
mer  East. 

GRAHAMSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chingua- 
cousy.  In  which  is  Brampton,  a  Main  Station  on 
the  (';.  T.  R.     Population  at)out  150. 

GRANBY.C.E.  In  Co.  Shelford.  In  Southern  por- 
tion of  ShetVord.  Try  Upton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Poi>- 
ulation  about  400. 

GRANDE  BAIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chicoutimi,  Tp.  Bagot.  Is 
reacheil  in  Summer  liy  Steamers  from  Quebec.  Pop- 
ulation about  7.50. 

GRAND  (iREVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe.  "V\"ithin  Gaspe 
Bay.  Steamers  to  Shediac  and  Traders  from  Que- 
l)ec  afford  means  of  transit. 

GRANDE  LIGNE,  C.  E.  Query,  on  Lake  St.  John's, 
above  Chicoutimi. 


56 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWN'S,    AXD   VILLAGES. 


OltAND  niVER,  C.  E.,  To.  Onspe.  Ncnr  St.  Mlihel. 
On  (iulf  of  t<t.  Lunrt-iicc,  Into  wlilch  It  llown. 
lilvifi  iiitiiie.H  tu  a  I'ust-olUce  aud  Settlement.  Pop- 
Ul.llioll  uhuiit  l■1.^0. 

tilt.WTll.V.M.  A  Ti«.  In  Lincoln  Co.  For  Tonms, 
Vllluci-.t,  utiil  Poit-ofliofn,  see  DruniinondviUo,  Port 
Diillioii^lr,  an<l  :^t.  I'alharhii-'.s,  We^t. 

tiKATTA.N,  f.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  lU-nfrew.  For  Pont- 
i.tliiis,  si-f  K>;iinvilli',  lleuilvllle ;  see  also  Crown 
l.aiiil^  iiMil  Vrw  (iniMl.'t. 

OKKKMIA.NK,  «  .  W.,  Co.  Ontario, Tp.  Reach.  Go  to 
Wlilll.v,  on  the  (i.  T.  K. 

tillKK.MUSIl,  Co.  Leeds.  A  Post-office.  Sec  Brock- 
ville.     Population  about  70. 

(iUKK.VOCK,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Bruce.  Go  to 
(iiii'lpli,  tlicnco  by  Siiuget'u  Itoad.  Guelpti  is  onG. 
T.  K. 

(JHKKN  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward.  See  So- 
(ililiisliiir^,'. 

GKKKNSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  West 
Flaiuboro'.     Go  to  Dunda-M,  on  the  (i.  W.  U. 

GKKKNWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering, 
which  si-e.      I'opulalinn  about  .SIM». 

GKKNVII.I.E,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  ArKvnteuil.  On  Lower 
Ottawa  KiviT,  lu'ar  Junction  with  i^t.  Lawrence. 
Go  to  Vathlri'uil,  on  the  G.  T.  II.  Section,  or  to 
Montreal  City  for  Steamer.     Population  about  7(M). 

GKKV,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Uuron.  For  Koute,  see 
(Jrcenock  above. 

GRIEKSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.  Go 
to  .Meaford  by  Canadian  Steamer  from  Colliii)?- 
wi>od,  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Kailway  from 
Toronto.     Population  about  !M. 

GRIIVJSBY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln.  A  Tp.  and  Station 
on  \)iv  (i.  W.  U.  Section.     Poi)ulation  about  IKlXt. 

GKONUINES,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Portneuf.  On 
North  Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence,  twtween  Three  Uivers 
and  (Quebec,  at  wliich  tlie  Steamers  and  Trader.* 
touch.     Population  al>i>ut  1400. 

CtUOVKSKNI),  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahlde,  front- 
ing Lake  Erii'.  (io  to  London  and  to  Port  Stanley 
bv  ItraiK'li  Kailnav.     London  Is  on  G.  \V.  K. 

GUCLPH,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wellington.  A  Town,  Town- 
ship, and  .Main  Station,  with  Telegraph,  on  G.  T.  U. 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  From  Toronto  47, 
and  llainillon  '-W  miles.     Population  about  .VMM). 

OCYSIIOKO',  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfcdk,  Tp.  Houghton, 
fronting  Lake  Erie.  Port  Sarnia  i.-i  nearest  Hallway 
point  which  iicimnected  with  (i.  W.  It.  al  London. 

OWILLIMlICltY  \VE.<T,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe 
(Soutlil.     See  Itradfoiil. 

GWILLLMIIIKV  EA.><T,  C.  \V.  A  Tp  In  York.  See 
Holland  Landing,  Newland,  Queeiisvllle,  and  Sha- 
ron. 

GWILLIMBCItY  NOUTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  York, 
fronting  Lake  Simcoe.     See  Keswick. 


TI. 

IIACERSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  H.nldiniand,  Tp.  Oneida. 
Try  Miildleport,  on  the  BuiTalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Kallwav. 

HALOIMANO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  A  Tp. 
ill  HJii.li  i.t  Grafton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K. 

HAI.IKA.X,  (  .  E.  A  Tp.  in  .Megantic.  Go  to  Artha- 
ba.ka.  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

HAI.LOWELL.  A  Tp.  fronting  the  Bay  of  Quinte. 
For  principal  Village  and  Post-odlce,  see  Bloom- 
neld. 

HALL'S  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westmin- 
ster.    See  London. 

HA  M.  C.  E.     A  Tp.  In  Wolfe.     Go  to  Danville,  G.  T  K. 

HAMIICIKI.    C.    W.,    Co.    Lennox,   Tp.    Frederick."- I 
I. org      <;o  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  K.  ' 

HAMILTON,  «  .  W.  A  <  Ity  in  Ih.-  Tp.  of  Barton 
and  C.I.  of  Wrntworih.  fh'-  Main  Station  and 
Chief  OITice  of  the  (irent  Western  It.-iilway  to  and 
from  Toronto,  Suspension  Bridge,  and  Windsor  from 

Ihr   Wr.t. 

HAMILTON,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Northiimberlnnd, 

for  «hii'h  see  Cobourg,  Baltimore,  Bewilley,  Cold- 
springs,  anil  Hnrwoods.     Towns,  Villages,  ami  Post- 
ollir.'^  .itualfd  within  It. 
HAMPTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kurhnm,  Tp    Onrllngton.     Go 
to  llowmnnvllle,  on  the  (t.  T.  I(.     Population  about 

r^H). 

HANNON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wcntworth,  Tp.  Olanford,  which 


HANOVER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.    Benllnck,  which 

see.     Population  about  lixi. 

HARLEM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard,  (io  to  Mb1> 
lorv  Town,  on  G.  T.  R.     I'lijiulation  about  l'>0. 

HAKl'l  RIIKV,C.  \V  ,  Co.  Huron,  Tp  .McKilh.p.  (ioto 
Stratford,  by  G  T.  H  ,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron, 
thi'ni'e  bv  (lodrrieh  Stage.      Population  about  '.iOd. 

HARRIET.^VILLE.  C.  W  ,  Co.  .Midd|.-s,x,  Tp.  Dor 
Chester.  (Jo  to  Edwardsburg  or  London,  on  G.  W. 
R.     Population  about  Inn. 

HARRlNtiTON  EAST,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  ArgenteuU. 
On  North  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  eonlluence 
with  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  .Montreal.  Population 
about  -.'.'HI. 

HARRINtiTON  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  West 
Zorra.  Go  to  Woodstock,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Popu- 
lation about  '.M. 

HARRISI4CRG,  C.W,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  South  Dumfries. 
A  Station  on  the  (i.  W.  R.,  and  Junction  of  Preston 
and  (ialt  Railway.     Population  about -SiMi. 

HARRISTON,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Minto.  Go 
to  (iuelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage 
north. 

HARRUWSMITH,  C.  W.,Co.  Frontenac.Tp.  Portlond. 
Go  to  Napanee,  on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  LSO. 

HARTFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  See 
Waterfonl. 

HARROW,  Co.  Essex.     A  new  Post-oflice. 

HAKW  l(  II,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  io  Kent.  Go  to  Chatham, 
on  the  ti.  \\.  R. 

HARWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Hamil- 
ton, (io  to  Baltimore,  on  Cobourg  and  Peterbo- 
rough Railway  from  Cobourg,  on  G.  T.  R. 

HA.<TIN(iS.     See  .Madoc. 

HASTINGS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Peterboro,  Tp.  Asphodel.  Go 
to  Pi'terboro  Terminus  of  Branch  from  G.  T.  H. 
l'opulali..n  about  ^no. 

HATLtY,  <  .  E.  A  Tp.  In  Stanstead.  Goto  Comp- 
ton.  on  the  <i.  T.  R. 

HAWKESm  RV,  C.  W,  Co.  Prcscott.  A  Tp.  fronting 
Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River.  Station  for  Ottawa 
Steamer  from  .Montreal.      Population  about  ISOO. 

H.WVKSTtJNE,  U.  W,,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro.  On 
North  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe,  above  Barrie.  Go  to 
Barrle,  which  see.     Pojndation  aljout  UMl. 

HAWKSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wellesley. 
(io  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
V>.\ 

HAY,  C.  W.  Tp.  In  Co.  Huron,  fronting  Lake  Uuron. 
(io  to  Str.itford. 

HAVSVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wllmot,  in 
which  is  Petersburg  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popu- 
lation about  :iOt). 

HEADFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham,  which 
see.     Population  about  75. 

HEADVILLE,  C.  E.,  (  o.  Drummond,  Tp.  Grantham, 
(io  to  Acton,  on  the  (}.  T.  R.     Population  about  KK). 

HECK'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  South 
(iower,  which  see. 

HEIDELRlRti,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwich, 
(io  to  Hi-rlin,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.    Populatii>n  about  '^7.'). 

HEMMlN(iFOUD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Huntingdon.  A 
Station  on  thr  l'latlsl>nrg  Railway,  41  miles  from 
Montreal.      I'opulaliou  about  7()CI. 

HENDERSON'S  CORNER.^,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp. 
Euiilv,  which  see. 

HENRVVII.LE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville,  Tp.  Sabrevoi.s. 
(io  to  Kous,.'s  Point.  This  Village  lies  cast  of 
RIyi-r  Richelieu.      Population  about  (i»K». 

HERDMANS  CORNERS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp. 
Illnchinbrooke,  l)elween  St.  Lawrence  and  River 
Richelieu.     See  Deidston. 

HEREFORD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Compton.  Go  to  CoaU- 
rook,  on  thi-  (i.  T.  R. 

HIIIIIKKT      .<ee  Cromarty. 

HIlilll.AND  CREKK,  I.W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Scarbo- 
rough, in  which  is  .>«carborough  Station,  on  the  O.  T. 
R.     Population  about  L'.'xi. 

HILLIER.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Prince  Edward.  Go  to 
Trenton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  l.'JO. 

HILl>IIORO,  C.  W.,  Co  Lambton,  Tp.  Plympton,  near 
Port  Sarida,  connected  with  G.  T.  R.  at  Stratforil, 
to  which  place  proceed.     Population  about  InO. 

HILI>BCRG,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Wellington,  Tp.  Erin.  Go 
to  Acton,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.     Population  about  IM. 

HILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumb.rland,  Tp.  Brighton, 
In  which  is  a  Station  (Brighton),  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  (Id. 

HINCIIINBROOKE,  C.  E.     A  Tp  in  Huntingdon.  For 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


57 


Post-offices,  Tillages,  etc.,  see  Athelston,  Deniston, 
Herrtman's  Corners. 

HOLLAND,  O.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  the  Co.  of  Grey.  For 
route,  see  Owen  !<oun(l,  Berkeley,  and  Chatsworth, 
also  Post-oftices  in  Tp. 

HOLLAND  LANDING,  Co.  York,  Tp.  East  Gwil- 
limliury.  .\  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Siincoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.  3-i  miles  from  To- 
ronto.    Population  about  8(10. 

HOLLEX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Maryborough. 
Go  to  Guelph,  on  (i.  T.  K.,  and  thence  by  Stage. 

HOLMESVILLE.     8ee  Goderich. 

HOLYROOD,  0.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Kinloss,  near 
Lake  Huron.     About  20  miles  from  Goderich,  which 

HOPE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham.  A  Tp.  in  which  are  Can- 
ton, Perrytown,  and  Elizabethville,  [Villages  and 
Post-oflices,]  w  hicli  see. 

HOPETOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark.  A  Tp.  near  South 
Shore  of  Upper  Ottawa,  near  Fit^roy.  See  Aylmer 
East,  for  route.     Population  about  100. 

HORNBY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing.  Go  to 
Acton,  on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

HORTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  fronting  South  Shore  of 
River  Ottawa,  in  which  are  Renfrew  and  Castleford, 
Post-offices,  which  see. 

HOUGHTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Norfolk,  fronting 
Lake  Erie.  Port  Stanley  is  the  nearest  Railway 
Station,  which  see. 

HOWARD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent.  A  Tp.  in  which  is 
Bridgetown,  which  see. 

HOWIOK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay.  Go  to  Napier- 
ville,  on  the  Plattsburg  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad. 
Population  about  150. 

HOWICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  A  Tp.  in  which  is 
a  Post-office,  Lisadell,  which  see. 

HUBBELL'S  FALLS,  Co.  Carleton.     See  Aylmer  East. 

HULL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  and  Post-office  of  itself,  in  Co. 
Ottawa,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  River  at  Otta- 
wa, C.  W.     Population  about  2o0. 

HULLETT,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron,  in  which  are 
Brandon  and  Constance,  as  Post-offices,  etc.,  which 
see. 

HULLSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Walpole. 
Go  to  Canboro  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way. 

HUMBER,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobicoke.  Go  to 
Miraico  on  G.  W.  R.,  also  Cooksville  stage  from 
Wolfe  Inn,  Toronto. 

HUMBERSTONE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Welland  Co.  near 
Welland  Canal.  Go  to  Ridgeway  on  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway. 

HUNTERSTOWN,  C.'E.  A  Tp.  in  Maskinonge.  On 
North  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  (St.  Lawrence,)  be- 
tween Montreal  and  Three  Rivers,  reached  by 
steamers.     See  St.  Maurice  District. 

HUNTINGDON,  C.  E.,  on  South  Shore  of  Lake  St. 
Francis,  nearly  oi)posite  the  Coteau  Landing  Station 
of  the  G.  T.  K.     Population  about  7iil>. 

HUNTINGDON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Hastings.  For 
Post-office,  etc.,  see  Ivanhoe. 

HUNTINGVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richmond,  Tp.  Ascott, 
which  is  a  station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
100. 

HUNTLEY,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton.  Go  to  Ot- 
tawa City  by  Branch  I'.ailway,  from  Prescott,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.     Population  ahout'lOO. 

HUSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Maryborough 
Go  to  Guelpb  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  75. 


INDIANA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Seneca.  Go 
to  Middleport  on  BiifTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  ;30ll. 

INDIAN  RESERVE,  Co.  Glengary.  The  name  of  a 
Tp.,  of  which  Athol  is  the  Village  and  Post-office, 
which  see. 

INDIAN  RESERVES.  See  Mara,  Rama,  etc.,  on  Lake 
Simcoe,  Tyendinaga,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  etc.  The  In- 
dian Department  have  an  office  in  Toronto. 

INDUSTRY,  C.  E.,  in  County  Jolliet,  on  North  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence,  on  Riviere  L' Assumption,  which 
flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Isle  Jesus.  Go  to 
Montreal.     Population  about  15(10. 

INGERSOLL,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.Nford,  Tp.  North  0.\ford. 
Population  about  '2SU0.  See  elsewhere  for  further 
particulars. 


INKERMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Mountain.  Go 
to  Matilda  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Population  aliout  500. 

INNERKIP,  C.  W.,  Co.  0.\ford,  Tp.  East  Zorra.  Go 
to  Woodstock  or  Princeton,  both  Stations  on  the  G. 
W.  R. 

INNISFIL,  C.  W.  A  Township  in  Co.  Simcoe,  bisected 
by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Tor- 
onto, (io  to  Lefroy,  Belle  Ewart,  and  Craigville 
Stations  on  that  line  within  the  Township.  Popula- 
tion about  10(1. 

INNISVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Drummond. 
Above  the  town  of  Perth.  Go  to  Brockville  by  G. 
T.  K.,  and  thence  by  Stage  direct  to  Perth. 

INVERllUKON,  (;.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Bruce,  fronting 
Lake  Huron.  Go  to  Owen  Sound,  which  see.  Pop- 
ulation about  50. 

INVERNESS,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Megantic.  Go  to  Som- 
erset or  Stanfold  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
150. 

lONA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dunwich.  Go  to  Ekfrid  on 
G.  W.  R.,  and  thence  South.     Population  about  200. 

IRELAND,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Megantic.  For  Post-offices 
and  Villages,  see  Maple  Grove,  New  Ireland. 

IRONIIILL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome.  Ascott  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
appears  to  be  the  nearest  Station. 

ISLAND  OF  MONTREAL,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence. 
See  also  Post-offices  and  Villages  within  it.  Long 
Point,  Au.\  Trembles,  St.  Ann,  and  Montreal  City. 

ISLAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon.  See  Lind- 
say. 

ISLE  OF  ORLEANS,  C.  E.  On  St.  Lawrence,  below 
Quebec,  to  which  go  by  Steamer,  or  to  Point  Levi 
on  G.  T.  R. 

ISLE  AUX  COUDRES,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Go  to  Quebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer  Saguenay. 
Population  about  600. 

ISLE  AUX  GRUES,  C.E.,  Co.Lilet.  Go  to  St.  Thomas, 
Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  vessel. 
Population  about  tiOO. 

ISLE  AUX  NOIX,  C.  E.,  Iberville  Co.  Go  by  River 
Richelieu  Steamers. 

ISLE  JESUS,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
Montreal.  Cut  off  from  main  land,  (Terrebonne 
Co.)  by  tributary  from  the  Ottawa  Itiver  and  St 
Lawrence.  (!o  to  Montreal.  See  also  St.  Martin  and 
St.  Vincent  du  Paul,  Villages  and  Post-offices  with- 
in it. 

ISLE  PERROT,  C.  E.  On  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  Van- 
dreuil  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ISLE  VERTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Temiscouata.  On  South  of 
St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite  confluence  of  the  Sa- 
guenav.     Go  to  Quebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

IVANHOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Huntingdon. 
North  of  Belleville,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  K. 


JARRATT'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro 
Go  to  Barrie  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Gilbraith's  by 
Stage,  and  some  six  miles  on  by  road.  Population 
about  200. 

JARVIS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Walpole.  Go  to 
Caledonia  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  RaiL 
Population  about  ItiO. 

JERSEY,  (Riviere  Chaudiere,)  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauce.  At 
the  head  of  the  River  Chaudiere,  which  flows  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  nearly  opposite  Quebec.  Jersey 
lies  east  of  the  Grand  Trunk,  on  the  confines  of  the 
State  of  Maine.     No  Station  is  near. 

JERSEYVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Ancaster 
Go  to  Dundas  on  the  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  120. 

JOHNSON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham.  Go  to 
Owen's  Sound  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail 
to  Collingwood,  and  thence  bv  Steamer. 

JOHNSON'S  CORNEltS,  C.  E,,  Tp.  lleuuningrord.  A 
Station  on  Plattsburg  and  Montreal  Rail,  'M  miles 
from  Montreal. 

JOHNVILLK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Eaton.  Go  to 
Lennoxville  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  KiO. 

JORDAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  1-oulh.  A  Station 
on  the  G.  W.  R.     Poi)ulation  about  300. 


K 

KALADAR,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Addington.     Go  to  Na- 
panee  on  the  G.  T.  R.     See  also  Crown  Lands. 


:)8 


CANADA:    CITIES,   ToWXS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


KAMOURASKA,  C.  K.     An  Klcctornl  Dlnlrict  ami 

Tuwii.      Tlic  tiam  lii  liUuntL-il  iiciir  tliu  Soiitli  r^liore 

of  llif  St.  Liiwrviice,  belwevn  yuebcc  anil  tin-  iiinuth 

of  tlif  Sii(;iii'ii;i.v.     Ho  to  St.  Tlioiiiii.i,  tlie  Teriiiiim* 

or  the  (i.  T.  K.',  aa  li(.-lii|;  the  nenreHl  Jtull  point. 

Po|iiilHtion  uliuut  'i^(H). 
KAIJ.<,  V.  \V.,  Co.  I'urlcton,  Tp.  North  (iower.     (Jo  to 

Ki-iii|>tvnU-  orOsgooilc  on  tho  Ottawii  Kailiviiy,  coii- 

iifcli'l  ttith  I'rescott  on  the  ti.  T.  K.     I'opulatlon 

llhollt  '»i. 
K.\TH>iVII,I,K,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Adelaide,  on 

the  line  of  the  Kallway  K.\lell^ion  to  I'oit  Sarnla. 

At  pre.ieni  (,'o  to  Kkfrid  or  to  Mount  Urydge:),  (i.  W. 

It.     I'opiilalion  ahoiit  l.'So. 
KKKN  ANSVIM.K,  C.  W.,  Co.,  SImcoe,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try 

.Molton  on  the  <i.  T.  !(.,  and  thence  by  .Mono  8tagc. 

l'i>|mlulion  about  Hhi. 
KKiril,    I'.  W.,  Co.   I.ainbton,   Tp.   Dawn.     Go  to 

IliiiliMill  (11-  Thaiiie.-ville  un  (i.  W.  It. 
KKI.VII.I.K,   C.   \V.,   to.   Itrani,  Tp.  iJurford.     Goto 

I'rinciton  on  the  (i.  W.  K. 
KEMPTVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  O.vford. 

A  Station  and  Town  on  the  (ttlawa   Kuilnay,  coti- 

nected  with  the  G.  T.   K.  at  rrescott.     Population 

about  i;ir><). 
KENll.WOKTU,  C.  W.,  Co.  WelllnRton,  Tp.  Arthur. 

Go  to  (iuolph  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage. 
KKN.MOKK,  C.  W.,  t  o.   Uussill,  Tp.  Osgooile.     Goto 

Osgoode  on  the  Ottawa  Kailway,  from  I'rescott  on 

the  G.  T.  U.     Population  about  50. 
KESXKBKC,  C.  \V.,  Co.   Krontenac.     A  Tp.  ailjacent 

to  Free  Grants  and  Crown  Lands  for  sale,  which  see. 
KEXYGS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  (ilen);ary.     A  Tp.  north-west  of 

l.anca-iter,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  H. 
KKI'I'II..     See  Inilian  Lands. 
KKKTl  II.  C.  W.,  Co.  Lauibton,  Tp.  Plyrajiton.    Go  to 

London  on  the  G.  W.  K.,  or  Stratford,  being  on  the 

I'ort  Sarnia  Section. 
KLSWICK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Simcof,  Tp.  North  Gwillimbury. 

(io  to  Bradford  or  Holland  Landing,  on  llie  Untario, 

Siiiicoe  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 
KKTTLKItY    .MILLS.  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King.     Go 

to  Newm.trket  on  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way. 
KILKKIDK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.     Go  to 

Uronte  or  Oaltville  on  the  G.  W.  U.      Population 

about  l.')D. 
KILDARK,  C.  K.     A  Co.  in  .loliette,  on  North  Shore 

of  St.  Lawrence.     See  St.  Maurice  District.     Popu- 
lation about  'i-'jIM). 
KILLAKNKY,  C.  W.    On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

No  regular  communication. 
KILKKNNY,   C.    K.     A   Tp.   in   Montcalm,   on  North 

Shore  of  SI.   Lawrence,     (io  to  Montreal.     See  St. 

Maurice  district.     Population  about  MM). 
KILMARNOCK.  C.   W.,  Co.   Lanark,  Tp.   Montague, 

near  Riileau  (.'anal.     Go  to  Smith's  Kails  from  Itrock- 

ville  on  G.  T.  R. 
KILSYTH.  C.  W.,  Co.  Oroy,  Tp.  Derby.     Go  to  Col- 

lingwood  by  Ontario,  Simroc,  and  Huron   Railway 

from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Steamer  to  Owen's 

Sound. 
KILWORTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.   Delaware. 

(}o  to  Komoka  on  the  O.  W.  R. 
KIMIt  RN,  <  .  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Filzroy.     Popu- 

luti'iii  iilioiit  .'><». 
KINCARDINE    <•.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Bruce.     A  Mon.y 

Oii|.-r  OHice.  (r)rmerly  Penetangore,)  fronting  Lake 

Huron,     (io  to  liuelph,  and  thence  make  fur  Sau- 

gi-en.     (im-lph  i<  on  (!.  T.  R. 
KING,  ('.  \V.    A  Tp.  In  York.    Go  to  King  on  Ontario, 

Slmroi-,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto. 
KIMiSKY,  (  .  K.     A  Tp.   in    Drummond  Co.     Go  to 

DaTiville  on  ti.  T.  R.  Section. 
KINi.-KY    KALI.S.     A  Post-olTlce  In  Klngscy,  which 

KINGSTON ,  C.  W.  A  City,  the  Capital  of  Krontenac. 
Go  Io  Kliig'lon  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  by  Steamers  from 
Montreal,  Hamilton,  Toronto,  aiul  Hay  of  Quinio, 
and  Ridi-aii  Canal;  aNo  from  Cape  Vincent  on 
I'nilol  Slates  "ilde.      Population  about  1:UKK». 

KIN»iSTO>  MILU>»,  C.  W.,  Co.  Krontenac.  A  .ttalion 
on  ilio  <e.  T.  R.  (near  King<iton  Cily).  Population 
nlioiit  l.'>o. 

KIMi.>VILI.K.  C.  W.,  Co.  Vmpx,  Tp.  (io«neld.  Go  to 
llapti-le  Crock  or  ll<lle  River  on  G.  \V.  R. 

KINKORA,  C.  W..  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  KUice.  (io  to  Strat- 
ford by  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  by  ItulTalu  and  Lake  Huron 
Uallw.ays.    Population  about  60. 


KINLOS.'*,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce.     A  Tp.  about  SO  miles 

north  of  (ioderich.     Go  to  Slratfonl.     See  Kinkora. 
KINSALK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.     Go  to 

Port  rnion  or  Krenchman's  Hay  on  G.  T.  R. 
KINI'AIL,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  A>hfi«l.l.     Krontlng 

Lake  Huron,     (io  to  Stratford,  as  before.     See  Kin- 
kora.    Popnlatl>>ii  about  .Vl. 
KII'PKN,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Huron,  Tp.  Tuckemmlth.     Go  to 

Stratford  by  (I.  T.  It.,  Iheiice  by  (ioderich  Stage. 
KlltKTON,  c".   W'.,  Co.  Huron,  fp.  Usboriie.      Near 

lilaiichard,  St.  .Mary's.     Go  to  Stratford  on  G.  T.  R. 
KIRKWALL,  C.   W.,  Co.   Wentworlh,  Tp.  Beverley. 

Go  to   Harrisburg  on  the  G.   \V.   K.       Population 

about  7(1. 
KITLKY,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  Io  Leeds  and  Grenville.     For 

Post-olliccs  and  Villages',  see  Frankvllle,  Toledo,  etc. 
KLINKRt  ICG,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vaughan.     (io  to 

Kichinonil  Hill  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 

Rail  froni  Toronto.     Populalion  about  .Sun. 
KNOWLTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  llrome.     Go  to  Compton  on 

G.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  ami  Portland  Section  as  nearest 

Statiiui,  but  the  di.'^tance  is  considerably   easl  of 

llrome.      Population  about  'JJHi, 
KNOWLTON  FALLS.    A  Post-oHice  In  last-mentioned 

Tp. 
KOMOKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Lobo.     A  SU- 

tion  on  the  G.  VV.  It.     Population  about  TtK). 


I. 

LA  BATE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Yam.nska,  on  South  Phore 
of  Lake  St.  Pcler,  (St.  Lawrence,)  near  confluence 
of  the  River  St.  Kranci.i  with  St.  Lawrence,  which 
flows  from  Richmond,  the  diverging  point  of  the  G. 
T.  R.  to  tiuel)ec,  ear<t,  and  Montreal,  west,  from 
Portland  in  the  south,  (io  by  Steaniera  between 
Montreal  and  Quebec.     Population  about  500. 

LA  HEAl'CE,  C.  E.,  Tp.  St.  .Marie,  Co.  lleauce.  On 
Itiver  Chaudiere.     (io  to  llecancour  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

L'ACADIE,  C.  E.  A  District  in  St  John's,  on  Richel- 
ieu Itiver:  also,  a  station  1.^  miles  from  Montreal  on 
Ihr  Ctiainplain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway. 

LACHIN£,  C.  E.,  Co.  Jartpies  (artier.  The  first 
Station  Ipy  Montreal  and  I'lattsburg  Railway,  tl  miles 
from  Montreal.     Populalion  about  'J.'>IK). 

LACHUTE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Argenteuil,  on  North- 
east Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  by  Steamera  from 
Montreal,  or  from  Vandreuil  on  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion aliout  f)0(l. 

LACOLLE,  C.  E..  Co.  .''t.  John's.  A  .Nation  on  the 
(  haniplain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway,  3S  miles  from 
Montreal.     Population  about  tkK). 

LAldltNE,  C.  E.,  (o.  Terrebonne.  On  North  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Isle  of  Jesus.  See  Maurice 
District,     (io  to  Montreal. 

LAKONTAINE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Tiny,  on  eiu<t 
coast  of  Nottawasaga  Hay,  north  of  llarrie,  to  which 
go  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway,  and 
thence  to  White  Corners  for  I'eiietanguishene  Ito.id. 

LA  (ilERRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ilunliiigilon,  Tp.  (iodman- 
chester.  On  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
Coteau  Landing  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

LAKEKIKLD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Argenteuil.  Back  Township 
from  east  shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  Itiver.  Go  to 
Montreal. 

LAKESIDE,  C.  W.,Co.  Oxford.  Tp.  East  Nissourl.  Go 
to  Edwardsburg  on  the  (i.  W.  It. 

L'AMARorX,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  York.  Toronto 
City  is  till'  most  convenient  Railway  Point  for  gen- 
eral travellers. 

LAMBETH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westminster. 
Go  to  Lonilon,  on  (t.  W.  R.     Population  about  '2M. 

LAMBTON,  C.  E  ,  Co.  Beaucc.  Situated  greatly  east 
of  Quebec  ami  RIchmoud  Section  of  (J.  T.  R.  War- 
wick and  Danville  may  be  named  as  nearest  Sta- 
tions.    Populalion  about  "i"l. 

LANARK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Lanark.  North  of 
I'.rili,  to  which  go  by  Brockville  .**tage  from  the  G. 
T.  It.,  .MiMilreal  anil  Toronto  Section.  Brockville 
and  .\rnprior  Extension  will  come  within  a  few 
miles  of  tids  Tp.     Population  al)out  ^"xl. 

LANCASTEIt.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  (llengary,  and  a 
Station  on  the  (t.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion. 14  miles  e.i,«t  of  Cornwall,  and  M  west  of 
Montreal.     Population  aliout  .'i.">u. 

LANORAIE,  C.  E.  In  Bcrthier,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence.  Sec  St.  .Maurice  District.  Population 
about  ■/400. 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


59 


A  few  miles  below, 
Go  to  Point  Levi,  op- 
R.,  and  cross  the  St. 


LAXDSDOWXE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lecils,  and  a 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  ahout  100. 

LE  PETITE  RIVIEUE,  C.  E.,  St.  l'ranci.s  Charlevoix, 
opposite  Isle  de  Conilres,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence  below  Quebec,  to  which  go,  and  thence 
bv  Steamer  Saguenay. 

PIGEONIEKE,  C.  E.  In  NapierviUe.  A  Station  on 
Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Kail,  30  miles  from  Mon- 
treal. 

LAPRAIRIE,  C.  E.  On  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence, 
opposite  Montreal.  Go  to  Junction,  on  Champlain 
and  St.  r.aihvav,  11  miles  from  Montreal. 

LA  PRESENTATION,  C.  E.  In  St.  Hyacinthe.  Go  to 
St.  Hyacinthe,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  30  miles  from  Mon- 
treaL 

I.AUGIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dunwich.  Go  to  Ek- 
frid,  on  G.  W.  R. 

LA  SAL,  C.  E.     See  La  Pigeoniere  and  St.  Rerai. 

LWSSUMPTION,  C.  E.,  Tp.  St.  Sulpice.  In  Electoral 
District  of  L'.Xssumption,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  below  Montreal.  Go  to  Montreal  City, 
and  thence  by  Steamer  or  Trader.  Population 
about  3000. 

LA  TERKIERE,  C.  E.  In  Chicoutimi,  on  the  Sague- 
nay River.  Go  to  Chicoutimi  from  Quebec  by 
Sagueuav  Steamer. 

LATTA'S  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow. 
Go  to  Belleville,  on  G.  T.  K. 

LAVAL,  C.  E.     In  Montmorenc 
and  in  the  rear  of  Quebec, 
posite  Quebec,  on  the  G.  T. 
Lawrence. 

LAVALTRIE,  C.  E.  In  Berthier.  On  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence,  between  .Montreal  and  Three  Rivers. 
Go  to  Montreal  or  Quebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer. 

LACZON,  C.  E.  See  New  Liverpool,  St.  Henri,  and 
Point  Levi — Villages  and  Post-offices  therein — also, 
St.  Jean  Chrysostom  and  St.  Lambert. 

L'.WENIR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummoud,  Tp.  Durham.  Go 
to  Durham,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

LAWKENCEVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford,  Tp.  South 
Elv.     See  LWvenir,  for  Kailwav  Station. 

LEAKESDALE,  C.  ^V.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Scott.  No 
near  Railway,  (io  to  Holland  Landing,  on  Ontario, 
Sinicoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto.  Popu- 
lation about  100. 

LEAMINGTON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Mersea.  Go  to 
Baptiste  Creek,  on  (J.  W.  R.     Population  about  70. 

L'EPIPH.\N  Y,  C.  E.  See  St.  Sulpice  and  L'Afsumi)tion. 

LEAVENS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.  Go  to 
ColUngwood  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto. 

LEEDS,  (West,)  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.  For 
Post-offices,  Towns,  etc.,  see  Gananoque,  Seely's 
Bay. 

LEEDS,  (East,)  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Megantic.  Go  to 
Somerset,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  IGO. 

LE  FOULON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Hawkesl)ury. 
On  South  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  .Montreal, 
and  thence  by  Steamer. 

LEFROY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Sinicoe,  Tp.  Innisfil.  A  Station 
on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway.  Pop- 
ulation about  50. 

LEITH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham.  Go  to 
Owen  Sound  by  Steamer,  from  ColUngwood,  on  On- 
tario, Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto.  Pojj- 
ulation  about  "o. 

LEMONVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  WTiitchurch. 
Go  to  ,\m-ora  or  Newmai-ket,  on  the  Ontario,  Sim- 
coe, and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto.  Population 
about  -.'OO. 

LENNOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg. 
Go  to  Napanee,  on  G.  T.  R. 

LENNOXVILLE,  C.  E.  ATown  of  Sherbrooke  Dis- 
trict. .V  Station  on  G.  T.  R.,  99  miles  from  Montreal. 
Population  al)Out  250. 

LES  EBOULEMENS,  C.  E.,  in  Charlevoi.x.  On  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  below  Quebec,  opposite  Isle 
of  Condres.     Steamers  occasionally  call. 

LES  ECUREILS,  C.  E.,  Co,  Portneuf,  Tp.  D'Auteuil. 
On  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  above  Quebec, 
where  go. 

LES  ESCOU.MAINS,  C.  E.,  Saguenay.  On  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec,  to  which  go. 

LESKAUD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Clarke.  Go  to 
Newcastle,  on  G.  T.  R.,  40  miles  from  Toronto. 
Population  about  250. 

LIFFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Manvers.  Go  to 
Newcastle  as  for  Leskard,  which  see. 


LINDSAY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Ops.      The  Ter- 
minus of  the  Port  Hoi)e  and  Lindsay  Railway,  con- 
nected with  the  G.  T.  K.  at  Port  Hope.     Population 
about  1100. 
LINGWICK,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Compton.      For  Post- 

ofTice.  see  Gould.     Go  to  Compton,  on  G.  T.  R. 
LIPPENCOTT,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  York.     Go  to  To- 
ronto. 
LISADEL,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Howick.     Go  to 
Stratford  Junction  of  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  and 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 
LISBON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  North  Easthope.     Go 

to  Stratford  as  for  Lisailel,  which  see. 
L'ISLET,  C.  E.     An  Electoral  District  and  Town  on 
South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  a  few  miles  east  of 
St.  Thomas,  Terminus  of  G.  T.  R. 
LISTOAVELL,  C.   AV.,  Co.   Perth,  Tp.   Elma.     Go  to 
Stratford  Junction  of  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  and 
G.  T.  R. 
LICHFIELD,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Pontiac  Co.  on  North 
Shore  of  Cpper  Ottawa  ;  for  route,  see  .\vlmer  East. 
LITTLE  BRITAIN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa. 
Go  to  Lindsay  bv  Branch  Railwa.v  from  Port  Hope, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.   "Population  about  100. 
LITTLE  RIDEAC,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Hawkes- 
bury  l)y  Montreal  and  Ottawa  Steamers.     Popula- 
tion about  200. 
LLOYDTOWN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King.      Go  to 
King  or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railwav  from  Toronto. 
LOBO,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Middlesex.     A  Tp.  in  which  is  Ko- 

moka  Station,  on  the  G.  AA'.  R. 
LOCHABER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa.     A  Tp.  fronting  the 
North  Shore  of  Ottawa.     Go  by  Steamers  between 
Ottawa  Citv  and  Montreal. 
LOCHIEL,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Glengary.     A  Tp.   North   of 

Lancaster,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
LOCKTON,    C.   AV.,    Co.    Peel,   Tp.    Albion.      Go   to 

Brampton,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
LOGAN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Perth.     A  Tp.  in  which  are  Post- 
offices  and  Aillages,  Carronbrooke,  and   Mitchell, 
wliicli  see. 
LONDON,  C.  AA'.,  capital  of  Middlesex,  on  the  G. 
AV.  R.,  also  Junction  of  London  and  Port  Stanley 
Rail,  114  miles  west  of  Toronto.     For  A'iew  of  Lon- 
don and  further  information,  see  preceding  jiages. 
LONG    ISLAND    LOCKS,  C.  AV.,   Co.   Carleton,   Tp. 
Nepean.     Go  to  Gloucester  or  North  Osgoode,  on 
the  Ottawa  Railway,  connected  with  the  G.  T.  R.  at 
Prescott. 
LONG  POINT,  C.  E.      In  I.«le  of  Montreal  (Hochela- 
ga).    Go  to  Montreal  by  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer.    Pop- 
ulation about  1000. 
LONGUEIL,  C.  E.     In  Chambley.     The  Station  of 
the  G.  T.  R.,  on  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  for 
Quebec  and  Portland,  2  miles  from  City,  to  be  united 
by  A'ictoria  Bridge  with   North  Shore  of  St.  Law- 
rence.    Population  about  30t)0. 
LONGUEIL,  C.  E.     See  St.  John's  and  St.  Luc,  on 

Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway. 
LONSDALE,  C.   \V.,  Co.    Hastings,   Tp.    Tyendinaga, 
which  is  a  Station  on  ti.  T.  R.    l'o|>ulation  about  135. 
LOREI'TE,  C.  E.     See  .\ncienne  Lorrette. 
L'OIUGINAL,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Alfred.    Assize 
Town.     On  Soutli  Shore  of  (Jttawa.     Go  by  Ottawa 
and  Montreal  Steamers.     Population  about  "00. 
LOl'vHAINE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Mono.     Go   to 
Maltoti,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage  to 
Mono  Mills. 
LOSKY,  ('.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King,  which  see. 
LOTBINIKltE,  C.  E.     A  Town  and  Electoral  District, 
fronting  the  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
Portneuf,  between  Three  Rivers  and  Quebec.     Go 
by  SteaiMcr  from  Alontreal  or  Quebec. 
L0U(J11B0H0,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in   Frontenac.     Go  to 

Kingston  City,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
LOUISVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Kent.      A  Village  in  Chat- 
ham Tp.,  in  which  is  Chatham  Station,  on  the  G.  AV. 
R.      I'ojvulation  about  200. 
LOUTH,  ('.  AV.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lincoln.    See  Jordan,  a 
A'illage  and  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R.,  in  this  Town- 
ship, 20  miles  from  Hamilton,  C.  A\'. 
LOW,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.     On  the  Gatineau 
River,  North  of  River  Ottawa.     Go  to  Ottawa  City 
bv  Hail  from  Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
LOWER  IRELAND,  C.K.     In  Megantic.     Go  to  AVar- 
wick,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Quebec  and  Hichniond  Section, 
24  miles  North-east  of  Richmond  Junction. 
LOWVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelsoa.     Go  to 


60 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


WclUiifrton  Square,  on  the  G.  \\.  I{.    Population 

aliout  l>'i<i. 
MTDN,  I'.  \V.,  Co.  Kltflii.     A  now  I'nst-onice. 
LYN,  ('.  W.,  In.  l..c<l.-t,  Tp.  Kllziil)ttlil<)Wii.     A  9la- 

tlixi  iiikI  .Miiiii-y  Onli-r  Otlk-o,  on  tlie  U.  T.  R.,  near 

Un.c-kville,  4  iiiiK-d  west  of  UrockvUle.     Population 

about  -liHl. 
LYNI>KN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Wcntwnrth,  Tp.  Beverley.     A 

Station  on  tlu-  C.  W.  K.,  lU  nillea  west  of  Uamlltou 

(  ily.      l><.|Milat!<>n  ulmiit  ICid. 
LV.NDIiritST,  ('.  V,'.,  Co.  Lt-eds.      In  Lansdowne,  In 

whli-li  T(>wn>)iip  U  Kiiii.'^downc  Station,  on  the  U.  T. 

K.     I'Mpuliition  about  70. 
LYNEUOt  n,  t.'.  W.,  «.o.  Norfolk,  Ti).  CharlottcvUle. 

Go  to  Sliiicoe,  thence  by  Stage   to    Uriinlftiril   or 

Paris,  on  tlie  llufTalo  amlLake  Huron  ;  the  latter  Is 

the  Jinietion  Point  of  that  ami  Grrat  XNe.sttrn  Kail- 

wavs  anil  Gait  Branch.     Population  about  IM. 
LYO.NS,  ('.  W.,  Co.  KIkIii,  Tp.  South  Uorclitster.     Go 

to  lugersoll  or  KdwarJsburg,  on  G.  W.  R. 


M 

M'DONALD'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Dal- 
housie.  (io  to  Brockville  by  G.  T.  R.,  thence  by 
Staj;r  Io  Pi-rth.     20  uiili-.s  from  Pi-rth. 

M(ill,l.lVUAY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Huron  Co.,  which 
the  Port  Sarnia  Railway  from  Stratford  or  St. 
Mary'.s  will  bijict.  (Jo  to  Stratford  Junction  of  the 
Buffalo  ami  Lake  Huron  and  G.  T.  Railways. 

M'NAB,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Renfrew  Co.  For  Post- 
offices,  see  .\ruprlor  and  Burnstown. 

MACYILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Albion.  Go  to 
Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population 


E.    On  the  St.  Maurice  District.   See 


Braniptoi 
about  .">o. 

M AC  1  IK  HE,  C 
Yaniachiche. 

MAUOC,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Madoc.  Go  to 
Belleville  by  the  G.  T.  R,  .Montreal  ami  Toronto 
Section,  anil  thence  by  Daily  Stage.  Madoc  is  the 
nearest  Town  to  the  Free  Grant  Settlement  on  the 
Hastings  Road. 

MAD  RIVER  .MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Osprey. 
<;o  to  N'ottawasaga  or  Suniiidale,  both  on  the  On- 
tario, Siim-oe,  and  Huron  Rail  from  Toronto. 

MAGDAI.E.N  ISLAND-S  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe.  Near 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Cape  Magda- 
lene, before  entering  on  the  Gulf.  Traders  from 
Quebec. 

MAGOtt,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Stanstead.  Try  Coaticnok 
or  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  See  Georgeville. 
Population  about  'J.Vl. 

MAIDSTONE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Essex  Co.  Go  to 
Windior  or  Puce,  on  the  (t.  W.  R. 

MAITLANI),  C.  W.,  Co.  tirenville,  Tp.  Augusta.  A 
Stntioii  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  between  Brockville  and  Pres- 
cott.     Population  about  l.'Kt. 

MALAHIDE.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin,  in  which  is 
A\  hni-r  W  e>l,  which  see.    See  abto  St.  Tlmmas  \Ve>t. 

MALAKOKK,  C.  «'.,  Co.  Carleton.  A  PosloHiee  in 
M.irlboro  Tp.  See  Burrilfs  Rnphls,  a'ljacent  to 
Rldeau  Canal,  and  near  Kemptville,  on  tlie  Ottawa 
Juncli^in  from  Prescolt,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

MAI.DEN,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Essex.  For  Post-office, 
etc.,  see  Aniherstburg. 

MAL  BAIE,  C.  E.  Kor  Postomce,  »ec  Point  St. 
Peter,  which  divides  Gaspe  and  Mai  Bale,  near  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

MAI.LulCY  TOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  U-eds,  Tp.  Yongo.  A 
Stati'.n  on  the  G.  T.  R.      Population  about  'JiHl. 

MALTA,  C.  Vi'.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Bruce,  fronting  Lake 
Huron.  Get  to  Sydenlmni  (Owen's  Sound)  by  On- 
tario. Simcoe,  and'  Huron  Railway  to  Colllngwood, 
and  thence  by  Steamer,  or  go  by  Guelph,  on  the  G. 
T.  R.,  and  thence  by  ONeill's  Owen  Sound  Stage. 
Population  about  Thi. 

MALfoN,  C.  \V.,  »  1..  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  A  Station 
on  tlie  G.  T  R.,  16  miles  from  Toronto.  Population 
about  .'iiN). 

MAI.VIRN.  r  W,,  Co  Y'ork,  Tp.  Scarboro.  Go  by 
S'  from  Toronto  ibilly,  or  by  G.  T.  K. 

fi  'tioii.     Populalloii  about  125. 

MAN"  LIK.-I  l,i;,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.  Go 
to  Whliliy,  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

MANILLA,  C.  W.,  to.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa.  Get 
to  Lind.-iay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  thence 
a  Branch  Railway  to  Linilsay  is  open  to  Oraemce. 
Population  about  4M. 


MANITOWANING,  C.  W.  On  the  Great  Manitoulln 
l.Hland  on  Lake  Huron.  Steamers  In  Sunjmer  from 
Collingwood.  which  see.  An  Indian  Sitlbinent, 
with  re>iileiil  Miid^ter  of  the  Church  of  England. 

MANNINGVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  Go  to 
Hemniingford  oti  the  Montreal  and  I'lattsburg  Rail- 
wav,  41  miles  from  .Montreal.    Population  uboni  2Ul). 

MANSFIELD,  C.  E.  A  Tp  in  C...  I'oiitlac.  For  Poit- 
olhce  and  route,  see  Fnrt  Coulolige. 

.MAN  VERS,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Durham  Co.,  near  line  of 
Lind.-'-ay,  Branch  from  Port  Hope,  to  which  go  by  G. 
T.  R. 

.MAPLE,  C.  \y.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vauphan.  Go  to  Rich- 
mond Hill  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from 
Toronto. 

MAPLE  (iR(»VE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantlc.  Tp.  Ireland. 
(io  to  ■«  arwick  on  the  ti.  T.  R. 

MAPLETON,  C.  W.,  Io.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  On 
London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  from  London  on 
G.  W.  R. 

MARA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.  A  Tp.  usually  coupled 
with  R.ima  as  Indian  Territory,  (iet  to  Orillia  (from 
Barrie  by  Ontario,  .>>inicoe,  and  Huron  Railway),  and 
thence  by  Sta^e  direct.     See  Orillia. 

MARBLETON,  C.  E.,  (  o.  Wolfe,  Tp.  DudsweU.  Go  to 
Mieibp.oke  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

.MARIPOSA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.  For  Posl- 
oltice.i,  route,  etc.,  see  Little  Britain,  Manilla,  and 
Oakivood. 

.MARC  II,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carleton,  fronting  South 
Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  opposite  Ayluier  East,  which 
see.     I'lipiilation  about  5(1. 

r/IARKHAM,  C.  W.,  Co  York.  Go  by  Stoutfrine 
Daily  Stage  from  Toronto,  or  by  G.  T.  R.  from  Scar- 
borough, and  thence  by  Stage.  Population  about 
lIlOl). 

MARLBOROrOH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carlton.  See 
Burritt's  Rapids  and  .MalakoflT  for  Post-offices  and 
route. 

.MARLOW,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Beauce  at  the  very  extreme 
of  the  province  on  the  confines  of  the  State  of 
Maine  at  the  head  of  River  t  liaudiere,  which  flows 
in  a  direct  line  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  (  haudiere 
Junction  and  Chaudiere  on  the  (i.  T.  R.  liuebec 
anil  Itichmoud  may  be  named  as  Stations,  but  are 
about  l>t  miles  distant. 

MARMOKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  A  Tp.  In  which  »re 
the  Iron  Works,  north  of  Belleville,  to  which  go  by 
(i.  T.  R.     Population  about  4o(i. 

MARSIIVILLE,  C.  W.,  to.  Welland,  Tp.  Walnflcet,  In 
which  is  a  Station  of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Rail. 

MAKTINTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  Ch.nrlotten- 
burg,  in  which  is  Summerstown  on  the  (t.  T.  R.,  8 
miles  east  of  Cornwall,  and  (in  from  Montreal. 

MARTINVILLE,  C.  E.,  C^.  CK.mpton,  Tp.  (lift  on.  Go 
to  Compton  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  15. 

MARYSIirRG,  C.  W.  A  Tj).  in  Prince  Edward  Co. 
For  Villages,  Towns,  and  Po^tollices,  see  Picton, 
llonpard'.''  Corners,  and  Port  .Milford. 

MARYSVILLE,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Hiislingn,  Tp.  Tyendinaga, 
In  which  is  a  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  inn. 

MARYIIORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  See 
Hu.'ton. 

MASCOUCHE,  (.'.  E.  A  Tp.  in  L" Assumption,  on  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  just  below  Montreal,  to 
which  go. 

MASKINONGE.  A  Post-office  Village,  and  also  name 
of  EleclMial  District  on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence 
in  St.  Maurice  District,  situate  about  "in  miles  west 
of  Three  Rivers.     Population  about  *NH). 

MAS>'AWIPIM,  C.  E  ,  (  o.  Stanstead,  T|i.  We«(  Hatley. 
Go  to  Compton  on  the  <i.  T.  R.     Population  about 

•JlH). 

MATANE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Rimouski,  on  South  Shore 
of  St.  Uiwrence,  fronting  the  River  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Sagueiiay,  reached  by  vessels  from  Ituebec. 
population  about  ir><Ml. 

MATILDA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Punda-s  Co.  and  Station 
of  the  same  name  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  9  miles  east  of 
Pre.«cotl  Junction,  and  li>4  from  Montreal. 

MATTAWA.  on  a  River  which  runs  Into  the  Ottawa 
about  S'u  ndles  abnve  Pembroke,  near  Lake  Nipis- 
sing.  Pembroke  is  reached  by  I'pper  Ottawa 
Steamers  from  .\ylmer  East,  which  see. 

MAYFIELD,  C.  W.',  (  o.  Peel,  Tp.  Chingnacoufiy.  Go 
to  Brampton  on  the  (S.  T.  R.     Population  about  ftO. 

MAYNE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Wallace.     Go  to  Ful- 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


61 


lartoD,  midway  between  Stratford  and  Goderich,  by 
.Stage  from  Stratford  Junction,  (j.  T.  K. 

MEADO\VVALE,  (.'.  \V.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Five 
miles  from  Uiamiiton.     Population  aliout  4011. 

MKUUXTE,  C.  W.  A  T|).  in  Simcoe,  between  Orillia 
and  Coldwater.  Go  by  Coldwater  Stage  from  Oril- 
lia, wbicb  is  reached  by  (Jntario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Kaihvay  from  Toronto,  Belle  Kwart,  and  tlience  by 
Steamer.  In  winter,  go  by  Stage  from  liarrie  to 
Orillia,  which  see  ;  see  also  Coldwater. 

MKLANl'THON,  C.  W.  a  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
Jiradfurd,  and  by  road,  west,  to  Mono,  if  Ontario, 
Sinicoe,  and  Huron  llailway  is  used,  or  by  Stage  to 
Mono  from  Mallon  on  the  G.  T.  K. 

MELBOURNE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Richmond,  with 
Money  (Jrder  Ollice.  Go  to  Kichmoud  on  G.  T.  K. 
Population  about  250. 

MEl.ilOSE,  C.  \V.  A  village  in  Tyendinaga,  Hastings 
Co.  Tyendinaga  is  a  Station  on  G.  T.  !{.,  13  miles 
fiom  lielleville  on  G.  T.  K.     Po|iulation  about  "0. 

MELVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Village  in  HiUierTp.,  Co.  Prince 
Edward,     tio  to  Trenton  on  the  ti.  T.  U. 

MERRICKVILLE,C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Wolford. 
Go  to  Maitland  or  lirockville  on  G.  T.  K.,  or  to 
KeaiptviUe,  on  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Branch,  from 
Prescott  Junction. 

MEiaUTSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wetland,  Tp.  Crowland. 
Go  to  Cbipiiewa  on  the  Erie  and  Ontario  Kailway. 
Population  about  SOO. 

MEKSE.V,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Essex  Co.  Go  to  l  hatham 
on  the  G.  W.  U. 

MEKTOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.  Go  to  Wel- 
lington Square,  (in  same  Township,)  on  the  G.  W. 
R.     Po))ulation  about  150. 

METCALI',  C.W.  A  T]).  in  Middlesex  Co.  For  Post- 
olJice,  etc.,  see  Napier.     l'oi)ulation  about  2o0. 

METIS,  (.'.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Kiuiouski,  on  South  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence,  on  the  projected  extension  of  Grand 
Trunk  to  Nova  Scotia.  Go  by  vessel  from  Quebec. 
Pojiulation  about  1100. 

MEVEliSliCKti,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Seymour. 
On  projected  extension  from  Belleville,  to  which  go 
by  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  150. 

MliiULEPORT,  (,'.  \V.,  is  a  Station  on  the  Buiralo  and 
Lake  Huron  Itailway,  lietween  Caledonia  and  Onon- 
daga, (Post-office,  Tuscarora.)  lit  miles  south  of 
Brantford,  and  IS  of  Paris  Junction.  Population 
about  1(10. 

MlDliLEVlLLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Lanark.  Go 
to  Perth  from  B  'oekville  by  Stage  from  G.  T.  K. 

MILE01{1),  C.  \V.,  Co.  Prince"  Edward,  Tp.  Marysburg, 
on  Bay  of  Quinte.  G<i  to  Belleville  from  the  west, 
and  Kingston  from  the  east  by  steamer  Bay  of 
Quinte.  Both  Belleville  and  Kingston  are  Stations 
on  the  G.  T.  K. 

MILBANK,  C.  ^V.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Mornington,  north 
of  Stratford.  Go  to  Stratford  by  BuUalo  and  Lake 
Huron  or  G.  T.  Railways. 

MILLBKOOlv,  (,;.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Cavan.  Go  to 
Port  Hope  by  (J.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Lindsay  Rail. 
Populati(jii  about  lOOO. 

MILLES  ISLE."!,  c.  E.  In  Argenteuil,  on  North  Shore 
of  Lower  Ottawa,  near  Vaudreuil,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Steamers  from  .Montreal. 

MILLES  VACHES,  C.  E.  In  Saguenay  Co.,  north  of 
St.  Lawrence,  near  confluence  of  Saguena.v  and  St. 
Lawrence  Rivers.     Steamers  from  Quebec. 

MILL  GROVE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tii.  West  Flam- 
boro.     (io  to  Dundas  on  G.  W.  It. 

MILL  HAVEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  .Vddington,  Tp.  Ernestown, 
which  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

MILL  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lenno.x,  Tp.  Richmond.  Go 
to  Napanee  on  G.  T.  R. 

MILNESVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  llarkham.  Go 
by  Stage  to  ThnrrdiiU  from  Toronto,  or  to  Thornhill 
Station  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from 
Toronto.     Population  aliout  100. 

MILTON  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shell'ord.  Go  to  Acton  on 
tlie  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  loO. 

MILTON  WEST,  0.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar. 
Go  to  Oakville,  on  tlie  G.  W.  K.  Population  about 
1000. 

MIMICO,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobieoke.  Go  by 
Streetsville  Stage  from  Toronto  daily  at  'J,  P.  M., 
from  the  General  Wr)lfe,  in  Church  Street,  or  by  G. 
W.  R.  to  Mimico  Station.     Population  about  HOo. 

MINTO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington.  See  ClilTord,  Harris- 
ton,  Teviotdale. 

MIRICliVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Wolford. 


Go  to  Brockville,  on  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  from  Mirick- 
ville.     Population  about  1000. 

MITCHELL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Logan,  between 
Stratfiird  and  Goderich.  Go  to  Stratford  Junction 
of  the  Butl'alo  and  Lake  Huron  and  G.  T.  Railways. 
Population  about  lOOU. 

MISSISlJUOI  BAY,  C.  E.  Connects  with  Lake  Cham- 
jdain.  Go  to  Rouse's  Point,  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Rail  from  Montreal. 

MISSISQL'OI,  C.  E.  For  Towns  herein,  see  Philips- 
burg,  Bedford,  Stanbridge  East,  and  Cowanville. 

MOHAWK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  West  Brantford. 
Go  to  Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

MOIRA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Huntingdon.  North 
of  Belleville,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  150. 

MOLESWORTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Grey.  North 
of  Stratford.  tJo  to  Stratford  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  by 
Bulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail.    Population  about  50. 

MONO,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  t^'o.  Sinuoe.     See  .Mono  Mills. 

JIONO  CENTRE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Mono.  See 
Mono  Mills. 

MONO  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Mono.  Go  to 
Malton  by  G.  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Stage.  Popula- 
tion about  150. 

MONOIR,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  RouviUe.  See  Mount 
Johnson,  St.  Brigide. 

MONTARVILLE,  C.  E.     In  Chaniljlv.     See  St.  Bruno. 

JIONTCALM,  C.  E.  A  Town  in  Tp.  of  Rawdon,  Co. 
Montcalm.  On  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the 
St.  Maurice  District.     (Jo  to  Montreal. 

MONTE  BELLO,  C.  E.,Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite  Nation. 
On  North  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  near  Grenville. 
Go  by  Ottawa  and  Montreal  Steamers.  Population 
about  100. 

MONTMORENCI,  C.  E.     See  Chateau  Richer. 

MONTMORENCI  FALLS,  C.  E.  8  miles  below  Quel)ec. 
Go  to  Quebec  by  G.  T.  R.  from  Richmond  and  .Mon- 
treal, or  by  Steamers  from  Cpjier  Canada  and  Mon- 
treal, thence  across  the  St.  Charles  River  by  road 

MONTREAL,  C.  E.  For  Views  and  full  information, 
see  )ireceding  jiortion  of  this  work. 

JIONTROSE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stratford,  which 
is  a  Station  on  the  Erie  and  Ontario  Kail  (Niagara 
to  Chippewa). 

MONT  ST.  HILLAIRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  RouviUe,  Tp.  St. 
Hillaire,  which  is  a  Station  17  miles  from  Montreal, 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

MOORE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lambton  Co.,  in  Port  Sar- 
nia  District,  fronting  the  St.  Clair  River.  Go  to 
Windsor  by  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  thence  by  Steamers 
or  Boat.     Poi)ulation  about  200. 

MORGANTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Erin. 
Go  to  (ieorgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Populatiiui 
about  100. 

MORIN,  C.  E.  In  Argenteuil.  See  Britonville.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 

MORMNtiDALE  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Morn- 
ington. Go  to  Stratford,  on  tlie  G.  T.  R.,  or  by  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Rail.     Population  about  100. 

MORNINtiTON.       A    Tp.    in    Perth    Co.       For    Post- 

ollices,  etc.,  see  Carthage,  .Milbaidc,  West  Corners, 

and  Morningdale  Mills. 

MORPETH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Howard.     Go  to 

Tlianicsvillr,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  550. 

JKIRKIS.  A  i'p-  in  Huron  Co.  For  Tp.,  see  Bodmin 
and  Morri-ibank. 

MORRISBANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.    Go  to 
Stratford  by  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  road,  or  by 
Bulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railwav. 
MORRISBURG,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Matilda,  in 
which  is  a  (J.  T.  R.  Station.     Pojiulation  about  OOO. 

JIOKRISD.VLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Grey.  Go  as 
for  Morrisliank.     Population  about  5lt. 

MORItlSTO.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Puslinch. 
(io  to  Guelph,on  theti.  T.  R.   Population  about  4ii0. 

MORTI.MER,  C.   W.,  Co.   Grey,  Tp.  Osprey.      (Jo  to 
Nottawasaga,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto. 
MORTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  South  Crosby.     Go  to 
Gananocpie,  on  the  (J.  T.  R.     Population  about  250. 
MORVEN,   (.■.    W.,   Co.    Addington,   Tp.    Ernestown, 
which  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about 
100. 
MOSA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  IMiddlesex,  formerly  a  Station 
on  the  G.   W.   R.,  but  changed   to   Newbur.v.     For 
Villages  and  Post-offices,  see  Newbury,  Cashmere, 
Wardsville,  and  Strathburn,  all  in  the  Township. 


62 


CANADA:    C'lTIKS,    TOWNS.    AXP    VILLAGES. 


MOSCOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ail'lluptnn,  Tp.  Knut  Camden. 

Uo  to  Nnpani-e,  on  th<-  (>.  T.  It.     I'up.  nlmut  'JOn. 
MOLLiNKrrK,  C.   W.,  Co.  !ii.,rmoi,t,  Tp.  CornwalL 

.\  Stulion  on  th<?  (i.  T.  K.      I'opuliition  Hhoiit  KNI. 
MUII.TON,  C.    \V.     \  Tp.   in   Co.   Iltililinitiml.      S«i' 

Uunnvillf,  »   Kiiilwiiy  Siiition   on    tlic   lltilTiilo  uml 

iMiiv  Huron,  nltli  I'lMt-ntlU-c  wUliiii  Hit-  TownMliip. 
MOlNT.\I.V,  C.  W.     \  Tp.  In  Uun.liui  Co.     (Jo  to  Mu- 

tililii,  on  till-  <i.  T.  R. 
MOUNT  .M.IIIO.S,  i".  \V.,('o.  Wtntworth,  Tp.  Burton. 

(io  to  Uuturlo,  on  the  Ci.  W.  U.     population  about 

Inn. 
MOINT  BKYDCES,  C.  W.,  Vo.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Cara- 

doc.     A  Station  on  the  U.  W.  II.     I'opulatiuu  about 

184t 
MOUNT  EL<;iS,  C.   W.,   Co.  Oxfonl,  Tp.  Dereham. 

Uo  to  Ingei-^oll,  on  the  O.  W.  K.     Population  about 

1»H) 
MOUNT  F0RUF:ST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tj).   Ar- 
thur.    Go  to  Uuelph,  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  and  tlience  by 

Stage. 
MOUNT  HKDLEY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Oneida. 

Try   Middlt'port,  on  the  BulTalo  and   Lake   Huron 

Kail.     I'opiilaiion  about  liMl. 
MOUNT  JOHNSON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Rouviile,  Tp.  Monoir. 

Trv  St.  llillaire,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
MOUNT  MURRAY,  r.  E.     In  Charlevoi.x.     See  Mur- 
ray Itav,  I'nrt  au  I'orsiL 
MOUNT  IM.EASANT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham.  SeeCavan. 

Population  aliMut  5i)<t. 
MOUNT  ST.  LOUIS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Slmcoe.    A  newPost- 

oftice. 
MOU.NT   ST.    PATRICK,   C.    W.,   Co.   Renfrew,   Tp. 

Brougham.     See  Free  (Srant  Lands. 
MOUNT  VERNON.  C.   W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Brantfor.l. 

Go  to  Bruntford,  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron 

Railway.     Pi>|iulation  about  20<(. 
MUI..MUR.  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Slmcoe.     Go  to  Bar- 

rie   Station,  on   the   Ontario,   Simcoe,    and   Huron 

Railway  from  Toronto. 
MUNCEY,  C.  W.,  Co.   .Middlesex,  Tp.  Carradoc,   in 

which  i.s  .Mount  Bryilges  Station. 
MUNSEL.  (  .  W.,  Co.tJrenvillf,  Tp.  Wolford.      Go  to 

llrockyille  or  .Maitland,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
MURRAY,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  in  Northinnberland  Co.,  in 

which  is  the  Town  and  Station  of  Trenton,  on  the 

G.  T.  R.     Population  about  2iM). 
MURRAY  BAY,  C.  E.      In   Charleyoix.      On   North 

Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  ({uebec,  SO  miles 

down,     (io  by  Saguenay  Ste.inier  from  (Quebec. 
MURVALE.  C.W.,  I  o.  Krontenac,  Tp.  Portland.     Go 

to  Erncstown,  on  the  U.  T.  R.    Population  about  \:i!>. 


NAXTICOKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Walpole. 
Go  to  Cuinsville,  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Railway. 

NAPANEE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.  A 
T'-l'grapli  Station  an<l  .Money  Onler  Ollice,  on  the 
(}.  T.  R.,  'i<>  miles  west  of  Kingston.  See  preceding 
pages  for  further  information. 

NASSAGAWEVA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Halton  Co.  Go  to 
Kockwood,  on  the  (}.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford 
S«'Clioii,  or  to  Wellington  ."Sfiuare,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NEI>iiN.  C.  W.  A  Tp  in  Halton  to.,  in  which  is 
Wellington  S<|iiare,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  K.  Pop- 
ulation about  UnK 

SEPE AN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Carleton  Co.  For  Poet- 
oiric.-s  and  Villages,  see  Bell'a  Corners,  Long  Island 
l.firk».  etc. 

NEW  ABERDEEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Water- 
loo. Go  to  Berlin,  on  the  O.  T.  IC  Population 
about  'JIN). 

NEWARK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich.  Go  to 
Woodstock  or  Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NEW  BI.I.xS.  (  .  W.,  (  o.  L.eds  and  (irenviUe,  Tp. 
Kltl«y      (io  to  Brockyille.  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

NEWBORO.  C.  W,  (  o.  I,,.,.,!,,  Tp.  North  Crosby. 
A  M"in'y  Oriler  OlTire  on  the  Ridi-nil.  (io  to  Kings- 
ton.   1'    I  " ■••  by  SteanuTs  or  the  Rldeaii  (  aiml, 

or  t'<  '  i«.     Both  Kingston  and  Gananoque 

are  .»!  the  G.  T.  R. 

NEWBURG,  C.  W..  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Camden 
K  1-'.  <;■>  to  Napaner,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  See  preced- 
i  population  about  '.•<H|. 

M  C.    W.,    (  o.    .Middlesex,   Tp.   Mosa.      A 

et.iu   11  111  the  G.  W.  R. 


NEW  CARLISLE,  C.  E.  On  South  of  Gaspe,  fronting 
the  Bay  of  Clialeurs,  in  Cox  Tp.  Krequenl  traders 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  .'inil. 

NEW  CARLISLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  .»it.  .Maurice  Terri- 
tory.     N'.t  a  Posl-olTice.    See  St.  Maurice  Terrilorj-. 

NEWCASTLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Uurbani.  Tp.  (  larke.  A 
Station  Oil  itie  (i.  T.  R.     See  preceding  pages. 

NEW  »  RKMHRE,  C  W.  See  Noltawasjiga,  of  which 
Tp.  New  Creinore  is  a  Post-oflice. 

NEW  DUNDEE,  C.  W..  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wllmot,  Io 
which  Township  Ls  the  Petersburg  Station  of  the  G. 
T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  PopuUtioa 
about  l.'Ht. 

NEW  DURHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Biirford.  Go 
to  Princeton,  on  the  (1.  W.  R.    Population  about  Vi:>. 

NEW  KDINtiBURtill,  Co.  Carleton.  Tp.  (iloucester. 
A  Village  or  Suburb  to  Ottawa,  C.  W.  On  the 
Prescott  and  Ottawa  Railroad,  of  which  it  U  the 
Terminus.     Population  about  &iMl. 

NEW  GLASGOW,  C.  E.  North  of  Isle  Je«u»,  oppngite 
Montreal,  to  which  go,  either  by  Steamer  from  Og- 
deiisburg  or  Kingston,  or  by  the  G.  T.  R,  Popula- 
tion aliout  Imhi. 

NEW  GLASGOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Aldeborough. 
From  Morpeth  l.\  London   HTi,  Chatham   87  miles. 

NEW  llAMIlURti.  (.  W,  Co.  Waterioo,  Tp.  WUinot, 
in  which  Township  is  Petersburg  Station  of  the  G. 
T.  R.     Population  about  IDNJ. 

NEW  H(  )PE.  C.  W.,  (  o.  Waterloo,  Tp.  North  Waterioo. 
Go  toGueH>h  or  Htrlin.  on  G.T.  R. ;  also  to  (ialt  and 
Preston  for  Juiiclion  Railway.   Population  about  7i«i. 

NEW  IRELAND,  C.  E.  In  Megantic.  (io  to  Artha- 
baska,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.     Population  about  -iiHl. 

NEW  LAND,  C.  W.,  (  o.  York,  Tp.  East  (iwillimbury, 
in  which  is  the  Holland  Landing  Station  on  the  On- 
tario, Slmcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  fmm  Toronto. 

NEW  LIVERPOOL,  C.  E.  In  Leyi  District,  Tp.  Law- 
ion,  (io  to  Point  Levi  (opposite  yuebec*.  the  Ter- 
minus of  the  (1.  T.  R.     Population  about  IMm*. 

NEWMARKET,  C.  W.,  *  ,..  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 
A  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto. 

NEWPORT.  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Compton.  Go  to  Comp- 
ton  Station,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  .Montreal  and  Portland 
Section.  For  Post-ofllce,  see  and  address  Sawyer- 
ville. 

NEWPORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Braotford.  In 
which  i-i  the  Main  Station  of  Brantford,  on  the  Buf- 
falo ami  Lake  Huron  Rail. 

NEW  RIt  IIMOND,  C.  K  A  Tp.  in  Bonaventure, 
South  (ta<pe,  fronting  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs.  Tra- 
ders from  (Quebec. 

NEWRY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Manyers.  Go  to 
Newcastle,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NEW  SARU.M,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  In 
which  is  the  Yarmouth  Station  of  the  London  and 
Port  Stanli-y  Railway,  which  connects  with  the  G. 
W.  R.  at  Limdon.      Population  about  .'lO. 

NEWST.VDT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Normanby.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  U.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Owen  Sound 
Stage. 

NEW  I'OWN  ROBINSON,  C.  W.  A  Village  with  Post- 
olTice,  in  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Tecumseth.  (io  to  Brad- 
ford or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Kail  from  Toronto.     Population  about  liKl. 

NIAGARA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln.  Separ.ited  by  the 
Niagara  Riyer  from  the  State  of  New  York,  (ioby 
Slianiers  from  Toronto,  or  (i.  W.  R.  yla  Hamilton. 

NICOLET,  «  .  E.  A  Town  in  District  of  Nlcolet, 
skirting  the  S>uth  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly 
opposite  Three  Rivers,  to  which  go  by  Montreal  and 
(Quebec  Steamers.  The  nearest  Station  appears  to 
be  Arlhabaska,  on  the  »i.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  Rich- 
nionil  Section.     Population  about  liHiO. 

NICHOL,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Wellington.  For  Post- 
olTices  and  Villages,  see  Barnet  an<l  Cumnock. 

NILf-XTOWN,  C.  W,  (  o.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Dorchester, 
North,     (io  to  E<lwardsbiirg,  on  the  (i.  W.  R. 

NI."*SOl  RI,  ('.  W.,  (  o.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Nls.ouri  Wert. 
Slliiate.l  on  the  Jiincli'in  of  the  G.  AV.  R.,  between 
I.onilon  ami  St.  .Mary,  Blanshard.  (io  to  London 
by  the  (i.  W.  R. 

NIT HBUR(i,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth.  Tp.  North  E.tslhope. 
(•o  to  Shakcsperc  as  the  nearest,  but  to  Stratford 
Junction  as  the  most  convenient  Station,  both  oa 
the  G   T.  R. 

NODLEToN,  C.  W..  Co.  York.  Tp.  King.  In  which  b 
King  Station  of  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail 
from  Toronto. 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


63 


NORHAir,  C.  TV.,  Co.  Xorthumberland,  Tp.  Percy. 
Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  U.  T.  K.,  or  to  Brightou,  on 
the  same  Railway  Section. 

NOKMANBV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Grey  Co.  On  the 
Guelph  and  Saugeen  Koad.  Go  to  Guelph  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  bv  Stage. 

NORMANDALE,  0.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotte- 
ville.  On  the  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Paris  or 
Brantford,  thence  Stage  to  Simcoe,  and  on  by  hired 
conveyance. 

NORM.VNTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Saugeen.  Go 
to  Guelph,  and  thence  by  Stage,  or  to  Windsor  Ter- 
minus of  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  thence  by  Steamer  direct. 

NORTH  ADJALA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Adjala. 
Go  to  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Strat- 
ford Section,  an<l  thence  to  Mono  by  Stage,  or  to 
Bradford  Station,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Hu- 
ron Railway  from  Toronto. 

NORTH  ARTHUR.     See  Kenilworth. 

NORTH  AUGUSTA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Augus- 
ta. Go  to  Prescott,  on  the  G.  T.  !{.,  Montreal  and 
Toronto  Section,  which  is  in  the  same  Township,  and 
also  Junction  of  Ottawa  Rail.  Population  a])out  iiSO. 

NORTH  CROSBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.  For 
Post-office,  Town,  etc.,  see  Newboro'. 

NORTH  DOURO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Douro. 
Go  to  Peterboro',  the  Terminus  of  the  .1  unction 
Railway  from  Cobourg,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NORTH  ELDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Eldon.  Go 
to  Lindsay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,by  Port 
Hope  and  Lindsay  Railway. 

NOIiTH  ELMSLEY.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark,  in  which  is 
Smith's  Falls,  which  see  for  Post-olfice,  route,  etc. 

NORTH  ELY,  C.  E.,  Co.  ShetTord.  Go  to  Durham,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

NORTH  GEORGETOWN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay. 
In  Beauharnois  Parish.  On  South  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  St.  Anne's  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

NORTH  GLAXKORU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Glan- 
ford.  Go  to  Middleport  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway. 

NORTH  GOWE'r,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  South 
Gower.  Go  to  Keniptville  or  Osgoode  on  I'rescott 
and  Ottawa  Railway  from  Prescott  Junction  of  the 
G.  T.  K. 

NORTH  MONAGHAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterborough 
Co.,  in  which  is  the  town  of  Peterborough,  which 
see  for  Post-offices,  route,  etc. 

NORTH  PELHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Go  to  St.  Catherine's,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

NORTH  PORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Sophias- 
buig.  A  Port  at  which  the  Bay  of  (Juinte  Steamers 
touch  daily,  to  and  from  Belleville  and  Kingston, 
both  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Poi)ulation  about 
140. 

NOliTH  STANBRIDGE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missisquoi,  Tp. 
Stanbridge,  east  of  the  River  Richelieu.  Go  to  St. 
John's,  C.  E.,  by  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railway,  and  cross  River  Richelieu,  or  go  l)y  Richel- 
ieu Steamers  which  ply  to  and  from  Montreal.  Pop- 
ulation about  ."jil. 

NORTH  STCKELY,  C.  K.,  Co.  Sheflford,  Tp.  Stukely. 
Go  to  Richmond  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  where  the  (i.  T.  R. 
diverges  to  Quebec  on  the  northeast,  .Montreal  on 
the  north-west,  and  to  Portland  on  the  south-east. 
Poimlation  about  125. 

NORTH  SUTTO.\,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  Tp.  Sutton.  Go 
to  ('om|)ton  or  Coaticook  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

NORTH  WALSI.NGHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Wal- 
singham.  Go  to  Paris  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  iir  Brant- 
ford on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  and  thence 
to  Simcoe  by  Stage. 

NORTH  WATERLOO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Waterloo  Co. 
For  Villages  and  Post-otVice,  see  New  Hope. 

NORTH  WILLIAMSBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Uondas,  Tp. 
Williamsburg,  in  which  is  the  Williamsburg  Tele- 
graph Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
•2511. 

NORTON  CREEK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauharnois.  On  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  St.  Anne's 
Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 

NORVAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing.  Go  to 
Georgetown,  in  same  Tp.,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  ;350. 

NORWICH,  <■.  W.  A  Tp.  (and  Village  with  Money 
Order  Office)  in  Co.  Oxford.  Go  to  Ingersoll  or 
Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  TOO. 

NORWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Asphodel. 
Go  to  Cobourg,  and  thence  by  Peterborough  Junc- 


tion.   Cobourg  is  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about 

500. 

NORWOOD,  C.  W.  A  Village  on  the  Kingston  Road, 
about  8  miles  east  of  the  city  of  Toronto,  iu  York 
Township.     No  Post-office. 

NOTTAWA,  C.  W.  The  Post-office  in  Nottawasaga. 
Tp.  under  this  name  is  now  called  Bowmore,  which 
see.     Population  about  300. 

NOTTAWASAtJA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.,  and  a 
Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway, 
about  S8  miles  from  Toronto. 

NOTRE  DA.ME  DU  PORTAGE,  C.  E.  Near  the  River 
MadawasUa,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  St. 
Thomas,  which  is  now  the  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  on  the  projected  extension  to  Troi's  Pistoles  for 
New  Brunswick  and  the  British  Seaboard.  Popula- 
tion about  lOOO. 


o 

OAKLAND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Brant  Co.  Go  to  Paris 
or  Brantford  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail. 
Pojiulation  about  200. 

OAKRIDtlES,  0.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitcliurch,  in 
which  Township  are  Aurora  and  Newmarket,  both 
Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail, 
respectively  distant  oil  and  'M  miles  from  Toronto. 

OAKVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  A 
Town  and  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  19  miles  from 
Toronto.  See  preceding  pages.  Poijulation  about 
2000. 

GARWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa.  Go 
to  Lindsay  by  Rail  from  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Poi)ulation  about  SO. 

OBAN,  C.  W.     See  Plympton.     Population  about  50. 

ODESSA,  I'.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Ernestown,  in 
which  is  Ernestown  Station  on  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  (iOO. 

OLDEN,  C.  W.  A  new  Township.  See  Crown  Lands 
for  sale. 

O.MAGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  HaUon,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  For  Rail- 
way, see  Oakville. 

ONEIDA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Haldimand.  Go  to  Cale 
donia  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  250. 

ONONDAGA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Brant  Co.,  and  a  Rail- 
way Station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  800. 

ONSLOW,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  on  North  Shore 
of  River  Ottawa,  above  Aylmer  East,  which  see  for 
Steamers  and  route. 

ONTARIO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Saltfleet.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  16  miles  from  Hamilton. 
Population  about  150. 

OPS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Victoria  Co.  For.  Post-office, 
etc.,  see  Lindsay. 

ORANGEVILLE,  C,  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Gara- 
fraxa,  on  the  Garafraxa  Road  from  Guelph,  to  which 
go  by  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage.  Population 
about  500. 

ORCHILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.  Go  to  Strat- 
ford Railway  Junction  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  by  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Goderich 
Stage  to  Mitchell. 

ORKORD,  C.  W.,  a  Tj).  in  Kent  Co.  For  Post-office, 
Railway  route,  etc.,  see  Clearville. 

ORILLIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Ti).  Orillia,  28  miles 
from  Barrie,  to  which  go  by  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage, 
or  in  summer  by  same  Railway  to  Belle  Ewart,  and 
thence  bv  Steamer.     Population  about  500. 

ORMSTOWN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay,  Tp.  Beauhar- 
nois, o]>posite  Cedars  and  .•^t.  Anne's  Stations  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  (being  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence). 

ORO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.  For  route,  see 
Orillia. 

ORONO,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Clarke;  in  which 
Township  is  Newcastle  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  SOO. 

ORWELL,  (forn\erly  Temperanceville,)  C.  W.,  Co.  El- 
gin, Tp.  Yarmouth.  Go  to  London  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
and  then  by  London  and  Port  Stanley  Junction. 
Population  about  800. 

OSBORNE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell.  A  Tp.  fronting  South 
Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go  to  Ottawa  by  Junction 
from  Prescott  ou  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
150. 


64 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


OSGOODE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Carleton  Co.,  on  the  Ot- 
tawa and  Prescott  Uaihvav,  10  miles  from  Ottaiva. 

OSHAWA,  V.  W.  A  Town  in  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Wliit- 
b,v.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  H-i  miles  from 
Toronto.  See  preceding  pages.  Population  about 
3000. 

OSPHEV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Grey  Co.  Go  to  Nottawa- 
sajia  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Kail,  S>j  miles  from  Toronto. 

OSPKINGK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wt'llinKton,  Tp.  Krin.  Go  to 
(ieorjietown  on  the  (i.  T.  K.,  lH)  miles  from  Toronto. 
Pc)|iulaliiui  about  'Jo. 

OTONABEE,  C.  W.  A  Town  in  Township  of  same 
name,  in  the  Co.  of  Peterborough.  See  Peterbo- 
rough. 

OTTAWA,  C.  W.  The  Capital  of  Carleton  Co., 
about  W  miles  l)j"  Junction  Kailway  from  the  G.  T. 
K.  at  Prescott ;  also  communication  by  Steamer 
from  .Montreal,  and  also  from  Pembroke.  For  fur- 
ther particulars,  see  elsewhere. 

OTTERVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford,  Tp.  Norwich. 
Which  see. 

OUISEAU,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac.  On  North  Shore  of 
Upper  Ottawa,  above  AUumette  Island.  For  route, 
see  Avlmer  East. 

OUNGAH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Chatham.  In  which 
is  the  Chatham  Station  of  the  G.  W.  K. 

OWEN  SOUND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham. 
Route  by  Kail  from  Toronto  to  CoUingwood  97 
miles,  (Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway,)  and 
thence  by  Canadian  Steamer,  or  Stage  in  Minter, 
or  go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and 
Stratford  Section,  and  thence  by  Stage  through 
Fergus,  .Mount  Forest,  etc.     Population  about  '2iiOO. 

OXFORD,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Grenville.  A  Tp.  and  Station  on 
the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Railway,  17  miles  from  Pres- 
cott Junction  on  the  G.  T.  1{. ;  (no  Post-office  under 
that  name.)  but  see  Kemptville  and  Bishop's  .Mills. 

OXFORD  CENTRE,  C.  W.  In  Township  last  noticed, 
and  for  which  it  is  the  Post-office  address. 

OXFORD  MILLS,  C.  W.  For  route  and  situation,  see 
preceding  notice.  A  Post-office  is  attached,  and  is 
within  O.xford  Township.     Population  about  100. 

OXFORD  SOUTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford.  A  distinct 
Townslu'p,  in  which  is  Eastwood,  which  see. 

OXFORD  NORTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford.  A  distinct 
Townshi]!.  in  n  hich  is  IngersoU,  a  Town  and  Station 
on  the  (r.  \V.  R.,  which  see. 

OXFORD  WEST,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Oxford.  A  Tp.  in  which 
is  the  Reaehville  Station  of  the  G.  W.  R.  and  Swea- 
burg,  which  see,  for  routes  and  Post-offices. 

OSNAiJRUCK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Stormont  Co.  Aults- 
ville  and  IJickenson's  Landing  are  both  Stations  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  and  are  situate  in  this  Township. 
They  are  also  Post-offices,  as  is  Osnabruck  Centre. 
Dickenson's  Landing  is  the  preferable  Station. 


PAISLEY,  C.  "W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Elderslie.  A  Tp.  ad- 
joining Saugeen.  Go  to  Guelph,  on  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  to  Owen's  Sound  by  Stage.  Population 
about  l.^iil. 

PAKENHAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark.  South  of 
the  iiiver  Ottawa.  Go  to  Fitzroy  Harbour.  See 
Avlinir  East,  for  route.     Pojiulation  about  350. 

PALERMO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.  Go 
to  Oakville,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  2o0. 

PAPINEAUVILLE,  C.  E.,  Ottawa  Co.  In  Petite  Na- 
tion T]).,  fronting  the  North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa, 
between  Grenville  and  Carrillon.  Go  to  .Montreal 
for  Steamer  to  (jrenville.     Population  about  150. 

PARIS,  C.  W.,  Vo.  Brant,  Tp.  Dumfries,  South.  The 
Station  where  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railways  intersect.  See  preceding 
pages.     Population  about  2000. 

PAR.MA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg.  Go 
to  N.ipanee,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

PASHElilAC,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bonaventure.  South  of  the 
Gaspe  District,  on  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs.  Traders 
from  Quebec.     Population  about  200. 

PEEL,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  For  Towns, 
Route,  Villages,  and  Post-olhces,  see  AUansville, 
Alma,  and  Dravton. 

PEFFEKLAW,  C".  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Georgina.  On 
South  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe.  (to  to  Holland  Land- 
ing, on  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from 
Toronto  City.     Population  about  100. 


PELHAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  AVelland.  A  Tp.  For  Post- 
offices,  route,  etc.,  see  Fenwick,  Fonlliill,  and  Pel- 
ham  Union. 

PELHA.M  UNION,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Go  to  Port  Dalhousie  by  Steamer  from  Toronto,  or 
by  G.  W.  R.  to  St.  Catharine's  or  Jordan,  Hamilton 
and  Niagara  Section. 

PEMBROKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew.  Proposed  Ter- 
minus of  Brockville  and  Arnpi'ior  Railway.  On 
the  South  Shore  of  the  Ottawa,  about  90  miles  above 
Ottawa  City.  For  Steam  route,  see  Aylmer  East. 
Poi)ulalion  about  7nu. 

PENETANQUISHENE,  C.  W.  An  old  British  Fort, 
on  South-east  Shore  of  the  Georgian  Bay.  Go  to 
Barrie,  ou  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage  about  30 
miles,  or  to  CoUingwood,  the  Terminus  of  the  same 
Rail,  and  thence  by  Trading  Schooner.  Population 
about  350. 

PENVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Tecumseth.  Go 
to  Newmarket  or  Bradford,  on  Ontai-io,  Simcoe,  and 
Hui'on  Rail  from  Toronto. 

PERCE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Gaspe  District.  On  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  facing  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  Traders  from  Quebec.  Population 
about  1500. 

PERCY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Northumberland  Co.  For 
Post-office,  etc.,  see  Xorham.  Population  about  400. 

PERRYTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope.  Go  to 
Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.      Population  about  100. 

PERTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Drummond.  A 
County  and  Assize  Town.  On  the  Brockville  and 
Arnprior  Railway  now  forming.  Go  to  Brockville, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  .Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  and 
thence  by  Stage  through  Smith  Falls,  about  44 
miles  good  road.     Population  about  2500. 

PETERBOROUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp. 
North  Mun;iglian.  The  County  and  Assize  Town  of 
Peterborough  County.  Go  to  Cobourg,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  and  thence  by  Branch  Railway  to  Peterborough. 
See  preceding  pages.     Popidation  about  4nOO. 

PETERSBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wilmot.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  09  miles  from  Toronto. 
Population  a1)0ut  350. 

PETITE  NATION,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  be- 
tween Grenville  and  Carrillon.  For  Villages,  Post- 
offices,  and  route,  see  Montibello,  Papineauville, 
St.  Anilre  -Vvi-lin,  anil  St.  Angelique. 

PHILLIPSBURG  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missisquri,  Tp. 
St.  Armand.  On  the  boundary  separating  Canada 
from  the  State  of  Vermont.  St.  John's  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Richelieu  River  appears  to  be  the 
nearest  Railway  Point.     Population  about  500. 

PHILLIPSBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wilmot. 
Go  to  Petersburg  (in  the  same  township)  by  the  G. 
T.  R.     Population  about  100. 

PHILLIPSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.  Go 
to  Lvn,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  bv  road  North. 

PICKERING,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Ontario,  with 
Post-othce  and  Money  Order  of  the  same  name,  and 
in  which  are  Die  following  Stations  of  the  G.  T.  R.  : 
Port  Union,  17  miles  from  Toronto,  and  French- 
man's Bav,  21  miles. 

PICTON,  C.  W.  The  County  and  Assize  Town  of 
Prince  Edward's  Co.  Go  to  Belleville  from  the  west 
and  Kingston  from  the  east,  both  Stations  on  the  G. 
T.  R.,  and  from  either  Station  by  Bay  of  Quinte 
Steamer.  See  preceding  pages.  Population  about 
2000. 

PIERCEVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Y'amaska,  on  the 
South  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  on  the  River  St.  Law- 
rence. No  Railway  can  be  named  as  near.  Go  to 
Quebec  or  Montreal,  and  thence  bv  Steamer. 

PKiEON  HILL,  C.  E.  In  Missis<iuoi,"Tp.  St.  Armand, 
on  the  boundary  of  the  State  of  Vermont.  Nearest 
Railway,  Point  Lacolle  Station,  8S  miles  from  Mon- 
treal, on  Rouse's  Point  Railway. 

PILKINGTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  For 
Town,  Route,  and  Post-ollice,  see  Elora. 

PIKE  RIVER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Mi.ssisquoi,  Tp.  Stanbridge. 
(jo  by  .Montreal  and  Rouse's  Point  Kailway  to  La- 
colle, 3i  miles  from  Montreal. 

PINE  OKCIIAKI),  C.  AV.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch, 
in  which  Township  are  Aurora  and  Newmarket, 
I  both  Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto. 

PINE  RIVER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Huron,  fronting 

Lake  Huron.     Go  to  (ioderich,  44  miles  from  Strat- 

I      ford,  the  Junction  of  the  Toronto  and  Stratford  Sec- 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


65 


tion  of  the  6.  T.  R.  and  of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  | 
Huron  Rail. 

PITTSBURG,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Frontenac  Co.  For 
Route,  I'osl-ollices,  and  Villages,  see  Brewer's  Mills, 
Birmiiigluini,  and  Pitt's  Ferry. 

PLANTAliKM'.T,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Prescott,  North  of 
Corinvall,  to  wliicli  go  by  the  G.  T.  R. 

PLATTSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim,  is  a 
Station  on  the  BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  15 
miles  from  Paris  Junetion.     Population  about  5(10. 

PLVMPTON,  C.  M'.  A  Tp.  in  Lanibtan  Co.  For 
Route,  Villages,  and  Post-offices,  see  ErroU  and 
Hillsborough. 

POINT  ABINO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Bertie.  Go 
to  Fort  Erie  on  lUill'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

POINT  ALEXANDER,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Ross, 
on  the  South  Shore  of  Upper  Ottawa.  See  Aylmer 
East. 

POINT  AU  CIIENE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteuil,  on  North- 
east Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  St.  Anne's  on 
the  G.  T.  R. 

POINT  AUX  ANGLAIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Two  Mountains, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and  St. 
Lawrence.  Go  to  St.  Anne's  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  or 
Point  Claire,  15  miles  from  Montreal. 

POINT  ACX  TREMBLE.-^,  C.  E.,  (  o.  llochelaga,  in 
Isle  of  .Montreal,     tio  to  Montreal. 

POINT  AUX  TREMBLES,  C.  E,,  Co.  Portneuf,  near 
Cape  Sante,  on  the  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
about  'in  miles  above  Quebec. 

POINT  CLAIRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Jacques  Cartier.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  15  miles  from  Montreal,  (To- 
ronto Section). 

POINT  DU  LAC,  C.  E.,  Co.  St.  Maurice,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  east  end  of  Lake 
St.  Peter,  near  the  Three  Rivers,  at  which  the  Que- 
bec and  Montreal  Steamers  call. 

POINT  FORTUNE,  0.  E.,  Co.  Vandreuil,  in  Rigaud, 
on  the  South-west  Shore  of  the  Ottawa.  Go  to  Van- 
dreuil by  the  G.  T.  R.,  '24  miles  from  Montreal.  Pop- 
ulation about  15tl. 

POINT  LEVI,  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lawzon.  The  Ter- 
minus of  the  G.  T.  R.,  opjjosite  the  City  of  Quebec. 
Population  about  45(10. 

POINT  LEVI  EAST,  C.  E.     See  Point  Levi. 

POINT  PLATON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotbinere,  Tp.  St.  Croix. 
On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite 
Three  Rivers,  at  which  the  Montreal  and  Quebec 
Steamers  call. 

POINT  ST.  PETER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Gaspe,  Tp.  Afalbaie   a 
point  dividing  Gaspe  from  Mai  Bay  on  the  Lower  ^ 
St.  Lawrence,  near  the  Gulf. 

PONTIAC  MILLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Onslow,  on 
North  Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go  to  Ottawa  City 
by  the  Railway  frinn  Prescott  .Junction  of  the  G.  T. 
R.,  and  thence  liv  Stage  to  .Xylmer  East. 

PORl'AGE  1)U  FORT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Litch- 
field, north  of  the  (iran<l  Calumet  Island  on  the 
Upper  Ottawa.     For  route,  see  Aylmer  East. 

PORT'  ALBERT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Ashlield,  front- 
ing Lake  Huron.  Go  to  Godericii,  44  miles  from 
Stratford,  the  .hniction  of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  and  G.  T.  Railways. 

PORT  AU  PEUSIL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Charlevoix,  Tp.  Mount 
Murray,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about 
S(t  miles  below  Quebec,  near  Murray  Bay,  where  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  call. 

FORI'  BRUCE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahide.    Go 
to  Port  Stanley,  now  connected  with  the  G.  W.  R. 
by  Branch  Railway  to  London.     Population  about 
2(10. 
PORT  BURWFLL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Bayham,  ad- 
jciining  Township  to  Malahide.     See  Port  Bruce  for 
rnute.      l"ii|mlalion  about 'JOO. 
PORT  COLBORNE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Hum- 
berstone.     A  Station  fronting  Lake  Erie  on  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  04  miles  from  Paris  .luiic- 
tioii  of  the  (i.  \V.  R.,  and  9(5  miles  from  Stratford 
.lunction  of  the  (!.  T.  R.     I'opulation  about  800. 
PORT  CRKDIT,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobicoke.     A 
Station,  I'.'i  miles  from  Toronto  City,  on  G.  W.  R. 
)'(>liuh(tion  about  4()(). 
PORT  DALHOUSIE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Gran- 
tham.    A  Port  on  North  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  op- 
posite Toronto,  now  connected  by  a  Railway  Branch 
with  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  H0(». 
PORT  D.\NIEL,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Bonaventure,  at  en- 
trance of  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs  from  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.     Traders  from  Quebec. 


PORT  DOVER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  AVoodhouse. 
A  Port  on  .North  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.     Go  to  Simcoe 
by  Stage  from  Brantford,  and  thence  on.     Popula- 
tion aljout  1»00. 
PORT  ELMSLEY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Elmsley. 
Go  to  Kingston  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Rid- 
eau   Canal   .Steamers,   through  Smith   Falls,  or  to 
Brockville  by  same  section  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  ou 
bv  Smith  Falls'  Stage. 
PORT  HOOVER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Cartwright. 
Go  to  Bowmanville  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  43  miles  from 
Toronto.     Population  about  100. 
PORT    HOPE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope.     A 
main  and  Telegrai)h  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  G2 
miles  from  Toronto;    a  leading  Port  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  which  the  Royal  .Alail  Steamers  regularly 
call   daily ;    also    Steamers   for   Rochester,   N.    Y. 
Branch  Railway  from  hence  to  Lindsay.     See  pre- 
ceding pages.     Population  about  5000. 
PORTLAND,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in   Frontenac  Co.     For 
Route,  Aillages,  and  Post-offices,  see  Harrowsmith 
and  Murvale. 
PORTLAND,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.    Go  to 
Landsdowne  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  155  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Population  about  15(i. 
PORT  MAITLAND,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Sher- 
brooke,  a  port  on  Lake  Erie.     Go  to  DunuviUe  Sta- 
tion on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail,  45  miles 
from  Paris  .Junction  of  the  G.  AV.  R.,  and  77  miles 
from  Stratford  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  R.     Population 
about  5(1. 
PORT    .MILFORD,   C.   W.,    Co.  Prince   Edward,  Tp. 
Marysburg.     Milford  fronts  Lake  Ontario ;  but  the 
Stean[ers  call  at  Picton,  on  Bay  of  Quinte.     See  I'ic- 
ton  for  direct  route. 
PORT  NELSON,  C.  A\'.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Nelson.     A 
Port  on  Lake  Ontario.     Go  to  Wellington  Square,  a 
Station  of  the  G.  AV.  R.,  in  the  same  Township,  T 
miles  from  Hamilton. 
PORTNEUF,  C.  E.     A  Port  in  Co.  Portneuf,  on  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  about  oO  miles  above  Que- 
bec.   Steamers  pass  near  Cape  Sante.    Population 
about  750. 
PORT  PERRY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.     Go 
to  AVhitliy,  on  the  G.  T.   R.,  about  30  miles  from 
Toronto. 
PORT  ROBINSON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Tho- 
rold.     A  thriving   business   i)lace.      Money  Order 
Office.     Go  to  Thorold,  a  Station  on  the  G.  AV.  R., 
about  -U  miles  frotn  Hamilton  Citv. 
PORT  ROWAN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  AA'alsing- 
ham.     A  Port  on  Lake  Erie,      (io   to   Simcoe   by 
Brautfcird  Stage  from  Brantford  Station  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  ILuon  Railway.     Population  about 
450. 
PORT  ROYAL,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  AValsingham. 

See  Port  Rowan. 
PORT  RYERSE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
A  Port  on  Lake  Erie,  South  of  Simcoe,  the  County 
Town,  to  which  go  by  Stage  from  Brantford  Station, 
on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
PORTSMOUTH,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Suburb  of  the  City  of  Kingston  with  daily  Stage 
conne(-tion.  Go  to  Kingston  City  by  Steamers  from 
Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Cape  A'incent,  or  by  G.  T. 
R.  Population  about  COO. 
PORT  ST.  FRANCIS,  C.  E.  In  Nicolet.  A  Port  on 
the  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  East  end 
of  Lake  St.  Peter,  83  miles  below  Montreal,  a  usual 
place  of  call  for  the  (Juebec  and  Montreal  Steam- 
ers, about  '-"o  miles  distant  from  Arthabaska,  on  the 
G.  T.  R. 
PORT  SARNIA,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sarnia. 
The  Port  <m  Lake  Huron,  destined  as  the  Terminus 
of  the  G.  T.  R.  and  ii.  AV.  R.  Go  to  Stratford  by 
the  Buffalo  and  L;(ke  Huron,  or  by  the  G.  T.  R., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  A  Branch  of  St. 
Mary's  from  London,  on  the  G.  AV.  R.,  is  near  com- 
pletion. 
PORT  STANLEY,  C.  W.,Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth. 
A  leading  Canailian  Port  on  Lake  Erie  for  the  City 
of  London,  with  which  it  is  now  connected  by 
Branch  Railway.  Go  to  London  by  G.  AV.  R. 
Steamer  from  here  to  Cleveland,  Oliio,  3  times 
weekly. 
PORT  UNION.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  17  miles 
from  Toronto  City,  between  Scarborough  East  and 
Piikering.  (No  Post-office  under  that  name.)  Pop- 
ulation about  30. 


66 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


PORT  TALBOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Dunwich.  Go 
to  Kkfi'iil,  on  the  G.  W.  K.,  about  Uo  miles  from 
Ilaiiiiltun  City. 

POTT(JN,  0.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Brome  Co.  See  South 
I'ottcm, 

PRESCOTT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Augusta.  A 
Main  and  Telegraph  t^tatinn  of  the  G.  T.  K.  anfi 
Junetion  of  the  Ottawa  Uaihvay,  54  miles  from  Ot- 
tawa City,  2\'-i  miles  fiMiii  Moiiti-eal,  ami  ii'io  miles 
from  Toronto,  opposite  Ogilensburj;,  which  is  the 
Terminus  of  the  Northern  Hailway  from  Kouse"s 
I'oint ;  also  Port  on  St.  Lawrence,  at  which  all 
Canadian  Steamers  call.  See  preceding  pages. 
Population  about  4()U0. 

PRESTON,  C.  W.,Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.  Go 
to  Paris  by  the  G.  AV.  K.,  or  by  t!\e  Bullalo  and 
Lake  Huron,  and  thence  by  G.  W.  K.  Branch  for 
Preston  and  Gait.     Population  about  181)0. 

PRICEVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Artemesia.  In 
the  centre  of  the  North-west  District  or  line  of  pro- 
posed Central  Railway  from  Toronto  to  Owen's 
Sound.  No  Station  at  i)resent  adjacent,  but  Col- 
lingwood  or  Nottawasaga,  both  on  the  Ontario, 
Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from  Toronto,  would 
prove  most  eligible. 

PRINCETON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blenheim.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  about  7  miles  from  Paris 
Junction  of  G.  W.  R.  and  BulTalo  and  Lake  iluron 
Railway. 

PROSPECT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Beekwith.  Go  to 
Smith's  Falls  by  Rideau  Steamers  from  Kingston, 
C.  W.,  or  by  Stage  from  Brockville,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  75. 

PROTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Grey.  Go  to  Guelph,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Stage  North. 

PUSLINCH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington,  close  to 
Guelph,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  R. 


Q 

QUEBEC,  C.  E.     For  description,  see  elsewhere. 

QUEBEC  COUNTY,  C.  E.,  with  Quebec  City  as  the 
Ca])ital — fronts  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  iSouth — is 
bounded  on  the  North  by  Chicoutimi,  and  the  un- 
settled district  of  Lake  Quinquamacksis,  on  the 
West  by  County  Portneuf,  and  on  the  East  by 
County  Montraorenci. 

QUEENSBOROUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Elze- 
vir. Go  to  Madoc  by  Stage  from  Belleville,  which 
is  a  Main  Station  on  "the  G.  T.  R.  Section,  220  miles 
from  Montreal. 

QUEEN'STON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Niagara.  Go 
to  Niagara  by  G.  W.  R.,  about  48  miles  from  Ham- 
ilton, and  thence  by  Erie  and  Ontario  Railway  to 
Queenston,  8  miles,  or  go  by  Steamer  Zimmerman 
from  Toronto. 

QUEEXSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  East  Gwillim- 
bury.  (io  to  Holland  Landing,  which  is  a  Station 
in  the  same  Townshi))  on  tlie  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  from  Toronto. 


R 

RAGLAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.  In  Whitby  Township, 
in  which  is  the  Port  Whitby  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  *I0. 

RAll/l'ON,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  Go  to  Kingston 
by  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  or 
by  Steamers  from  East  and  West,  and  across  from 
Cape  Vincent.     Population  about  loO. 

RAINIIA.M  AND  RAINIIA.M  CENTRE,  C.  W.,  Co. 
llaldimand,  both  in  Rainham  Tp.,  fronting  Lake 
Erie,  (io  to  Cainville  or  Dunnville  by  the  Bull'alo 
and  Lake  Iluron  Railway.     Puimlation  about  200. 

RAPIDKS  DES  JOIA(  llI.SiS,  ('.  E.,  (.  o.  I'ontiac,  Tp. 
Aberdeen.  Above  Pembroke,  with  connnunication 
from  Aylmer  East  (which  see),  by  the  Upper  Otta- 
wa Union  Forwarding  Company.  Population  about 
60. 

RAT'HO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Blandford.  Go  to 
Princeton,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  to  Plattsville,  on  the 
BulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

RAVENSWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambtcui,  Tp.  Bosanquet, 
fronting  Lake  Iluron,  in  Port  Sarnia  District.  Rail- 
way incomplete.  See  St.  Mary's,  Blanshard,  or 
Stratford. 

RAWDON,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  .Montcalm,  on  North  Shore 


of  St.  Lawrence,  in  St.  Maurice  District.  Go  to 
Montreal  by  G.  T.  R.,  or  Steamers  from  (Quebec  and 
Toronto.     Po|)ulation  about  2."jO0. 

REACH,  C.  W.  A  Ti>.  in  Co.  Ontario.  Go  to  Port 
Whitby,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

READlNti,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Garafraxa. 
Go  to  Rockwood,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  to  Guelph, 
and  thence  by  Garafraxa  Gravel  Road.  Pojiula- 
tion  anout  20. 

Ri;AR  OF  CHATHAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  ArgenteuU. 
For  route,  etc.,  see  Dalesville. 

REDNERSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'rince  Edward.  In  the 
Tp.  of  Ameliasburg,  which  see.  Population  about 
loo. 

RENFREW,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Renfrew.  A  rising  Village 
in  a  new-settled  District,  with  Money  Order  Otlice, 
etc.,  in  the  Township  of  ilorton.  Go  to  Ferrall's 
Landing  or  Bonne  Chere  Point  on  Ujiper  Ottawa. 
For  route,  see  Aylmer  East ;  see  also  "  Free  Grant 
Lands,  named  as  the  Capital  Town  for  the  I'ounty 
Renfrew.     Population  about  450. 

REPENTIGNY,  C.  E.  In  L' Assumption.  On  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Montreal,  to  whicli 
go. 

RESTIGOUCHE,  C.  E.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  Bay 
of  Chaleurs.     For  Post-ollice,  etc.,  see  Cross  Point. 

RICEVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Plantagenet, 
which  see.     Population  about  100. 

RIC^HMOND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lennox.  For  principal 
Town  and  Railway  Station,  see  Napanee  ;  also,  for 
Post-oftices,  see  Roblin,  Selby,  and  Bowen.  Popu- 
lation aliout  220O. 

RICHMOND  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vauphan. 
On  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail.  Stages 
also  run  from  Toronto  daily,  except  Sundays.  Pop- 
ulation about  90(1. 

RICHMOND  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Goul- 
borne.  Go  to  Kelly's  Station  or  North  Osgoode  by 
the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Railway,  from  the  (i.  T.  R. 
at  Prescott,  or  by  Rideau  Canal  Steamers  that  ply 
between  Kingston,  Smith's  Falls,  and  Ottawa.  Pop- 
ulation al)out  t'lOO. 

RICHVIEW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  Gore.  Go 
to  Malton  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford 
Section,  or  to  Mimico,  on  tlie  li.  W.  R.  The  Town- 
ship being  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto  City,  between 
the  two  Railways  mentioned.    Population  about  40. 

RICHWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Hiding,  Tp. 
Blenheim.  Go  to  Druml)o,  on  the  Bull'alo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  9  miles  from  the  Paris  Junction  of 
that  Railway  and  the  G  W.  R.  Population  about 
1,50. 

RIDGETOWN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Howard.  Go  to 
Thamesville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  800. 

RIGAUD,  *'.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Vandreuil,  between  the 
Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers.  Go  to  Vandreuil, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  al)out  500. 

RIMOUSKI,  ('.  E.  A  Town  and  Tp.  in  Co.  Rimou- 
ski,  fronting  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  the  confluence 
of  the  Saguenay,  on  the  proi)osed  contiimation  of 
the  (r.  T.  R.  from  St.  Thomas  to  Nova  Scotia.  Ves- 
sels from  (Jueliec.     Poi)ulation  about  5000. 

RINGWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Whitchurch,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 
In  which  are  Aurora,  Newmarket,  both  Stations  on 
the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Iluron  Railway  from  To- 
ronto.    Po])ulation  al)out  200. 

RIVER  DAVID,  C.  E.  A  Post-olTice  in  Yamaska. 
Near  a  Tributary  to  the  River  St.  Francis,  which 
(lows  into  Lake  St.  Peter  (St.  Lawrence),  between 
iMontrcal  and  Three  Rivers.     Population  about.'iOOO. 

RIVER  DESERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa.  On  the  North 
Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go  to  Petite  Nation  by 
Steamer  from  Montreal. 

RIVER  ST.  I/)UIS,  C.  E.  In  St.  Louis,  Co.  Beauhar- 
nois.  On  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  a 
little  above  Montreal,  opposite  St.  Ann's,  to  which 
go  bv  G.  T.  R. 

RIVEliSDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Greenock. 
Near  Sangeen.  Go  to  Guelph  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  North  bv  Stage.     Population  about  5(i. 

RIVIERE  AU.X;  CANAliI>S,  C.  E.  In  (  harlevoix. 
On  the  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  the 
conllucnce  of  the  Saguenay,  about  90  miles  below 
Quebec.     Steamers  pa.ss. 

RIVIERE  DES  PRAIKIKS,  C.  E.    In  Isle  of  Montreal. 

On  the  St.  Lawrence,  dividing  the  Isle  of  Jesus  from 

Isle  of  Montri'al.     (io  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or 

G.  T.  R.     Poi)ulatinn  about  500. 

RIVIERE   DU   LOUP,  en   has,  C.  E.     A  favourite 


caxada:  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 


67 


Watering  Place  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, in  TeniiscouBta  ;  wliere  the  River  is  2(1  miles 
in  width,  being  nearly  opposite  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Saguenay,  100  miles  below  Quebec.  Go  by  the 
Saguenay  and  Lower  St.  Lawrence.  Steamers  from 
Quebec.  This  is  the  present  Terminus  of  Electric 
Telegra]>h  communication,  from  wlience  the  arrival 
of  the  Canailian  Mail  Steamers  is  aiuiouuced,  as 
thev  arrive  from  Livcriiool.    Population  about  2000. 

RlVlfeUE  DU  LOUP  EX  HAUT,  C.  E.  lu  Maskin- 
onge  District.  On  the  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, forming  part  of  the  St.  Maurice  Section  of 
the  country,  fronting  Lake  St.  Peter,  about  It  miles 
above  Three  Rivers ;  a  Port  for  the  (iiiebec  and 
Montreal  Steamers,  which  usuallv  call  there. 

RIVIERE  OUELLE,  ('.  E.  In  Kainouraska.  On  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  oO  miles 
below  St.  Thomas,  the  Eastern  Terminus  of  the  G. 
T.  R.  frcmi  Quebec.     Population  about  t-MO. 

ROBINSON,  C.  E.,  Co.  t'ompton,  Tp.  Bury.  Go  to 
the  East  of  Sherbrooke,  which  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
affords  liest  communication.     Pop\ilati(m  about  100. 

ROBLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.  Go  to 
Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ROCHESTER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Essex  Co.  Go  to 
Puce,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  about  13  miles  from  the  Ter- 
minus fit  Windsor. 

ROCKKORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  Go 
to  Brant  ford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
wav,  anil  thence  bv  Simcoe  Stage. 

ROCKTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley.  Go 
to  Duiidas,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  -tj  miles  from  the  City 
of  Hamilton.     Population  about  1.50. 

ROCKWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eramosa. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  42  miles  from  Toronto, 
and  S  miles  from  Guelph.     Population  about  400. 

ROLPH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Renfrew  Co.  For  Post- 
otUce,  route,  etc.,  see  Point  Alexander. 

ROLPH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Middleton.  Lying 
South  of  the  G.  W.  R.  some  20  miles.  Try  Inger- 
soll  Staticju  on  that  Railway,  19  miles  east  of  Lou- 
don, and  2H  West  of  Paris  Junction. 

ROCKl'ORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Escott.  Go  to 
Mallorv  Town,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ROMNEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.,  fronting  Lake 
Erie.  Go  to  Belle  River  or  Baptist  e  Creek,  both 
Stations  on  the  (r.  W.  R.,  near  Windsor. 

RONDEAU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Harwich.  Go  to 
Chatham,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

ROSEIiANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Brantford.  Go  to 
Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

ROSETTA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Lanark.  Go  to 
Brockville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  by  Stage  to  Perth. 
Po]>ulation  about  (50. 

ROSEVLLE,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
North  Dumfries.  Go  to  Paris  .Junction  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  and  G.  W.  Railways.  Popu- 
lation about  7.5. 

ROSLIN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow.  Go  to 
Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ROSS,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Renfrew  Co.  On  the  South 
Shore  of  the  Ci)per  Ottawa,  on  the  projected  line 
of  Railway  from  Arnprior  to  Pembroke.  For 
present  route,  see  .\ylmer  East. 

ROTHSAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Mar.vborough. 
Go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by 
O'Neil's  Stages  for  all  places  North-west. 

ROUGE  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering. 
Go  to  Frenchman's  Bay,  21  miles  from  Toronto,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.     Pojjulation  about  iA\. 

ROUGEIMONT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Rouville,  Tp.  St.  Caesaire. 
Go  to  St.  Hillaire,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  2.50. 

ROUVILLE,  C.  E.  See  Abbotsford,  Rougeraont,  and 
St.  C;esaire.  Villages  and  Post-offices  in  the  Dis- 
trict elsewhere  noticed. 

ROWAN  .MILLS.  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Walsing- 
ham.  Near  Lake  Erie,  South  of  any  Railway.  Go 
to  Brantford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  and 
thence  bv  Stage  to  Simcoe.     Population  about  l-SO. 

ROXHORO'UGH  AND  ROXBOROUGH  WEST.  Two 
adjoining  Townships  in  Co.  Stormont.  Go  to  Corn- 
wall, on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  2500. 

RO.XTON,  C.  E.,  commonly  called  South  Ro.\ton, 
which  see. 

RO.XTON  FALLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford,  Tp.  Roxton. 
Go  to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Population  about  500. 

RUSSELL,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Russell.     Go  to  Dick- 


enson's Landing  or  Cornwall,  both  Stations  on  the 

C    T    R 

RUSSELL  TOWN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay.     Go  to 

Sherrington  Station,  y2  miles  from  Montreal,  on  the 

Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Rail. 
RYCK.NL\N"S  C()ltNEi;s,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp. 

Glanford.     Go  to  Miildleport,  on  the  Buffalo  and 

Lake  Huron  Railway. 


s 

ST.  ADELE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  Abercrombie. 
North  of  Isle  Jesus,  opposite  Montreal.  Go  to 
Monti'eal  by  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
1400. 

ST.  AGATHA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riiling,  Tp, 
Wilmot.  Go  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  700. 

ST.  AIME,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.  Go  to  Sorel,  on  the 
St.  Lawrence,  at  the  conlhience  of  River  Richelieu 
and  St.  Lawrence,  by  the  Steamers  that  ply  between 
Montreal  and  Quebec.     Poi)ulation  about  5uO. 

ST.  ALEXANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Kamouraska.  On  South 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec  about  70 
miles.  St.  Thomas  Station,  44  miles  below  Quebec, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  is  the  nearest  Railway  point.  Pop- 
ulation about  10(10. 

ST.  ALEXANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  Go  to  St. 
John's,  on  o])posite  Shore  of  River  Richelieu,  on 
the  Chami)lain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railwaj,  21  miles 
from  Montreal.     Population  about  200. 

ST.  ALEXIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm,  Tp.  St.  Sulpice. 
In  the  St.  Maurice  Section,  North  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, neaidy  opposite  Montreal,  and  near  Assump- 
tion, to  which  go.     Pojiulation  al)out  15(10. 

ST.  ALPHONSE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Joliette,  North  of  St.  Law- 
rence, in  the  St.  Maurice  district,  at  the  back  of 
Berthier  en  haut,  which  see.    Population  about  1700. 

ST.  .\NDRE,  Co.  Kamouraska,  fronting  South  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  ojjposite  .Murray  Bay,  to 
which  go  by  Steamers  from  Quebec.  Steamers 
usuallv  call  at  Kamouraska. 

ST.  ANDRE  AA  ELIN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite 
Nation.  On  North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa. 
Go  bv  Steamers  from  Montreal.  Population  about 
125.  ■ 

ST.  ANDREWS  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  ArgenteuiL 
Railway  projected.  On  North-east  Shore  of  River 
Ottawa,  near  confluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Steamers  touch  on  the  way  to  and  from  MoutreaL 
Population  about  12.50. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp. 
CornwaU.  Go  to  Cornwall,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  (58 
miles  from  Montreal,  7  miles  from  Cornwall. 

ST.  ANGELIQUE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite  Na- 
tion. On  North-east  Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go 
by  Steamer  fr(un  Montreal. 

ST.ANICET,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  in  Godmanches- 
ter,  which  see. 

ST.  ANNE  BOUT  DE  L'ISLE,  C.  E.  In  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  Isle  of  Montreal,  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  21  miles  from  the  City. 

ST.  ANNE  DE  LA  PARADE,  C.  E.  In  (_  hamplain. 
Go  to  Mooer's  Junction,  on  Montreal  and  Platts- 
burg Rail,  47  miles  from  Mmitreal. 

ST.  ANN  DES  MONTES,  C.  E.  A  Settlement.  In 
Gaspe  or  Cape  St.  .\nne,  on  South  Shore  of  St.  Law- 
rence, near  Cape  Chatts.  Go  by  Steamers  or  Tra- 
ders from  Quebec,  about  170  miles.  Population 
about  13(100. 

ST.  ANN  DES  PLAINES,  C.  E.  In  Terrebonne,  on 
North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Isle  Je- 
sus. Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  2000. 

ST.  ANNE  LA  POCATIERE,  C.  E.  In  St.  Anne's 
Bay,  in  Kamouraska.  A  Settlement  on  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Steamers  touch  at 
KaTuouraska,  and  occasionally  at  St.  Anne,  from 
Quebec ;  and  St.  Thomas  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.  is 
about  25  miles  distant. 

ST.  ANNE'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Gainsborough. 
Go  to  Beamsville,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  1.5(1. 

ST.  ANSELME,  C.  E.  In  Dorchester  Co.  Go  to 
Craig's  Road  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  15  miles  from 
Point  Levi.     Po]>ul.ition  about  :5000. 

ST.  ANTOINE  LOTBINIERE,  C.  E.  In  Lotbinierc, 
on  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  15  miles  above 


68 


caxada:  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 


Quebec,  to  which  go  by  Steamer  or  by  G.  T.  R.,  to 

Craig's  Roail  Station,  1.")  miles  from  Point  Levi. 

ST.  ANTOINK,  1U\  ER  lUrilKLIEC,  C.  I':.,  Co.  Ver- 
cheres.  On  tlie  Soutli  of  St.  Lawrence,  below 
Montreal.  (Jo  to  St.  Hillaire  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  17 
miles  from  Montreal. 

ST.  AUMAND  CKNTRE,  0.  E.  In  Missisquoi,  on  the 
borders  of  the  State  of  Vermont.  Go  to  Compton, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section, 
110  miles  from  Montreal,  thence  to  Charleston  6 
miles,  to  Stanstead  Plain  14  miles. 

ST.  AR.MAXD'S.  See  Frelicksl)urg  and  St.  Armand 
Centre.     Population  about  llli). 

ST.  ARSENE,  C.  E.  In  Teniiscouata  Co.,  near  Ca- 
couna,  where  the  Steamers  touch  from  Quebec,  and 
where  there  is  accommodation.  Population  of 
Parish  about  25im. 

ST.  ATHAXASE,  C.E.  A  Tp.  in  Iberville.  Go  to  St. 
John's  Station,  on  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence, 
21  miles  from  Montreal,  and  cross  River  Richelieu. 
Population  about  ISOO. 

ST.  Al'GUSTIX,  C.  E.  In  Portneuf,  on  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  10  miles  above  Quebec. 

ST.  AUGUSTIX  TWO  MOUXTAIXS,  C.  E.,  Two 
Mountains  Co.  On  Lower  Ottawa,  near  confluenee 
with  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  Montreal  or  St.  Anne's, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 

ST.  BARXABE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  St.  Maurice.  On 
North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  Three 
Rivers  as  the  nearest  Port  at  which  Steamers  touch 
between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  Population  about 
16iiO. 

ST.  BARXABE,  C.  E.  On  River  Yamaskfe,  in  St.  Hya- 
cinthe  Co.  Go  to  St.  Hillaire,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Mon- 
treal and  Portland  Section,  about  17  miles  from 
Montreal.     Population  about  60. 

ST.  BARTHELAME  IX  BEIITHIER,  C.  E.  On  the 
North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Sorel, 
at  which  Port  the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers 
touch.     Population  about  2500. 

ST.  BAZILE,  C.  E.  In  Portneuf,  on  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence,  between  Quebec  and  Three  Rivers, 
at  which  Port  the  Slontreal  and  Quebec  Steamers 
call.     Pojiulation  about  lUOO. 

ST.  BEXOIT,  C.  E.  In  Two  Mountains,  fronting  the 
confluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  oppo- 
site Isle  of  Jesus.  Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  and 
Rail.    Population  about  1000. 

ST.  BERNARD,  C,  E.  In  Co.  Dorchester.  Go  to 
Craigs  Road  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  l.">oo. 

ST.  BRIG  IDE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville,  Tp.  Monoir.  Go 
to  St.  Hillaire,  on  the  G.  T.  R.    Population  about  75. 

ST.  BRUXO,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Chambley.  Go  to  Lon- 
geuil,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Terminus. 

ST.  CASI.MIR,  C.  E.     In  Co.  Portneuf.  See  St.  Bazile. 

ST.  CATIIARIXES  EAST,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Portneuf,  Tp. 
Fossambault.  On  River  Jacques  Cartier,  about  i) 
miles  from  Les  Ecuriels  (the  Port  at  the  confluence 
of  that  River  and  the  St.  Lawrence),  which  is  25 
miles  above  Quebec.     Population  about  50. 

ST.  CATHARINES  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln, 
Tp.  Grantham.  A  Steamer  from  Toronto,  or  the  G. 
W.  R.  from  Hamilton  and  Xiagara  to  St.  Catha- 
rine's Station,  11^  miles  from  Xiagara,  and  32  from 
Hamilton.     See  preceding  pages. 

ST.  CELE.<riX,  C.  E.  In  Xicolet  Co.,  fronting  the 
St.  Lawrence,  on  the  South  Shore,  opposite  Three 
Rivers,  where  the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers 
call.     Population  about  1300. 

ST.  C.ESAIRE,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Rouville.  Go  to  St. 
Hillaire  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
15U0. 

ST.  CHARLES  (on  River  Richelieu),  C.  E.,  Co.  St. 
Hyacinthe,  Tp.  St.  Charles.  Go  to  St.  Hillaire,  on 
the  li.  T.  R.     Population  about  400. 

ST.  CllARLE.S  (River  Boyer),  C.  E.  In  Bellechasse. 
A  Station  on  the  St.  Thomas  Section  of  the  G.  T. 
R.,  25  miles  below  Quebec.     Population  aliout  2350. 

ST.  CHUISTOPHE  (L'Arthabaska),  C.  E.  In  Co.  Ar- 
tbabaska.  Go  to  .Vrthaliaska  Station,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  Quebec  and  Richmonil  Section,  32  miles  north 
of  Richmond  Junction,  and  (14  miles  from  Quebec 
(Point  Levi).     Population  about  250. 

ST.  CLAIRK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Dorchester  Co.  Chau- 
diere  Junction  and  Craig's  I{oad  are  the  Stations 
on  the  Quebec  and  Richmond  Section  of  the  G.  T. 
R.  for  Co.  Dorchester.     Population  about  2.ioO. 

ST.  CLEMEXT'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Xorth  Riding, 


Tp.  Wellesley.  Go  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 

ST.  (_  LET,  C.  E.  In  Vandreuil.  Go  to  Vandreuil 
Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  24  miles  west  of  Montreal. 

ST.  COLUMBIX,  C.  E.  In  Two  Mountains,  fronting 
the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence 
Rivers.  Go  to  St.  Anne's  las  nearest  Stations  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  21  miles  west  of  Montreal. 

ST.  COXSTAXT,  C.  E.  In  Laprairie  Co.  Go  to  Junc- 
tion Station,  on  the  Chamidain  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railroad,  11  miles  south  of  Montreal. 

ST.  CROIX,  C.  E.  In  Lotbiniere.  On  the  River  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  Cape  Sante.  Black  River  Sta- 
tion, 20  miles  below  Point  Levi,  is  the  nearest  Rail- 
way point.     Population  about  2300. 

ST.  CUTHBEUT,  C.  E.  In  Berthier,  nearly  opposite 
Sorel.  On  the  St.  Lawrence,  a  Port  for  the  Quebec 
and  Montreal  Steamers.  At  the  back  of  Berthier 
Aillage,  for  which  make.     Pojjulation  about  2500. 

ST.  CYRILLE,  C.  E.  In  L'Islet,  on  South  Shore  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  St.  Thomas  Terminus  of 
G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  District,  and  then 
about  12  miles  distance.     Population  about  500. 

ST.  DAMASE,  C.  E.  In  St.  Hyacinthe  Co.  Go  to 
St.  Hyacinthe  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  30  miles 
from  Montreal.     Population  about  180. 

ST.  DAVIDS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Niagara.  Go 
to  Niagara  by  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  3o0. 

ST.  DENIS,  C.  E.  On  River  Richelieu,  in  St.  Hya- 
cinthe, which  see.     Population  about  70o. 

ST.  DEXIS  DE  LA  BOUTILLIERE,  C.E.  In  Kamou- 
raska,  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
about  40  miles  below  St.  Thomas  Terminus  of  G.  T. 
R.  from  Quebec.     Population  about  20(IO. 

ST.  DID.VCE,  C.  E.  In  Lanaudiere  (^Llskinonge  Dis- 
trict), on  Xorth  Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence,  ojiposite 
Sorel,  9  miles  east  of  Berthier,  which  see.  Popula- 
tion about  10(10. 

ST.  DO.MIXKJCE,  C.  E.  In  Co.  Bagot.  Go  to  Acton, 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  EDOUARD,  C.  E.  In  Xapierville.  Go  to  Sher- 
rington, 32  miles  south  of  Montreal.  A  Station  on 
the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway.  Population 
about  2.50. 

ST.  ELIZABETH,  C.  E.  In  Joliette  Co.  On  River 
Bayonne.  Go  to  Berthier,  on  the  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Sorel,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
St.  Peter.     Population  about  250. 

ST.  ELOI,  C.  E.  In  Temiscouata,  on  the  South  Shore 
of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Saguenav.     (io  to  Riviere  du  Loup,  which  see. 

ST.  ELZE.j[R,  C.  E.,  Co.  Beauce.  Go  to  Black  River 
or  Craig's  Road  Stations,  on  the  Quebec  and  Rich- 
mond Sections  of  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about  2500. 

ST.  ESPRIT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm.  On  North  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  Montreal.  Go  to  Mon- 
treal bv  Steamer  or  Rail. 

ST.  ETIEXXE,  C.  E.  In  St.  JIaurice.  On  River 
Batiscan,  about  20  miles  below  Three  Rivers,  to 
which  go  by  the  Steamers  that  ply  between  Mon- 
treal and  Quebec.     Population  about  2000. 

ST.  EUSTACHE,  C.  E.  In  Two  Mountains.  A 
considerable  Lumber  Station  on  projected  Line  of 
Montreal  and  Ottawa  Railway,  (io  to  St.  Ann's, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  to  Montreal.     Pop.  about  2500. 

ST.  FABIEN,  C.  E.  In  Uimouski,  a  few  miles  west  of 
Bic,  on  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  See 
Bic.     Population  about  lloo. 

ST.  FAMILLE,  C.  E.  In  the  Isle  of  Orleans,  in  Mont- 
morenci  Co.,  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  below 
Quebec.  Go  to  (Juebec  bj-  the  G.  T.  R.  or  Steam- 
ers.    Population  about  90O. 

ST.  FELIX  DE  VALOI.s,  C.  E.  In  Joliette.  See  De 
Ramsay.     I'upidatinn  about  3000. 

ST.  FEllEOL,  C.  E.  In  Montmorenci  Co.  On  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec.  Go  to  Quebec. 

ST.  FLA  VIE,  C.  E.  Rimouski.  Go  to  Bic,  which 
see.     Pojiulation  about  2oOO. 

ST.  FOY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  near  City  of  Quebec,  to 
whicli  go  by  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R.  from  Montreal  and 
Portland. 

ST.  FRANCIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Yamaska.  On  the  River 
St.  Francis,  which  unites  with  the  St.  Lawrence  at 
the  head  of  Lake  St.  Peter.  Steamers  from  Mon- 
treal touch.     Poiiulation  about  800. 

ST.  FRANCIS  .MILLS,  C.  E.  Some  of  the  largest 
and  most  complete  in  Canada,  on  the  St.  Francis, 
near  the  Brompton  Fall's  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  90 
miles  from  Montreal. 


caxada:  cities,  towxs,  and  villages. 


69 


ST.  FRANCOIS  (Montmagni\  C.  E.  In  Montmagni 
Co.  Go  to  St.  Thomas  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  K., 
44  miles  below  Quebec.  Population  of  Parish  about 
olKMI. 

ST.  FRANCOIS  D'ORLEAXS,  C.  E.  On  Isle  of  Or- 
leans, in  Montmorenei  Co.,  on  the  St.  Lawrence, 
just  below  Quebec.  Go  to  Quebec  by  Steamer  or 
Rail. 

ST.  FRANQOIS  (Beauce),  C.  E.  In  Beauce  Co.  No 
Station  can  be  named  as  the  nearest.  Try  Black 
River,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  Richmond  Sec- 
tion, and  go  south-east. 

ST.  GABRIEL  (de  Brandon),  C.  E.  In  Berthier.  A 
Tp.  in  Berthier,  near  Lake  Maskinonge,  at  the 
source  of  the  River  Bayonne,  which  empties  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  near  Berthier,  which  see.  Popu- 
lation of  Parish  about  3000. 

ST.  GENEVIEVE,  C.  E.  In  Jacques  Cartier  (Mon- 
treal Island).  Go  to  Blue  Bonnets  or  Point  Clair, 
the  first  two  Stations  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  from  Mon- 
treal. 

ST.  GEORGE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Beauce  Co.,  near 
River  Chaudiere,  which  flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
opposite  Quebec.  Go  to  Chaudiere  Junction  or 
Chaudiere  Station,  about  9  miles  from  Quebec 
(Point  LeviV     Population  about  1600. 

ST.  GEORGE,  (Brant),  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  East  Rid- 
ing, Tp.  South  Dumfries.  Go  to  Paris  Junction  of 
G.  \V.  R.  and  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railways. 
Popul.ition  about  600. 

ST.  GEORGE  (Hastings),  C.  W.  See  Ivanhoe.  New 
Post-office. 

ST.  GERTRUDE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Nicolet,  fronting 
the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite' 
Three  Rivers,  where  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steam- 
ers touch.     Population  about  1300. 

ST.  GERVAIS,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Bellechasse.  Go  to 
Chaudiere,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,9  miles  from  Point  Le\'i, 
opposite  Quebec.     Population  about  3000. 

ST.  GILES,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Lotbiniere.  Go  to  the 
Black  River  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and 
Richmond  Section,  20  miles  from  Point  Levi,  oppo- 
site Quebec.     Population  about  lliKi. 

ST.  GREGOIRE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Nicolet,  fronting  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  oi>posite  Three 
Rivers,  where  the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steamers 
call.     Population  about  3G0O. 

ST.  llfeLilNE,  C.  E.    In  Kamouraska.    See  Kamour- 

ST.  HfeLt;NE,  (DE  BA60T,)  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot.  Go  to 
Upton  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  of  parish  about 
200. 

ST.  HELEN'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Wawanosh.  Go 
to  Stratford  Junction  of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
and  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and 
thence  bv  Stage  to  (ioderich,  44  miles. 

ST.  H£NEDINE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  Dorchester.  Go  to 
Chaudiere,  8  miles  from  Point  Levi  Terminus  of 
Quebec  and  Richmond  Railway.  Population  of 
parish  about  13o0. 

ST.  HENRI,  C.  E.,  in  Lauzon,  Co.  Levi.  Go  to  Point 
Levi  Station,  opposite  Quebec,  and  thence  to  St. 
Henri,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St. 
Thomas  Section.     Population  of  Parish  about  3200. 

ST.  HERMAS,  C.  E.,  in  Two  Mountains,  opposite  Mon- 
treal, on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  con- 
fluence of  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  Point 
Claire  on  G.  T.  R.,  15  miles  from  Montreal.  Popu- 
lation about  15<10. 

ST.  HILAIRE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  Rouville,  a  Tp.  and  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  17  miles  from  Montreal.  Pop- 
ulation about  1600. 

ST.  HUGUES,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot  Go  to  Upton  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  43  miles  from  Montreal.  Population  about 
450. 

ST.  HYACINTHE,  C.  E.  A  Town  in  St.  Hyacinthe 
Co.,  and  a  Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  :^0  miles  from  Montreal.     Population  about  5000. 

ST.  IRENfeE,  C.  E.  In  Charlevoi.x,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  Murray  Bay,  SO  miles 
below  Quebec.  Go  by  Lower  St.  Lawrence  Steam- 
ers from  Quebec,  now  a  favourite  place  of  summer 
resort.     Population  about  200. 

ST.  ISIDORE  (DORCHESTER),  C.  E.  Go  to  Chau- 
diere on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  Richmond  Sec- 
tion.    Population  of  parish  about  2000. 

ST.  ISIDORE  (LAPRAIRIE),  C.  E.,  Co.  Laprairie.  A 
Station  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway,  21 
miles  from  Montreal.     Population  about  200. 


ST.  IVES,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  TVest  Missouri. 
Go  to  St.  Mary's,  Blanshard,  by  Stage  from  London 
on  the  G.  AV.  !{.,  (Railway  Branch  now  forming,)  or 
by  Stage  from  Stratford  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railwav. 

ST.  JACOB'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Woolwich.  Go  to  Berlin  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  400. 

ST.  JACQUES,  C.  E..  Co.  L'Assumption,  Tp.  St.  Sul- 
pice,  on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Slon- 
treal.  Go  to  Montreal,  and  thence  by  Steamer  or 
Trader.     Poimlalion  of  parish  about  3iiOO. 

ST.  JACQUES  LE  MINEUR,  C.  E.,Co.  Laprairie.  Go 
to  St.  Isidore  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Rail- 
wav.    Population  about  2.50. 

ST.  JANVIER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  De  Blain- 
ville.  Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or  Railway,  and 
cioss  from  Isle  Jesus  to  opposite  shore.  Population 
of  parish  aliout  lOOO. 

ST.  JEAN  B.^PTISTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Rouville.  Go  to  St. 
Hilaire  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  JEAN  CHRVSOSTO.ME  (CHATEAUGUAY),  C.  E., 
Chateauguay.  Go  to  St.  Isidore  Station  on  the  Mon- 
treal and  Plattsburg  Railway,  21  miles  South  of 
Montreal.     Population  about  tiOO. 

ST.  JEAN  CHRYSOSTO.ME  (LEVI),  0.  E.,  Co.  Levi, 
Tp.  Lauzon.  Go  to  Point  Levi,  the  G.  T.  R.  Ter- 
minus of  Quebec  and  Richmond  Section  for  Quebec. 
Population  of  parish  about  ISOO. 

ST.  JEAN  DES  CHILLONS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotbiniere. 
Go  to  Somerset  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  Rich- 
mond Railway,  49  miles  from  Quebec,  and  47  from 
Richmond  Junction. 

ST.  JEAN  D'ORLEANS,  C.  E.  Isle  of  Orleans,  on  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  just  below  the  City  of  Quebec, 
to  which  go. 

ST.  JEAN,  PORT  JOLT,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.  Go  to  St. 
Thomas  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  east  of 
Point  Levi,  and  then  a  distance  of  20  miles  by  road  ; 
or  by  Steamers  from  Quebec,  it  being  a  Port  on  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  which  they 
usually  call.     Population  of  jiarish  about  3s(l0. 

ST.  JEROME,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne.  Opposite  Isle 
Jesus,  North  of  Montreal,  to  which  go  by  Steamer 
or  Rail.     Population  of  parish  at)out  1.50(i. 

ST.  JOHNS  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  St.  John's.  Go  by 
Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway  to  St.  John's 
Station,  21  miles  from  Montreal,  situated  on  the 
AVest  side  of  the  River  Richelieu.  Population  about 
4500. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Go  to  Thorold  on  the  G.  W.  R.   Population  about  150. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Beauce.  Go  to  Somer- 
set on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  then  by  Road  east  about  22 
miles.  The  Chaudiere  River  flows  through  the  Tp., 
and  Chaudiere  Junction  Station,  on  the  same  Sec- 
tion, is  about  25  miles  distant.  Population  of  par- 
ish about  3000. 

ST.  JOSEPH  DU  LAC  (TAVO  MOUNTAINS),  C.  E., 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence 
Rivers.  Go  to  Montreal  or  St.  -Anne's  on  by  G.  T. 
R.     Population  of  parish  about  125(t. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  ISLAND,  C.  AA'.  Lying  in  St.  Mary's 
Straits,  on  Lake  Huron,  10  miles  above  Point  de 
Tour,  running  east  and  west  20  miles,  and  about  15 
miles  wide.  Steamers  call  from  Saulte  St.  Marie 
and  Collingwood,  97  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
Simcoe,  Huron,  and  Ontario  Railway. 

ST.  JUDE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  St.  Hyacinthe.  Go  to  Hya- 
cinthe on  the  G.  T.  R.     Po]mlation  about  250. 

ST.  JULIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vercheres.     See  Beloceil. 

ST.  JULIENNE,  C.  E.,  Co.  .Montcalm.  See  Rawdon, 
Chertsev,  etc.     Population  of  parish  about  1500. 

ST.  LAMIJERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lauzon.  Go  to 
Point  Levi  on  G.  T.  R.  Population  of  parish  about 
1100. 

ST.  LAURENT  D'ORLEANS,  Co.  Montmorenei.  On 
the  Island  of  Orleans  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  just  be- 
low Quebec,  to  which  go  by  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R. 
Population  of  Parish  about  1000. 

ST.  LAURENT,  C.  E.,  Montreal,  Co.  Hochelaga,  on 
the  Isle  of  Montreal.  Go  to  Montreal  by  Steamer 
or  Railwav.     Populaticm  of  parish  about  3(i00. 

ST.  LAZARE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bellechasse.  Go  to  St.  Henvi 
from  Chaudii^re  on  the  Junction,  a  Station  on  tlio 
Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Railway,  17  miles  from  Point 
Levi.     Population  of  parish  about  ISou. 

ST.  LEON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Maskenonge  Dumontier.     On 


70 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  (Lake  St.  Peter).  See 
Kiviere  du  Loup  en  haul,  which  Uows  through  Tp. 
Dumoiitier. 

ST.  LIGUUKI,  C.  E.,  Montcahn.  On  North  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.  See  L'Assumption  and  St.  Maurice 
Territory. 

ST.  LIN.     See  L'Assumption. 

ST.  liOULS.     See  Uiver  St.  Louis. 

ST.  LOUIS  DE  GOUZAGUE,  C.  E.,  in  Beauhaeois, 
fronting  the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  op- 
posite Cedar.  Go  to  Cedar's  Road  Station,  20  miles 
west  of  Montreal,  on  the  G.  T.  li. 

ST.  LUC,  C.  E.,  in  St.  John's.     See  St.  John's  East. 

ST.  LUCE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Uimouski,  which  fronts  the  South 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  the  confluence  of 
the  Sa.guenay,  a  ])Ort  below  Lie,  and  on  the  extended 
Grand  Trunk  E.xteusion.  i'o))ulation  of  parish 
about  2ii00. 

ST.  MAKC,  G.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Vercheres,  below  Mon- 
treal, on  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to 
Montreal. 

ST.  MAKCEL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu,  on  South  Shore  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  William  Henri  iSorel),  wliich 
see. 

ST.  MAGUERITE,  0.  E.,  Tp.  Dorchester.  See  Chau- 
di6re. 

ST.  JIARIE.    See  La  Beauce. 

ST.  MARIE  DE  MONOIR,  C.  E.,  in  Rouville.  Go  to 
St.  Ililaire  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  MARTHE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vandreuil,  Tp.  Rigaud,  on 
South-west  Bank  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  Van- 
dreuil on  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  MARTIN,  C.  E.  Isle  Jesus  (Laval  Section).  Go 
to  Point  Claire,  on  G.  T.  R.,  15  miles  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
from  Montreal,  and  thence  to  St.  Martin,  North. 

ST.  MARTINE,  C.  E.  In  Chateauguay.  Go  to  Sher- 
rington, on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Line,  32 
miles  from  Montreal. 

ST.  MARY'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Blanshard. 
Populatii.n  about  2500. 

ST.  MATIIIAS,  C.  E.  In  Rouville.  Go  to  St.  Hilaire, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  17  miles  from  Montreal. 

ST.  MICHEL,  C.  E.  Opposite  Caughnawaga.  Go  to 
Lachine  by  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway,  on 
Isle  of  Montreal.     Not  a  Post-olBce. 

ST.  MICHEL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Bellechasse.  On  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  St.  Henri, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and  St.  Thomas  Section-. 

ST.  MODESTE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Temiscouata,  Tp.  Whit- 
worth,  near  Trois  Pistoles,  proposed  Terminus  of 
St.  Andrew's  (New  Brunswick)  and  Quebec  Railway 
and  Junction  with  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  MONIQUE,  C.  E.  In  Nicolet,  fronting  the  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  Three  Rivers,  to  which  go. 

ST.  NARCISSE,  C.  E.  Champlaiu.  Go  to  Chaniplain, 
4  miles  from  Rouse's  Point  iN.  Y.),  on  the  Northern 
Railroad  from  Ogdensburg  ^N.  Y.). 

ST.  NICHOLAS,  C.  E.  Levi.  Go  to  Point  Levi,  on 
the  0.  T.  R. 

ST.  NORBERT,  C.  E.     In  Berthier.     See  Berthier. 

ST.  OURS,  0.  E.  On  Richelieu  River.  Go  by  Steamer 
to  and  from  Henry  William,  or  Sorel  from  Montreal 
and  the  Richelieu  River. 

ST.  PAC'O.ME,  C.  E.     Kamouraska.   See  Karaoulraska. 

ST.  PASCH.\L,  C.  E.     See  Kamouraska. 

ST.  PAUL  D'INDUSTRIE,  C.  E.,Joliette  Co.  Seeln- 
dustrv. 

ST.  PAUL'S  BAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Charlevoix.  On  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  Isle  Aux 
Condres,  about  Go  miles  below  Quebec,  the  first 
landing-place  of  Jacques  Cartier.  Go  by  Steamers 
from  (Juebec. 

ST.  PHILLIPPE,  C.  E.  In  Laprairie.  Go  to  St. 
Lambert,  on  Junction  on  Montreal  and  Rouse's 
Point. 

ST.  PHILOMENE,  C.  E.  In  Chateauguay.  Go  to  St. 
Isidore,  on  the  Montreal  an<l  Plattsburg  Rail. 

ST.  PIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot.  Go  to  St.  Hyacinthe,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  .>Iontreal  and  Portland  Section. 

ST.  PIERRE  D'ORLEANS.     See  Isle  of  Orleans. 

ST.  I'IKRRK,  C.  E.  Mnntmagni.  Go  to  St.  Thomas, 
on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  49  miles  from  Quebec. 

ST.  PIERRE  LES  BECQUETS.     See  Nicolet. 

ST.  I'LACIDE.     See  Two  Mountains. 

ST.  POLYCARP,  C.  E.  In  Soulanges.  Go  to  Cedars 
Road  Station,  29  miles  from  ;\Ioiilreal,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  PRO.-'l'ER,  C.  E.,  Chainplain  <,c).  Go  to  Cham- 
plain,  on  Rouse's  Point  and  Ogden.sburg  Railway, 
4  miles  from  Rouse's  Point. 


ST.  RAPHAEL  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  Char- 
lottenburg.  Go  to  Lancaster  Station,  54  miles  from 
Montreal,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  RAPHAEL  EAST,  C.  E.,  Bellechasse  Co.  Go  to 
St.  Henri,  on  the  St.  Thomas  Section  of  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  RAYMtJND,  C.  E.     See  Portneuf. 

ST.  ROBERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.  Go  to  St.  Uillaire, 
on  the  (i.  T.  R. 

ST.  ROCHES  DES  AUNAIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.  See 
Port  Jolie. 

ST.  ROCHALIE,  C.  E.  In  St.  Hyacinthe.  Go  to  St. 
Hyacinthe,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,36  miles  from  Montreal, 
on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  ROCH  L'ACHIGAN.    See  L'Assumption. 

ST.  ROSE,  C.  E.  In  Isle  Jesus  (Laval).  Go  to  Mon- 
treal. 

ST.  SAUVEUR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  Abercrom- 
bie,  North  of  New  Carlisle,  on  North  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence.    See  St.  Adele  and  St.  Maurice  Territorj-. 

ST.  SCHOLASTIQUE,  C.  E.     See  Two  Mountains. 

ST.  SI.MON  DE  YAMASKA.  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot,  Tp.  De 
Ramsay,  on  South  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter.  Go  to 
St.  Francis  (Yamaska).  Steamers  touch  from  Que- 
bec and  Montreal. 

ST.  SIMON  DE  RIMOUSKI,  0.  E.,  Co.  Rimouski.  On 
the  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.  A  Port  between 
Trois  Pistoles  and  Bic,  which  see. 

ST.  SOPHIE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantic,  Tp.  Halifax.  Goto 
Stanfold  or  Arthabaska,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

St.  STANISLAS,  C.  E.     See  Chaniplain. 

ST.  SULPICE,  C.  E.,  Montcalm  Co.  See  Alexis.  No 
Post-office. 

ST.  SULPICE,  C.  E.  L'Assumption.  See  L'Assump- 
tion, on  River  L'Assumption,  which  flows  into  St. 
Lawrence  below  the  Island  of  Montreal. 

ST.  SYLVESTER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotbiniere.  Go  to  Becai> 
cour,  55  miles  from  Richmond  Junction,  on  the  G. 
T.  R. 

ST.  SYLVESTER  EAST,  C.  E.     See  St.  Sylvester. 

ST.  THERESE  DE  BLANVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ter- 
rebonne, Tp.  Blainville.  Opposite  Isle  Jesus,  on 
River  St.  Lawrence.  Projected  Montreal  and  Ot- 
tawa Railway  will  touch  at  St.  Eustache.  Montreal 
is  the  nearest  Railway  point. 

ST.  THOMAS  (Berthier),  C.  E.,  Co.  Berthier.  See 
Berthier. 

ST.  THOMAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth. 
On  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  of  the  G. 
W.  R.  Go  to  London,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
about  3000. 

ST.  THOMAS,  (Montmagni),  C.  E.,  Co.  Montmag- 
ni.  The  present  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  east  of 
Quebec  49  miles,  fronting  the  South  Shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

ST.  TIMOTHIE,  C.  E.,  Beauharnois  Co.,  fronting  the 
St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Vandreuil,  on  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  URB.MN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauguay.  See  St.  Isidore. 

ST.  URSULE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Maskinonge.  In  the  St. 
Maurice  Territory,  in  Fief  St.  Jean,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  see. 

ST.  VALENTINE,  C.  E.     See  St.  John's  East. 

ST.  VALLIER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bellechasse,  Tp.  St.  Vallier. 
On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  St 
Henri,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

ST.  VI(  TOIRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.  Go  to  St.  Hya 
cinthe,  on  theG.  T.  R. 

ST.  VINCENT,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey,  fronting 
the  Nottawasaga  Bay.  Steamer  from  Collingwood 
touches  at  Cape  Rich  and  Meaford  en  route  foi 
Owen  Sound.  Road  Stages  in  Winter.  Go  to  Col- 
lingwood by  the  Ontario,  Simeoe,  and  Huron  Rail, 
97  miles  fnnn  Toronto.     Population  about  .500. 

ST.  VINCENT  DE  PAUL.     In  Isle  Jesus,  which  see. 

ST.  ZEPHIRIM,  C.  E.,  Co.  Yamaska,  Tp.  Courval, 
near  the  St.  Francis  River.  Go  to  Port  St.  Francis, 
on  Lake  St.  Peter,  by  Quebec  and  Montreal  Steam 
ers,  S3  miles  below  Montreal. 

ST.  ZOTIQUE,  C.  E.  In  Soulanges.  On  North  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  Cedars  Road  Station,  29 
miles  west  of  Montreal,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SABREVOIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  For  Post-office, 
see  Henryville,  on  East  Shore  of  River  Richelieu. 
Stott's  Station  on  the  west  side  of  the  River  Cham- 
plain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway  is  the  nearest  point. 

SAGUENAY  DISTRICT,  C.  E.  This  is  reached  by 
Steamer  "  Saguenay"  from  Quebec  and  Tadousac, 
on  the  North-west  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  140 
miles  below  Quebec. 

S.^LE.M,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Malahide.     Go  to  St 


caxada:  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 


71 


Thomas,  on  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway, 
which  connects  with  the  G-.  W.  R.  at  Loudon.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 

SALFORD,  C.  Vi.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham.  Go  to 
IngersoU,  on  the  G.  W.  R.    Population  about  300. 

SALTFLEET,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth.  A  Tp.  For 
Post-office,  see  Ontario,  which  is  a  Station  in  same 
Township,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  llj  miles  from  Hamil- 
ton Citv. 

SANDHILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Albion.  Go  to  Mal- 
ton,  10  miles,  or  Brampton,  2'i  miles  from  Toronto, 
on  tlie  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  150. 

SAXDPUINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  JIcNab.  On 
Upper  Ottawa,  South  Shore.  Go  to  Fitzroy  Har- 
bour. For  Upper  Ottawa  Steamers  and  route,  see 
Avlmer  East. 

SANDWICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex.  A  Tp.  fronting  the 
St.  Claire  River,  9  miles  below  Detroit,  Michigan. 
Stages  from  Windsor,  on  the  G.  WAl. ;  also  Steam- 
ers from  Windsor  and  Detroit.  Population  about 
1100. 

S-A.RNIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  of  Sarnia.  Situ- 
ated at  the  upper  end  of  River  St.  Clair,  near  its 
junction  with  Lake  Huron.     Population  about  1800. 

SAUGEEN,C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Bruce  Co.  A  Port  and 
Harbour  of  Lake  Huron.  There  are  one  or  more 
projected  Railways  to  connect  it  with  Toronto.  At 
present  go  to  Guelph,  a  Main  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
50  miles  from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Stage  through 
Elora,  F'ergus,  Mount  Forest,  Durham,  etc. 

SAULT  AU  RECOLLET,  C.  E.  On  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal.    Go  to  Montreal.     Population  about  '2500. 

SAULT  STE  MARIE,  C.  W.  About  25  miles  from 
Lake  Superior.  A  Steamboat  Landing  and  place 
of  Summer  resort  on  St.  Mary's  River  or  Straits. 
The  Americans  have  a  Ship  Canal,  connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  Go  to  Collingwood,  HT 
miles  from  Toronto,  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Rail,  and  thence  by  Steamer.  Population 
about  400. 

SAULT  ST.  LOUIS,  C.  E.  In  Laprairie.  Go  to 
Caughnawaga  Station,  15  miles  from  Montreal,  on 
the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Railway. 

SAWYEKVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Newport. 
Go  to  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
100. 

SCARBOROUGH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  York.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,  13  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  (lO. 

SCHAXTZ,  C.  W.  In  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riding. 
A  Station  between  Guelph  and  Berlin,  57  miles 
north-west  of  Toronto,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SCOTCH  BLOCK,  C.  W.,  Co,  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  30  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.     Population  about  30. 

SCOTLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Brant,  Tp.  Oakland.  Go  to 
Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

SCOTT,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ontario  Co.,  North  Riding 
(Post-office  discontinued,  .\ug.,  lSo7).  This  Town- 
ship is  best  reached  from  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Rail  from  Toronto,  either  from  Holland 
Landing  or  Newmarket  Stations. 

SEBASTOPOL,  C.  W.  A  new  Township,  north  of 
Anglesea  and  Barrie,  in  Frontenac  Co.  See  Free 
Grants.     Population  about  1 00. 

SEBUINGVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downie.  Be- 
tween and  adjacent  to  Stratford  and  St.  Marv's 
Blanchard.  Go  to  Stratford  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  by 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  which  unites  with  the 
G.  W.  R.  at  Paris.    Population  about  120. 

SEELEY'S  BAY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Leeds.  On 
the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Gananoque.  Go  to  Ganano- 
que,  a  Station  on  the  G,  T.  R.,  11  miles  east  of 
Kingston,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SELBY',  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Richmond.  Go  to 
Napifnee,  in  same  Township,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  19  mUes  west  of  Kingston.  Population  about  13o. 

SELKIRK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilaldimand,  Tp.  Walpole.  Go 
to  Canfield,  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  2.50. 

SENECA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand.  A  Tp.  on  the 
Grand  River.  Go  to  Middleport,  on  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Rail. 

SEYMOUR  EAST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Seymour.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  north  by  Stage.     Population  about  100. 

SHAKSPEARE  (late  Bell's  Corners),  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth, 
Tp.  South  Easthope.    Go  to  Stratford  by  the  Buf- 


falo and  Lake  Huron  (with  Junction  at  Paris  with 
the  G.  W.  R.),  or  by  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about 

5lM). 

SHANNONVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Tyendinaga,  Co. 
H.astiiigs,  South  RiiUng.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
7  miles  east  of  Belleville.     Population  about  1000. 

SHARON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Y'ork,  Tp.  East  GwilUmbury.  Go 
to  Newmarket,  34  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the  Onta- 
rio, Simcoe,  and  Huron  Raihvaj-.  Population  about 
250. 

SHEEN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Pontiac.  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore 
of  Upper  Ottawa,  fronting  the  River.  See  Ouiseau 
for  Post-office,  and  Aylmer  East  for  Upper  Ottawa 
route. 

SHAWENEGAN,  C.  E.  On  the  River  Shawenegan, 
above  Graud  Piles,  in  the  St.  Maurice  Territory, 
which  see. 

SHEFFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington.  A  Tp.  For 
Route,  Post-officts,  and  Villages,  see  Clareview, 
Erinsville,  and  Tamworth.  Has  no  Post-office 
under  head  of  "  Sheffield." 

SHEFFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverle.v.  A 
Post-office  and  Village.  Go  to  Copetown,  a  Station 
of  the  G.  W.  R.,  in  Beverley  Ti^ 

SHEFFORD  AND  SHEFFORD  MOUNTAIN,  C.  W. 
Go  to  Sherbrooke,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Eastern  Town- 
ships, 96  miles  from  Montreal,  and  121  from  Quebec. 

SHERBROOKE  WEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Haldimand 
Co.  F'or  Post-offices,  see  Port  Maitland.  Go  to 
Wainfleet.  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

SHERBROOKE,  C.  E.  In  Ascot.  Go  to  Sherbrooke, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section,  121 
miles  from  Quebec,  and  90  from  Montreal.  Steam- 
ers to  Lake  Memphramagog  ply  all  the  Summer. 
Pojjulation  about  3000. 

SHERIDAN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  The  Tp. 
of  Toronto  is  the  western  vicinity  of  the  City.  Pop- 
ulation about  100. 

SHERRINGTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Napieryille,  and  a 
Railwa.y  Station  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburg 
Rail,  33  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  about  150. 

SHIPTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Richmond.  See  Dannville 
for  Post-office,  also  for  Dannville  Station,  on  the  G. 
T.  R.,  S  miles  from  Richmond,  on  Quebec  and  Rich- 
mond Line. 

SILLSVILLE,  C.  W'.,  Co  Lennox,  Tp.  Fredericksburg. 
Go  to  Ernest  own  Station,  S  miles  west  of  Kingston 
Citv,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SIDNEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Hastings.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Frankford.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G. 
T.  R. 

SILVER  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Esquesing. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  50. 

SILVER  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotte- 
yille,  near  the  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Brant- 
ford,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  8 
miles  from  the  Paris  Junction  with  the  G.  W.  R., 
and  thence  by  Stage  to  Simcoe  dailv. 

SIMCOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
Daily  connection  b,y  Stage  with  Paris  and  Brant- 
ford.  Go  to  Brantford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Rail.     Population  about  2000. 

SINCLAIRVILLE,  C.  W.,Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Seneca, 
which  see. 

SLIGO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Caledon.  Go  to  Bramp- 
ton, on  the  G.  T.  R.,  22  miles  from  Toronto.  Popu- 
lation about  50. 

SJIITH,  I".  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterborough  Co.,  joining 
Cavan  and  North  Otonabee  Townships  on  the  South, 
and  surrounded  by  the  Otonabee  and  tributary 
Rivers  which  separate  it  from  Ennismore  on  the 
West,  Harve.v  on  the  North,  and  Douro  on  the 
East.     Fi>r  Village  an<l  Post-office,  see  Bridgenorth. 

SMITH  FIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  In 
Brighton  Tp.,  which  is  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  22  miles 
west  of  Belleville.     Population  about  400. 

SMITH'S  CORNER.*,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Minr.iv.  Go  to  Trenton  or  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

SMITH  S  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  North 
Elmsle.y.  On  the  River  Rideau,  with  steam  com- 
munication from  Ottawa  and  Kingston  by  the  Ri- 
deau Canal  Steamers,  and  by  Stage  (32  miles)  direct 
from  Brockville,  ou  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
15o0. 

SMITHVILLE,  C.  W.  (Hastings),  Co.  Hastings,  Tp. 
Thurlow.  Go  by  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  l.)0. 

SMITHVILLE   (Lincoln),   C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp. 


72 


CAl^'ADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


Grimsby.      Grimsby  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  17 
miles  South-east   of   Hamilton,  on  Lake   Ontario. 
Population  about  550. 
SOMBRA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Lambton  Co.,  fronting 
River  St.  (.'lair,  between  River  St.  Clair  and  Lake 
Huron,  about  20  miles  North-west  of  Chatham,  a 
Station  on  the  G.  W.  K.     Population  about  100. 
SO.MEKSET,  C.  E.     A  Town  and  Township  in  Megan- 
tic  Co.  and  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Quebec  and 
Richmond  Section,  47  miles  from  Richmond  Junc- 
tion. 
SOPHIASBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward.     One  of 
the  principal  Townships  in  this  County,  two  sides 
of  which  are  surrounded  by  the  Bay  of  Quinte.    It 
contains  some  of  the  finest  land  in  Canada,  and  is 
exceedingly  prosperous.     The  Steamers  from  Belle- 
ville from  the  West,  and  Kingston  on  the  Eastr— 
(both  Kingston  and  Belleville  are  Stations  on  the 
6.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section) — touch  at 
Northport  daily.     For  Villages  and  Post-offices,  see 
Demorestville,"Gilbert's  Mills,  and  Northport. 
SORABA,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot,  Tp.  Upton.     Go  to  Upton, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  43  miles  from  Montreal.     Popula- 
tion about  150.  • 
SOREL,  C.  E.     See  William  Henri.   Population  about 

400(1. 
SOULANGES,  C.  E.     A  District  fronting  North  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  adjoining  Glengaryin  Canada 
West.    In  Soulanges  is  the  Cedars  Road  Station  of 
the  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  from  Montreal. 
SOUTHAMPTON,  C.   W.,  Co.  Bruce,   Tp.  Saugeen. 
Southampton  forms  as  yet  only  the  nucleus  of  a 
town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Saugeen. 
Two   or  three   hotels  and   stores,   surrounded  by 
several  tine  houses  have  been  planted   upon  the 
sandy  slope,  still  studded  with  stumps,  rising  gently 
from'  the  shore  of  the  lake.     The  sand,  however, 
disappears  before  a  richer  soil,  as  you  retire  into 
the  interior  of  the  country.     A  Flour  Mill  and  two 
Saw  Mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.     The 
Fisheries  furnish  lucrative  employment  for  several 
boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
year.     Beyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Reserve," 
and  an  Indian  Village,  consisting  of  a  few  frame 
houses,  inhabited  by  a  remnant  of  "  mild-eyed  and 
melancholy"'  Red  Indians,  pensioned  by  Govern- 
ment, and  monopolising  a  crescent  eminence  upon 
the  banks  of  the  meandering  Saugeen,  with  roman- 
tic dells  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even 
by  "  winsome  Yarrow."     Opposite  the  town,  and 
about  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  lies  Chantry 
Island,  or  rather  Islet,  on  which  a  Lighthouse  has 
lately  been  erected,  and  in  the  lee  of  which  might 
be   constructed  a  harbour  of   refuge   for  a  whole 
navy,  a  scheme  which  rumour  says,  has  been  pro- 
jected in  connection  with  a  new  line  of   railroad 
from  Guelph,  and  urgently  demanded  by  the  inac- 
cessibility of  this  north-west  corner  of  the  province. 
But  considering  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  navi- 
gation through  the  Georgian  Bay,  there  cannot  be 
the  least  doubt  that  it  will  withdraw  the  traffic,  at 
least,  to  the  West  from  the  Northern  Railroad  to 
Collingwood,  and  conduce,  therefore,  to  the  pros- 
peritv  of   "The   Morning  Star,"   as   Southampton 
may  be  designated  from  its  position.     70  miles  north 
of   Goderich,  32  miles  from  Owen  Sound.     Stage 
daily  to  (Jwen  Sound.     Population  about  650. 
SOUTH    BOLTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Browne,  Tp.   Bolton. 
Leave  the  train  at  Corapton,  G.  T.  R.     Go  through 
Charleston  and  Stanstead  Plain— in  which  is  George- 
ville— cross  by  Steam   Ferry  to   Bolton,  shore   of 
Magog  Lake,  and  go  by  Stage  to  Bolton,  one  of  the 
Eastern  Townships,  proverbial  for  fertility  of  soil, 
salubrity  of  climate,  and  the  singular  beauty  of 
their  scenery. 
SOUTH  CAYUGA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilaldimand,  Tp.  South 
Cayuga.     Go  to  Canfield  Station,  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railwav.     Population  about  lOO. 
SOUTH  CROSBY,  C.  "W.    A  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.    For 
I'ost-offices,   Route,   and  Villages,   see  Elgin  and 
Morton. 
SOUTH  DOURO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough,  Tp.  Douro. 
Go  to  Peterborough  by  Railway  from  Cobourg,  on 
the  (i.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 
SOUTH  DURHAM,  C.  S.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  Dur- 
ham.    Go  to  Durham  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  61 
miles  south-east  of  Montreal.    Population  about  100. 
SOUTH  EASTHOPE,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.     In 
the  vicinity  of  the  Stratford  Junction  Station  of 


the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway  and  G.  T.  R. 
For  Post-office,  see  Shakspeare. 
SOUTH  ELMSLEY,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.     On 
the  Rideau  River.    Go  to  Brockville,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  thence  by  Smith's  Falls  Stage.      Population 
about  50. 
SOUTH  ELY,  C.  E.     See  Ely.     A  Tp.  in  Shefford.    In 
the  vicinity  of  the  Richmond  Junction  of  the  G.  T. 
R.     Population  about  100. 
SOUTH  FINCH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Finch.    Go 
to  Dickenson's  Landing,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  a  Station 
9  miles  west  of  Cornwall,  the  County  Town.     Pop- 
ulation about  100. 
SOUTH    GLOUCESTER,   C.   W.,  Co.   Carieton,   Tp. 
Gloucester.     Go  to  Gloucester,  a  Station  11  miles 
from  Ottawa,  on  the  Prescott  Branch  from  the  G. 
T.  R.  at  Prescott  Junction. 
SOUTH  GOWER,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  North  Riding  of 
Co.  Grenville.     Go  to  Kelly's  or  Osgoode  Station, 
on  the  Ottawa  Branch  from  the  Prescott  Junction 
of  the  G.  T.  R. 
SOUTH  GRANBY,  C.  E.     A  Post-office  for  Granby 
Tp.,  Co.  Shefford.     Go  to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 
SOUTH  HINCHINBROOKE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon, 
Tp.   Hinchinbrooke.     Go  to  Hemingford,  41  miles 
from  Montreal,  a  Station   on  the  Montreal   and 
Plattsburg  Railway. 
SOUTH  MARCH,  C.  W.     A  Post-office  in  March  Tp., 
Co.  Carieton.      On  South  Shore  of   Ottawa  River, 
opposite  Avlmer  East.     Go  to  Ottawa  City  from 
Prescott  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  by  Ottawa  Rail- 
wav. 
SOUTH  MONAGHAN,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Northum- 
berland, West  Riding.     Go  to  Trenton  on  the  G.  T. 
R. 
SOUTH  MOUNT.\IN,  C.  W.     A  Post-office  in  Moun- 
tain Tp.,  Dundas  Co.     Go  to  Matilda  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  west  of  Kingston  and  104  east  of 
Montreal.     Population  about  100. 
SOUTH  POTTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  Tp.  Potton.     For 
route  from  Compton  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.    See 
South  Bolton. 
SOUTH  RONTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford,  Tp.  Roxton. 
Go  to  Acton  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  from  Mon- 
treal. 
SOUTH    WESTMEATH,   C.  W.,   Co.    Renfrew,   Tp. 
Westmeath,  fronting  the  River  Ottawa,  South  Shore, 
adjacent  to  Pembroke.     The  Pembroke  and  Brock- 
ville Railway  will  intersect  the  Tp.     Go  to  Aylmer 
East,  and  see  Avlmer  East  for  route. 
SOUTHWOLD,  C.'W.,  Co.  Elgin.     A  Tp.  skirted  on  the 
west  by  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway,  and 
fronting  Lake  Erie  on  the  south.     Go  to  St.  Thomas 
West,  which  see.    For  Post-offices  within  the  Tp., 
see  Fiueal  and  Talbotville  Royal. 
SOUTH  ZORRA,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford,  Tp.  Zorra.     Go 
to  Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  about  47  miles  west 
of  Hamilton  City. 
SPARTA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.    In  the 
vicinity  of  London  and  Port  Stanley  Branch  Rail- 
way from  London,  G.  W.  R.     Go  to  St.  Thomas 
We'st. 
SPENCER  COVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Quebec,  in  vicinity  of  the 
City.     Go  to  Point  Levi  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  20O0. 
SPENCERVILLE,  C.  W.     A  Village  and  Post-office  in 
Edwardsburg,  Co.  Grenville.     Go  to  Edwardsburg 
Station  on  fhe  G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  east  of  Prescott 
Junction.     Population  about  150. 
SPIKE'S  CORNERS.     See  Harrowsmith. 
SPRING  AKBOUK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Walsing- 
ham,  on  Lake  Erie.     Go  to  Simcoe.    See  Simcoe,  0. 
AV.,  for  route.     Population  about  300. 
SPRINGFOKD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Norwich.     Go 

to  Woodstock  on  the  G.  W.  R. 
SPRINGVILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Cavan.     Go 
to  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R,,  62  miles  west  of  To- 
ronto, and  thence  by  Port  Hope  and  Lindsay  Rail- 
way, partially  open  to  Omeraee.     Population  about 
100. 
STAFFORD,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Renfrew,  adjacent 
to  Pembroke,  on  Upper  Ottawa,  South  Shore.     See 
Aylmer  East  for  route.     The  Railway  to  Pembroke 
will  pass  verv  near  this  Township. 
STAMFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland.     Co.  Town  and  Tp. 
in  Niagara  District.     A  Station  on  the  Branch  Rail- 
way from  Niagara  to  Chippewa,  10  miles  from  Niag- 
ara, and  7  from  Chippewa. 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWXS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


73 


STAXBRIDGE  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missisquoi,  Tp.  Stan- 
bridge.  Go  to  (.'ompton,  C.  E.,  on  G.  T.  U.,  .Mon- 
treal and  Portland  Section,  or  to  St.  John's  on  the 
C'hamplain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway,  between 
which  two  Stations  there  is  a  line  of  Stages  three 
times  a  week  through  Stanbridge,  Dunham,  Urome, 
Bolton,  and  Georgeville.     Population  about  ioo. 

STAXBKIDGE,  C.  E.  See  Stanbridge  East  and  Bed- 
ford in  same  Tp. 

STANUOX,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Dorchester,  on  East  Shore 
of  the  Chaudiere  Kiver,  bordering  Jiellecliasse  Co. 
The  Chaudiere  Junction  on  G.  T.  R.  is  about  36 
miles  distant.     Population  about  "20. >. 

STANFOLD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Arthabaska;  a  Station 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  55  miles  from  Point  Levi  (^Quebec), 
and  41  miles  from  Richmond  Junction. 

STANLEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron,  of  which  Bay- 
field is  the  i)rincipal  Post-office  and  Village.  See 
also  Brucefield. 

STANLEY'S  MILLS,  C.  AT.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Chingua- 
cousy.  Go  to  Brampton  on  the  G.  T.  K.  Popula- 
tion about  150. 

STANSTEAD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  and  Town  in  Co.  of 
same  name,  containing  Ilatley,  liariiston,  and  Stan- 
stead,  on  the  Borders  of  the  State  of  Vermont,  three 
of  the  best  Townshi])s  in  the  Eastern  Province.  Go 
to  Compton  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Ho  miles  south-east  of 
Montreal. 

STEPHEN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Huron,  fronting  Lake 
Huron.  The  Goderich  Stage  from  London,  C.  W.  ; 
Hamilton  and  Windsor  Line,  and  the  St.  Mary's 
Blanshard,  which  see,  offer  the  best  mode  of  com- 
munication.    For  Post-office,  see  E.xeter. 

STEVENSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  T)).  Bertie,  near 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Port  Erie,  Canadian  Ter- 
minus of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 
Population  about  150. 

STIRLING,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Rawdon.  Go 
to  Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  113  miles  east  of  To- 
ronto and  "230  west  of  Montreal,  and  thence  by 
Stage.  Stage  also  from  Madoc.  Population  about 
1000. 

STITTSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Goulburn. 
North  Osgoode,  on  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Junc- 
tion, 16  miles  from  Ottawa  City,  ajipears  to  be  the 
nearest  Station.  Go  to  Prescott  Junction  (for  Ot- 
tawa Railway)  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population  about 
50. 

STOCO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North  Riding,  Tp.  Hun- 
gerford.  North  of  Napauee  and  Tyendonaga  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section.  Nap- 
anee  most  eligible  for  Stage  connection.  Popula- 
tion about  50. 

STONEUAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Quebec  Co.,  north-east 
of  the  City  about  IS  miles.  Go  to  Point  Levi  on  the 
(i.  T.  It. 

STONEY  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Salt- 
fleet,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Ontario  Station, 
about  11}  miles  south-west  of  Hamilton,  on  the  G. 
W.  R.     Population  about  '201). 

STORNOWAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton,  Tp.  Winslow, 
about  35  miles  east  of  Richmond  Junction  of  the  G. 
T.  R.  Sherbrooke  is  the  most  eligible  Station  for 
Stage  connection.     Population  about  lUO. 

STOURINtrTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  A  Tp.  north 
of  Plattsburg.  Go  to  Kingston  ('ity  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
and  thence  by  Rideau  Canal  Steamers  or  Plattsburg 
Stage. 

STOTTVILLE,  C.  E.,  St.  John's.  Try  St.  John's,  21 
miles  from  Montreal,  on  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Raihvav.     Population  about  50. 

STOUFFVILLE,  C.  U".,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitchurch. 
Go  by  Stage  from  Toronto  City,  at  'H  p.  M.  daily, 
from  Black  Horse  Inn,  front  St.,  or  by  Stage  from 
Scarboro  Station  at  4}.  Stouffville  Is  also  within  12 
miles  east  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
wa.v,  Aurora,  King,  or  Newmarket  Stations.  Popu- 
lation about  500. 

STRABANE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Flamboro  West.  Go  to  Hamilton  on  the  G.  W. 
R.     Population  about  200. 

STRAFFORDVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Ba.yhara. 
Near  Lake  Erie,  about  2o  miles  west  of  St.  Thomas 
West,  on  London  and  Port  Stanley  Junction  of  the 
G.  W.  H.,  connecting  at  London,  C.  W.  Population 
about  4011. 

STRATFORD,  C.W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  South  Eastbope. 
The  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  S9  miles  north-west 
of  Toronto,  32  miles  from  the  Paris  Station,  on  the 


G.  W.  R,,  as  well  as  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Rail.  Stage  connection  with  Goderich,  St.  Mary's, 
and  London,  C.  W". 

STRATllBCR.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  West  Riding, 
Tp.  Mosa.  Go  to  Ekfrid  Station  on  the  G.  W.  K., 
2u  miles  west,  C.  W. 

STRATllROV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Carradoc. 
Go  to  Jlount  Brydges  in  same  Township,  a  Station 
on  the  (i.  W.  R.,  15  miles  west  of  London,  C.  W. 
Population  about  400. 

STREETSVIt-LE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto. 
Go  by  Stage  direct  from  Toronto  City  (General 
Wolfe  Inn)  daily,  at  2  P.  M.,  or  by  Stage  from  Port 
Credit  Station,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  12  miles  west  of 
Toronto.     Population  about  2500. 

STUKELY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Shelford.  About  12  miles 
west  of  Sherbrooke  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  25 
miles  south  of  Richmond  Junction. 

SULLIVAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to  Col- 
lingwood  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  and  thence  by  Canadian  Steamer 
to  Owen  Sound,  and  thence  by  Stage  about  12 
miles  south-west. 

SUM.MERSTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  Char- 
lottenburg.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  S  miles  east 
of  Cornwall,  and  00  from  MontreaL  Population 
about  50. 

SU.MilERVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Toronto  City.  Go  to  Port  Credit,  12 
miles  on  the  Hamilton  and  Toronto  Section  of  G. 
AV.  R.,  or  by  Cooksville  Stage,  daily  from  Toronto. 
Population  about  lUO. 

SUNNIDALE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  and  Station  on  the  Sim- 
coe, Ontario,  and  Huron  Railway,  79  miles  from 
Toronto. 

SUTHERL.VND'S  CORNERS,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp. 
Euphemia.  Go  to  Newbury,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  Ham- 
ilton and  Windsor  Section,  about  36  miles  west  of 
London,  C.  W. 

SUTTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Brome.  Stages  run  from 
Com])ton,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  by  way  of  Georgeville. 
Population  about  150. 

SWEABURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
West  Oxford.  Go  to  Ingersoll,  on  the  G.  W  R., 
Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section,  about  2S  miles  west 
of  Paris  Junction  of  G.  W.  R.  and  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron. 

SWEETSBURG,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Missisquoi,  Tp.  Dunliam. 
Go  by  the  same  Stage  route  from  Compton,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  by  way  of 
Georgeville,  as  for  Bolton,  Sutton,  Brome,  etc. 

SWITZERVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Erneston. 
Go  to  Erneston,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  15  miles  west  of 
Kingston  Citv.     Population  about  100. 

SYDENHAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Grey  Co.,  in  which  is 
Owen's  Sound,  the  principal  Town,  Port,  and  Post- 
oflice  of  the  District.  Go  Iiy  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  to  Collingwood  from  Toronto,  and 
thence  by  Canadian  Steamer,  or  by  Guelpli,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  bv  Stages. 

SYDENHAJI,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Renfrew,  on  the  South 
Shore  of  the  Upper  Ottawa  River,  near  Pembroke. 
For  route,  see  .\vlmer  East.     (.Not  a  Post-ollice.) 

SYDENHAM  PL.UE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tj). 
Kiugsey.  Go  to  Dannville,  on  the  (!.  T.  R.,  Quebec 
and  Richmond  Section,  12  miles  from  Richmond 
Junction. 

SYLVAN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Middlesex,  West  Riding,  Tp. 
Williams.  In  Port  Sarnia  District,  AVest  of  Strat- 
ford, on  intended  G.  T.  R.  Extension  at  present. 
Go  to  London,  C.  AV.,  by  the  G.  AV.  R.,  and  about 
16  to  IS  miles  north-west  by  Road.  Population 
about  60. 


T 

TADOUSAC,  C.  E.  In  Tailousac  Co.  On  North-east 
point  of  the  confluence  of  the  Rivers  Saguenay  and 
St.  Lawrence,  140  miles  below  Quebec.  The  Sague- 
nay Steamers  usually  call.  Noteil  as  a  Station  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  with  its  flag-staff  and 
cannon.  Noted  also  for  a  "fathomless"  harbour, 
where  the  French  sipiadrnn  found  a  secure  retreat 
at  the  Siege  of  Quebec  under  General  AVolfe.  Pop- 
ulation about  400. 

TALBOTTVILLE  ROYAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  AA'est 
Riding,  Tp.  Soufhwold.  Go  to  St.  Thomas  (AVest), 
on  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Railway,  which 


74 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


connects  at  London  with  the  G.  W.  R.    Population 
about  300. 
TAMARACK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantic.     A  new  Post-office. 
XAiVnVOHTH,  0.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.   Sheffield. 
See    "Free   Grants."      Tamworth  is   one   of    the 
places  on  the  route  from  Khigston  to  Napanee,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.    Population  aliout  400. 
TANNERY  WEST,  C.  E.     On  the  Isle  of  Montreal 
(Hochelaga  Division).      Go  to  Montreal  City  by  G. 
T.  R.  or  Steamer. 
TAPLEYTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  South  Riding, 
Tp.  Saltfleet.     Go  to  Ontario,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  about 
m  miles  from  Hamilton  City.     Population  about 
80. 
TATLOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Darling.      About 
20  miles  north  of  Peru,  to  which  go  by  Stage  from 
Brockville,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     The  Arnprior  Railway 
will  open  this  district,  and  is  now  in  progress. 
TECUMSETH,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Simcoe,  South  Riding, 
about  6  miles  West  of  Bradford,  to  which  Station 
go  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail  from 
Toronto. 
TEESWATER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Culross.    Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Sec- 
tion, and  thence  by  Garafraxa  Road  North. 
TEMPLETON,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.     Opposite 
the  City  of  Ottawa,,  on  the  North  Shore,  near  con- 
fluence of  Gatineau  and  Ottawa   Rivers.       Go  to 
Prescott  Junction,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by 
Ottawa  Railway. 
TEMPLETON,  C.  E.    James  Hogan,  Postmaster,  Inn- 
keeper, and  Trader.     Gatineau  Point. 
TEOHAUTA,  C.  E.     In  Seignory  of  Beauharnois,  on 
South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.     Go  to  Lachine  and 
cross  to  Caughnawaga  or  Beauharnois ;  is  about  10 
miles  west  of   the  Railway  (Montreal  and  Platts- 
burg  Line). 
TERREBONNE,  C.  E.     A  Town  and  Seignory  op- 
posite Isle  of  Jesus,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence.    Go  to  Jlontreal,  and  thence  about  20  miles. 
Population  about  1400. 
Ti;TE  DU  BOULE,  C.  E.     A  Mountain  Peak  800  feet 
high,  about  one  mile  from  Tadousac,  from  whence 
may  be  seen  one  of  the  most  wild  and  magnificent 
views  the  Saguenay  affords. 
TEVIOTDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Minto.     Go  to  Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
thence  North  bv  Stage. 
THAMESFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
East  Missouri.     Go  to  Edwardsburg,  on  the  G.  W. 
R.,  10  miles  east  of  London,  C.  W.     Population 
about  600. 
THA!\n':SVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.     A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  49  miles  west  of  London, 
C.  W.     Population  about  300. 
THISTLETON,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Etobicoke.      Go 
to  Weston,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  out  of  Toronto, 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  or  by  Stage  at  2 
daily,  from  Wolfe  Inn,  Churdi  street,  which  goes 
through  Etobicoke.     Population  about  100. 
TIIOMASBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North  Riding, 

Tp.  Ilungerford.     Go  to  Napanee,  on  G.  T.  R. 
THORAH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.     A  Tp.  in  which  are 
Beaverton  and  Forcastle,  elsewhere  referred  to, 
which  see. 
THORNBURY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey.Tp.  Collingwood.  Co 
to  Collingwood,  on   Ontario,  Simcoe,   and    Huron 
Railway,  95  miles  from  Toronto.    Population  about 
ISO. 
THORNHILL,    C.   AV.,   Co.   Y'ork,   Tp.    Markham. 
Dailv  Stage  from  Toronto  City,  Best's  Bay  Horse, 
Yonge  street,  at  Si  P.  >L,  also  Railway  by  Ontario, 
Simcoe,  and  Huron.    From  Toronto  14  miles.    Pop- 
ulation aliout  TOO. 
THORNTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Innisfil.     Lefroy 
and  Craigvale  are  both  Stations  in  Iiniisfil  Tp.,  on 
the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway.     Popula- 
tion about  75. 
THOROLD,  C.  W.     A  Town  and  Tp.  in  Welland  Co. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R,,  9}  miles  from  Niagara, 
and  about  34}  from  Hamilton.     Population  about 
2000. 
THORP VILLE,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Wellington,  North  Riding, 

Tp.  Nicol.  Go  to  Guelph  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
THREE  RIVERS,  C.  E.  Nearly  half-way  between 
Montreal  and  Q\iebec;  a  Town  at  tbe  mouth  of  tlie 
St.  Maurice  from  the  north,  and  the  Becancour  on 
the  South,  situated  on  the  North  Shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.    A  Tp.,  Corporate,  and  Electoral  District. 


This  was  formerly  the  seat  of  government.  The 
Cataract  of  Shawinnegamme  is  about  25  miles  up 
the  St.  Maurice,  and  is  an  object  of  great  interest, 
as  are  the  lumbering  establishments  sprung  up  of 
late  with  the  opening  of  the  St.  Maurice  country. 
Go  by  Steamer  from  Quebec  or  Montreal.  Popula- 
tion about  7000. 
THURLOW,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Hastings  Co.    Go  to 

Belleville  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
THURSO,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Lochaber,  on  the 
North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  River,  fronting  the  river, 
about  20  miles  below  Ottawa  City.     Go  by  Steamers 
from  Montreal.    See  also  Ottawa  City.    Population 
about  200. 
TILBURY  EAST,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  Kent.     Go  to  Bap- 
tiste  Creek  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  31  miles  east  of  Wind- 
sor.    Population  about  50. 
TILBURY  WEST,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in   Essex  Co.     For 
Post-office,   route,   etc.,  see   Comber  and  Tilbury 
East,  (adjoining  Township). 
TINQUICK,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  Arthabaska.    Go  to  Dann- 

ville  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  12  miles  from  Richmond. 
TRING,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  North  Riding  of  Simcoe  Co., 
fronting  the  Georgian  Bay.     For  Towns,  Post-offices, 
and  route,  see  Penetanguishene  and  Lafontaine. 
TOLEDO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Kitley.     Go  to  Brock- 
ville on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  175. 
TORONTO  GORE.    See  Gore  of  Toronto. 
TORONTO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel.    A  Tp.  in  vicinity  and 
west  of  Toronto  City.    See  Credit,  Cooksville,  Sum- 
merville,  Streetsville,  Sheridan,  and  Deny  West  for 
Post-offices,  etc. 
TORONTO,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Upper  Canada,  and 
seat  of  government.    For  full  information  and  views 
of  Toronto,  see  elsewhere. 
TOWNSEND,    C.  AV.      A   Tp.   in   Norfolk   Co.      For 
Routes,  A'illages,  and  Post-offices,  see  Bloomsburg, 
Boston,  C.  W.,  Hartford,  Rockford,  Villanova,  and 
Waterford. 
TRAFALGAR,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Halton  Co.     Go  to 
Bronte  in  the  same  Tp.,  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
13J  miles  from  Hamilton  City. 
TRECASTLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  AVallace.     Go  to 
Stratford  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Wallace  Tp.  lies  about 
23  miles  north. 
TRENHOLM,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond,  Tp.  Kmgsey.     Go 

to  Dunnville  on  G.  T.  R. 
TRENTON,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Alur- 
ray.     A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  (near  the  mouth  of 
the  River  Trent,)  12  miles  west  of  Belleville  and  lOl 
east  of  Toronto. 
TRING,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Beauce,  about  25  miles  east 
of  Arthabaska  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R,  32  miles  from 
Richmond  Junction. 
TROIS  PISTOLES,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Temiscouata.    A 
Port  on  South  Shore  of   St.  Lawrence,  about  110 
miles  below  St.  Thomas  East.     The  intended  Termi- 
nus of  the  St.  Andrew's  (New  Brunswick)  and  Wood- 
stock Railwav,  forming  a  direct  line  by  connection 
with  the  G.  f .  R.,  from  Quel)ec  to  the  .\tlantic,  en- 
tirely through  British  Territory.     Population  about 
3000. 
TROIS  SAUMONS,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.     See  St.  Jean 

Port  Joli. 
TROY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley.     Go  to 
Copetown  Station,  on  the  G.  AV.  R.,  18  miles  west 
of  Hamilton  (,'itv.     Population  about  200. 
TULLAMORE,  C.  AA'.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.    Toronto  Gore. 
Go  to  Weston  or  Malton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Popula- 
tion about  100. 
TURNBERRY,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Huron  Co.     In  which 
is  Belmore  Post-office.     Go  to  Mitchell   by  Stage 
from  the  Stratford  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  and 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Rail,  and  tlience  north 
through  Logan  ami  Grey,  or  to  (iuelph,  on  the  G. 
T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and  thence 
through  Arthur,  Alount  Forest,  etc.,  by  Stage. 
TUSCARORA,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Brant,  East  Riding,  Tp.  On- 
ondaga.    Go  to  Onondaga  Station,  on  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Rail,  16  miles  south  of  Paris  Junc- 

TAVEED,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Hastings,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Ilungerford.  Go  to  Napanee  or  Tyendinaga,  on 
the  G.  T.  R.,  and  then  north.    Population  about 

TWO  MOUNTAINS,  C.  E.  Opposite  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal, on  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  which  are  Point 
aux  Anglais,  St.  Benoit,  and  St.  Joseph  du  Lac. 

TYENDONAGA,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in  Hastings  Co.,  in 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


75 


which  are  Blessington,  Marj'sville,  and  Melrose 
Villages,  with  Post-offices,  which  see.  Tyendinaga 
is  a  Station  on  tlie  U.  T.  K.,  3-1  miles  west  of  Kings- 
ton, and  13  miles  east  of  Belleville. 

TYRCON'NELL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  AVest  Riding,  Tp. 
Dunwich.  A  Village  and  Port  on  Lake  Erie,  about 
12  miles  west  of  Port  Stanley,  to  which  go  by  the 
G.  AV.  K.  to  London,  and  thence  by  Branch  Rail 
direct.     Population  about  500. 

TYRONE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  West  Riding,  Tp.  Dar- 
lington. Go  to  Bowraanville,  (in  same  Tp.),  a  Main 
Station  of  G.  T.  R.,  4-1  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  250. 


u 

UNION,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  Go  to  St. 
Thomas  West  in  same  Tp.  Go  to  London,  on  the  G. 
W.  R.,  and  thence  by  Loudon  and  Port  Stanley  Line. 
Population  about  300. 

UNIONVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Y'ork,  East  Riding,  Tp. 
Markham.  Go  by  Stoutlville  Stage  from  Toronto. 
See  Markham. 

UPTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bagot.  For  Post-office,  see  Soraba. 
A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  43  miles  south-east  of 
Montreal. 

USBORNE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron.  For  Post- 
office,  see  Devon.  Go  to  Stratford,  on  the  G.  T.  R., 
or  by  the  Buffiilo  and  Lake  Huron  Railwav. 

UTICA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach.  About  20 
miles  north  of  Whitby  and  Oshawa,  both  Stations 
on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 

U.YBRIDGE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ontario  Co.  North  of 
Pickering.  Go  to  Port  Whitliy,  21)  miles  east  of  To- 
ronto.   Population  about  500. 


V 

VALCARTIER,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Quebec  Co.  Go  to 
Point  Levi,  Quebec,  G.  T.  R.,  on  South  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

VALLENTYNE,  C.  E.,  Co.Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.  About  35 
miles  north  of  Port  Whithy,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  R. 

VALLEYFIELD,  C.  E.  In  Beauharnois.  Go  to 
Caughnawaga,  opposite  Lachine,  by  Montreal  and 
Plattsl)urg  Railway,  and  Ferry,  thence  west.  Pop- 
ulation about  4011. 

VANKLEEK  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.PrePcott,Tp.  Hawkes- 
l)ury.  On  South  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River.  Go 
by  Steamer  to  and  from  Ottawa  and  Montreal. 
Population  about  500. 

VARENNES,  C.  E.  In  Vercheres.  On  South  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Go  to  St.  Hilaire,  on  theG.  T.  R., 
17  miles  from  Montreal.     Population  a))out  lOOO. 

VANDREUIL,  C.  E.  A  District  bounded  by  Sou- 
langes  on  the  west,  and  by  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and 
St.  Lawrence  at  their  confluence,  in  which  is  Van- 
dreuil,  G.  T.  R.  Station,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, 24  miles  west  of  Montreal.     Pop.  al)Out  500. 

VERULAM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria.  A  Tp.  north  of 
Emily.  Go  to  Limlsay  by  Port  Hope  Railway,  from 
Port  Hope  (52  miles  west  of  Toronto,  on  G.  T.  R. 
For  Post-office,  etc.,  see  Bobcavgeon. 

VERNONVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Haldimand.  Go  to  Grafton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  T 
miles  east  of  Co))ourg.     Poi)ulation  aliout  70. 

VESPRA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe,  in  which  is  the  Co. 
Town  of  Barrie  and  Apton  Post-office.  Go  to  Bar- 
rie,  which  see. 

VICTORIA  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Reach. 
Go  to  Whitl)y,  on  G.  T.  R.,  29  miles  east  of  Toronto. 
Population  about  00. 

VICTORIA  SQUARE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham, 
which  see.     Population  about  200. 

VIENNA,  Co.  Elgin,  East  Ridnig,  Tp.  Bayham,  near 
Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Paris  .Junction  liy  G.  W. 
R.,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron,  and  thence  by  road 
to  Norwich.     Population  about  lldO. 

VILLANOVA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  Go 
to  Brantford,  on  the  Butfalo  and  I><ike  Huron  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  100. 

VITTORIA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotteville. 
(io  to  Simcoe  by  Stage  from  Brantford,  on  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron,  and  on  by  road.  Population 
about  500. 

VROOMANTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Brock.  See 
Brock.    Population  about  50. 


w 

WAINFLEET,  Co.  Welland.  A  Tp.  (with  Marshville 
and  Wainfleet  Centre  for  Post-offices),  bordering 
Lake  Erie,  and  a  Station  on  the  Butfalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  2(5  miles  North-west  of  Bullalo  and 
Fort  Erie,  and  59  miles  from  Paris  Junction.  Popu- 
lation about  50. 

WAKEFIELD,  V.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.  On  the 
North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  River,  near  the  Gatineau 
River,  about  20  miles  from  Templeton,  which  see. 
See  also  Ottawa  for  route.     Poimlation  about  100. 

WALLACE,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  Go  to  Guelph, 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by  Garafraxa  Road — 
lays  on  the  left  of  Arthur  Tp.,  about  50  miles  north 
of  Guelph. 

AVALLACEBURG,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sombra, 
Chatham  or  the  G.  AV.  R.  is  the  nearest  Railway 
Station.  The  A'illage  is  situated  on  the  "  Chenail 
Ecarte,"  the  name  given  to  the  Channel  which 
separates  the  Walpole  Island  from  the  main  River 
at  the  Mouth  of  the  St.  Clair  River,  at  the  head  of 
St.  Clair  Lake.     Population  about  500. 

AVALMER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  AVellington,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to 
Guelph,  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  75. 

AVALPOLE,  C.  AV.  A  Tj).  in  Haldimand  Co.,  in  which 
are  Balmoral,  Nanticoke,  and  Selkirk  A'illages  and 
Post-offices,  which  see. 

AVALSINGHAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Norfolk.  Go  to 
Simcoe  by  Stage  from  Paris  or  Brantford,  on  the 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

AVALTER'S  FALLS,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland. 
Go  to  Owen's  Sound  by  Steamer  Canadian,  or 
Stage  from  Collingwood,  on  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway,  95  miles  from  Toronto.  Popula- 
tion about  GO. 

WARDSVILLE,  C.  AA^,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Mosa. 
Go  to  Newbury  in  same  Tp.  A  Station  on  G.  AV.  R., 
3(5  miles  west  of  London,  C.  AV. 

AVARKAVORTH,  Co.  Northumberland.  A  new  Post- 
ollice. 

AVARNER,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Caistor.  Between 
the  G.  AV.  R.  and  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railways. 
Try  Grimsby,  on  tlie  G.  AV.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Ni- 
agara Section,  and  Canfield,  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway. 

WARSAAV,  C.  A\'.,  Co.  Peterliorough,  Tp.  Dummer. 
North-west  of  Peterborough  Terminus  of  Branch 
Railway  from  G.  T.  R.  at  Cobourg,  by  which  go. 
Population  alxmt  150. 

AVARWICK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Artliabaska,  and  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  R.,24  miles  from  Richmond  Junc- 
tion. 

WARWICK,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Lambton,  on  the  Lon- 
don and  Port  Sarnia  Extension.  Go  to  London  by 
the  G.  AV.  R.     Poj.ulation  about  300. 

AVASHINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Blenheim.  Go  to  Drumbo,  a  Station  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway  in  same  Tj).,  al)out  9 
miles  from  Paris  Junction.      Population  about  100. 

WATER  DOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  AVentworth,  Tp.  Flam- 
borough  East.  AVaterdown  is  4  miles  east  of  Ham- 
ilton. A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population  about 
101 10. 

WATERFORD,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend. 
Go  to  Paris  or  Brantford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Stages,  which  pass 
through.  This  jilace  being  half  way  between 
Brantford  and  Simcoe,  the  County  Town.  Popula- 
lation  about  800. 

WATERLOO,  C.  E.,  Co.  Shefford.  Go  to  Acton,  on 
tlie  (i.  T.  H.,  Montreal  and  Piu-tland  Section,  49 
miles  from  Montreal.     Po]>ulation  aliout  200. 

AVATEIiLOO,  C.  W.,  Co.  AVaterloo,  North  Riiling,  Tp. 
North  Waterloo,  (io  to  Berlin,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  (54 
miles  from  Toronto.     Population  about  15()0. 

AVATKRLOO  SOUTH,  C.  AV.     See  Preston,  C.  AV. 

AVATKRLOO  (Kingston),  C.  AV.,  Co.  Frontenac.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Kingston.  Go  to  King.ston,  on  the 
G.  T.  R.     Poi)ulation  about  2.")0. 

AVATKRVILLE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Compton.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  lUG  miles  from  Montreal. 
Population  about  200. 

AVATFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton.  See  AVarwick. 
Population  about  50. 

AVATSON'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  North 
Riding,  Tp.  Dalhousie.  Go  to  Perth  by  Stage  from 
Brockville,  on  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  50. 


76 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND    VILLAGES. 


WACBUNO,  C.  W.  A  Station  (no  Post-office)  on  the 
G.  Vi'.  U.,  Iliiinilton  and  AVindsor  Section,  in  Mid- 
dlesex Co.,  5^  miles  east  of  London,  C.  W. 

WAWANOSH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Huron  Co.,  north  of 
Godericli,  to  which  go  by  Stage  from  Stratford 
Junction,  or  by  Buffalo  and  Lake  Uuron  Uaihvay. 

WEEDUN,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.  About  20  miles 
east  of  the  Junction  Station  at  Richmond,  (i.  T.  K., 
Quebec  and  Richmond  Section. 

■n'EI.MAK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wellesley.  Go 
to  Rerlin,  (yi  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the  U.  T.  R. 

WELLAND  PORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Gainsbo- 
rough. Go  to  Reanisviile,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  about 
2:3  miles  from  Hamilton  City.  Population  about  2UU. 

WELLER'S  BAY,  C.  W.  On  Lake  Ontario.  See  Con- 
secon,  Prince  Edward  Co.,  C.  W. 

WELLESLEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  AVaterloo,  North  Rid- 
ing, in  which  is  situate  Berlin,  a  Station  of  the  G. 
T.  R.,  (U  miles  from  Toronto  City. 

WELLINGTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Hil- 
lier,  fronting  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Brighton,  on  the 
G.  T.  1'.,  and  thence  by  Stage  to  Consecon.  Popu- 
lation about  6(10. 

WELLINGTON  SQUARE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp. 
Nelson.  Situated  on  the  open  Lake  outside  Bur- 
lington Bay.  This  place  forms  the  Winter  Port  for 
Hamilton ;  it  is  a  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  7  miles 
from  ILimilton.     Population  about  750. 

WELLMAN'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  North 
Riding,  Tp.  Rawdon.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  and  thence  north  of  Sidney  Tp. 

WEST  ARRAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Arran.  Adja- 
cent to  Saugeen.     See  Saugeen  for  route. 

\VEST  BOLTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Brome,  See  Bolton  for 
route.     Population  about  lUO. 

WEST'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Morning- 
ton.     See  Mornington. 

WEST  ESSA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Essa.  Essa  is  a  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway,  71  miles  from  Toronto. 

WEST  HATLEY,  C.  E.  On  the  Massawippi  Lake,  Co. 
Stanstead,  Tp.  Hatley.  Charleston  in  this  Tp.  is  5 
miles  from  Compton  Station,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  110 
miles  from  Montreal. 

WEST  FARNHAM,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missisquoi,  Tp.  Farn- 
ham.  The  Stage  route  from  Compton,  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section  through  Brome, 
Bolton,  etc.,  to  St.  John's,  C.  E.,  affords  communica- 
tion. Farnham  Tp.  is  about  45  miles  from  Comp- 
ton, and  15  miles  from  St.  John's,  C.  E.  Population 
about  7iM). 

WESTFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Wawanosh.  See 
Wawanosh. 

WEST  FLAMBOROUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth, 
North  Riding.  Go  to  Flamborough  Station,  on  the 
G.  W.  R.,  7}  miles  west  of  Hamilton  City.  Popu- 
lation about  500. 

WEST  HUNTINGDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  See 
Huntingdon. 

WEST  HUNTLEY,  0.  W\,Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Huntlej', 
which  see. 

WEST  M'GILLITRAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  See  SI'Gil- 
livrav. 

WEST.SlEATH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Renfrew.  On  the 
South  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  Riyer,  close  to  Pem- 
broke, on  the  line  of  the  Railway  Extension  from 
Arnprior  to  Pembroke.  For  Upper  Ottawa,  see 
Avlmer  East. 

WEST.MINSTER,  C.  W'.  A  Tp.  in  Middlesex,  South  of 
London  City,  on  the  Branch  Railway  from  London 
to  Port  Sarnia.  For  Post-offices,  etc.,  see  Byron 
and  Liiiiilieth. 

WESTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  West  Riding,  Tp.  York. 
Between  the  G.  T  R.  and  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railway  in  the  yicinityof  Toronto.  The  G. 
T.  R.  Station,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  is  9 
miles  from  Toronto,  and  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Station  8  miles. 

WESTOVER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley. 
Lynden  Station  15}  miles  and  west  of  Hamilton 
City,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  is  in  the  same  Township. 
Poi)ulation  about  100. 

WE.ST  OSGOOUE,  C.W.,Co.  C.nrletnn.     See  Osgoode. 

WEST  PORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  North  Crosby. 
Go  to  Kingston,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  or  to  Gananoque, 
on  same  Railway  Section.      Population  about  800. 

WEST  SIIEFFORD,  C.E.  See  Sheflord.  Population 
about  150. 


WEST  WINCHESTER,  C.  W.  See  'Winchester.  Pop- 
ulation about  120. 

WEST  WOOLWICH,  C.  W.     See  AVoolwich. 

WHITBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ontario  Co.,  in  which  is 
the  Town  and  Port  of  Whitby,  on  Lake  Ontario — a 
Main  and  Telegraph  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  29 
miles  east  of  Toronto  City. 

WHITCHURCH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  York,  North 
Riding,  skirted  on  the  west  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe, 
and  Huron  Railway,  in  which  are  the  Towns  and 
Railway  Stations  and  Post-offices  of  Aurora  and 
Newmarket ;  also  Post-offices  and  Towns  of  Oak- 
ridges  and  Pine  River  and  Stouffville,  which  see. 

WHITEHALL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.  Go  to 
Bothwell,  40  miles  west  of  London,  on  the  G.  W.  R. 

WHITE  LAKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  M'Nab.  For 
Upper  Ottawa  route,  see  Aylmer  East — this  place 
being  near  Fitzroy  Harbour  and  Arnprior,  the  Ter- 
minus of  the  Railway  now  being  constructed  from 
Brockville  through  Perth.     Population  about  150. 

WHITFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Mulmur,  which  see. 

WHITWORTH,  C.  E.,  Co.  Temiscouata.  For  Post- 
office,  see  St.  Modeste  ;  for  route,  etc.,  see  Trois  Pis- 
toles. 

WICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp  Brock.     See  Brock. 

WIDDER,  C.  W.,  Co.  Larabton,  Tp.  Bosanquet.  front- 
ing the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Huron,  on  line  of  G.  T. 
R.  Extension  to  Port  Sarnia.  Go  to  Stratford  by  G. 
T.  R.  on  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway.  Popu- 
lation about  100. 

WILKESPORT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sombra.  On 
River  St.  Claire,  north  of  the  Lake.  See  Wallace- 
burg. 

WILLIAM  HENRI  or  SOREL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu. 
On  the  right  bank  of  the  River  Richelieu  at  its  con- 
fluence with  the  St.  Lawrence,  40  or  45  miles  below 
Montreal.  Go  by  Steamers  to  and  from  Quebec  and 
Montreal.  By  means  of  a  canal,  navigation  from 
hence  is  uninterrupted  to  Lake  Champlain.  Popu- 
lation about  4000. 

WILLIAMS.  A  Tp.  in  Middlesex,  Middlesex  Co., 
West  Riding,  adjoining  Lambton.  For  route,  see 
Adelaide.  See  also  London,  C.  W.,  which  is  the 
nearest  railway  point. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  ('.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dundas,  which 
is  the  Williamsburg  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section,  99  miles  from  Montreal,  and 
.3S  miles  west  of  Brockville.  For  Post-offices  and 
A'illages  within  it,  see  Dunbar  and  East  Williams- 
burg.    Po])ulation  about  200. 

AVILHAMSTOWN,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  Charlottenburg. 
Go  to  Summerstown  Station  in  the  same  Township 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  S  miles  east  of  Cornwall  and  60 
miles  from  Montreal  City.     Population  about  300. 

WILLISCROFT,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Bruce,  Tp.  Eldersley.  See 
Paisley. 

WILLOCKS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Verulam.  Go  to 
Lindsay  from  Port  Hope  on  the  G.  T.  R.  by  Branch 
Railway,  and  thence  about  12  miles  north.  Popu- 
lation about  .50. 

AVILLOrOHBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  AVelland  Co.  For 
Post-office,  see  Black  Creek.  Go  to  Fort  Erie  on  the 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

WILLOWDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  West  Riding,  Tp. 
York,  (Query  Vaughan,)  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto, 
on  the  Yonge  Street  Road.  Go  by  Thornhill  Stage 
from  Toronto.     Population  about  150. 

WILMOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding.  A  Tp. 
in  which  is  the  Petersburg  Station  of  the  G.  T.  R., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  70  miles  north-west 
of  Toronto.  For  Villages  and  Post-offices,  see 
Baden,  New  Dundee,  New  Hamburg,  Philipsburg 
West,  Petersburg,  and  St.  .■Vgatha. 

WILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addington,  Tp.  Ernestown.  Go 
to  Ernestown  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  S  miles  west  of  Kings- 
ton. 

WINCHE.'JTER,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dundas.  Go  to 
Williamsburg  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  99  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Pojiulation  about  5ini. 

WINDHAM  and  WINDHAM  CENTRE,  C.  W.  A  Tp. 
(Windham  Centre  being  the  Post-office)  in  Co.  Nor- 
folk. Go  to  Paris  or  Brant  ford  on  the  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway,  thence  by  Simcoe  Stages 
through  Waterford. 

WINDSOR,  C.  E.  A  Town  in  Sherbrooke  District,  and 
a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  9  miles  south  of  Richmond 
Junction. 


CANADA:    CITIES,    TOWXS,    AND   TILLAGES. 


77 


WINDSOR,  C.  W  ,  Co.  Essex,  Tp.  Sandnrich.  The 
Canadian  Terminus  of  the  G.  W.  R.,  from  Hamilton 
and  Niagara,  with  Steam  Ferry  to  Detroit,  in  direct 
connection  with  Michigan  Central  Railway,  being 
about  1S6  miles  west  of  Hamilton,  224  west  of  To- 
ronto City,  and  229  from  Niagara.  Population 
about  3000. 

"WINDSOR  .MILLS,  C.  E.,Co.  Richmond, Tp.  Windsor, 
C.  E.,  which  see. 

TVINSLOW,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton.  For  Post-office,  see 
Stornoway  in  the  same  Tp.  Go  to  Sherbrooke,  and 
thence  east  about  45  miles  by  road.  Sherbrooke  is 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section. 

WISBE.iCH,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lambton,  in  M'arwick  Tp. 

wllicll  S66< 

WOBURX,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  East  Riding,  Tp.  Scar- 
borough. Go  to  Scarborough  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
R.,  13  miles  west  of  Toronto. 

WOLFE  ISLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  On  the  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  Kingston  City,  to  which  go  by 
Steamers  east  and  west,  and  across  from  the  Ameri- 
can side,  or  by  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, Kingston  Citj-  being  ISO  miles  from  Montreal, 
and  160  miles  from  Toronto.    Population  about  500. 

WOLFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  North  Riding.  A 
Tp.  in  which  is  the  Town  and  Post-office  of  Merrick- 
Tille,  Mansil,  and  Easton's  Corners.  Go  to  Kempt- 
ville,  on  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Line,  23  miles 
from  the  Junction  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

WOLFSTOWN,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolf  Co.  Go  to 
Dannville,  12  miles  from  Richmond,  on  the  G.  T.  R. 
Population  about  100. 

WOLVERTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding,  Tp. 
Blenheim.  Go  to  Drumbo,  in  same  Township,  on 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway,  9  miles  north 
of  Paris  Junction. 

WOODBRIDGE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  West  Riding, Tp. 
A'aughan.  Go  to  Richmond  Hill,  in  same  Township, 
a  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail- 
way, IS  miles  from  Toronto  City. 

WOODBURN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Binbrook.     See  Binbrook. 

WOODBURN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Bosanquet, 
which  see. 

WOODHOUSE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Norfolk  Co.,  in  which 
is  Simcoe,  the  County  Town,  and  Port  Ryerse  and 
Port  Dover,  which  see.  Go  to  Paris,  on  the  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Hiu-on  Railway,  and  thence  by  Simcoe 
Stages,  about  12  miles. 

WOODFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham.  Go 
to  Collingwood  (in  same  Township)  the  Terminus 
of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway,  97 
miles  from  Toronto. 

WOODSIDE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Megantic,  Tp.  Halifax.  Go 
to  Arthabaska,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  64  miles  from  Que- 
bec (Point  Levi).     Population  about  50. 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Riding, 
Tp.  Blandford — a  Main  and  Telegraph  Station  on 
the  G.  W.  R.,  about  47  miles  west  of  Hamilton. 

WOODVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Eldon.  Go  to 
Lindsay  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Popula- 
tion about  300. 

WOOLWICH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Waterloo,  North  Rid- 
ing. Go  to  Berlin,  (54  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
G.  T.  R. 

WOTTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.  Go  to  Dann- 
ville, on  the  G.  T.  R.,  12  miles  from  Richmond. 

WYTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  East  Riding,  Tp.  West 
Missouri.    Between  London  and  St.  Mary's,  on  line 


!      of  Junction   Railway   nearly   completed.      Go  to 
London,  on  the  G.  W.  R.     Population  about  75. 


YAMACHIDE,  C.  E.,  Co.  St.  Maurice.  On  North 
Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter  (River  St.  Lawrence),  a 
little  east  of  Riviere  du  Loup  en  haut,  on  the  River 
Machide.  See  St.  Maurice  Territory.  Population 
about  loco. 

YAMASKA,  C.  E.  A  Town  and  District  on  South 
Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  near  Port  Francis.  The 
River  Francis  divides  Yamaska  into  neai'ly  equal 
portions.  See  St.  Zephirim,  St.  Antoine  and  Port 
St.  Francis.     Population  about  400. 

YARMOUTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  A  Tp.  fronting  Lake 
Erie,  on  London  and  Port  Stanley  Line.  For  Post- 
offices,  Towns,  and  Railway  Stations  within  it,  see 
Mapleton,  New  Sarum,  Port  Stanley,  Sparta,  St. 
Thomas  West,  and  Union. 

YONGE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Leeds  County.  Skirted  on 
the  south  by  the  G.  T.  R.,  in  which  is  Mallorytown 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R..  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, 12  miles  west  of  Brockville.  For  Post-offices 
and  Towns,  see  Mallorytown,  Caintown,  Escott,  and 
Farmersville. 

YORK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldimand,  Tp.  Seneca.  A  Town 
on  the  Grand  River.  Go  to  Caledonia,  on  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Railway.     Pop.  about  400. 

YORK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  York,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Toronto  City.  The  Station  of  that  name  about  6 
miles  west  of  Toronto,  near  Danforth,  is  closed. 
Weston  is  in  this  Township,  with  two  Stations,  one 
on  the  G.  T.  R.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and 
the  other  on  the  (Northern)  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Railwaj-.  For  Post-offices,  see  L'Amaroux, 
Eglinton  (5  miles  up  Yonge  street),  and  Willowdale 
and  York  Mills. 

YORK  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  formerly  Hogg's 
Hollow.     Go  bv  Thornhill  Stage,  dailv  at  3}  P.  M. 

YORKVILLE,  C."  W.  A  Suburb  of  Toronto,  com- 
mencing at  the  Northern  City  Boundary,  viz.,  the 
north  side  of  Bloor  street,  about  1^  miles  from 
Queen  street.  Omnibus  from  King  street  every 
even  hour.    Population  about  2000. 


ZETL.\ND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  A  Post-office  in  Tum- 
berrv,  which  see.     Population  about  50. 

ZIMMER.MAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.  Go  to 
Wellington  Square,  on  the  G.  W.  R.,  7  miles  west 
of  Hamilton.     Population  about  tiO. 

ZONE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.  Go  to  Bothwell,  on 
the  G.  W.  R.,  Hamilton  and  Windsor  Section,  about 
50  miles  west  of  London,  C.  W. 

ZORRA  AVEST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Riding,  near  the  line  of  the  G.  W.  R.  For  Route, 
Post-office,  etc.,  see  Embro,  Fairview,  and  Harring- 
ton West. 

ZORRA  EAST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Riding,  near  1he  line  of  the  G.  W.  R.  For  Route, 
Post-oliices,  etc.,  see  Innerskip. 

ZURICH,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Hay.  On  Shore  of 
Lake  Huron.  Go  to  Blanshard,  St.  Mary's,  or 
Stratford,  by  the  G.  W.  R.,  or  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railway,  and  thence  by  Stage. 


78 


AYLMER,  C.  E. — ^BATH,  C.  W. 


AYLMER,  0.  E. 

The  chief  town  in  the  County  of  Ottawa,  Township  of  Hull,  situated  on  the  Chaudiere 
Lake,  8  miles  above  Ottawa.  A  thriving  town,  containing  several  lumber  estabUshments. 
A  stage  runs  to  and  from  Ottawa  daily.     Fare,  2s.  &d.     Population,  about  1500. 

Business  Directory* 


Advocate. — John  Delisle. 

Advocate. — J.  R.  Fleming, 

Advocate. — Thomas  McCord. 

Aylmer  Hotel. — Dominick  Fox.  (See  adver- 
tisement.) 

Ayhner  Times  Newspaper.  (See  advertise- 
ment.) 

Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  Publisher.— "Wm. 
Allen.     (See  advertisement.) 

General  Store.— John  &  Wm.  McLean. 

General  Store.— T.  B.  Prentiss.  (See  adver- 
tisement.) 


WILLIAM  ALLAN, 

BOOKSELLER   &    STATIONER, 


AND 


Pnblisljer  of  tl)e  ^.nlmcr  ^iincs, 

Agent  for  British-American  Friendly  Society, 

British-American  Express  Company, 

and  Mutual  Fire  Insurance 

Company  of  Prescott. 


ROBERT  CONROY, 
LUMBER  MERCHANT, 


AND    DEALER    IN 


Dry  Goods,  Hardware,  Gro- 
ceries, etc. 

AYLMER,  C.  E. 


General  Store. — James  Thompson. 

Judge  of  Circuit  Court— W.  K.  McCord. 

Notary  Public  and  Land  Agent  —  R.  A. 
Young. 

Ottawa  Hotel. — Moses  Holt,  Jr.  (See  adver- 
tisement.) 

Plasterer  and  Mason. — Patrick  Mullarkey. 

Printer  and  Publisher. — Thomas  Watson. 

Revenue  Inspector,  District  of  Ottawa,  C. 
E. — Charles  Symmes. 

Wholesale  Lumber  Merchant — Robert  Con 
roy.     (See  advertisement.) 

DOMINICK   rOX,  . 
AYLMER    HOTEL. 

AYLMER,  C.  E. 
MOSES  HOLT,  JR., 

MAIL  CONTRACTOR. 

OTTAWA    HOTEL, 

AY1.ITIER,  C.  E. 

T.  B.  PRENTISS, 

GENERAL   STORE. 

AYLMER,   C.  E. 


BATH,   0.  W. 

"  A  village  and  port  of  entry  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  township  of  Ernes- 
town,  County  of  Addington.  A  steamer  stops  daily  on  its  passage,  up  and  down,  between 
Kingston  and  Belleville ;  and  two  other  steamers  ply  weekly  between  Montreal  and  Tren- 
ton, calling  on  their  passage  both  ways.  Distant  from  Kingston  18  miles,  fare  50  cents  and 
37-J-' cents;  from  Belleville,  36  miles,  fare  $1.20  and  87i  cents;  and  from  Ernestown  Rail- 
way Station  4  miles.     Population  about  600." 

Business  Directory. 


Boot  and  Shoe  Dealer. — F.  Prest. 
Farmer  and  General  Dealer. — John  Nugent 
Foundrj^ — David  T.  Forward. 
General  Trader.— E.  Wright 


General  Traders. — J.  &  S.  Lasher,  Church  st 

Hotel  keeper. — P.  Ilartman. 

M,  D. — L.  H.  Cooper. 

Saddler  and  Harness  Maker. — T.  C.  Johnston. 


BELLEVILLE   AND   BOWMANVILLE,  C,  W, 


79 


BELLEVILLE,    C.    W. 

"  A  town  in  the  Township  of  Tliurlow  and  County  of  Hastings,  on  the  River  Moira,  wliich 
debouches  into  the  Bay  of  Quinte.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  port  of 
entry,  doing  a  considerable  business  in  imports,  and  also  in  the  export  of  lumber,  flour,  and 
other  agricultural  produce,  supplied  by  various  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  neigh- 
bourliood,  and  bj'  a  flourishing  farming  district.  The  county  is  divided  into  north  and 
south  ridings,  each  returning  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly.  A  steamer  leaves 
every  morning  for  Kingston,  distant  54  miles,  fare  §1.50  and  $1,  and  returns  tlie  same 
evening,  calling  also  at  Picton  and  Bath.  Two  other  steamers,  plying  between  Trenton 
and  Montreal,  call  here  on  their  passage  up  and  down;  fare  to  Montreal,  $5  and  $2. 50. 
The  town  is  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  There  are  two  daily  stages  to  Stir- 
ling, 15  miles,  fare  50  cents,  the  earliest  of  which  meet  stages  from  ilarmora  and  Seymour ; 
another  to  Hungerford,  25  miles,  fai'e  $1 ;  and  another  daily  to  Madee,  '25  miles,  fare  $1. 
Distant  from  Montreal  220  miles,  and  from  Toronto  113  miles.  Daily  mails.  Population 
about  7000." 

Business  Directory. 


American  Hotel. — D.  Crysdale,  Front  st. 
Ambrotj-pist  and  Photographist. — Frank  G. 

Ludlow. 
Attorney  and  Solicitor. — L.  H.  Henderson, 

Front  st 
Attorn ey-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  Con- 
veyancer,   etc.  —  Allan   Springfield   Mac- 

donell,  Front  st. 
Barrister  and  Attornej*. — James  Fraser,  Jr. 
Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law.— George  Eyre 

Henderson,  Front  st. 
Barrister  and  County  Attorney. — J.  0.  Hare. 
Barristers,  etc. — Ross  <fc  Bell,  John  Bell,  W. 

H.  Ponton,  Front  st. 
Belleville  Independent. — James  W.    Carman, 

Front  St. 
Belleville  Intelligencer. — M.   Bowell,  Editor 

and  Publisher.      Cor.  Front  (fc  Bridge  sts. 
Contractor. — George  K^eilson,  John  st. 
Countv  Clerk  and  Notary  Public. — Thomas 

Willis,  J.  P.     Shire  Hall  Church. 
Dafoe  House  Hotel. — T.  Warren,  Bridge  st. 

[See  Advt.] 
Draper  and  Tailor. — John  McAfee,  Front  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  Crockery,  and  Liquors, 

Victoria  Buildings,  Front  st. 
Fancy  and  Staple  Dry  Goods,  and  Groceries. 

— W.  Kelly. 


Grocer  and  Provision  Dealer.— Henry  Tsl,  Par- 
ker, Front  St. 

Grocers,  Wine  and  Liquor  Dealers, — Munroe 
<fc  Ralston,  Front  st. 

Hardware  Merchant. — John  Lewis,  Front  st. 

Jeweller. — Charles  Brick,  Front  st. 

Land  and  General  Agent,  Custom  House 
Broker. — Archibald  Dunloj>. 

Law  Clerk.— D.  F.  McVean,  Bridge  st 

M.  D.— P.  V.  Dorland,  Front  st 

Merchant  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  etc.— John 
Badcock,  Front  st. 

^Miller,  Baker,  and  Grain  Merchant. — Henry 
Corby. 

Paper  5lanufacturer — P.  F.  CannifF,  Mill  st 

Photographist. — John  C.  Short 

Publisher  of  Hastinc/s  Chronicle. — Elijah 
Miles,  corner  Front  &  Hotel  sts. 

Rifle  Factory  and  General  Jobbing  Establish- 
ment.— Charles  A.  Rector,  Front  st. 

Tin  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware  Manufacture — Wil- 
liam White,  Front  st. 

Watch  and  Clock  Maker,  Jeweller,  etc.. 
Front  St.,  opposite  Court  House. 

Wellington  Hotel. — Francis  Papineau,  Front 
st 

Woollen  Manufacturer. — S.  Wheadon,  Front 

St. 


DAFOE    HOUSE,    BELLEVILLE,    C.  W., 

BY    T.     WARREN, 

Is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  the  Travelling  Community,  b}'  the  above-named  Pro- 
prietor, late  of  the  Baj-  of  Quinte  Saloon.     No  pains  or  cx]iense  has  been  spared  in  fitting 
up  the  establishment  as  a  First-class  Hotel.      The  Proprietor  solicits  the  patronage  of  his 
numerous  friends  and  the  public  generally. 
BeU6viUe,3ray2ith,\%5%.  T.    TI^ARREN,  Proprietor. 


BOWMA:snLLE,  0.  W. 

"A  town  in  the  Township  of  Darlington  and  West  Riding  of  the  County  of  Durham.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railroad.  In  1850  the  place  was  incorporated  a  village.  Within  the  last  ten  years  it  has 
increased  and  prospered  rapidlj^  and  it  owes  much  of  its  present  importance  to  the  Hon. 
J.  Simpson,  formerly  of  the  firm  of  Bowman  &  Co.     The  town  has  excellent  water  power 


80 


BOWMAN VILLE,    C.   W.,   AND   BRANTFOKD,    C.   W. 


within  and  around  it,  as  -well  as  a  capital  wharf;  and  a  first-rate  harbour  is  now  being 
constructed.  The  country  around  is  unsurpassed  for  fertility  and  salubrity.  Distant  from 
Toronto  43  miles,  and  from  Port  Hope  19  miles.  Railway  fare  to  Toronto,  $1.50.  Daily 
mails.     Population  about  4000." 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law,  Solicitor  and  Conveyancer. 

— Robert  Russell  Loscombe. 
Alma  Hotel. — John  A.  Mason,  Market  square. 
Barrister  at  Law. — St.  John  H.  Hutcheson, 

notary  public. 
Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law. — Armour 

&  Bethune. 
Bank  of  Montreal. — George  Dyett,  manager, 

King  street. 
Baker,  Confectioner  and  Grocer. — Alexander 

Fletcher,  King  street. 
Bookseller,    Stationer    and    Artist. — Robert 

O'Hara. 
Canadian  Statesman. — J.  M.  and  W.  R.  Climie 

&  Co.,  publishers  and  booksellers. 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  and  Crockery  Merchant. 

— W.  McMurtry. 


Farmers'  Exchange. — Joseph  Maynard,  King 

street. 
General  Merchant,  Miller  and  Agent. — Lewis 

M.  Squair,  King  street. 
General  Grocer,  wholesale  and  retail. — Robt. 

Forster,  King  street. 
General  Grocers  and  Seed  Mei'chants, — Mur- 

dock  Brothers. 
Hardware  Merchant,  Cari'iage  Builder  and 

Ironfounder,  Jacob  Meads. 
Ironfoundry,  Stove  and  Plough  Factory,— 

Wm.  Porter,  King  street,  east. 
Miller  and  Distiller. — John  Burk,  King  street. 
Ontario  Bank. — David  Fisher,  cashier.  King 

street. 
Surgeon-Dentist. — J.  A.  Brown,  King  street. 
Waverley  House  Hotel. — A.  Hindes,  King  st. 


BRANTFORD,  0.  W. 

"  An  incorporated  town,  on  the  Grand  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  County  of  Brant.  Brantford  has  direct  communication  with  Lake  Ontario,  and 
with  New  York  city  by  canals ;  it  is  the  most  important  station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railroad ;  and  it  is  celebrated  for  its  flour,  iron,  steam-engines,  stoneware,  lumber, 
agricultural  implements,  stoves,  etc.  The  country  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brantford  has 
been  long  known  as  an  excellent  agricultural  section  of  the  Western  Province.  Distant 
from  Hamilton,  25  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  60  miles;  from  Paris,  7  miles; 
and  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  76  miles.     Daily  mails.     Population  about  8000." 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  for  Phoenix  Assurance  Company  and 

Life  Association  of  Scotland. — M.W.  Pruyn. 
Assurance  agent,  and  proprietor  of  Kerby 

House. — James  Kerby. 
Ale  and  porter  brewers. — Spencer  <fe  Sons, 

West  Brantford  Brewery. 
Ale  and  beer  brewers. — George  White  &,  Co., 

East  Brantford  Brewery. 
Barristers,    notaries,    and    conveyancers. — 

Wood  &  Long,  Colborne  and  Market  sts. 
Chemistsand  druggists. — Hutchinson  &  Good, 

corner  of  Colborne  and  King  streets. 
Chemist  and  druggist. — F.  Breudon,  Colborne 

street. 
Foundrj^ — B.  G.  Tisdale,  Brittania  Foundry, 

manufacturer  and  dealer  in  stoves,  ploughs, 

etc.,  Colborne  street. 
Hardware  merchants. — Cleghorn  &  Co.,  Col- 
borne street. 
Hardware   merchants. — A.    Morton   <fe    Co., 

Colborne  street 


Homoeopathist. — Dr.  Wm.  H.  Bacon,  corner 

of  Colborne  and  Queen  streets. 
Homceopathic  physician. — Dr.  Chas.  H.  Von 

Tagen,  Market  street. 
Hotel.— A.  C.  File,  Royal  Exchange  Hotel, 

West  street,  near  the  railway  station. 
Insurance  Co. — Allen  Good,  secretary  Gore 

District  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Land  agent. — Wm.  H.  Morgan,  auctioneer, 

broker,  etc. 
Merchant.  —  Ignatius    Cockshutt,    Colborne 

street. 
Miller  and  distiller. — Alexander  Bunnell,  Col- 
borne street. 
New  fine  art  gallery. — L.  R.  Smith  &  Co., 

Colborne  street,  north  side. 
Railway  refreshment  house. — Fred'k.  Walsh, 

adjoining  railway  station. 
Steam  planing  mills. — William  Watt,  sash 

and  blind  factory,  Waterloo  street,  near 

depot. 


BRANTFORD,  CANADA   WEST. 

THE    EXPOSITOR,  Semi- Weekly  and  Weekly, 

PubUshcd  by  C.  E.    STEWART,  ITIarket  Street,  Brantford, 

Is  the  best  advertising  medium  in  the  County  of  Brant.     It  also  circulates  in  the  adjoining 
Counties  of  Oxford,  Norfolk,  Waterloo,  and  Wentworth. 
Advertisements  inserted  on  the  most  favourable  terms. 

Book  and  Job  Printing— neat,  cheap,  and  expeditious. 


BRIGHTOX,  C.  W,,   BROCKVILLE,  C.  W.,  AND   COBOURG,  C.  W.  81 

BRIGHTON,   0.  W. 

A  village  and  port  of  entry  on  Presque  Isle  Bay,  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Township  of 
Brighton,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  steamer  plies,  for  passengers  and  freight, 
three  times  a  week,  to  Colborne  Harbour  and  Cobourg,  and  Oswego,  New  York.  Fares  to 
Oswego,  $2.50  and  $1.75.  A  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  in  the  village.  Dis- 
tant from  Belleville  22  miles,  and  from  Toronto  91  miles.  There  is  a  daily  stage  to  Picton, 
85  miles,  fare  $2,  via  Consecon,  15  miles,  fare  75e.;  and  one  tri-weekly  to  Percy,  16  miles, 
fare  $1.     Daily  mails.     Population  about  1500, 

Business  Directory. 


British  Flag. — Richard  Spencer,  proprietor 
and  publisher.  Main  street. 

Boots  and  Shoes. — Robert  Wynn,  dealer  and 
manufacturer,  Dundas  street. 

Baker,  Confectioner  and  Grocer. — J.  M.  "Wel- 
lington, Main  street. 

Hardware  Dealer. — Jas.  Taylor,  Main  street. 


Huffman  House. — Peter  Huffman,  at  railway 

station. 
Lumber  Merchant — H.  C.  Betts. 
Mansion  House  Hotel, — James  White. 
Prieur   House    Hotel. — Levit   Prieur,   Main 

street 
Saddler. — A.  Z.  Valleau,  Main  street. 


BROCKVILLE,  C.  W. 

A  busy,  thriving  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  Township  of  Elizabethtown  and  County 
of  Leeds.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  River  St  Lawrence,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Tliousand  Islands ;  is  the  county  town  for  the  Counties  of  Leeds  and  Grenville,  which 
are  united  for  judicial  purposes.  All  the  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
Toronto,  and  Hamilton,  and  Lewiston,  N.  Y.,  stop  dailj'.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railwaj'  passes 
through  the  northern  part  of  the  town,  and  has  a  large  station.  The  BrockvUle  and  Ottawa 
Railway,  from  the  shore  of  the  St  Lawrence,  through  the  town,  to  Pembroke  on  the  Ottawa, 
is  in  course  of  construction.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies  every  half  hour  during  summer  be- 
tween this  place  and  Morristown,  a  village  in  the  State  of  New  York.  There  is  a  daily 
stage,  via  Smith's  Falls,  distant  32  miles,  fare  $2 ;  to  Perth,  distant  45  miles,  fare  $2,50 ; 
one  daily,  via  Farmersville,  distant  15  miles,  fare  75c.  ;  to  Westport,  distant  45  miles,  fare 
$2;  and  one  tri-weekly  to  Mirickville,  distant  28  miles,  fare  $1.50.  The  town,  with  the 
Township  of  Elizabethtown,  sends  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assemblj^  Distant  from 
Montreal,  125  miles;  from  Kingston, 48  miles;  and  from  Morristown,  1  mile.  Daily  mails. 
Population  about  5000. 

BOOKS,    STATIONERY    &    PRINTING. 

The  Subscribers  have  always  on  hand  a  full  supply  of  the  National  School  Books,  Bibles,  Testaments,  Guide 
Books,  and  the  newest  books  and  papers  published. 

Wrapping,  Writing,  Printing,  and  Boom  Paper,  Wholesale  and  Retail. 

HENDERSOIV  &  \VYL.IE,   Brockvillc,  C.  TT. 

N.  B.—Mr.  Wj/lie  is  Editor  and  Publisher  of  the  "  BrockmJU  Recorder"  jntblished  every  Thursday 
morning. 

'  COBOURG,  C.  W.     • 

A  town  in  the  Township  of  Hamilton  and  County  of  Northumberland.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  county,  and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  There 
is  an  excellent  harbour,  affording  safe  accommodation.  A  large  trade  in  agricultural 
produce  and  lumber  is  done.  The  proximity  of  Cobourg  to  Rochester,  and  other  ports 
on  the  American  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  renders  it  a  first-class  business  settlement ;  and 
the  fertile  soil  of  the  neighbourhood,  with  the  advantages  of  a  ready  market  and  unsur- 
passed water  power,  have  raised  Cobourg  in  50  years  to  its  present  position.  During  the 
season,  steamers  call  daily  from  and  en  ro2tte  to  Toronto,  Kingston,  and  Hamilton,  and 


82 


COLBORXE,  C.  W. — CORNWALL,  C.  W. 


to  Rochester,  New  York.  Cobourg  is  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  and  a  ter- 
minus of  the  Cobourg  and  Peterborough  Railway.  Distant  from  Toronto,  72  miles;  from 
Kingston,  103  miles ;  and  from  Montreal,  260  miles.     Daily  mails.     Population  about  VOOO. 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  British  and  American  Express  Co. — 
"William  H.  Sanger,  King  street. 

Ambrot ypist  and  Photographist. — Alexander 
Gerritt,  Division  street. 

Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  News  Depot. — 
Henry  Allan,  Division  st.  (near  post-office). 

Carriage  Maker. — William  De  Lany,  Divi- 
sion street. 

Cobourci  Sun  Newspaper. — Thos.  McNaugh- 
ton,  "editor.  King  street,  east. 

Cobourg  Star. — Clench  <fe  Floyd,  Publishers 
and  Printers,  King  street. 


Dry  Goods  Merchants. — ^ilcFarlane  <t  Grant, 

South  side,  King  street. 
Importer  of  Paper  Hangings,  Decorator,  etc. 

— John  Hayden,  King  street,  west. 
Merchant  Tailor. — David  Ross,  King  street. 
Pauwels'   Chop    House. — Edward  Pauwels, 

Division  street. 
Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Manufacturer. 

— ^Thomas   Morrow,   Union  Block,   King 

street. 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocers,  Wines  and 

Spirits. — A,  <fc  D.  McCaUum,  King  street. 


COLBORNE,   C.  W. 

A  thriving  village  and  port  of  entry  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Townships  of  Cramahe  and 
Haldimand,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  considerable  trade  is  done  in  lumber, 
and  curing  of  whitefish  and  salmon  trout,  with  which  the  lake  abounds.  A  steamer  plies, 
for  passengers  and  freight,  twice  a  week  between  this  and  the  other  north  shore  ports  and 
Oswego,  New  York.  There  is  also  a  tri-weekly  steamer  to  Rochester,  New  York.  Cabin 
and  deck  fares  to  Oswego  and  Rochester,  82.50  and  ^\.15.  Colborne  Harbour  is  near  a 
station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  Distant  from  Cobourg,  16  miles ;  from  Montreal,  249 
miles ;  and  from  Toronto,  84  miles.  There  is  a  tri-weekly  stage  to  Norwood,  82  miles, 
fare  $2.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  300. 

Business  Directory. 


Cabinet  Maker. — 0.  A.  Cliapin. 
General  Jlerchant. — G.  W.  Webb. 
Mereliant. — J.  Stuart  Strong,  King  street. 
Notary  Public   and  Conveyancer.  —  M.   K. 

Lockwood,  King  street. 
Physician,  Surgeon,  etc. — F.  Pugh,  King  st. 


Town  Clerk,  Dry  Goods,  Grocery  and  Hard- 
ware Merchant. — J.  S.  Scott. 

Tinsmith  and  Hardware  Merchant. — G.  N. 
Gordon. 

Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — ^F.  H.  Edwards. 


CORNWALL,   C.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  Township  of  the  same  name  and  County 
of  Stormont.  It  is  the  County  Town  of  the  United  Counties  of  Stormont,  Dundas,  and 
Glengarry.  The  business  of  the  registry  office  and  of  the  circuit  and  principal  law  courts 
are  transacted  here.  A  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  contiguous.  The  boats  of 
the  Canadian  and  American  lines  between  Montreal  and  Hamilton,  and  of  the  Montreal 
and  Kingston  line,  call  daily ;  and  there  is  a  line  of  steamers  which  start  four  days  a  week 
for  Montreal  and  intermediate  ports.  A  considerable  amount  of  flour  is  embarked  at  this 
place  for  Montreal,  which,  by  this  route,  is  distant  85  miles.  To  avoid  the  Long  Sault 
Rapids,  immediately  above  the  port,  a  canal  has  been  made  to  Dickinson's  Landing,  a  dis- 
tance of  12  miles,  affording  ample  accommodation  for  the  largely  increased  navigation  on 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Distant  from  Montreal  68  miles,  and  from  Kingston  105  miles.  Daily 
mails,     pepulation  about  2500. 

Business  Directory. 


Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law. — Richard  T. 
Wilkinson. 


Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law. — J.  F.  Pringle. 
Bookseller  and  Stationer.— Henry  A.  Sawyer. 


DUNDAS,    C.   W. 


83 


Cormoall  Constitutional. — ^Watson  Litel,  Pro- 
prietor and  Editor,  and  issuer  of  Marriage 
Licenses  for  County  of  Storraont. 

Hotel,  St.  Nicholas.— A.  C.  McDonald,  Pitt 
street. 

Hotel,  British  North  American. — John  Ken- 
nedy, Second  street. 

Hotel.Chequered  House. — Michael  and  Philip 
Carpenter,  Water  street. 

Merchant  and  Agent  for  Life  Association  of 
Scotland. — William  Cline,  J.  P.,  Pitt  street. 

Merchant  and  General  Trader. — D.  McMil- 
lan, Pitt  street. 


Merchant  and  General  Ti-ader. — Alexander 

McDougall,  corner  of  Pitt  and  First  sts. 
Physician   and   Surgeon. — J.  J.    Dickenson, 

South  of  Second  street. 
Painter. — Joseph  Hitchins,  Pitt  street. 
Tinsmith. — John  McPhee,  Pitt  street. 
Tanner  and  Shoemaker. — Robert  Craig,  Pitt 

street  and  Second  street. 
Tailor. — M.  J.  Smout,  Second  street. 
Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — J.  S.  Warner, 

Pitt  street. 
Watchmaker,  and  Clerk  of  Division  Court. — 

Wm.  Wilford  Pack,  Pitt  street. 


DUNDAS,  C.  W. 

Dundas  is  an  incorporated  town,  situated  upon  a  small  stream  running  into  Lake  Ontario, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  canal  about  a  mile  in  length,  formed  by  a  bay  called 
"  Coote's  Paradise."  And  though  the  supply  of  water  fails  during  several  months  in  the 
summer,  the  stream  is  thronged  with  mills  and  factories  from  the  western  to  the  eastern 
limits  of  the  town : — two  flour  mills,  two  iron  foundries,  a  woollen  factory,  a  planing  mill, 
an  agricultural  implement  maker,  a  pump  maker,  a  last  factory,  a  tannery,  and  a  paper 
mill.  The  sheds  at  the  canal  basin,  it  will  be  observed,  present  a  deserted  appearance, 
owing,  of  course,  to  the  Great  Western  Railroad  offering  such  facilities  for  the  speedy 
transportation  of  freight. 

But  the  picturesque  frame  which  nature  has  fixed  round  this  bustling  scene  of  art  and 
industry,  deserves  special  attention  from  the  tourist.  Post  yourself  on  the  bold  and  lofty 
escarpment  that  raises  its  head  above  the  town  towards  the  north,  and  one  of  the  loveliest 
landscapes  in  the  Canadian  province  bursts  upon  your  view.  To  the  right  lies  a  wooded 
gorge,  down  which  rushes  the  waters  of  the  stream.  The  line  of  railroad  runs  right  west, 
toward  the  setting  sun,  and  loses  itself  in  "  the  bush."  Several  hundred  feet  beneath  your 
point  of  observation  lies  the  town  itself;  in  the  long,  withdrawing  valley,  elegant  mansions 
top  the  summits  of  the  neighbouring  knolls.  Ancaster  peeps  out  from  the  wooded  heiglit 
in  front.  Hamilton,  with  its  numerous  towers  and  spires,  flanked  by  "  the  mountain,"  ap- 
pears to  the  left.  Round  and  round,  the  undulating  country  is  clothed  with  luxuriant 
foliage,  and  the  blue  waters  of  Lake  Ontario  form  the  distant  horizon  to  the  admiring  spec- 
tator. Numerous  sylvan  sites,  most  appropriate  for  elegant  villas,  can  be  pointed  out  in 
the  suburbs ;  accordingly,  we  have  little  doubt  that  Dundas  will  ultimately  prove  one  of 
the  most  attractive  spots  for  permanent  residence,  as  well  as  for  pic-nics  and  holiday  pleas- 
ure parties.     Population,  about  3000. 

Business  Directory. 


Auctioneer  and  General  Agent. — George  W. 
Wright. 

Barristers,  etc. — Robertson  &  Wardell.  (See 
card.) 

Chemists  and  Druggists. — Thornton  &  Fisher. 

Dealer  in  Fancy  and  Staple  Dry  Goods. — R. 
S.  Brock. 

Dry  Goods  and  Clothing. — Gregson  &  Graf- 
ton. 

Dry  Goods  and  Millinery. — Dickie  &  Breck- 
bile. 

Dundas  Mills. — James  Wales,  Ogville  street. 


Dundas  Free  Banner. — Somerville  &  Oliver, 

Publishers. 
Dundan  Warden. — J.  L.  Spence,  proprietor. 
Engineer. — Walter  Bastable,  Hart  st. 
Grocer. — McAfifer,  Market  Square. 
Grocer. — Wm.  Wilson,  King  street. 
Grocers,  Wholesale  and    Retail. — Dickie  <fe 

Watson. 
Hotel  and  Livery  Stables. — George  F.  Scace, 

King  St. 
Importer  of  Hardware. — James  S.  Meredith. 
North  American  Hotel. — Bernard  Collins. 


Barristers,    Attorneys,    Conveyancers,    Notaries   Public,    Ac, 


DUNDAS    AND    HAMILTON,    0.  W. 
THOMAS  ROBERTSON,  Crown  Attorney,  County  Weutworth. 


A.  R.   WARDELL. 


84 


GALT,   GODERICH,   GUELPH,   C.  W. 


GALT,  0.  W. 

All  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Dumfries  and  County  of  "Waterloo.  It  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  either  side  of  the  Grand  River,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  Mill 
Creek.  The  town  possesses  immense  water  power,  which  is  fully  employed  driving  the 
machinery  of  numerous  manufacturing  establisliments,  flouring,  and  other  mills.  Distant 
from  Berlin,  the  county  town,  (with  which  it  will  be  soon  connected  by  a  railway  leading 
from  Hamilton,  through  Gait  and  Preston,)  12  miles;  from  Hamilton,  25  miles;  and  from 
Toronto,  70  miles.     Daily  mails.     Population  about  3000. 


Business   Directory. 


Barrister  and  Attornej-. — John  Miller,  North 
Water  street. 

Commission  Llerchant. — David  "W.  Frazer. 

Druggist,  Wholesale  and  Retail.  —  R.  S. 
Young,  Main  street. 

Dry  Goods,  Millinery,  etc. — J.  S.  Fisher,  Com- 
mercial Buildings. 

Dumfries  Reformer. — James  Young,  Editor. 

Oalt  Reporter. — Jeffrey  &,  Son,  Publishers. 

Grocers  and  Leather  Merchants. — Fleming 
&  Robinson,  Main  street. 

Grocer}'  and  Provision  Dealer. — Peter  Alison 
Marshall,  Main  and  Ainslie  streets. 


Homoeopathic  Physician  and    Surgeon.- 
J.  Lancaster. 

Iron  Founders  and  Tin  Smiths.^-J.  W.  Davis 
&Co., 

Miller  and  Distiller. — John  McNaughton. 

Nursery  and  Seedsman,  Operator  and  Ex- 
press Agent. — J.  G.  Fraser. 

Postmaster  and  Agent  for  Gore  Bant. — John 
Davidson. 

Railway  Hotel  Depot. — Benjamin  Hobson. 

Surgeon-Dentist. — Robert  Reid. 

Town   Clerk   and   Treasurer. — Adam    Ker, 
Queen  street. 

Union  Hotel. — John  Young,  Main  street. 


GODERICH,  C.  W. 

Goderich  forms  the  terminus  of  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway,  and  is  situated  at  the 
^louth  of  the  River  Maitland,  upon  an  eminence  150  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Huron. 
The  plan  of  the  town  deserves  particular  notice  :  an  elegant  town  hall  graces  the  centre  of 
a  large  octagonal  area,  round  which  rise  up,  in  stately  dimensions,  numerous  stores  and 
hotels ;  several  churches  rear  their  spires  in  the  distance ;  the  grammar  school  adds  another 
ornament  to  the  architectural  structures  of  the  place ;  on  one  side  the  primeval  forests,  and 
on  the  other  the  mirrored  surface  of  Huron's  inland  sea,  form  the  horizon  to  the  delighted 
spectator.  Altogether  Goderich  is  a  desirable  residence ;  it  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  for 
the  healthiness  of  its  situation,  the  soil  in  its  vicinity  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  the 
fisheries  yield  excellent  profits  to  the  proprietors ;  it  boasts  of  two  newspapers  and  a  light- 
house ;  a  cockle-shell  of  a  steamer,  touching  at  Goderich  and  the  intermediate  ports,  plies 
at  present,  with  regular  irregularity  and  great  discomfort  to  passengers,  between  Port  Sar- 
rica  and  Southampton,  the  old  harbour,  in  the  hands  of  the  Canada  Company,  attesting  the 
mischievous  consequences  of  monopolies,  stands  sadly  in  need  of  repair ;  but  when  the  new 
line  of  steamers  has  commenced  to  ply,  in  connection  with  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway, 
as  well  as  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  from  Toronto  and  Stratford  to  Milwaukee,  Chi- 
cago, and  the  "  Far  West,"  it  will  be  enlarged  and  improved.  We  have  little  hesitation, 
therefore,  in  predicting  an  unprecedented  progress  for  the  Canadian  "Queen  of  the  West." 
Population  4000.     76  miles  north-west  of  Paris. 


GUELPH,  0.   W. 

An  incorporated  town  on  the  River  Speed.  Chief  town  of  the  County  of  Wellington,  and 
station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  It  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Gait  and  Guelph 
Railway,  which  connects  with  the  Great  Western  ;  and  the  southern  terminus  of  the  pro- 
posed Railway  to  Saugeen,  the  distance  to  which  is  about  70  miles.     From  Guelph  there 


GUELPH,    C.    W. 


85 


are  regular  stages  to  Owen  Sound,  through  Fergus  and  Elora,  and  a  regular  mail  to  Soutli- 
ampton.  Being  the  centre  of  a  riuh  agricultural  district,  Guelph  has  a  large  retail  country 
trade ;  its  exports  are  chiefly  -wheat  and  flour.  Distant  from  Toronto,  47  miles,  and  from 
Hamilton,  30  miles.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  4500. 

Biisiuess  Directory. 


Agent  and  Conveyancer. — Robert  Thompson, 
St.  George  square. 

Artist. — Samuel  Shaw,  Wyndham  street. 

Barristers  and  Attorneys. — Fergusson  and 
Kingsmill.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister's  and  Attorneys. — Lemon  &  Pater- 
son.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister  at  Law. — Thomas  H.  Saunders. 

Dry  Goods,  Clothing,  etc. — Abraham  Boice. 

Great  Western  Hotel. — Robert  Matthews. 

Groceries,  Crockery,  and  Provisions.  —  C. 
Meredith  &  Co. 

Guelph  Herald. — George  Pirie,  Editor. 

Guelph  Advertiser.  —  Jonathan  Wilkinson, 
Editor. 

Hardware  Merchant. — John  Keller. 


International  Hotel. — J.  K.  Scriven,  Propri- 
etor.    [See  advertisement.] 

Land  and  General  Agent. — James  Webster. 

Merchant. — Geo.  Draper,  Wyndham  street. 

Merchants. — ^Stewart  &  Thomson,  Wyndham 
street. 

Notary  Public,  Insurance  Agent,  etc. — R. 
Greet. 

Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Makers. — Smith 
&  Metcalf. 

Thorp's  New  Hotel. — J.  Thorp,  Proprietor. 
[See  advertisement.] 

WelliiKjton  Mercury. — Geo.  M.  Keeling,  Pub- 
lislier. 

Wellington  Hotel. — James  Lindsay,  Proprie- 
tor.    [See  advertisement.] 


INTERNATIONAL     HOTEL, 

Within  50  Yards  of  the  Railway  Passenger 

Station. 

J.  K.  SCRIVEN  boss  most  respectfully  to  intimate  to 
his  uvtraerous  fneiiiis  and  the  travelUns  'public,  that  his 
well-kno-wTi  Hotel  is  fitted  up  in  a  mamier  unsurpassed 
for  accommodation  by  any  other  Hotel  m  Town.  His 
Table  will  be  always  supplied  with  all  the  procurable 
luxuries  of  the  season.    His 

LIQUORS 

Are  of  the  very  best  qualities,  and  every  attention  and 
courtesy  will  be  extoudud  to  Ids  guests,  in  order  to  render 
thorn  as  comfortable  as  possible.  His  Stable  will  be  sup- 
plied at  all  times  with  the  best  quality  of  Hay  and  Oats, 
aiid  311  attentive  hostler  will  be  always  in  attendance.  In 
fact,  lie  can  assure  the  public  that  his  House,  in  all  its 
depaitiuents.  will  be  conducted  with  propriety,  and  de- 
aenre  the  patronage  of  his  friends  and  the  public  generally. 


J.  K.  SCRIVEN. 


Gudph,  July  2,  1S57. 


GREAT  WESTERN  HOTEL, 

Wyndham  St.,  Guelph. 

The  under.signed,  having  completed  his  large 
and  commodious  new  stuue  building  on  the 
site  of  the  old  "Farmer's  Arms"  Hotel,  form- 
erly occupied  by  Mr.  John  Pipe,  has  opened  the 
said  Establishment  for  the  accommodation  of 
tlie  public.  lie  intends  to  keep  His  Bar  con- 
stantly supplied  with  the  choicest  liquors,  and 
His  Table  with  the  best  viands  of  the  season, 
al.so  good  stabHng  will  be  provided  for  horses; 
and  no  exertion  will  be  spared  to  make  the 
Great  Western  Hotel  worthy  of  the  support  of 
tlie  agricultural  community  in  the  county,  and 
the  public  gener.dlv. 

It.    ITIATTHEUS. 

^^~  A  call  from  Ids  old  friends  and  patrons 
respectfully  fsolicited. 
Guelph,  Oct.  20th,  1855. 


WELLINGTON    HOTEL, 

WYNDHAitl    STREET, 

OPPOSITE    MONTREAL  BANK, 

a-xjEiii>i3:,     O-    ■\^ -, 
JAMES    LINDSAY, 

Proprtetor, 

The  above  new  and  commodious  hotel,  being  situated  ui 
a  central  part  of  the  town,  and  convenient  to  both  the 
Railway  Stations,  offers  peculiar  advantages  to  tho  travel- 
ing public.  Visitors  will  find  the  arrangements  good,  and 
charges  moderate. 

An  excellent  Livery  Stable  is  attached  to  the 
Hotel,  and  truaty  hodlers  are  always  in  attendance. 

Daily  Stages  to  Elora,  Fergus,  and  Owen  Somid, 
An  OmnihuM  attends  the  Cars,  and  convey!^  Gueute 
to  and  from  the  House  free  of  Charge. 

THORP'S   NEW  HOTEL, 

GUELPH,     C.    ^V., 
J.    TMOnP,    Proprietor^ 

Is  just  opened  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public.  I8 
a  first-class  House,  and  the  best  in  Guelph.  Charges  reas- 
onable. Livery  at  short  notice.  Stages  to  and  from  all 
parts.    A  free  Buss  in  attendance  at  the  Stations. 


ANDREW  LEMON. 


H.  W.  PETERSON,  JB. 


MESSRS.  LEMOiN  &  PETERSON, 
Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law, 

SOLICITORS  IN   CHANCERY, 

NOTARIES     PUBLIC,     &c., 
GUELPH,    C.    W. 

Agent  for  the  Colonial  Life  Assurance  Com/pany, 


A.    J.    FERGUSSON. 


J.    J.    KINGSMILL. 


FERGUSSON     &,     KINGSMILL, 
BARRISTERS     AND     ATTORNEYS     AT     LAW, 


86 


HULL — INGERSOLL — KINCARDINE,  C.   W. 


HULL,   C.  E. 

A  village  situated  on  the  River  Ottawa,  opposite  to  the  town  of  Ottawa,  to  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  suspension  bridge,  at  the  celebrated  Chauderie  Falls.  A  considerable  trade 
is  done  in  lumber,  and  in  the  manufacturing  of  axes,  pails,  etc.     Population  about  250. 


ANDREW     LEAMY, 
IiriTIBER     IflERCHAIVT      AIVD     ]?IIL.L. 


OWIVER, 


General  Store. — J.  J.  Marston,  Main  street. 
Hotel  Keeper  and  Blacksmith. — Patrick  Mc- 
Garr,  Main  street. 


Lumber  Merchant. — Andrew  Leamy.     [See 
advertisement.] 


INGERSOLL,  C.  W. 

An  incorporated  village,  in  the  County  of  Oxford,  Township  of  North  Oxford;  situated 
on  the  River  Thames,  and  a  station  on  the  Great  "Western  Railway.  Wheat  and  sawn 
lumber  form  the  principal  trade  of  this  place  and  the  surrounding  country.  The  land 
around  is  excellent,  and  the  village  is  fast  increasing  in  population  and  importance.  Dis- 
tant from  Woodstock,  9  miles;  from  Hamilton,  51  miles;  from  London,  19  miles;  from 
Windsor,  129  miles;  and  from  Port  Burwell,  on  Lake  Erie,  32  miles.  Daily  mails.  Popu- 
lation about  3000. 

Business  I>ii'ectory. 


Attorney  at  Law. — Richard  Ollard. 

Bookstore  and  News  Depot. — E.  H.  Crysler. 

Chemist,  Druggist  and  Stationer. — 0.  B.  Cald- 
well. 

Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  M.  Chapman. 

Convej'ancer. — James  Berrie,  Thames  street. 

Daly  House. — John  Patterson,  proprietor. 
[See  advertisement.] 


General  Merchants. — J.  McDonald  &  Bros. 

General  Merchant. — Samuel  Poole. 

higersoll  Chronicle. — J.  S.  Garneld,  Editor. 

Royal  Exchange  Hotel. — H.  Hearn,  Propri- 
etor.    [See  advertisement.] 

Merchant  and  Agent  for  English  and  Ameri- 
can Newspapers. — R.  A.  Woodcock. 


DALY     HOUSE, 

The  Subscriber  begs  to  inform  his  friends  and  the  public 
that  he  lias  removed  to  the  above  House,  which  is  new 
and  commodious,  and  furnished  in  modem  style. 

By  strict  personal  attention  ho  hopes  to  receive  his 
usual  share  of  patronage. 

A  free  Buss  to  and  from  the  cars. 

JOHN  FATTEBSON. 


ROYAL  EXCHANGE  HOTEL 

AND    GENERAL    STAGE    HOUSE, 

Cor.  of  Thauies  &  Charles  Sts., 

H.     HEARN,    Proprietor. 

Visitors  will  find  the  arransements  good,  and  charges 
moderate.  A  good  Livery  Stable  attached.  Daily  Stages 
to  Tilsonburg,  Vienna,  and  Port  Burwell,  and  to  St. 
Marv-'s  Mondavs,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays. 

J^^  An  omnibus  to  and  from  the  cars  free  of  charge. 


KINCAEDINE,  C.  W., 

Is  a  small  town  situated  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Penetangore,  upon  an  acclivity  extending,  in  a  ridge  of  no  great  height,  along  the  beach  in 
both  directions.  It  occupies  the  centre  of  a  beautiful  bay,  forming  a  crescent,  terminating 
in  northern  and  southern  pinepoints.  Tlie  principal  street,  studded  with  respectable-look- 
ing stores  and  hotels,  (the  North  American,  so  far  as  regards  attention  and  a  good  table, 
will  bear  comparison  with  its  namesake  in  Toronto,  minus  the  niggers,)  runs  parallel  to  the 
shore  for  half  a  mile  at  least ;  and,  like  other  towns  situated  upon  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Lake,  though  minus  a  railroad  at  present,  and  possessed  only  of  a  quay  for  lading  and  un- 
lading small  schooners,  it  is  competing  for  the  honour  of  the  principal  port  for  the  trans- 
portation of  passengers  and  the  transshipment  of  freight  across  the  lake  to  the  "  Far  West." 
Government  has  voted  £1,500  for  the  dredging  and  enlargement  of  the  harbour,  and  as  the 


LESTDSAY   AND   MILL   BEOOK,    C.   W. 


87 


channel  of  the  river  forms  a  natural  basin,  covered  -with  shallow  deposits  of  sand,  Kin- 
cardine will  soon  offer  a  safe  harbourage  to  vessels  of  large  dimensions,  and,  therefore,  bids 
fair  to  prove  no  mean  rival  to  Goderich  and  Saugeen.  30  miles  north  of  Goderich.  Popu- 
Jation  about  1000. 


LINDSAY,  0  W., 

Is  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River  Scugog,  and  is  composed,  as  yet,  of  only  a  few 
blocks  of  frame  houses,  stores  and  hotels,  grist  and  lumber  mills,  with  the  exception  of  2  or 
3  brick  houses  on  each  side  of  the  river.  The  site  of  the  town,  according  to  the  original 
plan,  is  extensive ;  but  as  individuals  have  selected  spots  for  their  houses  in  all  different 
directions,  Lindsay  presents  a  straggling  appearance  to  an  old-countryman.  But  as  it  is 
favoured  with  railroad  communication  to  Port  Hope  on  the  south,  and  stage  to  Manilla  and 
Mariposa,  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  townships  in  the  province,  8  miles  to  the  west,  and 
by  steamer  to  the  Falls,  Bobcaygeon,  etc.,  on  the  north,  we  may  reasonably  anticipate  the 
enlargement  of  the  town,  as  well  as  the  increase  of  its  trade,  at  no  distant  date.  It  is 
worthy  of  special  notice  that  an  excellent  reading-room  is  supplied  not  only  with  the  Pro- 
vincial, but  with  American  and  British  newspapers  and  magazines,  as  well  as  with  the  re- 
prints of  the  principal  British  Quarterlies ;  and,  we  may  add,  for  the  information  of  the 
sportsman,  that  fishing  in  the  river  and  lakes,  as  well  as  deer  shooting  in  the  surrounding 
bush,  will  at  once  recruit  his  health  and  amply  repay  his  pleasing  toils.  Population  $2000. 
From  Port  Hope,  42  miles.     Fare  $1.25. 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law. — F.  B  Greene,  Kent  st. 
Barrister  and  Notary  Public. — Anthony  La 

Course,  Kent  st. 
Bookseller  and  Druggist. — W.  J.  Stoughton, 

Kent  St. 
Barrister  at  Law. — T.  A.  Hudspeth,  Kent  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Maker. — A  Bright,  Hidout  st. 
Cabinet  Makers. — Matthie  &  Anderson,  Wil- 
liam st. 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — Richard 

Leary,  Kent  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Boots,  Shoes,  etc. — S. 

and  0.  Bigelow,  Lindsay  st. 
Grocer  and  Confectioner. — Wm.  Alexander 

Silverwood,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchant. — Wm.  Kewin,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchant. — John  Kennedy,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchants. — Keenan  &  Lenilian. 
Importer  and  General  Merchant. — Thomas  S. 

Lehane,  King  st. 


Jewett's  Hotel. — B.  Jewett,  Proprietor,  Kent 

street. 
Lindsay  Flour  Mills. — Dealer  in  Wheat,  Flour, 

etc.,  Robert  Lang,  Proprietor  ;  office,  Kent 

street. 
Lindsay  Tannery. — W.  McNeil,  William  st. 
Lindsay  Advocate. — Edward  D.  Hand,  Pub- 
lisher. 
Mercliant  and  Carriage  Manufacturer. — John 

Thirkhill,  Kent  st. 
Martin's   Hotel,   (late  Walsh's). — J.    Martin, 

Proprietor,  Kent  st. 
Merchant. — James  Watson,  William  st. 
Merchant — Charles  Britton,  Ridout  st. 
Staple  and  Fancy  Dry  Goods  Merchant, — 

Thos.  Bronghall,  Knowlson's  Block,  Kent  st. 
Victoria  Herald. — Henry  John  Waite,  Editor, 

Publisher,  and  Proprietor,  William  st. 
Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — H.   G.   Clarke, 

Kent  st. 


MILL  BROOK,    C.   W. 

A  flourishing  village,  situated  in  the  Township  of  Cavan,  and  County  of  Durham.  Has 
a  local  trade  of  some  importance.  A  station  on  the  Port  Hope  and  Lindsay  Railway  is 
half  a  mile  from  the  village.  Distant  from  Port  Hope  13  miles.  Daily  mail.  Population 
about  1000. 


Business 

Clerk  of  Division  Court,  Conveyancer,  etc. — 

James  M.  Brodie,  Kell  st. 
Dispensing  Chemist,-E.  Gregory,  Railroad  st. 
Dry  Goods  Merchant  and  General  Grocer. — 

Samuel  James  Howell,  50  Main  st. 
Dry    Goods    Merchant. — Richard   Howden, 

Railroad  st. 


Directory. 

General  Merchant, — James  Kelly,  Kell  st. 
Grocer,  Baker,  and  Confectioner. — James  A. 

Johnston,  Corner  of  Cavan  <fe  Kell  st, 
MiUhrook  Messenger. — Alfred  Edwin  Ilayter, 

Editor  and  Proprietor,  Railroad  st. 
Wellington    Hotel. — Granville    Richardson, 

Corner  of  Railroad  &  Mill  sts. 


88 


NAPANEE,   NEWCASTLE,   AND   OSHAWA,   C.   W. 


NAPANEE,  C.  W. 

Napanee  is  a  pretty  village,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  which  may,  probably, 
be  selected  as  the  county  town  of  Richmond  Township.  The  river  is  navigable  by  small  schoon- 
ers, and  offers  first-rate  water  privilege,  in  addition  to  the  four  saw-mills,  which  cut  y,00(),OuO  ft. 
of  lumber  annually,  two  flour  mills,  two  foundries,  a  woollen  factory,  plaster  factory,  cabinet  fac- 
tory, planing  mill,'brewery,  tannery,  etc.,  which  stand  upon  its  banks.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railway 
Station  stands  immediately  to  the  north  of  the  village.  Napanee  is  possessed  of  no  ordinary 
advantages,  and  is  evidently  destined  to  extend  at  the  expense  of  other  inland  villages.  If  the 
traveller  wishes  a  comfortable  house,  he  should  visit  the  Commercial  Hotel,  Napanee-,  and  if  the 
sportsman  is  anxious  to  prime  his  "  pocket-pistol,"  by  all  means  visit  Mr.  Johnston's  distillery 
at  Clark's  Mills,  where  a  Scotchman  distils  "  mountain  dew"  as  pure  and  spirit-stirnng  as  any 
that  smells  of  "peat-reek"  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Population,  2000.  Distant  from 
Kingston,  25  miles;  Toronto,  134  miles. 

Business  Directory. 


Ambrotypist  and   Photographist.— Henry  H. 

Carman,  Dundas  st. 
Amos  S.  Bristol,  M.  D. 
Baker,  &c. — J.  Worthington,  Dundas  st. 
Barrister  and  Attorney,  Notary  Public. — B.  C. 

Davy,  Dundas  st. 
Commercial  Hotel.^S.  R.  Shaw,  Dundas  st. 
Druggist  and  Dealer  in  Paints,  Oils,  etc. — Jas. 

C.  Hufifman. 


General  Assurance  Agent,  Treasurer  Mechanics' 
Institute.— Robert  Easton,  Town  Hall,  Mar- 
ket Square. 

Manufacturing  Miller,  Conveyancer,  &c.— Jas. 
F.  Bartels. 

Napanee  Standwd.—A\ex.  Campbell,  Editor  and 
Publisher. 

Solicitor  in  Chancerv,  Attorney-at-law,  Notary 
Public— Robert  S.  Henderson,  Dundas  st. 


NEWBURG,   0.   W. 

A  village  on  the  Napanee  River,  in  the  Township  of  Camden  and  County  of  Addington. 
Distant  from  Kingston  23  miles,  and  from  the  Napanee  Station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway 
6f  miles.     Usual  stage  fare  to  Kingston  15  cents.     Daily  mail.     Population  about  900. 


Business    Directory. 


Carriage  Builder.- 


Chemist  and  Druggist. 


■John  Crichton,  Main  st. 
■Joshua  Bower,  Main 
street. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Boot  and  Shoe  Shop, 

etc. — Robert  F.  Hope  &  Son. 
Druggist. — Allen  Caton. 


Empire  House  Hotel.— James  Power,  Main,  st. 
Newburg  Carriage  Factory. — Samuel  Lake, 

Main  st. 
Newhunj  Index.— KW&n  Caton  &  C.  Y.  Price, 

Editors  and  Proprietors. 
Saddler.— 0.  S.  Roblin,  Main  st. 


NEWCASTLE,   C.  W. 

A  town  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Townsliip  of  Clarke  and  County  of  Durham,  and  a  Station 
on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  The  trade  of  the  place  is  considerable.  Distant  from  Co- 
bourg  25  miles,  and  from  Toronto  47  miles.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  1250. 

Business    Directory. 


Agent  Montreal  Telegraph  Co.,  Fire  and  Life 

Insurance. — A.  H.  Hunter. 
Barrister  and   Attorney-at-law. — Neale   Mc 

Neill,  King  st. 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — ^Samuel 

McCo}',  King  st. 
Generaf  Merchants. — Cashman   <fc  "Wolcott, 

Foster's  Buildings,  King  st. 
General  Merchants  and  Produce  Dealers. — 

Wilmot  <fe  Co.,  King  st. 


Newcastle  Recorder.— W.  A  Powers,  Printer 

and  Publisher. 
Physician.— George  M.  Reid,  M.  D,  M.  R.  C. 

S.  E.,  Mill  St. 
Principal  Newcastle  Academy. — "W  T.  Boate. 
Queen's  Arms  Hotel. — W.  Couch,  King  st. 
Veterinary  Surgeon. — "William  A.  Rose,  R. 

C.  V.  S.  E.,  Chemist  and  Druggist. 
Wellington   House   Hotel.— John  Salisbury, 

Stage  Depot,  King  st. 


OSHAWA,    C.   W. 

A  flourishing  incorporated  village  in  the  Township  of  Whitby  and  County  of  Ontario, 
2-J  miles  from  Sydenham  Harbour,  on  Lake  Ontario.  '  A  large  business  is  done  in  the  pro- 


OAKVILLE   AND   PETERBOROUGH,  C.    W. 


89 


duce  of  the  country,  and  the  place  is  especially  celebrated  for  flour.  Several  large  fac- 
tories, also,  have  been  established,  and  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  has  a  station  here,  at 
which  all  trains  stop.  Distant  from  Toronto  33  miles,  and  from  Montreal  300  miles.  A 
daily  stage,  carrying  the  mail,  runs  north  from  Oshawa  through  Columbus,  Raglan,  Prince 
Albert,  Borelia,  and  Port  Perry,  to  Beaverton,  on  Lake  Simcoe,  distant  50  miles,  fare  $2.50. 
Daily  mail.     Population  about  3000. 

Business    Directory. 


Barristers  and  Attorneys-at-law. — Billings  & 

'Wilson. 
Christian  Offering  and  Oshawa   Vindicator, 

Published  by  Luke  &  Orr. 
Druggist. — Mark  Robinson,  King  st. 
General   Grocers  and   Provision  Dealers. — 

Luke  &,  Wood,  2  King  st..  East. 
General  Grocers  and  Wine  Merchants. — Burk 

&  McGaw,  King  st. 
General   Merchants.— W.  H.  Gibbs   &   Co., 

King  st. 


McEli-oy's  Hotel. — John  McElroy,  King  st. 

Oshawa  ilills. — John  Warren,  Merchant  and 
Proprietor. 

Postmaster,  Bookseller,  and  Stationer.— Gavin 
Burns. 

Produce  Dealers. — Gibb  <fe  Brother,  South 
Oshawa. 

Solicitor. — S.  B.  Fairbanks,  King  st. 

Surgical  and  Mechanical  Dentist,  and  Mon- 
treal Telegraph  Agent. — C.  N.  Vars,  Cor. 
King  &  Simcoe  sts. 


OAKVILLE,   0.  W. 

"  An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Trafalgar  and  County  of  Halton,  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  the  mouth  of  the  Sixteen-Mile  Creek,  which  forms  an  excellent  and  land-locked 
harbour,  of  easy  access.  Oakville  is  advantageously  situated  for  ship-building  purposes, 
and  a  number  of  first-class  vessels  are  built  here  every  year.  It  is  the  outlet  for  the  ship- 
ping of  flour  and  other  products  to  the  American  side,  besides  being  the  wheat  market  of 
the  County  of  Halton.  The  Station  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  is  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
town.  A  daily  line  of  stages  runs  to  Stewarttown,  through  Postville,  Ashgrove,  and  Horn- 
by, The  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Hamilton,  and  other  ports  call  here.  Distant 
from  Toronto  25  miles,  from  Hamilton  20  miles,  and  from  Milton,  the  County  Town,  16  miles. 
Fare  to  Milton  87^  cents,  to  Hamilton  50  cents,  to  Toronto  50  cents.  Daily  maiL  Popula- 
tion about  2000." 

Business   Directory. 

Hotel.  —  John   Williams,    Ifavy 


Canadian 

street. 
General  Dealer  in  Groceries,  Wines,  Liquors, 

etc. — T.  D.  Johnstown,  Colborne  st. 
General  Merchant  and  Insurance  Agent. — 

James  Reid,  Colborne  st. 


Hardware   Merchants. — William   Robertson 

&  Co.,  Colborne  st. 
Postmaster,  Clerk  Division  Court,  Com.  in 

B.  K.,  Town  Clerk,  Convej-ancer,  etc. — R. 

Balmer,  Xavy  st. 
Tinsmiths. — D.  Chisholm  &  Co.,  Colborne  st. 


PETERBOROUGH,   C.   W. 

"  A  flourishing  town  in  the  County  of  Peterborough,  situated  on  the  Otonabee  River,  in 
the  Township  of  Monaghan.  Lumber  is  the  principal  trade  of  the  place.  There  is  also  a 
considerable  business  in  wheat  and  flour.  A  railway  connects  this  town  with  Cobourg  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  distant  30  miles,  fare  $L  Stage  fare  from  Port  Hope,  distant 
30  miles,  fare  $1.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  4000." 

Business    Directory. 


Alex.  Harvey,  M.  D.  and  Coroner,  Aylmer 

street. 
Attornej'-at-law  and  Notary  Public. — W.  F. 

I.  Vizard. 
Barrister-at-law.—Charles  Alexander  Weller, 

George  st. 


Cabinet  Warerooms. — William  T.  Swayne, 

George  st. 
Caisse's  Hotel. — Leon  Caisse,  Cor.  of  Hunter 

(fe  Water  sts. 
Commission  and  General  Merchant  in  Wine, 

Seed,  etc. — Coupar  &  Ogilvy,  George  st. 


90 


PARIS  AND   PICTON,    C.   W. 


Commission  and  General  Merchant. — "Wm.  B. 
Read,  George  st. 

Dry  and  Fancy  Goods  Importer,  Grocer,  etc, 
— R.  B.  McDougal,  George  st. 

General  Provision  Dealer. — George  Mitchell, 
Hunter  st. 

Grocers,  Hardware  and  Commission  Mer- 
chants, Corner  of  Hunter  &  George  sts. 


Grocer. — Augustus  Cadotte,  George  st. 

Marble  Masons — John  Thomas  Whitehead 
&  Co.,  Brock  St. 

Peterboro'  Examiner.  —  A.  Sawyers,  Pub- 
lisher. 

Peterhoro'  Review.— "I.  <fe  R.  White,  Publish- 
ers. 

Tailors  and  Clothiers. — A.  Mercer  &  Sons, 


PAEIS,    0,   W. 

Paris  is  situated  within  a  mile  of  the  line  of  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Grand  River ;  and  as  the  country  is  undulating  and  rising  in  some  places,  even  into 
hills,  the  scenery  is  very  picturesque ;  the  houses  stand  embowered  amongst  wood,  here 
upon  the  slopes,  and  there  in  the  valley,  reminding  the  continental  tourist  of  the  vine-clad 
slopes  of  Sevres,  between  Paris  and  Versailles,  In  addition  to  the  flour  and  lumber  mills 
common  to  almost  every  town  in  the  province,  Paris  is  provided  with  a  gypsum  or  plaster 
mill.  The  lofty  railroad  wooden  bridge,  which  spans  the  Grand  River,  forms  one  of  the 
most  attractive  objects  of  interest,  and  if  the  traveller  can  afford  time,  he  may  fill  his  bas- 
ket with  fish,  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  from  the  river.  Notwithstanding  these  natural  attrac- 
tions and  adaptations  of  Paris,  both  for  pleasant  residence  and  manufactures,  the  Great 
Western  Railroad  has  carried  the  traffic  past,  in  both  directions,  and  thrown  it,  at  least  in 
the  mean  time,  into  a  state  of  comparative  stagnation,  to  improve  however,  we  hope,  with 
the  general  return  of  "  better  times,"  Population  2000,  Seventy-two  miles  from  Suspen- 
sion Bridge, 

Business  Directory* 


Chemist  and  Druggist. — Alex.  C.  Bell,  River 

street.    (See  Advt.) 
Commission  Merchant  and  Assurance  Agent, 

— Thomas  Ryall,  Railway  Station. 
Daguerrean  and  Photographic  Artist. — C.  S. 

German,  River  st. 
General   Dry   Goods   and   Groceries. — Wm. 

Paterson,  River  st. 


Hotel. — James  Currie,  Anglo-American  Hotel 

Station. 
Tavern-Keeper. — James    Loutit,    Mechanics 

street. 
Tin  and  Coppersmith. — William  Rosebrugh, 

River  st. 
Wholesale     and     Retail     Merchant.  —  John 

Irwin,  J.  P.,  Upper  Town. 


ALEX.   C.   BELL,   CHEMIST   &   DRUGGIST, 

WHOLESALE   ANU    RETAIL    DEALER   IN 

Drugs,  Patent  Medicines,  DyestufTs,  Paints,  Oils,  Varnislics,  Turpentine,  Bruslies,  Combs, 

FANCY    ARTICLES,     &c., 
RIVER      STREET,       PARIS,     C .    W . 


PICTON,    0,   W. 

One  of  the  most  enterprising  towns  for  its  size,  in  the  region  of  the  beautiful  Bay  of 
Quints,  noticed  elsewhere.  The  County  Town  of  the  County  of  Prince  Edward,  and  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Quints.  Distant  from  Kingston  40  miles ;  steamboat  fare  $1,  stage  fare 
$2.     Distant  from  Belleville  22  miles ;  steamboat  fare  $1.     Population  about  2000. 

Business   Directory. 


Attorney-at-law  and  Notary  Public, — Lera- 

priere  Murray. 
Barrister-at-law. — Samuel  Merrill. 
Barrister,  and  Attorney-at-law,  and  Notary, 

etc. — Philip  Low. 
Cabinet    and    Chair  Factory. — Gillespie   & 

Southard,  Main  st. 


Carriage  Manufixcturers. — Fraliek  &  Brother. 
Draper,  Tailor,  and  General  Outfitter.— Robt. 

Mitchell,  Union  Buildings. 
Eclectic    Phvsician    and     Surgeon. — H.    E. 

Bowles,  m!  D.,  Elizabeth  st.     (See  Advt.) 
Flour,  Plaster,  and  Woollen  Mills. — James  C. 

Wiison,  Lake  on  the  Mountain. 


PORT   HOPE,    C.    W. 


91 


Globe  Hotel. — J.  Blanchard,  Main  st.  (See 
Advertisement.) 

Grocer. — Edward  F.  Fegan,  Bridge  st. 

Insurance  and  General  Agent,  Seed  and  Pro- 
duce Dealer,  etc. 

Iron  Founders  and  Steam-Engine  Manufac- 
turers.— Elizabeth  st. 

Marble  Dealer. — S.  A.  Moore. 

Melodeon  Manufacturers. — C.  W.  &  F.  M. 
Andrus. 

Merchants. — Gray  &  Co.,  Main  st. 

North  American  Hotel. — J.  Mottashed,  Main 
St.,  near  Steamboat  Qua}-. 

Photographist  and  Ambrotypist. — W.  P.  Rey- 
nolds, Main  st. 


Photographist    and   Ambrotyper. — John  A. 

Sherritf,  Union  Buildings. 
Picton  Gazette. — Stephen  M.  Conger,  Editor 

and  Proprietor. 
Picton  Times. — Robert  Boyle,  Publisher. 
Surgeon-Dentist. — W.  H.  Gilbert,  Main  st. 
Surgeon    and    Phj'sician.  —  Henry    Bentall 

Evans,  M.  D.,  M.  R.  C.  S.  E.,  Main  st. 
Tanner,  Pot  Barley,  and  Split  Pea  Mill. — P. 

F.  McCudig. 
Tinsmith.  —  Henry  M.  Sponenbergh,    Main 

street. 
Watchmaker,    Jeweller,    etc. — "Wm.    James 

Porte,  Main  st. 


Health  Institute. 

COR.  ELIZABETH  &  KING   STS., 

PICTON,    C.   W. 

Treatment — Physiological  Purelj. 

Developing-  the  mental  and  physical  nature.  The  only 
trae  method  of  treating  Chronic  disease  and  deformity. 
Location  healthy  and  plea.sant.    Under  tlie  care  of 

H.  £.  BOWLES,  M.  D. 


GLOBE    HOTEL, 

MAIN    STREET,    PICTON,    C.    W., 

BY    J.    BLANCHARD, 

The  Proprietor,  iu  thankinij  the  public  for  past  favours, 
begs  to  assure  them  that  nothins  on  his  part  will  be  want- 
ing to  give  satisfaction  to  those  who  may  favour  him  with 
their  patronage.    Mail  Stages  leave  this  house  daily. 

Carriages  in  attendance  to  and  from  the  boats  free  of 
charge.    Livery  Stables  attached  to  the  Hotel. 

Terms  Liberal.  Josiah  Blanchard. 

Ficton,  iSth  Mai/,  1857. 


POET   HOPE,   0.   W. 

Port  Hope  is  beautifully  situated  upon  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  an  accliv- 
ity, the  summit  of  which  is  capped  with  beach  and  pine,  and  clothed  with  villas,  embow- 
ered amongst  the  trees.  The  principal  street  runs  from  the  harbour  to  the  top  of  the  hill, 
and  is  crowded  with  large  and  lofty  brick  stores,  houses,  and  hotels.  The  Town  Hall  and 
Montreal  Bank  form  prominent  objects  to  a  spectator,  placed  upon  the  quay.  And  the 
graceful  curve  of  the  viaduct,  resting  on  piers  of  solid  masonry',  over  which  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  is  carried,  tends  only  to  enhance  the  picturesqueness  of  the  view.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  wood  and  stream, 
the  evidence  of  which  is  the  number  of  wagons  crammed  with  quarters  of  beef,  mutton, 
and  pork,  turkeys,  geese,  chickens,  eggs,  butter,  and  vegetables,  crowding  the  town-hall 
square  on  Saturdays.  Communication  by  railroad  is  already  extended  to  Lindsay,  40  miles 
to  the  north-west,  as  well  as  to  Peterborough,  to  the  north-east ;  and  steamers,  moreover, 
ply  regularly,  during  summer,  between  Lindsay,  Fellon  Falls,  and  Bobcaygeon,  20  miles 
further,  in  a  northern  direction,  on  Lake  Sturgem.  Distant  from  Cobourg  7  miles,  from  Tor- 
onto 62  miles  (fare  $2.13),  from  Peterborough  29  miles,  from  Lindsay  42  miles,  from  King- 
ston 98  miles.     Population  about  8000. 

Business    Directory. 


Agent. — Robert 


Accountant  and  Commission  Merchant,  Con- 
veyancer, House,  Land,  Insurance,  and 
General  Agent. — R.  Maxwell,  south  side  of 
Walton  St. 

Accountant     and    General 
Davidson,  Walton  st. 

Attorney  and  Solicitor. — George  Brogdin 
Walton  St. 

Barrister-at-law. — J.  Forster  Boulton,  Wal- 
ton st. 

Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law. — Nesbitt  Kir- 
chafter,  Walton  st. 

Book  and  Job  Printing  Office. — Geo.  A.  Coul- 
son,  Mill  st. 


Bookseller  and  Stationer. — Jas.  C.  Ansley, 
Walton  St. 

Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  S.  Tomlinson, 
Walton  st. 

Civil  Engineer. — A.  W.  Sims,  Elgin  st. 

Commission  Merchant.— F.  Murphy, Walton  st. 

Commission,  Shipping,  and  Forwarding 
Agents,  Lumber  Merchants,  etc. — Albro  & 
Yindin,  Walton  si. 

Contractor. — Ralph  Jones,  Mill  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Crockery. — J.  G. 
Leeronier,  Walton  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceries. — J.  H.  Delamere,  Wal- 
ton st. 


92 


PEESCOTT  AND   TRENTON,    C.   W. 


General  Commission  Agent. — Robert  0.  Wil- 
son, Walton  St. 

Grocer,  Liquor,  and  Provision  Merchant. — 
Robert  Mclntyre,  Walton  st. 

Homceopathic  Physician  and  Surgeon. — Dr. 
George  Pyburn,  Walton  st. 

Importer  of  Dry  Goods  and  Millinery. — J.  B. 
Gillespie  &  Co.,  Walton  st. 

Manufacturer  of  Upholstery  and  Cabinet 
Ware.— W.  F.  Russell,  Walton  st. 


Port  Hope  Atlas. — Charles  Rodgers,  Editor 

and  Publisher,  Brogden's  Buildings. 
Port   Hope    6'?<«f/e.— Hugh   Crea,   Publisher 

and  Editor,  Walton  st. 
Produce    and    Commission    Merchant,    and 

Agent  for  British  and  American  Express 

Company. — Wm.  Burnham. 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  and  Importer 

of  Dry  Goods. — James  Lang,  Jr.,  Walton 

street. 


PEESCOTT,   0.   W. 

An  incorporated  town  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  Township  of  Augusta  and  Coun- 
ty of  Grenville.  It  is  opposite  the  town  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  and  the  ti-afEc  between  the 
two  places  is  very  considerable ;  requiring,  during  the  season  of  navigation,  the  constant 
employment  of  two  ferry  steamers.  All  the  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
and  Hamilton  stop  here  daily.  The  town  is  contiguous  to  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway ;  and  the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Railway  has  a  terminus  on  the  river  shore,  and 
within  the  limits  of  the  town.  There  is  a  junction  of  the  two  roads  at  a  short  distance 
from  their  respective  stations.  Tlie  town,  with  the  Townships  of  Augusta  and  Edwards- 
burg,  sends  one  member  to  the  Provincial  Parliament.  Distant  from  Montreal  113  miles, 
from  Toronto  220  miles,  and  from  Ottawa  54  miles.     Daily  mail     Population  about  4000. 

Business    Directory. 


Agent  for  Rotai  Mail  Line. — V.  R.  Covell, 

King  st. 
Architect. — Henry  A.  Sims,  King  st. 
Baker, — :Thomas  Torr,  King  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Makers. — Belgard  &  Crowly, 

King  st. 
Cheap  Ticket  Agent,  Tickets  all  Points  West. 

— A.  Scott  Geralds,  Northup's  Hotel. 
Chemist. — George  Harding,  King  st 
Chemist,   Druggist,    and   Coroner. — R.   W. 

Evans,  King  st. 
Clerk  of  Second  Division  Court. — ^Thos.  Har- 
rison, Esq. 
Contractor  of  Public  Works,  Brewer  and 

Distiller,  President  of  Mechanics'  Institute 

and  County  Agricultural  Society.— Edward 

<fe  King  sts. 
Dealer  in  Hardware,  Tin,   Bar  and  Sheet 

Iron. — John  Chambers,  King  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Hardware,  Farm  and 

Garden  Seed,  Stationery,  and  Secretary  of 

Agricultural  Society. — King  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Liquors. — W.  B. 

Trainer,  King  st. 
Dry   Goods,    Groceries,   and    Provisions. — 

James  Mooney. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Provisions,  Hardware, 

etc. — John  Ferguson,  King  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Hardware,  Groceries,  etc. — W. 

S.  Akin,  King  st 
General  Dealers  in  Dry  Groods,  Groceries, 


Hardware,  Crockery,  etc. — Miller  <fe  Ran- 
kin, King  st. 
General   Insurance  and  Emigration  Agent, 

Sight  Drafts  on  Europe. — Matthew  Dows- 

lejr,  Post-office  Buildings. 
Golden  Ball  Hotel,  and  Distiller. — John  Mor- 
row, King  st. 
Grocer. — F.  M.  Adams,  King  st 
Gi'ocer. — John  Bradley,  King  st. 
Groceries  and  Provision  Store. — T.  Methot, 

King  st. 
Forwarder  and  General  Steamboat  Agent. 

— Robert  Gilpin,  Water  st 
Forwarding    Commission    Merchant,    IT.    S. 

Consul  Agent. — J.  S.  Hawley,  Water  st. 
Hepburn  House  Hotel  and  Saloon. — Henry 

S.  Hepburn,  Corner  of  Edward  <fe  Water 

sts. 
Kingston    Ale    Depot — Thomas    Robinson, 

Innkeeper,  Dog  h  Duck,  Water  st 
Merchant  Tailor. — Joseph  Reid,  King  st 
Printer,  Publisher,  and  Editor  of  Messenr/er. 

— C.  J.  Hynes,  King  st.     JIesse7igcr  only 

$1.50  a  year,  in  advance. 
Storekeeper. — John  Ford,  King  st 
Watch   and   Clock   Maker,  Jeweller. — John 

Barnett,  King  st 
Wholesale  and   Retail  Grocer,  Forwarding 

and  Commission  Merchant,  Auctioneer  and 

Insurance  Agent — Isaac  D.  Purkiss,  1,  2, 

&  3,  Brady's" Block,  Water  st 


TRENTON",    C.    W. 

An  incorporated  village  and  port  of  entry,  prettily  situated  on  botli  sides  of  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Trent,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Quints,  in  the  Townships  of  Murray  and  Sid- 


WINDSOR  AJiD   WHITBY,   C.   W. 


93 


Dey,  and  Counties  of  Northumberland  and  Hastings.  Two  steamers  start  twice  a  week  for 
Montreal,  fare  $5  and  $2.50,  and  is  near  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  Distant 
from  Belleville  12  miles,  and  from  Toronto  101  miles.  There  is  a  small  island  two  miles 
east  of  the  TUlage,  called  Mill  Island,  with  two  steam  mills  for  lumbering  purposes  on  it. 
Daily  mails.     Population  about  1 600. 

Business    Directory. 


Attorney-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  etc. 

— Daniel  R.  Murphy,  South  Side  Dundas 

street. 
Baker. — William  Dickens. 
Coroner.— J.  P.  Pijtrick  Gilbert  Fergus,  M.  D., 

Surgeon. 
Doctor  of  Medicine. — H.  W.  SpafFord. 
Dry   Goods,    Groceries,   wharfinger,   etc. — 

Jesse  T.  Henderson. 


Druggist. — Albert  D.  C.  Hawley,  Bridge  st. 
Merchant. — David  Roblin. 
Merchant. — John  X.  Thompson. 
Merchant  Tailor. — John  Stuart,  Water  st. 
Railroad  Hotel. — Lewis  Cruickshank,  Water 

street. 
Saddler  and  Harness  Maker. — J.   R.  Wert, 

corner  of  Elgin  &  Water  sts. 


WINDSOR,  0.  W. 

Is  situated  at  the  western  frontier  of  the  Province  of  Upper  Canada,  upon  the  banks  of 
the  River  St.  Clair,  opposite  to  Detroit,  in  the  State  of  Michigan.  It  forms  the  terminus  of 
the  Great  Western  Railroad,  the  seat  of  a  Custom-house,  and  the  site,  at  least,  of  an  embryo 
city ;  but  as  the  steamer  connects  the  Great  Western  with  the  Michigan  Railroad,  at  the 
otJier  side  of  the  ferry,  which  is  only  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  no  great  extension 
can  reasonably  be  anticipated  for  this  frontier  town,  placed,  moreover,  as  it  is,  in  such  close 
proximity  to  the  large  and  flourishing  town  of  Detroit.     Population  about  3,000. 

Bosiuess  Directoi-y. 

Barristers,  etc. — Macdonell,  Stuart  &  Trew,  I  Vinegar    JManufactures. — Wm.    C.    Bagley. 
(See  Card.)  I      (See  Card.) 

Windsor  Saloon.— -Wm.  Stratton,  Proprietor. 


MACDONELL,  STUART,  &  TREW, 

BARRISTERS, 

Attorneys,  Solicitors,  Notafies  PuWie,  k., 

WINDSOR,  C.  W. 
8.   9.    MACDONELL.  J.   STCART.  N.    M.   TSEW. 


WM.    C.   BAGLEY, 

Mcinufacturer  and  Wholesale  Dealer  in 
PURE     TABLE 

WHITE  WINE  &  CIDER  VINEGAR, 


WHITBY,   0.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Whitby  and  South  Riding  of  the  County  of 
Ontario.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 
Distant  from  Toronto  29  miles,  fares  $1  and  75  cents.  Daily  mails.  Population  about 
3500. 

Business    Directory. 


Ambrotypist  and  Photographist. — James  A. 

Clark,  Brock  st. 
Barristerat-law. — A.  G.  Ham,  Brock  st. 
Barristers  and  Attorneys.— Macdonell  &  Dart- 

nell.  Court  House. 
Chemist,  Druggist,  and  Perfumer. — Geo.  A. 

Bannister,  Dundas  st. 
Dealer  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Stationery, 

etc. — Joel  Bigelow. 
Dealer  in  Stoves,  Copper,  and    Sheet   Iron 

Ware. — John  Trotter. 


Dry  Goods,  Ready-made  Clothing,  and  Gro- 
ceries.— Robert  Campbell. 

General  Dealer  in  Groceries,  Provisions,  etc. 
— Joseph  Mansfield. 

Importers  of  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Seeds. 
— Hamilton  &  Roberts. 

Importers  of  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Hard- 
ware, etc. — Gibson  &  Yarnold. 

Importers  and  General  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods, 
Groceries,  etc. — Lowes  &  Powell. 

Ontario  Titnes. — Wm.  McCabe,  Publisher. 


94 


WOODSTOCK,    C.    W. 


Agent 


for 


Stationery. — George   Tule,   Jr., 

Telegraph  Company. 
Tin,  Sheet,  Iron,  and    Coppersmith. — John 

Bryan,  Brock  st. 
Watch  Maker  and  Jeweller,— Thos. Gallagher, 

Brock  St. 


Whitby  Chronicle. — W.  H.  Higgins,  Editor. 

Whitb}"-  Foundry. — Lynde  &  Post,  Brock 
street. 

Whitby  House  Hotel. — Thos.  Kelson  Scrip- 
true,  Dundas  st. 


WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 

The  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Oxford,  situated  between  the  North  and  South  Eidings^ 
and  forming  one  of  the  municipalities  of  the  latter.  Its  location  is  very  healthy,  being  on 
the  height  of  land  of  the  Western  Peninsula,  and  surrounded  by  an  exceedingly  fertile 
country,  renowned  for  wheat  growing  and  cattle  raising.  The  River  Thames  skirts  the 
northern  limits,  and  Cedar  Creek  passes  through  the  southern  part  of  the  town,  supplying 
2  grist  mill  water  privileges.  Its  principal  business  is  various  manufactures  and  commerce, 
especially  the  forwarding  of  wheat,  etc.  On  the  south  side  is  a  chief  station  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway.  The  principal  buildings  are  of  brick.  There  are  3  first-class  hotels,  7 
churches,  2  spacious  school  houses,  and  a  county  grammar  school,  and  a  substantial  market- 
place and  town  hall.  A  magnificent  five-story  steam  grist  mill  was  set  in  operation  in 
1856,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  The  Canadian  Literary  Institute  is  in  course  of  erection,  at  the 
east  end  of  the  town,  estimated  to  cost  $30,000.  Distant  from  Hamilton,  48  miles ;  from 
London,  29  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  91  miles;  and  from  Paris,  19  miles. 
Daily  mail  east  and  west  by  railway,  and  north  and  south  by  stage.  Two  mails  are  made 
up  for  England  weekly.     Population  in  1852,  2,112,  increasing  in  1857  to  4,745. 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney,  Conveyancer,  etc.  —  John  Greig. 

(See  advertisement.) 
Analytical  and  Pharmaceutical  Chemist. — 

Robert  Stark. 
Barrister  and  Attorney. — Hugh  Richardson. 

(See  advertisement.) 
Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  Bookbinder. — ^W. 

Warwick. 
Cabinetmakers  and  Upholsterers. — Gurnett 

&  Piggott. 
Dry  Goods  Merchant. — ^W.  A.  Woods. 
Dry  Goods  Merchants. — Parker  &  Hood. 
Grocer    and   General    Merchant.  —  Edward 

Blomely. 
Groceries,  Wines,  Spirits,  etc. — J.  W.  Hughes 

&Co. 
Groceries. — W.  A.  Reid  &  Co.,  Dundas  st. 
Iron  Founder  and  General  Manufacturer. — 

Homer  Pratt  Brown. 


Merchant. — ^Thomas  Oliver,  West  End. 

Produce  and  Commission  Merchant. — John 
Ferguson. 

Physicians  and  Surgeons. — Drs.  Turguand  & 
Cunynghame. 

Railway  Hotel. — Robert  Bickle. 

Surgeon  Dentist. — John  G.  Brown,  Dundas  st. 

Shoemaker  and  Tanner. — Wm.  Wilson. 

Tin,  Iron  and  Copperplate  Worker  and  Stove 
Dealer. — George  Boditch. 

Telegraph  Operator. — Henry  Jozard,  Jr. 

Watchmaker. — John  Dingwall. 

Wine  and  Spirit  Merchants. — Henry  &  Gor- 
don. 

Woodstock  Sentinel. — John  W.  Whinnie  & 
Son,  Proprietors. 

Woodxiock  Timen. — Alex.  RiggsMcCleneghan, 
Editor  and  Publisher. 


JOHN    GREIG, 

ATTORNEY, 
OonveysLTicer,  <Sc'C., 

■WOODSTOCK,   C.   W. 


HUGH   RICHARDSON, 

BARRISTERS  ATTORNEY  AT  LAW, 

Notars  Public, 

CONVEYANCER,  &c., 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 


TOWNS   IX   CANADA   WEST. 


NIAGARA,    C.   W., 

Is  one  of  the  oldest  to-wns  in  Canada,  situated  on  a  point  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the 
River  Niagara  on  tlie  east,  and  Lake  Ontario  on  the  north  ;  surveying  it  from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer  which  plies  between  Toronto  and  Niagara,  you  would  imagine  that  j'ou  were  gaz- 
ing upon  one  of  the  seaport  towns  in  the  south  of  England.  Snow-white  mansions  peep 
out  of  umbrageous  woods;  glittering  spires  reflect  the  bean)s  of  the  setting  sun,  and  mas- 
sive forts  raise  their  front  to  the  storm ;  but  step  ashore,  and  you  soon  discover  you  have 
been  looking  upon  a  "  dissolving  view."  It  is  true,  a  few  houses  wear  all  the  aspect  of  re- 
spectable retirement,  but  they  are  lodges  in  a  vast  wilderness,  the  footfall  of  the  solitary 
passenger  re-echoes  in  the  deserted  city  :  the  frame  buildings  betray  all  the  symptoms  of 
decaj' :  pride  and  povertj'  dwell  next  door  to  each  other. 

Potatoes  are  planted  in  Fort  StGeorge  ;  Fort  Massasauga  is  dismantled,  the  mud  embank- 
ments of  which  are  washed  away  at  the  rate  of  3  feet  annually,  and  it  is  sentinelled  by  a 
solitary  old  pensioner,  and  last,  not  least  of  the  ills  to  which  Niagara  is  heir  to,  a  modern 
railroad  carries  the  majoritj'  of  travellers  over  the  scenes  of  ancient  bloodshed,  and  past 
the  lofty  memento  of  civil  war — Brock's  Monument — to  the  Falls,  14  miles  from  the  town 
of  Niagara. 

Fort  Ontario,  on  the  American  side,  is  maintained  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  but 
yankee  invention  has  transformed  the  warlike  into  a  peaceful  and  useful  structure,  by  sur- 
mounting it  with  a  light-house.  Tempora  mxitayitere,  et  nos  mutamus  in  illis  !  Population 
about  3,000.     Distant  from  the  Falls,  14  miles. 


SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,    C.  W. 

Suspension  Bridge  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  running  from  there 
to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  and  also  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.  Emigrants,  passing  through  to 
the  West,  generally  wait  here  4  to  6  hours,  and  have  baggage  re-checked.  There  is  an  emi- 
grant refreshment  room  within  the  station,  conducted  by  a  German,  where  good,  whole- 
Bome  provisions,  and  tea  and  coffee  are  supplied  at  the  lowest  rates.  The  economical  Ger- 
man emigrants,  for  the  most  part,  patronize  it.  There  is  also  another  excellent  refresh- 
ment saloon  at  the  station,  where  meals  are  to  be  had  on  the  arrival  of  everj'  train ; 
whilst  for  a  respectable  and  comfortable  hotel  at  the  Bridge,  we  name  the  Great  Western 
hotel,  kept  by  Mr.  Kavanagli,  who  is  very  attentive  to  strangers.  Parties  passing  through, 
can  leave  their  baggage  at  either  the  station,  or  hotel — have  time  to  walk  as  far  as  the 
Falls — fully  one  mile  up  the  river  side ;  whilst  parties  who  have  time  to  stay,  will  find  Sus- 
pension Bridge  convenient  for  arrival  and  departure  of  trains  to  tlie  West,  or  to  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  or  to  New  York  and  eastern  cities.  Distant  from  Buffalo,  22 
miles;  Windsor,  C.  W.,  229  miles;  Hamilton,  43  miles;  Toronto,  81  miles,  via  rail — and 
about  50  miles,  via  rail  to  Niagara,  and  thence  steamer  across  Lake  Ontario. 


ST.  CATHERINE'S,  C.  W. 

St.  Catharine's  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs,  to  which  great  numbers  resort  every 
summer.  Hotels  of  the  largest  size,  and  well  appointed,  are  established  for  accommodating 
visitors ;  the  largest  of  which  is  the  Stepehenson  House,  named  after  its  proprietor,  Mr.  Ste- 
phenson, who  has  done  much  to  bring  the  virtues  of  St.  Catiierine's  Springs  prominently 
before  the  public.  St.  Catherine's  is  situated  on  the  Welland  Canal,  which  connects  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  in  one  of  the  best  agricultural  districts  in  Canada  West.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad.  Distant  from  Toronto,  75  miles ;  Hamilton,  39  miles ; 
and  Niagara  Falls  12  miles. 


TOWNS  IN  CANADA  WEST. 


SOUTHAMPTON,  C.  W., 

Forms,  as  yet,  only  the  nucleus  of  a  town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Saugeen. 
Two  or  three  hotels  and  stores,  surrounded  by  several  frame  houses  have  been  planted  up- 
on the  sandj'  slope  still  studded  with  stumps,  rising  gently  from  the  shore  of  tlie  lake. 
The  sand,  however,  disappears  before  a  richer  soil  as  you  retire  into  the  interior  of  the 
country.  A  flour  mill  and  two  saw  mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  fisheries 
furnish  lucrative  employment  for  several  boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
year.  Beyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Reserve,"  and  an  Indian  village,  consisting  of  a 
few  frame  houses  inhabited  by  a  remnant  of  "  mild-eyed  and  melancholy"  red  Indians,  pen- 
sioned by  government,  and  monopolizing  a  crescent  eminence  upon  the  banks  of  the  me- 
andering Saugeen,  with  romantic  dells,  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even  by 
"  Winsome  Yarrow."  Opposite  the  turn,  and  about  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  lies 
Chantry  Island,  or  rather  islet,  on  which  a  light-house  has  lately  been  erected,  and  on  the 
lee  of  which  might  be  constructed  a  harbour  of  refuge  for  a  whole  navy — a  scheme,  which, 
rumour  says,  has  been  projected,  in  connection  with  a  new  line  of  .uilroad  from  Guelph, 
and  urgently  demanded  bj'  the  inaccessibility  of  this  north-west  corner  of  the  province. 
But,  considering  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  navigation  through  the  Georgian  Baj',  there 
cannot  be  the  least  doubt  that  it  will  withdraw  the  traffic,  at  last,  to  the  west  from  tho 
Northern  Railroad  to  Collingwood,  and  conduce,  therefore,  to  the  prosperity  of  "tho 
Morning  Star,"  as  Southampton  may  be  designated,  from  its  position. 

Population  about  650.  70  miles  N.  of  Goderich — 32  miles  from  Owen  Sound.  Stage 
daily  to  Owen  Sound. 

ST.  MARY'S,  C.  W., 

Twelve  miles  S.  W.  of  Stratford,  is  a  town  which  has  risen  into  existence  within  the 
last  few  years,  and  is  beautifully  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River  Thames.  Tlie 
Grand  Trunk  Railwaj'  is  carried  across  a  valley  on  the  north,  and  a  branch  to  London  on 
the  east,  on  viaducts  which  adorn  the  town  by  the  lightness  and  elegance  of  their  struc- 
ture. The  point  of  junction  has  been  removed,  on  account  of  the  intervening  valleys, 
about  two  miles  from  the  town,  a  distance  which  proves  a  serious  inconvenience  to  the 
trader  as  well  as  to  the  tourist;  but  the  rapid  progress  whicli  is  evidently  destined  for  St 
Mary's,  by  its  situation  as  a  market  town  and  its  limestone  quarries,  midway  between 
Stratford  and  London,  will  probably  overcome  the  natural  obstacles  by  the  extension  of 
its  limits  to  the  vicinity  of  the  station.  Stage  connection  with  Stratford,  Ingersoll,  and 
London  daily.     Population,  2,500. 


STRATFORD,  0.  W., 

Forms  the  junction  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railw.iy  to  Port  Sarnia  on  the  River  St 
Clair,  and  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway,  and  is  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River 
Avon.  It  is  a  straggling,  irregular  town,  following  the  windings  of  the  river,  and  the  un- 
dulations of  the  rolling  country  on  which  it  is  built  The  intersection  of  the  town,  more- 
over, by  three  lines  of  railwaj',  the  erection  of  two  station-houses  and  sheds,  the  assump- 
tion of  an  eminence  by  several  churches,  not  to  speak  of  the  dilapidated  state  of  several 
tenements  forsaken  by  their  inmates,  all  adds  to  the  general  disorder  and  confusion  pre- 
sented by  this  once  flourishing  town  ;  for  since  the  railway  has  been  carried  through  to 
Goderich  it  has  been  threatened — like  several  other  towns  placed  in  similar  circumstances — 
•with  a  severe  collapse.  Notwithstanding,  Stratford  lies  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  dis- 
trict of  the  "  Huron  tract,"  noted,  as  everj-body  knows,  for  its  productiveness,  and  will  al- 
ways, therefore,  prove  a  steadj-,  if  not  an  increasing  attraction  to  the  farmers  in  the  sur- 
rounding countrj-.  Population,  .3,500.  Distant  from  Toronto,  89  miles;  Sarnia,  80  miles; 
London,  39  miles ;  Goderich,  45  miles. 


<h' 


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art 


C^' 


SCENES  AND  SCENERY, 


COXTE^fTS    OF    PART    II. 


PACK 

Albany,  Scenery  between  New  York  and  64 

AUegliany  Mountains,  The 7 

Altamount,  AUeghanies 13 

Avon  Springs 6'2 

Ballston  Spa 61 

Baltimore  to  Cincinnati 7 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 22 

Beauharnois,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Bottom  lands  in  Missouri 28 

Breezes  on  the  prairies 29 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara 77 

Canadian  boat-song 79 

Canandaigua  Lake 62 

Cape  May 48 

Cassidy's  Ridge 15 

Catskill  Mountains 5-3 

Caugbnawauga,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Crooked  Lake 52 

Chauderie  Falls,  Ottawa 82 

Cheat  River  and  Valley 13 

Cincinnati  to  Columbus — Scenery 19 

Clarksburg , 17 

Clifton  Springs  51 

Climate  of  Missouri  Valley 29 

Cohoes  Falls 48 

Columbia  Bridge,  Susquehanna 23 

Columbia  Springs 62 

Columbus  to  Cincinnati 19 

Columbus  to  Baltimore 21 

Columbus  to  Philadelphia 21 

Columbus  to  New  York 21 

Cranberry  Summit 13 

Cumberland.  AUeghanies 12 

Davenport,  Iowa 30 

Descending  the  Rapids 43 

Falls  of  the  Chauderie 82 

Falls  of  the  Rideau 82 

Falls,  Little 62 

Falls  of  Cohoes 48 

Falls  of  Genesee 60 

Falls  of  Kauterrkill 55 

Falls  of  Minnehaha 39 

Falls  of  Montmorenci 87 

Falls  cf  Niagara 72 

Falls  of  the  Passaic 61 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony 37 

Falls  of  Trenton 46 

Genesee  Falls 60 

Geneva  Lake 62 

Grafton  Junction 15 

Great  Columbia  Bridge 23 

Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia 10 

Hudson  River 64 

Indian  Lake 62 


PAOB 

Indian  Mound,  Moundsville 17 

Iron  Bridge — the  largest  in  America. . .   16 

Iron  Mountain,  Missouri 25 

Islands,  the  Thousand 43 

Jefferson's  Rock 10 

Junction  to  Wheeling  and  Parkersburg.    15 

Juniata,  Scener}-  of  the 23 

Kansas  and  Nebraska 27 

Kauterskill  Falls 55 

Kingwood  Tunnel 15 

La  Chine,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Lake  Canandaigua 62 

Lake  George 51 

Lake  Mahopae 62 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands 43 

Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains 80 

Lake  Pepin,  Mississippi 35 

Lake  Pleasant  and  Crooked  Lake 62 

Lake  Saranacs 62 

Lakes  Geneva  and  Seneca 62 

Lake  St.  Francis 45 

Lake  Superior 40 

Lake  Sylvan,  Catskill  Mountains 54 

Lake  Winnipiseogee 50 

Lebanon  Springs 61 

Little  Falls. 62 

Little  Miami  River  and  Valley 19 

Long  Sault  Rapids 43 

Lumber  in  Missouri 29 

Maiden  Rock,  Mississippi 35 

Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky 48 

Miami  Valley  and  River 19 

Minnehaha  Falls 39 

ilississippi  Bridge,  Rock  Island 30 

Mississippi,  Trip  on  the  Upper 31 

Missouri,  Mineral  Resources  of 25 

Missouri,  Valley  of  the 27 

Monongahela  and  Tygart's  Valley  Rivers  16 

Montmorenci  Falls 87 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  Rail 83 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  River 79 

Mountain,  The  Iron 25 

Mount  Vernon 49 

Nahant 49 

Nebraska  and  Kansas 29 

New  Lebanon  Springs 61 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 52 

New  York  to  Albany 64 

Niagara  Burning  Springs 77 

Niagara  Falls 72 

Niagara  Falls,  Routes  to 78 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 70 

Niagara  to  the  Thousand  Islands 46 

Ottawa  River,  Trip  up  the 79 

Parkersburg 18 


COXTENTS  OF  PART   II. 


PAGB 

Passaic  Falls 61 

Patapseo  River,  Scenery  of  the 8 

Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg 23 

Pictured  Rocks,  Lake  Superior 40 

Piedmont,  Alleghany  Mountains 12 

Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia 21 

Platte  River  and  Valley 28 

Plymouth  Rock 49 

I'oint  of  Rocks. 9 

Potomac  A''alley  and  River  Scenery 10 

Prairies,  Breezes  on  the 29 

Prairies  in  Missouri 28 

River  Hudson,  Scenerj'  of  the 65 

River  Hudson,  Source  of  the 63 

River  Juniata,  Pennsylvania 24 

River  Mississippi 81 

River  Missouri 27 

River  Ottawa 79 

River  Passaic 61 

River  Patapseo 7 

River  Platte,  Missouri 28 

River  Potomac 10 

River  Saguenay 85 

River  St.  Lawrence  and  Rapids 42 

River  Susquehanna,  Pennsylvania 23 

River  (Upper)  Ottawa 84 

Rochester 46 

Rockaway  Beach 49 

Rock  Island  Bridge,  Mississippi 30 

Rondout  Creek 69 

Saguenay  River 85 

Saratoga  Springs 49 

Scenery  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ...     7 

Scenery  of  the  Catskill  Mountains 53 

Scenery  of  the  Potomac 9 


PACK 

Scenery  of  the  White  Mountains 57 

Scenes  and  Scenery , 5 

Scottish  and  American  Scenery 7 

Sharon  Springs 50 

Shooting  the  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence  43 

Sleepy  Hollow,  Catskill  Mountains 66 

Soil  of  the  Missouri  Valley. 27 

Source  of  the  Hudson 63 

Springs  and  Watering  Places 48 

St  Anthony,  Minnesota 37 

Steaming  up  the  Mississippi 31 

Steaming  up  the  Missouri 28 

St  Francis'  Lake 45 

St  Lawrence  River,  Rapids  of 42 

St  Paul,  Minnesota 35 

St  Paul  to  St  Anthony's  Falls 37 

Superior  Lake 40 

Susquehanna  River 23 

Sylvan  Lake,  Catskill  Mountains 54 

Tip-Top  House,  White  Mountains 59 

Trenton  Falls 46 

Trip  up  the  Ottawa 79 

Trip  up  the  Saguenaj- 85 

Trip  through  the  Thousand  Islands 43 

Trip  up  the  Upper  Mississippi 31 

Tupper's  Lake 62 

Turk's  Face,  on  the  Hudson 68 

Upper  Mississippi  River 31 

Upper  Ottawa  River 84 

Valley  of  the  Missouri 27 

Watering  Places 48 

White  Mountains 57 

White  Sulphur  Springs 50 

Willey  House,  White  Mountains 58 

Winnipiseogee  Lake 50 


^llnstnUions. 


PiGE 

Alleghany  Mountaiss. 

Viaduct  across  the  Patapseo 8 

Scenery  at  Elli's^alle  aud  Iron  Bridge 7 

Harper's  Ferry 10 

Point  of  Rocks 9 

Mountain  A'iew,  Cranberry  Grade 13 

Grand  Potomac  Valley  View 11 

Scenery  on  the  Potomac 11 

The  Cheat  River  Grade •• 14 

Cheat  River  Valley 14 

Grafton  Junction  and  Iron  Bridge      15 

Piedmont—"  Foot  of  the  Mountain" 12 

Tygart's  Valley  and  Monongahela  Rivers 16 

Indian  Mound,  Moundsville 17 

Catskill  Moustaiss. 

Scene  in  the  Mountains 53 

The  Kauterskill  Falls 55 

View  down  Sleepy  Hollow 56 

Sylvan  Lake 54 

City  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota 86 

Clifton  Springs  VTater  Curb 51 

Genesee  Falls 60 

Juniata,  Scene  on  the 24 

Lake  Superior. 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

Little  Miami  River  and  Valley. 

View  near  Fort  Ancient 19 

Miamiville 20 

Minnehaha  Falls 88 

Montmorenci  Falls 87 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 52 


PAGE 

Niagara  Falls. 

Suspension  Bridge,  full  view 70 

Railroad  Track  on  Suspension  Bridge  73 

The  American  and  Horse-Shoe  Falls 73 

Terrapin  Tower 75 

Table  Rock 75 

Burning  Springs 77 

Passaic  Falls,  New  Jersey 61 

River  Hudson. 

Source  of  the  Hudson 63 

The  Palisades 64 

The  Turk's  Face 68 

Rondout  Creek 69 

Interior  of  Hudson  Steamer C5 

River  Mississippi. 

Steaming  up  the  Mississippi 81 

View  between  Lake  Pepin  and  St.  Paul 34 

The  Maiden  Rock 33 

Bridge  across  the  Mississippi 30 

River  St.  Lawrexxb. 

Descending  the  Rapids 44 

Shooting  the  Long  Sault  Rapids 42 

The  Thousand  Islands 43 

Steaming  up  the  Missouri 28 

St.  Anthony's  Falls 38 

Susquehanna,  View  on  the 23 

The  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri 26 

Trenton  Falls. 

The  High  FalU 47 

The  Cascades 47 

White  Mountains. 

Tip-Top  House 59 

The  Willey  House 58 


SCENES   AXD    SCEXERY. 


Did  you  ever  hear  the  anecdote  of  the  Italian  and  the  American,  who  were  discu8sing 
the  merits  of  the  scenery  of  the  Old  and  New  "World,  in  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls? 
N'Importe.  The  Italian  wound  up  his  animated  description  of  the  beauty  and  variety  of 
European  landscapes  with  the  climax:  "An  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  with  the  Bay  of 
Naples  in  the  distance,  forms  the  most  brilliant  spectacle  in  the  universe !"  "  Fetch  it 
here,  sir,"'  said  the  American,  with  that  sangfroid  characteristic  of  one  of  Uncle  Sam's  fam- 
il}-,  "  and  I'll  put  it  out  in  five  minutes !"  That  retort  reveals  the  general  contrast  that 
characterizes  the  scenes  and  scenery  of  the  Old  and  New  World — the  eclipse  which  is  thrown 
on  the  former  by  the  latter,  by  their  natural  vastness,  grandeur,  and  sublimity,  as  might 
easy  be  illustrated  by  a  detailed  study  of  their  phj-sical  geography. 

The  surface  of  Europe  is  partitioned,  by  ranges  of  loftj'  mountains,  into  pettj'  nationalities, 
decorated  with  pretty  gems  of  beautiful  landscapes;  the  vast  basin  of  the  Mississippi  fonns 
an  immense  theatre,  walled  round  by  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Alleghanies,  fringed  with 
nodding  pines,  for  the  reception  of  an  universal  brotherhood  of  humanity. 

The  cities  of  Europe  are  centres  of  civilization,  art,  science,  and  architectural  beauty. 
The  cities  of  America  are  rather  foci  of  commerce,  sites  of  extensive  depots,  stores,  and 
hotels,  periodically  wrapt  in  flames,  and  rising,  like  the  Phoenix,  more  stately  and  beauti- 
ful from  their  ashes. 

The  rivers  of  Eui-ope  drain  their  surplus  waters  in  their  rockj'  channels,  and  bear  a  few 
light  craft  upon  their  swelling  bosoms,  from  the  ocean.  Floating  palaces,  the  commercial 
navies  and  merchandise  of  the  wide  world,  are  borne  thousands  of  miles  into  the  interior 
of  America  by  tlie  great  "  Father  of  Waters." 

The  lochs  and  lakes  of  Europe  sink  into  insignificant  pleasure  ponds  beside  the  "  Inland 
Seas'  that  form  the  Mediterranean  highway  between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

The  very  grass  is  grazed  to  European  cattle  with  difficulty ;  whereas,  herds  of  wild  buf- 
faloes scamper  the  waving  prairie  grass  like  leviathans  through  the  "  vasty  deep." 

Bands  of  plantations,  clumps  of  trees,  and  roads  winding  their  devious  ways  over  hill 
and  dale,  variegate  the  European  landscape ;  not  so  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  boundless  Continent  of  America.  Roads  run  right  away  in  interminable  straight  lines, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  You  may  wander  for  miles,  with  cultivated  fields  on 
each  side ;  but  the  primeval  forest,  for  the  most  part,  forms  the  perpetual  horizon,  and  you 
are  compelled  to  dive  into  it,  on  foot,  railcar,  or  buggy,  and  emerge,  not  always  dry-shod, 
from  its  lofty  wooden  walls.  Take  your  passage  on  board  a  steamer,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  you  will  sail  through  all  the  zones  of  climate  and  vegetation  between  the  trop- 
ics and  the  poles.     Start  by  the  railroad  car,  from  New  Yoi'k,  you  will  steam  right  away. 


6  SCENES  AND   SCENERY. 

thousands  of  miles,  through  bush  and  prairie,  over  lake  and  river,  and  find,  on  your  arrival 
at  St.  Louis,  engineers  going  ahead  towards  the  Pacific. 

The  traveller  accustomed  to  enjoying  the  mountain  scenery  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
and  finding  so  much  of  it  within  the  "  Sea-girt  Isle,"  is  apt  to  feel  disappointed  in  travelling 
over  perhaps  thousands  of  miles  in  America,  that  he  does  not  find  a  proportionate  amount 
of  scenery  of  the  same  character,  and  that  in  many  long  journeys  in  particular  sections 
of  the  country,  the  scenery  becomes  monotonous,  yet  we  have  failed  to  meet  with  the 
traveller  who  cannot  find  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Continent,  a  variety  and  extent 
of  scenery  sufiicient  to  satisfy  the  greatest  reveller  in  the  beautiful  and  grand  in  nature, 
and  her  works. 

Variety  forms  the  characteristic  of  the  scenery  of  the  New,  as  well  as  of  the  Old  World— 
althouo^h  variety  arising  from  the  existence  of  different  climates  within  the  vast  extent  of 
the  North  American  Continent.  Take  up  your  position  on  the  Grampians,  in  Scotland  ; 
behind  you  frowns  the  bleak  and  barren  summits  of  the  Highland  hills ;  before  you  gleams 
the  lovely  and  fertile  Carse  of  Gowrie,  extending  towards  the  German  Ocean,  all  within 
the  circle  of  a  few  miles  in  circumference.  Perch  yourself  upon  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the 
blue  waters  of  the  Pacific  mirror  the  blue  expanse  of  heaven  towards  the  far  west.  There, 
your  eye  will  wander  right  across  an  intervening  continent  of  numberless  hills  and  valleys, 
all  richly  clothed  in  their  coronation  robes  of  summer,  only  to  be  changed  for  others  more 
variegated,  but  none  the  less  beautiful,  when  tipped  with  the  first  touch  of  the  approaching 
winter's  blast:  whilst  again,  from  off  some  of  the  highest  points  in  the  Alleghanies,  the 
eye  rests  with  unmingled  satisfaction  as  it  stretches  down  the  cultivated  green  swards 
and  waving  corn-fields  of  Pennsylvania,  along  the  charming  scenery  of  the  Potomac,  and 
the  Susquehanna— on  towards  the  suburbs  of  the  great  cities  on  the  eastern  seaboard— or 
on  the  other  hand,  again,  as  you  turn  towards  the  mighty  west,  and  there  catch  the  first 
glimpse  of  that  gi-eat  western  world,  as  it  lies  teeming  with  life,  on  and  beyond  the  Ohio— 
about  to  take  another  start,  ere  long,  in  its  extraordinary  career— in  the  progress  of  its 

development. 

And  be  it  remembered,  when  we  speak  of  North  America,  we  mean  our  remarks  to  bear 
equal  reference  to  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  which  claims  the  better  half  of  the  sublimest 
scene  exhibited  to  the  spectator  upon  the  American  Continent,  viz.,  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 

The  American  boasts  of  the  sail  to  Staten  Island  and  the  Bay  of  New  York,  and  up  the 
Hudson  River;  the  Canadian,  of  the  sail  down  the  St  Lawrence,  threading  the  Tliousand 
Islands— shooting  the  Rapids,  and  up  the  Ottawa,  outrivalling  Lomond's  silver  loch,  stud- 
ded with  its  islet  groves;  but  both  stand,  in  union,  dumb  with  awe,  in  silent  admiration 
and  contemplation  of  the  perpetual  motion  of  the  watery  avalanche  that  has  continued  to 
shoot  the  lofty  Rapids,  from  time  immemorial,  and  will  continue  to  proclaim  to  the  whole 
world,  with  its  voice  of  many  waters,  the  unity  in  variety  of  the  great  stream  of  life  that 
has  been  incessantly  coming  out  of,  and  going  into,  the  depths  of  eternity. 

In  the  following  pages  of  this  section  of  the  work,  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  a  few  of 
some  of  the  choicest  scenes  in  the  country,  for  illustration,  and  hope  that  they  may  some- 
what assist  to  convey  to  readers  at  a  distance  from  such  scenes  some  idea  of  their  beauty 
and  character,  which  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  have  only  to  be  visited  to  be  highly 
enjoyed  and  appreciated. 


ALLEGHANY   MOUNTAINS. 


THE   SCENEEY   OF   THE  ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS. 

Route  from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati,  via  Marietta. — If  evidence  Avere  -wanting  to  con- 
vince the  most  sceptical,  as  to  tlie  beautj^  and  grandeur  of  the  scenery  in  America,  we 
think  we  have  only  to  refer  to  the  engravings  in  the  following  pages — of  a  few  views  of 
some  of  the  wildest  and  most  romantic  mountain  scenery — which  it  has  been  our  fortune 
to  witness,  anywhere. 

The  tourist  who  has  probably  climhed  Ben  Lomond  and  other  points  of  Scotia's  charm- 
ing scenery,  will  find  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  a  great  similarity — only, 
that  the  eye  in  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  mountains  in  that  portion  of  the  United  States — 
the  hills  will  be  founded  densely  wooded  to  their  veiy  summit.  In  the  summer  time 
therefore,  it  may  easily  be  imagined  the  great  difference  in  looking  up  toward  the  tops  of 
those  hills  on  the  Susquehanna  and  Potomac,  and  how  much  more  agreeable  to  the  senses 
tlie  effect  must  be,  than  gazing  on  the  snow-capped  summit  of  Ben  Nevis — or  Ben  Mac- 
dhui  (Scotland).  We  candidly  confess  that  our  previous  ideas  of  Scottish  glen  and  moun- 
tain scenery  which  stood  par  excellance  in  our  estimation  has  somewhat  been  upset — when 
visiting  the  route  in  question,  and  that  the  scenery  of  old  Scotia  must  take  its  rank  only 
alongside  that  of  the  Susquehanna  and  the  Potomac.  On  that  account,  therefore,  we  have 
devoted  a  greater  amount  of  space  than  we  originally  intended  to  this  region  of  the 
"mountain  and  the  flood,"  simply  to  induce  if  possible,  tourists  in  search  of  nature's 
grandest  works,  to  pay  these  districts  a  visit — before  they  return  home.  By  their  not 
doing  so,  they  will  lose  a  great  treat,  and  be,  comparatively  speaking,  ignorant  of  the 
beauties  of  American  scenery — a  matter  on  which  we  fear  there  is  a  considerable  amount 
of  ignorance  and  error  amongst  many  who  consider  themselves  even  great  travellers  in 
the  "old  country" — as  well  as  many  even  in  America. 

These  districts  now  being  thoroughly  opened  up — ^the  tourist — ^the  painter — and  the 
sportsman,  has  every  facility  (accompanied  with  moderate  expenditure)  for  enjojnng  them- 
selves— to  their  hearts  content — without  let  or  hindrance,  and  the  sportsman  without  be- 
ing obliged  to  have  his  game  license — and  pay  smartly  for  "liberty  to  shoot  over  the 
grounds." 

Leaving  Baltimore,  you  proceed  on  for  9  miles  to  Washington  Junction,  at  which  there 
is  a  handsome  and  substantial  stone  bridge.  (See  engraving.)  Near  to  this  point,  the 
Patapsco  breaks  through  the  rocky  gorge,  and  finds  its  way  to  the  Chesapeake — whilst  the 
hill-sides  in  the  vicinity  are  studded  with  the  country  seats  of  the  Baltimore  merchants. 


VIEW  OF  THE  IRON  BRIDGE  AND  SCENERY  AT  ELLYSVILLE, 

TWENTT-ONE    MILES    FROM    BALTIMORE. 


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SCENERY   OX  THE   BALTIMORE  AND   OHIO   RAILROAD. 


9 


A  few  miles  on,  you  cross  the  river  at  the  Ilchester  Mill,  in  a  very  rugged  part  of  the  val- 
ley— crossing  the  Patterson  viaduct,  and  shortly  reach  the  town  of  Ellicott's  Mills— situated 
prettily  on  the  face  of  the  hills.  Five  miles  further  on,  you  arrive  at  EUysville,  where 
there  is  an  iron  bridge,  340  feet  long,  which  spans  the  river.  (See  engraving  of  it — and 
scenery  in  the  neighborhood.)  Further  on,  you  cross  the  Patapsco  by  another  iron 
bridge  of  50  feet  span — dash  through  a  tunnel  100  feet  long.  Passing  the  pretty  village 
of  Sykesville,  you  are  now  in  the  heart  of  the  mineral  region.  After  that,  the  train  pro- 
ceeds past  Parr's  Ridge — from  the  top  of  which  a  magnificent  view  is  obtained.  Through 
the  Monocacy  valley,  you  cross  the  famous  "  Carroll  Manor"  land,  between  the  Catoctin  and 
Sugar  Loaf,  on  towards  the  "  Point  of  Rocks,"  of  which  we  give  a  view.     The  marble — 


POINT  OF  ROCKS, 

WITH   THE  BALTIMORE    AND   OHIO   RAILROAD  AXD   CHESAPEAKE   AND  OHIO   CANAL — SEVEXTT   MILES 

FROM   BALTIMORE. 

of  which  the  variegated  columns  of  the  old  National  Legislative  Halls  at  Washington  are 
built — is  found  in  a  cut  which  you  pass  on  approaching  this  spot.  Passing  the  Potomac,  and 
along  the  base  of  the  hills,  you  pass  the  villages  of  Berlin  and  Knoxville,  and  the  "  "Wever- 
ton"  factories  in  the  pass  of  South  Mountain — shortly  reaching  the  far-famed  scenery  of 
"  Harper's  Ferry,"  of  which  the  renowned  Thomas  Jefferson  said,  that  the  passage  of  the 
Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge  was  "  one  of  the  most  stupendous  scenes  in  nature,  and 
-well  worth  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  to  witness."  Here  the  beautiful  River  Shenandoah 
joins  the  Potomac  immediately  below  the  bridge.     (See  our  engraving  of  Harper's  Ferry.) 


10 


HARPERS   FERRY,    VIRGINIA. 


HARPER'S  FERRY. 

FROM    THE    MARYLAND    SIDE    OF    THE    POTOMAC    AT   THE    CONFLUENCE    OF    THAT    RIVER    WITH 

THE    SHENANDOAH. 


The  bridge  ■which  you  here  cross  is  900  feet  long — of  6  arches  of  130  feet — one  of  75  feet 
over  the  river,  and  one  of  100  feet  span  over  the  canal. 

The  national  armories  are  located  here — and  occupying  so  much  ground,  the  inhabitants 
are  obliged  to  build  their  dwellings  high  up  on  the  face  of  the  hill.  The  beauty  of  the 
scenery  here  is  of  the  finest  order — language  failing  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  it.  One 
of  the  chief  points  is  that  of  Jefferson  Rock — a  great,  overhanging  cliff — so  balanced  as  if 
tlireatening  to  fall  down — like  some  destructive  avalanche.     (See  engraving.) 

Leaving  Harper's  Ferry,  and  the  Potomac  River,  you  pass  up  the  ravine  of  the  Elkbranch 
— arriving  shortly  at  the  rolling  table-land  of  the  "  Valley  of  Virginia."  Passing  onwards, 
the  crossing  of  the  "  Opequan"  Creek — the  open  valley  of  Tuscarora  Creek,  you  arrive  at 
Martinsburg.  Leaving  there,  you  cross  Back  Creek,  opening  up  again  the  valley  of  the 
Potomac,  with  magnificent  views  of  the  North  Mountain  and  Sideling  Hill.  Passing  Fort 
Frederick,  of  1755  history,  you  reach  Hancock,  the  station  for  Berkley  Springs--a  favorite 
watering  resort.  Proceeding  westward,  you  sliortly  enter  a  tunnel  1200  feet  long — passing 
along  the  base  of  the  Warm  Spring  Ridge — and  the  termination  of  the  Cacapon  Mountain, 
opposite  to  a  remarkable  eminence  called  the  "  Round  Top,"  You  then  cross  the  Great 
Cacapon  River,  over  a  bridge  300  feet  long.  Passing  along,  you  enter  the  gap  of  Sideling 
Hill— until  the  tunnel  at  Doe  Gully  is  entered,  and  from  there  to  Little  Cacapon  Creek, 
2-^  miles  from  Cumberland — at  which  point  some  very  fine  views  are  obtained.  (See  en- 
graving of  Potomac  scenery — between  Berkley  Springs  and  Cumberland.) 

Passing  on  through  some  of  the  richest  bottom  land  on  the  river — and  through  some  ex- 
quisite mountain  scenery — yon  reach  Patterson's  Creek.  Shortly  after  which,  you  cross 
the  Potomac  again,  by  an  iron  bridge,  700  feet  long,  carrying  you  out  of  Virginia  into 
Maryland,  which  you  left  at  Harper's  Ferry.     The  "  Mountain  City"  of  Cumberland  is 


GRAND  POTOMAC  VALLEY  VIEW. 

FROM  THE  CELEBRATED  JEFFERSOX  ROCK— EIGHTY-ONE  MILES  FROM  BALTIMORE. 


SCENERY  ON  THE  POTOMAC-between  bebklet  springs  and 


CUMBERLAND. 


12 


PIEDMONT,    "FOOT   OF  THE   MOUNTAIN. 


reached,  after  which  yoi;  proceed  on  through  some  of  the  most  picturesque  scenery  towards 
Piedmont,  28  miles  distant. 

Cumberland  is  situated  most  beautifully  in  a  perfect  amphitheatre,  formed  by  the  sur- 
rounding mountains  which  there  seem  to  have  expanded  themselves  into  extended  curves, 
with  the  view  of  giving  room,  in  their  lap,  for  the  town,  required  for  the  great  coal  trade 
naturally  centering  there. 

From  Cumberland  to  Piedmont,  (28  miles,)  the  scenery  is  remarkably  picturesque,  and 
elicits  many  enthusiastic  expressions  of  wonder  and  delight,  as  j-ou  skim  over  the  gradually 
ascending  level  along  the  North  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  between  the  western  slope  of 
Knobly  and  the  eastern  feet  of  Dan's  and  Wills'  Mountains.  One  of  the  finest  of  the  many 
views  is  had  near  the  crossing  of  the  Potomac,  21  miles  from  Cumberland,  where  the  rail- 
road, after  passing  through  a  long  and  deep  excavation,  spans  the  river  by  a  bridge  of  iron 
and  timber,  on  stone  abutments  and  a  pier.  Tlie  view  from  this  point,  up  and  down  the 
river,  is  well  worth  attention.  For  the  last  6  miles  before  you  reach  Piedmont,  the  river 
courses  its  way  by  a  deep  chasm,  cut  by  its  own  torrent,  through  the  mountain  base.  After 
crossing  the  bridge,  the  road  wound,  by  easy  curves,  through  romantic  scenery,  passing 
Queen's  Cliff,  Thunder  Hill,  and  Dan's  Mountain,  until  you  reach  the  "  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain" at  Piedmont.  (See  Engraving.)  This  remote  town  lies  upon  a  flat  of  limited  extent 
on  the  Virginia  side,  opposite  the  ancient  Maryland  village  of  Western  Port,  at  the  moutli 


PIEDMONT,  "FOOT  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN." 

ON  THE   BALTIMORE   AND   OHIO   RAILROAD,   207   MILES  FROM    BALTIMORE. 


of  George's  Creek.  It  is  a  thriving  and  prosperous  town  already,  although  created  simply 
by  the  necessities  of  the  Railroad  Co.,  who  found  an  engine-station  here  desirable.  It  con- 
tains extensive  engine-houses,  each  one  being  arranged  to  hold  16  locomotives.  Here,  too, 
are  located  very  extensive  shops  for  the  repair  of  engines,  cottages  for  workmen,  etc.  Pied- 
mont is  the  dividing  station  between  the  second  and  third  working  divisions  of  the  road, 
being  208  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  108  from  Martinsburg. 


MOUNTAIN   SCENERY. 


13 


Proceeding  on  and  winding  your  way  round  curves — and  passing  through,  as  it  were, 
impenetrable  passes — you  cross  the  Potomac  again,  at  Bloomington,  where  the  Savage 
Kiver  boils,  in  all  its  fury,  down  the  western  shoulder  of  Savage  Mountain,  finding  its  level 
200  feet  below  the  railroad  line.  You  then  pass  on  to  the  mouth  of  Crab-tree  Creek — 
reach  Altaniont,  2,620  feet  high,  the  greatest  elevation  on  the  route,  and  the  highest  point 
of  the  Alleghanies.  Tliis  region  is  famous  for  excellent  buttei",  mutton,  abundant  venison 
and  other  game — innimierable  trout  streams,  alive  with  spotted  beauties.  You  proceed  on 
to  the  '•  glades,"  or  natural  meadows,  till  you  reach  Oakland — nestled  in  the  centre  of  these — 
232  miles  from  Baltimore.  Leaving  there,  you  pass  the  falls  of  the  Snowy  Creek,  and 
shortly  arrive  at  Cranberry  Summit,  2,550  feet  high,  and  enter  upon  the  grades,  to  descend 
the  western  slopes,  towards  the  Ohio,  getting  the  first  glimpse  of  the  "western  world,"  and 
some  of  the  finest  views  of  mountain  scenery,  as  you  pass  along.     We  give  an  engraving 


DISTANT   MOUNTAIN   VIEW. 

FROM  THE  CRANBERUT  GRADE,  TWO  HUNDRED  AND  THREE  MILES  FROM  BALTIMORE. 


of  one  of  these,  from  the  "Cranberry  Grade."  Descending  for  11  miles,  you  arrive  at 
the  celebrated  Cheat  Kiver ;  see  engravings  of  this  wonderful  region — "  View  on  the  Cheat 
Kiver  Grade,"  and  "Sketch  of  the  Cheat  River  Valley." 

For  a  description  of  the  remaining  part  of  this  route,  we  cannot  do  better  than  quotf 
from  a  work  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Smith,  an  intelligent  ofllcer  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

"  Cheat  River  is  a  rapid  mountain  stream,  of  a  dark  coffee-coloured  water,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  t«ke  its  hue  from  the  forests  of  laurel,  liemlock,  and  black  spruce  in  which  it  has 
its  rise.  The  road  crosses  the  stream  at  the  foot  of  Cranberry  Grade  by  a  viaduct.  This  is 
composed  of  two  noble  spans  of  iron,  roofed  in  on  alnitments,  and  a  pier  of  solid  freestone 
taken  from  a  neighbouring  quarry.  Arrived  at  this  point,  you  enter  the  '  Cheat  Kiver 
Valley,'  which  presents  by  far  the  grandest  and  most  boldly  picturesque  scenery  to  be 
found  on  the  line  of  this  road,  and  one  of  the  finest  series  of  railroad  views  on  this  conti- 
nent. For  several  miles  you  run  along  the  steep  mountain-side,  clinging,  as  it  were,  to  the 
gigantic  cliffs,  the  cars  like  great  cages  suspended — though  upon  the  safest  and  most  solid 
of  beds — midway,  as  it  were,  between  heaven  and  earth.  At  one  moment  the  view  is 
confined  to  the  immediate  locality,  hemmed  in  on  every  side  by  the  towering  mountain 
spurs.     At  the  next,  a  slight  curve  in  the  road  opens  to  view  fine  stretches  of  the  deep 


14 


SCEXERY   ON"  THE   CHEAT  RIVER. 


valley,  -with  the  dark  river  flowing  along  its  bottom,  and  glorious  views  o    the  forest- 
covered  slopes  descending  from  the  peaks  to  the  water's  edge. 


VIEW  ON   THE   "CHEAT   RIVER   GRADE," 

AT    THE    TRAT    RUH   IRON    AND    STONE    VIADUCT,    TWO    HUNDRED    AND    FIFTY-S-EVEN    MILES 

FROM    BALTIMORE. 

The  engineering  difficulties  overcome  in  the  part  of  the  road,  within  the  first  few  miless 
west  of  Cheat  liiver  bridge,  must  have  been  very  great,  but  the  rough  places  have  been 
made  smooth  as  the  prairie  levels.     After  crossing  the  river  itself  at  Rowlesburg,  the  next 


SKETCH  OF  THE  CHEAT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

THE    POINT    WHERE    THE    RAIL    LEAVES   THE    RIVER     AND    PROCEEDS    ON    TOWARDS    KINGWOOD   TUNNEL. 


SCENERY  AT   THE   GRAFTON  JUNCTION. 


16 


point  is  to  ascend  along  its  banks  the  "  Cheat  River  Hill."  The  ravine  of  Kyer's  Run,  a 
mile  from  the  bridge,  76  feet  deep,  is  crossed  by  a  solid  embankment.  Then,  after  boldly 
cutting  along  the  steep  rocky  hill  side,  jou  reach  Buck-eye  Hollow,  which  is  108  feet  below 
the  road  level,  and  finally  come  to  Tray  Run,  which  is  crossed  at  a  height  of  160  feet  above 
its  original  bed  bj-  a  splendid  viaduct,  GOO  feet  long,  founded  on  a  massive  base  of  masonry 
piled  upon  the  solid  rock  below.  These  viaducts  are  of  iron,  and  are  exceedingly  graceful, 
as  well  as  very  substantial  structures. 

The  view  from  this  spot,  both  of  the  scenery  and  grand  structure  which  so  splendidly 
spans  the  immense  mountain  ravine,  is  most  inspiring.  From  the  great  elevation  the 
stream  appears  to  be  almost  beneath  your  feet. 

Passing  two  great  clefts  in  the  mountain,  you  pass  upward  across  Buckhorn  Branch,  and 
half  a  mile  further  left,  the  declivities  of  Cheat  River,  which  meanders  off  to  the  north,  and 
of  which  is  obtained  a  last  glimpse,  through  a  tall  arch  of  forests,  reposing  in  its  wealth  of 
wilderness  solitude  far,  far  below. 

At  Cassidy's  Ridge,  nearly  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  80  miles  fi'om  Cumberland,  you 
enter  the  great  western  coal  field  of  the  Alleghany  range.  Here  again  the  road  finds  a 
threatening  barrier  to  its  further  progress.  By  bursting  through  the  wall  of  the  vast 
prison-house  alone  can  you  hope  for  an  outlet.  For  awhile,  before  the  entire  completion 
of  the  road,  a  track  was  laid  across  this  steep  summit,  with  an  ascent  of  500  feet  to  the 
mile,  over  which  iron  for  the  track  westward  was  hauled  by  a  locomotive  engine,  which 
propelled  a  single  car  at  a  time,  weighing  with  its  load  eighteen  tons,  at  a  speed  of  10 
miles  an  hour,  or  more.  This  plane,  however,  was  not  available  for  trade  and  travel ;  and 
so  the  last  westward  wall  of  the  Alleghanies  was  pierced  by  the  Kingwood  Tunnel, 
through  which  you  pass.  This  subterranean  passage,  4,100  feet  in  length — not  including 
its  "  approach  cuts" — was  made.  The  entire  cost  of  the  tunnel,  in  all  its  elements,  has  ex- 
ceeded $1,000,000!     Like  all  the  other  tunnels  on  this  road  it  is  now  enduringly  arched. 

Leaving  Kingwood  Tunnel,  the  line  for  5  miles  descends  along  a  steep  hill-side  to  the 
flats  of  Raccoon  Creek,  at  Newburg  Station,  88  miles  from  Cumberland,  and  266  from  Bal- 
timore. Two  miles  west  of  the  Kingwood  Tunnel,  is  Murray's  Tunnel,  250  feet  long,  a 
regular  and  beautiful  semicircular  arch  cut  out  of  a  fine  solid  sandstone  rock,  overlaying  a 
vein  of  coal  6  feet  thick,  which  is  seen  on  the  floor  of  the  tunnel.  From  Newburg,  Avest- 
ward,  the  route  pursues  the  valleys  of  Raccoon  and  Three  Forks'  Creek,  which  present  no 


GRAFTON. 

JUNCTION  OF   BALTIMORE  AND   OHIO   WITH  XORTHWESTERX   VIRGINIA   RAILROAD, 
279    MILES    FROM    BALTIMORE. 

The  Road  to  Wheeling  is  seen  in  the  foreground,  while  the  Road  to  Parkersburg  crosses  the  Tygart's  Val- 
ley River  by  the  new  Iron  Bridge.    The  Road  Workshops  and  the  new  Hotel  are  seen  In  the  forks. 


16 


SCENERY  ON  THE  MONONGAHELA  AND   TYGART's  VALLEY. 


features  of  difficulty,  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  101  miles  from  Cumberland,  at  tlie  Ty- 
gart's  Valley  River,  at  Grafton,  the  junction  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  with  the  North- 
western Virginia  Road,  the  newly-completed  branch  line  to  Parkersburg  on  the  Ohio. 

Proceeding  on  along  the  main  stem  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  you  now  pro- 
ceed on  to  Wheeling,  and  thence  per  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  and  from  there 
along  one  of  the  best  made  lines  in  the  country,  as  well  as  through  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Little  Miami  River,  till  you  reach  Cincinnati.  Leaving,  therefore,  Grafton,  you  now 
proceed  on  to  Fetterman,  where  the  Turnpike  to  Parkersburg  and  Marietta  crosses  the  river. 
The  route  from  Fetterman  to  Fairmount  has  but  one  very  striking  feature.  The  Tygart's 
Valley  River,  whose  margin  it  follows,  is  a  beautiful  and  winding  stream,  of  gentle  current, 
except  at  the  Falls,  where  the  river  descends,  principally  by  3  or  4  perpendicular  pitches, 
some  70  feet  in  about  a  mile.  A  mile  and  a  half  above  Fairmount,  the  Tj'gart's  Valley 
River  and  the  "West  Fork  River  unite  to  form  the  Monongahela — the  first  being  the  larger 
of  the  two  confluents. 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  below  their  junction,  the  railroad  crosses  the  Monongahela,  upon  a 
viaduct  650  feet  long,  and  39  feet  above  low  water  surface.  The  lofty  and  massive  abut- 
ments of  this  bridge  support  an  iron  superstructure  of  3  arches  of  200  feet  span  each,  and 
which  forms  the  largest  iron  bridge  in  America. 

The  road,  a  mile  and  a  half  below  Fairmount,  leaves  the  valley  of  the  beautiful  Monon- 
gahela and  ascends  the  winding  and  picturesque  ravine  of  Bufl'alo  Creek,  a  stream  some  25 
miles  in  length.  The  creek  is  first  crossed  5  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  and  again  at  two 
points  a  short  distance  apart,  and  about  9  miles  further  west.  About  11  miles  beyond 
Fairmount  we  pass  the  small  hamlet  of  Farmington,  and  7  or  8  miles  further  is  the  thriving 
village  of  "  Mannington,"  at  the  mouth  of  Piles'  Fork  of  Buffalo — thence  to  the  head  of 
Piles'  Fork.     Numerous  tributaries  open  out  pretty  vistas  on  either  hand.    This  part  of  the 


JUNCTION  OF  THE  MONONGAHELA  AND  TYGART'S  VALLEY  RIVERS, 

WITH  THE   GREAT   IRON   BRIDGE  CROSSING   THE   FORMER. 


valley,  in  its  summer  dress,  is  singularly  beautiful.  After  reaching  its  head  at  Glover's 
Gap,  28  miles  beyond  Fairmount,  the  road  passes  the  ridge  by  deep  cuts,  and  a  tunnel  350 
feet  long,  of  curious  shape,  forming  a  sort  of  Moorish  arch  in  its  roof  From  this  summit, 
(which  divides  the  waters  of  the  Monongahela  from  those  of  the  Ohio,)  the  line  descends 
by  Church's  Fork  of  Fish  Creek — a  valley  of  the  same  general  features  with  the  one  just 
passed  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  ridge.  Passing  the  "  Burton"  station,  the  route  continues 
down  stream  to  the  crossing  of  a  tributary  called  "  Cappo  Fork,"  4  miles  from  Glover's  Gap. 
The  road  now  becomes  winding,  and  in  the  next  4  miles  you  cross  the  creek  8  times ; 


SCENERY   OX   THE   BALTIMORE   AND    OHIO   RAILROAD. 


17 


also,  Sole's  Tunnel,  112  feet;  Eaton's  Tunnel,  370  feet;  and  Martin's  Tunnel,  180  feet  long 
— the  first,  a  low-browed  opening,  which  looks  as  if  it  would  knock  off  the  smoke-pipe  of 
the  engine;  the  next,  a  regular  arched  roof;  and  the  third,  a  tall  narrow  slit  in  the  rock, 
lined  with  timbers  lofty  enough  to  be  taken  for  part  of  a  church  steeple.  Shortly  after, 
the  route  turns  up  tlie  ravine  of  "  Board  Tree  Run,"  after  passing  through  a  high  spur  at 
its  mouth  by  a  formidable  cut  mere  than  60  feet  deep  through  slate  rock.  Thence  it  as- 
cends the  eastern  bank  of  the  run  just  named,  cutting  and  filling  heavily  along  a  precipi- 
tous hill  side,  until  it  reaches  the  point  43  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  where  the  temporary 
road  leaves  the  permanent  grade.  Leaving  Board  Tree  Tunnel,  the  line  descends  along 
the  hill  side  of  the  North  Fork  of  Fish  Creek,  crossing  ravines  and  spurs  by  deep  fillings 
and  cuttings,  and  reaching  the  level  of  the  flats  bordering  the  creek  at  Bell's  Mill ;  soon 
after  which  it  crosses  the  creek  and  ascends  Hart's  Run  and  Four  Mile  Run  to  the  Welling 
Tunnel,  50  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  and  28  from  Wheeling.  From  the  Welling  Tunnel  the 
line  pursues  the  valley  of  Grave  Creek,  17  miles  to  its  mouth  at  the  Flats  of  Grave  Creek 
on  the  Ohio  River,  11  miles  below  Wheeling. 

The  approach  to  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  village  of  Moundsville,  is  very  beau- 
tiful. The  line  emerging  from  the  defile  of  Grave  Creek,  passes  straight  over  the  "  flats'' 
which  border  the  river,  and  forms  a  vast  rolling  plain,  in  the  middle  of  which  looms  up  the 
great  "  Indian  mound,"  80  feet  high  and  200  feet  broad  at  its  base.  There  is  also  the  sepa- 
rate village  of  Elizabethtown,  half  a  mile  from  the  river  bank,  the  mound  standing  between 
two  towns  and  looking  down  upon  them  both.  The  "  flats"  embrace  an  area  of  some 
4000  acres,  about  three-fourths  of  which  lie  on  the  Virginia,  and  the  remaining  fourth 
on  the  Ohio  side  of  the  river.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  and  the  spot  possesses 
great  interest,  whether  for  its  agricultural  richness,  its  historic  monuments  of  past  ages, 
-  _  .:..  .:=.^^__..     ^  &^         °^  *^^  beauty  of  its  shape  and  position 

/•..^.<a.  ^g  j.jjg  gjj^g  £yj,  g^  ]arge  citj\  About  3 
miles  up  the  river  from  Moundsville, 
the  "  flats"  terminate,  and  the  road  passes 
for  a  mile  along  rocky  narrows  washed 
by  the  river,  after  which  it  runs  over 
wide,  rich,  and  beautiful  bottom  lands 
all  the  way  to  Wlieeling.  (See  Wheel- 
ing.) The  whole  length  of  the  road  to 
Wheeling  is  78  miles  from  Fairmount,  201 
miles  from  Cumberland,  and  380  miles 
THE  GREAT  INDIAN  MocND,  MOUNDSVILLE.  from  Baltimore. 

From  Wheeling  proceed  per  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  thence  per  Little 
Miami  River  Railroad  from  Columbus  to  Cincinnati.  Passengers  from  Baltimore  and 
Wheeling  going  direct  to  Niagara  Falls,  proceed  on  from  Columbus  via  Cleveland  to  Buf- 
falo, and  from  there  to  the  Falls.  But  no  one  who  has  not  visited  Cincinnati,  should  neg- 
lect the  opportunity  of  doing  so  when  at  Columbus.  Travellers  who  prefer  the  more  south- 
ern route  may  diverge  from  the  main  stem  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road  at  Grafton,  and 
take  its  North-western  Virginia  Branch  to  Parkersburg.  Should  the  tourist  prefer  that 
route,  we  annex  the  following  particulars : — 


From  Grafton  you  now  proceed  to  Parkersburg,  104  miles  off.  Grafton  is  pleasantly 
situated  amid  some  picturesque  scenery  at  the  three  forks  of  the  Tygart's  Vallay  River,  one 
of  the  main  branches  of  the  Monongahela  River — of  which  we  give  an  engraving  where 
the  two  join  near  Fairmount — the  great  gas-coal  region. 

Clarksburg,  Va.,  22  miles  from  Grafton,  prettily  located  in  a  more  open  country,  is  the 
centre  of  a  grazing  district,  from  which  Baltimore  obtains  a  considerable  installment  of  her 
finest  beef  The  county  town  of  Harrison,  is  one  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  State.  An 
immense  business  is  done  on  the  line  of  the  road  in  staves,  of  which  you  will  see  enough, 
apparently,  to  barrel  the  Mississippi ;  or,  if  that  figure  is  not  strong  enough,  coop  up  all 


18  PARKERSBUEG THE   KAXAWHA   EIVER. 

the  whisky  which  floats  down  the  "  father  of  waters"  and  its  tributaries.  The  country 
traversed  by  the  road  is  exceedingly  rich  in  minerals.    Of  coal,  its  supplies  are  inexhaustible. 

Ten  miles  east  of  Parkersburg,  you  strike  the  bank  of  the  Little  Kanawha  River,  and 
bowl  down  its  quiet  valley  to  the  Ohio  terminus  of  the  Isorth-western  Virginia  Road, 
383  miles  from  Baltimore.  The  depot  at  this  place  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United 
States,  being  over  800  feet  in  length.  It  will  safely  enclose  75  of  the  largest  class  cars — 
has  storage-room  for  16,000  barrels  of  flour — and,  altogether,  is  one  of  the  mostfltly  arranged 
railroad  stations  to  be  met  with.  It  fronts  its  entire  length  on  the  Kanawha  River,  and 
is  only  about  100  yards  from  the  Ohio. 

The  town  of  Parkersburg  is  advantageously  located  on  a  high  bluff  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ohio  with  the  Kanawha.  Though  civilization  has  somewhat  modified  and  tamed  the 
natural  appearance  of  the  locality,  it  yet  presents  much  to  remind  one  of  the  still  current 
legends  of  the  trials  and  struggles  of  which  it  was  the  scene  in  the  early  liistory  of  West- 
ern Virginia.  There  is  scarce  a  point  in  sight  which  has  not  connected  with  it  some  tale 
of  bloody  massacre,  or  thrilling  hair-breadth  escape,  or  undj^iug  deed  of  bravery  in  re- 
sistance to  savage  outrage. 

The  town  presents  on  every  side  abundant  evidence  of  vigorous  growth  and  extra- 
ordinary prosperity.  The  town  contains  six  modern-built  church  edifices,  occujiied  by  as 
manj"  different  denominations.  It  also  boasts  a  sound  bank,  two  daily  papers,  a  number 
of  steam  flour  and  saw  mills,  and  several  manufactories.  One  of  the  latter,  a  wooden- 
ware  establishment,  uses  up  every  particle  of  wood  brought  within  its  walls,  turning  out 
every  thing  in  the  shape  of  wooden  ware,  from  a  whisky  barrel  to  a  match  box. 

Standing  upon  the  bluff  in  front  of  the  town  is  had  a  fine  view  of  Blannerhasset  Island, 
a  little  way  down  the  Ohio  River,  with  its  wild  and  natural  beauties. 

After  a  brief  stay  at  Parkersburg,  you  proceed  on  board  the  steamers  which'  are  lying  in 
wait  at  the  levee  to  convey  you  to  Marietta. 

Swinging  out  into  the  stream,  the  vessel  proceeds  leisurely  up  the  river  toward  Marietta, 
some  eleven  miles  distant.     From  Marietta  you  proceed  by  rail  to  Cincinnati. 

Tlie  preceding  as  well  as  following  account  of  route  to  Cincinnati  is  taken,  for  the  most 
part,  from  a  work  treating  on  those  districts  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Smith,  of  Baltimore. 


SCENEllY    BETWEEN    COHMl'.US    AND    fINCINNATI. 


19 


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THE   LITTLE    MIAMI   RIYEK   AND   RAILROAD. 


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ROUTE   FROM   COLUMBUS   TO   THE   SEABOARD.  21 

the  river,  until  it  finally  reaches  the  far-famed  "  Queen  City  of  the  "West."  (See  Cincinnati.) 
Omnibuses  wait  there  upon  the  arrival  of  every  train,  to  convey  passengers  and  bag 
gage  to  any  address  in  the  city. 


COLUMBUS  TO   BALTIMORE,    PHILADELPHIA,  AND  NEW  YORK. 

Passengers  desirous  of  leaving  Columbus  for  either  of  these  cities,  can  do  so  by  various 
routes,  as  can  be  seen  by  our  Table  of  Distances,  etc.,  in  connection  ■with  Columbus. 

Presuming  you  wish  to  go  to  Baltimore,  you  proceed  via  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad,  which 
extends  to  Newark,  through  a  partially  cleared  country,  with  no  features  of  particular 
interest. 

Thirty -three  miles  distant  you  reach  Newark.  The  Sandusky,  Mansfield,  and  Newark 
Railroad,  running  from  Sandusky  City,  on  Lake  Erie,  here  intersects  the  Central  Ohio  Rail- 
road, and  gives  it  a  connection  with  north-west  Ohio  and  beyond.  The  Steubenville  and 
Indiana  Railroad  also  terminates  here,  and  connects  at  Steubenville  with  the  Ohio  River 
Road  to  Pittsburg.  From  Newark,  26  miles'  progress  brings  the  train  to  Zanesville,  the 
county  seat  of  Muskingum,  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  Ohio,  embracing  in  its  area  the 
vailej's  of  the  Muskingum  and  Licking  Rivers,  which  have  their  confluence  at  that  point, 
and  abound  with  mineral  and  agricultural  advantages.  The  city  has  a  population  of  about 
18,000,  and  is  a  neat,  well  built,  and  prosperous  place. 

An  hour's  ride  from  Zanesville,  through  the  fertile  Leatherhead  valley,  brings  the  train 
to  the  ancient  town  of  Cambridge,  situated  at  the  crossing  of  the  old  National  Turnpike 
Road,  over  Wills'  Creek.  For  many  miles  on  each  side  of  Cambridge,  the  Central  Railroad 
runs  close  to,  and  parallel  with,  the  National  Road.  From  Cambridge  the  Central  Ohio  Road 
continues  its  course  for  fifty  miles  through  a  rich,  rolling  country,  the  agricultural  features 
of  which,  its  richness  of  soil,  abundance  of  heavy  timber,  and  large  herds  of  stock,  will  al- 
ways arrest  and  gratify  the  eye  of  the  traveller,  until  you  reach  Bellaire. 

At  Bellaire  you  proceed  by  steamer  on  the  River  Ohio  across  to  Benwood  in  Virginia. 
Started  in  the  cars  from  there,  you  proceed  swiftlj'  past  Moundsville,  Cameron,  Welling 
Tunnel,  and  other  places  of  interest,  and  finally  approach  the  western  slope  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  You  soon  approach  to  the  Monongahela  River,  above  the  beautiful  towns  of 
Fairniount  and  Palatine,  with  the  picturesque  wire  suspension  bridge  uniting  them.  The 
great  620  foot  iron  bridge,  too,  by  wliich  the  railroad  crosses  the  Monongahela,  a  mile  east 
of  Fairmount,  stands  out  as  a  remarkably  strong  and  beautiful  structure.  The  views  along 
the  Tj'gart's  Valley  River,  between  the  Monongahela  and  Grafton,  for  twenty  miles, 'with 
the  "Valley  River  Falls,"  are  among  the  objects  most  admired,  so  far,  upon  this  route. 

Passengers  for  Pittsburg  go  by  rail  from  Bellaire  to  Steubenville,  and  thence  to  Pittsburg. 

Passengers  for  Wheeling  go  by  rail  from  Benwood  thence. 

After  leaving  Benwood  Station  you  reach  Grafton,  thence  proceed  ou  to  Cumberland, 
Martinsburg,  Harper's  Ferry,  on  to  Baltimore. 

Passengers  from  Cincinnati  or  Columbus,  for  Philadelphia  or  New  York  direct,  and  de- 
sirous of  seeing  the  scenery  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  Susquehanna  River,  proceed  via  Wheel- 
ing or  Pittsburg,  thence  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York  direct.  The  journey  from  Pitts- 
burg to  Philadelj)hia  should  bj^  all  means,  if  possible,  be  made  bj'  daylight. 

A  description  of  the  route  from  Grafton  to  Baltimore,  and  views  of  scenery  on  the  line, 
will  be  found  given  elsewhere,  in  connection  with  the  trip  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati  via  Marietta. 


22  THE   BALTIMORE   AND   OHIO   RAILROAD. 


THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  was  the  first  line  which  was  opened  for  goods  and 
passengers  in  the  United  States,  and  consequently  may  be  termed  the  Father  of  railroads 
in  this  country.  It  has  proved  also  a  sort  of  nursery  for  rearing  railway  assistants,  for 
all  the  other  roads  in  the  country. 

It  extends  from  Baltimore  (Maryland)  to  Parkersburg  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio — hence 
the  name  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  We  subjoin  a  few  particulars  respecting  this  line 
of  road,  which  may  be  found  interesting  : 

EXTENT  AND  GENERAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  ROAD. 

Length  of  Line.  Miles. 

Main  line  of   road — Baltimore  to  Wheeling 879 

Washington  Junction  (nine  miles  from  BaJtimore)  to  Washington  City SO 

Mount  Clare  Junction  to  Locust  Point  Shipping  Station,  at  Baltimore 3 

Monocacy  Station,  on  the  Main  Stem,  to  Frederick  City 3 

Grafton,  on  the  Main  Stem,  (279  miles  from  Baltimore)  to  Parkersburg,  on  the  Ohio  Kiver 104 

Total  length  of  first  track 519 

Length  of  second  track  (including  196  sidings)  on  the  Main  Stem 212 

Second  track  in  sidings  upon  the  Washington  Branch T 

Second  track  in  sidings  upon  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Road 7 

Total  length  of  track  owned  and  worked  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company 746 

To  this  add  the  following  exclusive  tributaries — 

Winchester  and  Potomac  Railway  from  Harper's  Ferry,  on  the  Main  Stem,  to  Winchester,  Va 32 

The  several  lateral  roads  traversing  the  coal  regions,  ;i!id  uniting  ^vith  the  Main  Stem  at  Cumberland 
and  Piedmont 45 

Total  length  of  road 822 

Heaviest  permanent  grade  per  mile 116  feet. 

Heaviest  temporary  grade,  worked  with  locomotive 520    '_' 

Longest  continuous  grade,  (from  Piedmont  to  Altamont,) 17  miles. 

Greatest  altitude  of  road-bed  above  tide-water 2,620  feet. 

Weight  of  rail  per  lineal  yard,  on  main  and  second  track 55  to  85  lbs. 

Number  of  locomotive  engine-houses  and  shops 57 

Aggi-egate  number  of  stalls  for  locomotive  engines 230 

Number  of  machinery  and  car  repair  stations 12 

Number  of  repair  shops ^^ 

i:umber  of  waterstations,  (on  the  Main  Stem,  79;  on  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Road,  11;  on  the  Wash- 
ington Branch,  4,)  94 

Number  of  telegraph  stations 30 

Number  of  freight  and  passenger  stations,  (Main  Stem,  62  ;  Washington  Branch,  8  ;  Northwestern  Vir- 
ginia Road,  15,) 85 

Number  of  tunnels  between  Baltimore  and  Wheeling 14 

Total  length  of  tunnelling ^;'''*"^  ^^f^- 

Length  of  tunnelling  solidly  arched  with  stone,  iron  or  brick, 12.004    ' 

Number  of  bridges  between  Baltimore  and  Wheeling iV  '  ■^'o'  ^ 

Total  length  of  bridging o'T?^  ^if *" 

Length  of  new  iron  railroad  bridges  completed,  mostly  with  double  track rf,710    ^^ 

Length  of  stone  bridges  completed 5,240    |^ 

Length  of  wooden  bridges  completed 4,0d8 

Number  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  in  1857 o??';ii 

Number  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  one  mile  in  1857 '     rofin 

Number  of  oflScers  and  employees 4,960 


SCENERY    IX    PENXSYLVAXIA. 


23 


THE   SUSQUEHAN>s"A   AXD   JUE'IATA 

ROUTE    FROM   PIirLAnELPIIIA    TO    PITTSBURG,    AND   THE   "WEST. 

The  nature  of  the  country  along  this  route  is  similar,  in  some  respects,  lo  llie  preceding 
one,  a  portion  of  the  scenery  pertaining  to  the  same  range  of  mountains,  viz.,  the  Allegha- 
nies.  Throughout  the  entire  route,  however,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  scenery  on  the  Pennsj-1- 
vania  line,  is  much  more  subdued  in  character,  and  does  not  present  so  largo  a  proportion 
of  wild,  romantic  sceneiy,  as  is  to  bo  seen  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road. 

Tlie  Pennsylvania  route  is  one  of  the  great  highways,  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to  the 
AVostcrn  States,  and  is  one  of  the  best  managed,  and  best  made  lines  in  tlie  country. 

The  scenerj-  pertains  chiefly  to  the  beautiful  Rivers  Susquehanna  and  Juniata,  and  their 
tributaries,  whilst  along  their  banks,  as  well  as  in  the  Wyoming  district,  views  of  the 
wildest  mountain,  and  finest  landscape  and  river  scenery,  are  to  be  met  with. 

The  Susquehanna  is  the  largest  river  in  Pennsylvania,  rising  in  Otsego  Lake,  State  of 
Xew  York,  and  runs  through  the  entire  breadth,  from  north  to  south,  of  Pennsylvania, 
through  the  windings  of  the  valleys  of  the  AUeghanies,  and  the  coal  districts,  until  it 
reaches  the  ocean,  in  all  about  500  miles  long. 


THE  GREAT  COLUMBIA  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  SUSQUEHANNA. 

It  is  impossible,  in  our  limits,  to  do  any  thing  like  justice  to  the  beautiful  scenery  of  this 
route.  To  represent  such,  we  have  selected  a  view  of  the  magnificent  Columbia  Bridge, 
which  crosses  the  Susquehanna,  near  Columbia  village.  This  bridge,  wliich  is  more  than  a 
mile  long,  crosses  the  river  at  a  spot  where  the  scenery  is  particularly  pleasing.  The  river 
there  is  studded  with  numerous  islands,  reposing,  as  it  wore,  in  a  magnificent  basin,  which, 
with  the  lofty  hills  wooded  to  their  tops,  presents  a  scene  of  great  beauty. 

Tlirough  a  portion  of  the  same  district  flows  the  beautiful  Juniata,  an  engraving  of  which 
we  give  from  a  drawing  by  Jesse  Talbot,  an  American  artist. 

Few  rivers  in  the  States  afl'ord  a  finer  field  for  the  tourist,  or  artist,  than  the  Juniata. 
This  river  is  about  200  miles  in  length,  and  takes  its  rise  at  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  flowing  for  about  U  miles,  falls  into  the  Susquehanna  at  Ilarrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. The  country  through  which  it  runs,  is  diversified  by  limestone  valleys,  and 
mountain  ridges,  in  which  iron  and  coal  are  abundant.  Tlie  scenery  along  its  course,  is  in 
the  highest  degree  picturesque. 


24 


SCENE   ON  THE  JUNIATA. 


SCEXE  ON  THE  JUNIATA. 

From  all  we  hear,  the  beautiful  scenei-y  in  tlie  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  in  fact,  the 
■whole  mountain  range  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  the  rivers  traversing  Ihc  vallej-s,  are,  com- 
paratively speaking,  unknown.  Now,  however,  that  the  communication  to  and  from  these 
districts  is  so  frequent  and  easy,  and  that  llie  accommodation  for  tourists  is  every  year  in- 
creasing, we  have  little  doubt  but  that  such  scenes  as  above  represented,  will  be  more  than 
ever  visited  by  all  in  search  of  the  beautiful  in  nature.  Bayard  Taylor,  the  celebrated 
American  traveller  and  writer,  thus  speaks  regarding  the  scenery  of  the  Juniata: — 

"  At  the  commencement  of  June,  when  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded  and  retain 
their  fresh  and  beautiful  green,  the  warmth,  brightness,  and  richness  of  the  landscapes  of 
tliis  region  are  the  very  embodiment  of  the  spirit  of  summer.  Tlie  forests  are  piled  masses 
of  gorgeous  foliage,  now  stretching  like  a  rampart  over  the  hills,  now  following  some 
winding  water-course,  and  now  broken  into  groves  and  clumps,  dotting  the  undulations  of 
the  grain  and  grass  fields.  In  the  trim  and  careful  beaut)'  of  England,  and  the  broad  gar- 
den of  the  Rhine  plain,  one  sees  nothing  of  this  prodigality  of  bloom  and  foliage — this 
luxury  of  nature." 


MINEKAL   EESOURCES   IN   STATE   OF   MISSOURI.  25 


MINERAL  RESOURCES   OF  MISSOURI. 

The  Iron  Mountain,  of  which  we  give  a  sketch,  affords  one  of  the  most  imposing  samples 
of  the  mineral  -wealth  of  the  State  of  Missouri  which  we  could  possibly  present. 

Iron  Mountain  is  situated  in  St.  Francois  County,  in  the  south-east  part  of  Missouri,  a  few 
miles  from  Potosi,  where  valuable  lead  mines  are  situated,  the  ore  yielding  70  to  80  per 
cent,  of  metal.  It  is  about  440  feet  high,  and  l-J-  miles  long.  The  yield  of  ore  is  00 
per  cent,  of  pig,  of  a  qualitj'  said  to  be  superior  to  Norwegian  or  Swedish  iron.  Dr. 
Fenchtwanger  estimates  that  between  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob — another  such  mine 
of  wealth  in  the  same  state — there  are  600,000,000  tons  of  iron  ore.  Regarding  the  Iron 
Mountain  it  is  said  "  its  whole  top  is  a  solid  mass  of  iron,  and  one  sees  nothing  but  iron 
lumps,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach." 

A  plank  road  extends  from  Iron  Mountain,  a  distance  of  42  miles,  to  St.  Genevieve,  a  port 
on  the  Mississippi,  61  miles  below  St.  Louis,  to  which  the  manufactured  ore  is  shipped  from 
the  works  at  Iron  Mountain.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  of  being  laid,  Avliich  will  form  the 
connecting  link  between  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain. 

Regarding  the  general  mineral  resources  of  Missouri,  we  may  here  quote  from  a  writer 
on  tills  subject: — 

"The  mineral  region  of  Missouri  occupies  an  area  of  about  18,000,000  acres.  As  early 
as  1718  it  was  described  in  a  French  chart  as  'au  pays  plein  de  mines.'  It  extends  from 
the  head  waters  of  the  St.  Francis  to  the  Maramec  River,  a  distance  of  about  70  miles  in 
length,  and  from  the  Mississippi,  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  about  60  miles.  Tlie  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  sea  level  varies  from  600  to  1,200  feet.  The  climate  is 
equable  and  salubrious,  and  the  superincumbent  soil  moderately  fertile.  'No  one  of  the 
mining  disti'icts  of  Euroj>e  enjoys  such  facilities  of  supporting  a  large  population.  Except- 
ing gold  and  platina,  most  of  tlie  important  and  useful  metals  and  ores  are  known  to  exist 

in  Missouri.  The  following  minerals,  metallic  and  non-metallic,  arranged  here  according 
te  tlieir  intrinsic  value,  have  been  found  within  its  limits — lead,  iron,  copper,  cobalt,  silver, 
nickel,  zinc  and  calamine,  manganese  and  wadd,  coal,  rock  salt,  barytes,  sand  and  quartz, 
carV)onate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  alumine  and  potter's  clay,  fuller's  earth,  variegated  marble 
and  oolite,  saltpetre,  antimony,  tin,  tungstate  of  iron  and  lead,  diamonds,  chalcedony  and 
feldsjiar,  and  some  others  of  perhaps  a  minor  importance.  » 

"The  lead  mines  have  been  wrought  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country.  The  ore  is 
in  the  form  of  sulphuret  and  carl)onate,  and  in  the  upi)er  mines  at  Potosi  it  is  found  mixed 
with  calamine  and  blende.  The  lead  region  extends  over  the  counties  of  Madison,  St. 
Francois,  St.  Louis,  "Washington,  etc.  Formerly  the  carbonate  Avas  considered  as  worthless, 
but  it  is  now  reduced  in  blast  furnaces,  and  yields  72  per  cent.  Tiie  sulphuret  yields  from 
66  to  80  per  cent.,  and  contains  about  6  per  cent,  of  silver.  Iron  in  the  form  of  hematite, 
and  the  ochrey,  the  micaceous  and  red  oxydes,  are  found  in  the  greatest  abundance.  The 
ores  exist  throughout  the  mineral  region,  and  extend  even  into  the  coal  formation,  which 
occupies  so  large  a  surface.  Abundant,  easily  maTiufactured,  and  the  trensportation  easy, 
this  is  essentially  the  staple  of  i\Iissouri.  The  mines  of  copper  are  cliii'tl3'  found  in  the 
south  and  west  portions  of  the  mineral  region,  but  exist  in  other  parts.  The  ore  is  of  every 
variety,  and  usually  verj'  rich.  It  is  found  in  combination  with  lead  and  iron,  frequently 
witli  manganese,  cobalt,  and  nickel,  and  occasionally  with  silver.  It  is  generall}-  pyritous, 
but  oxeydes  and  cai-bonates  are  frequently  found.  Tlie  ores  appear  as  a  cement  uniting 
angular  fragments  of  lime  rock,  forming  a  breccia,  and  much  of  it  is  easily  removed  by  a 
pickaxe  alone.  As  a  general  thing  the  yield  is  about  34  per  cent,  of  metal.  The  copper 
mines  of  Missouri  are  said  to  be  more  valuable  than  even  those  of  Lake  Superior.  The 
several  metals  found  in  combination  with  the  above,  namely,  silver,  zinc,  manganese, 
cobalt,  nickel,  etc.,  give  an  additional  value  to  the  mines;  and  as  tin  has  been  found  near 
Caledonia,  it  may  be  said  of  Missouri,  that  no  other  state  or  county  is  richer  in  metallic 
wealth,  or  has  better  prospects  of  future  prosperity." 

Another  writer  says:  "Geologists  say  that  the  rock  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountain  be- 
longs to  the  lower  siiurian  limestone  era.  The  boring  of  Belcher's  Artesian  Well,  tells  us 
that  this  same  bed  of  rock,  which  forms  the  surface  of  the  countrj'  on  the  west  side  of  the 
mountain,  is  in  the  well  2,000  feet  below  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  River,  a  dip  of  2,800 
feet  from  the  mountain  to  St.  Louis.  Geologists  say  that  this  dip  was  necessary  to  form 
the  great  basins  which  contain  coal  in  the  central  part  of  Illinois.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
mountain  a  granite  country  is  found." 


KANSAS  AND   NEBRASKA. 


27 


THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MISSOURL 


I\  our  description  of  the  ■western  por- 
tion of  the  States,  we  have  conchided  for 
the  present  not  to  extend  tlie  limits  of  our 
information  further  west  than  tliat  of  the 
Missouri  Valley — and  although  Nebraska 
and  Kansas  formed  no  part  in  the  original 
plan,  in  the  publication  of  the  work,  yet, 
from  the  great  emigration  movement  in  that 
direction,  of  late,  we  have  thought  it  advisa- 
ble to  give  the  following  details  of  that  won- 
derful region,  although  not  from  oiu'  own 
experience,  not  having  as  yet  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  penetrating  so  far  west.  In  some 
future  edition  of  this  work,  we  may  be  able 
to  present  such,  from  our  own  observation — 
meantime,  we  compile  from  what  appears  to 
us  to  be  a  reliable  notice  of  this  territory, 
which  appeared  in  the  Xorth  American  Jie- 
view,  for  July,  1858,  in  a  review,  in  that 
journal,  of  two  works  lately  published  on 
that  part  of  the  Union. 

After  describing  that  portion  of  the  coun- 
try west  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  which  is 
considered  to  be  undesirable  as  a  field  for 
emigration,  the  writer  asks: — 

"  What  effect  will  the  important  fact  have 
on  these  young  territories  themselves,  as  well 
as  on  the  country  at  large  ?  Nebraska  and 
Kansas  will,  in  that  case,  be  the  shores  at 
which  will  terminate  a  vast  ocean  desert, 
nearly  lOnO  miles  in  breadth.  To  the  west 
of  that  lie  California  and  Oregon,  great  pro^ 
ducing,  and  j-et  not  capable  of  becoming 
great  manufacturing  countries. 

"  On  the  eastern  coast  of  this  great  desert 
sea  will  lie  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  of  all  coun- 
tries the  best  suited  for  the  sites  of  vast  man- 
ufactories. There  run  rivers  whose  descents, 
and  whose  capaciousness  adapt  them  as  well 
to  turn  the  wheel  as  to  irrigate  the  land. 
There,  underdeath  a  soil  which  can  support 
a  million  of  workmen,  are  spread  layers  of 
coal  which  will  form  the  fuel  for  tens  of 
thousands  of  stpiare  miles.  There  is  the  iron 
wliich  is  to  form  both  the  engine  and  the 
staple — the  arm  that  strikes,  as  well  as  the 
material  which  is  struck.  lEere,  in  fact,  are 
the  great  furnishing  warerooms,  where  the 
people  of  California  will  exchange  their  gold 
and  quicksilver,  and  those  of  Oregon  their 
fish  and  lumber,  for  the  hardwai'e,  the  cloths, 
and  the  furniture  whicli  the  manufactories  of 
the  Missouri  Valley  will  produce. . .  .  Freight 
amounting  to  five  dollars  per  100  weight  will 
be  a  sufficient  protection  to  force  the  manu- 
factories of  the  Missouri  A'^allej-  at  once  into 
energetic  action."  If  manufactured  there, 
heavy  goods  will  be  able  to  be  sold  20  per 
cent,  less  than  those  brought  from  the  facto- 
ries in  Connecticut  or  Pennsylvania. 

"  When  the  time  comes  for  the  inland 
transportation  of  the  goods  of  India  and 
Cliina  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  it  will 
be  found  that  there  is  one  route  whose  cheap- 


ness— at  least,  for  heavy  goods — will  enable 
it  to  outbid  all  competitors." .  .  .  .  "  Tiie  Co- 
lumbia River,  while  it  forms  one  vast  and 
navigable  stream  from  the  ocean  to  the  centre 
of  the  Oregon  plains,  flares  out  at  the  latter 
point  into  three  forks,  each  of  which  ofl'ers  a 
pass,  and  the  only  passes  here  accessible 
through  the  Rockj'  Mountains.  It  is  the  Co- 
lumbia alone'that  holds  the  keys  to  the  passes 
of  the  mountains,  from  which,  on  the  eastern- 
most side,  run  the  tributaries  of  the  Platte. 
The  forks  of  the  Columbia  will,  therefore, 
have  one  side  of  them  the  only  navigable 
waters  leading  to  the  Pacific,  and  on  the 
other  the  only  highways  through  whose 
mountain  gates  the  locomotive  can  course  to 
the  Missouri  Valley."  That  the  Platte  and 
the  Kansas  are  incapable  of  navigation,  we 
think  is  abundantly  proved ;  but  it  is  equally 
clear  that  the  valleys  through  which  they 
run  are  the  natural  courses  llu'ough  which 
the  canal  must  be  opened  and  the  railwaj' 
laid.  Thus  there  will  pour  into  the  great 
depots  which  these  frontier  States  will  pre- 
sent, not  only  the  products  of  Eastern  and 
Western  America,  but  those  of  China  and 
India, 

The  corn  and  wheat  prairies  of  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  and  Kansas,  stand  on  the  banks  of  that 
great  river  (Missouri)  which,  with  a  volume, 
a  force,  and  through  an  extent  of  territory  no 
other  stream  can  equal,  shoots  down  the 
freight  committed  to  it  on  the  vast  corn- 
consuming  plains  of  the  Southern  Mississipj^i. 
.  .  .  .  Never  was  there  such  an  avenue  for 
such  a  freight.  For  500  miles  these  magnifi- 
cent prairies  slope  upward  from  the  river 
banks.  For  1000  miles  it  dashes  down,  with 
a  velocity  which  enables  even  the  slower 
class  of  steamboats  to  make  the  descent  in 
from  15  to  20  miles  per  hour.  It  is  here  that 
the  Missouri  has  the  great  advantage  over 
the  Mississippi.  The  prairie  country  is  scarce- 
ly reached  by  the  latter  river — so  far  as  con- 
tinuous navigation  is  concerned The 

navigation  of  the  Missouri,  on  the  other  hand, 
continues  nearly  1000  miles  beyond  where 
that  of  the  Mississippi  stops It  is  on  ac- 
count of  the  chea])ness  and  rapidity  which 
transportation  in  such  a  channel  gives  that 
we  think  the  market  of  the  gulf  country  will 
be  supplied  from  the  valley  of  the  Missouri — 
not  from  that  of  the  Mississippi. 

TuE  Extent  and  Ciiaractek  of  the  Soil. — 
"The  bottom  lands,  of  which  the  base  of  this 
seam  (the  Missouri)  is  composed,  form  a  plain 
extending  from  5  to  25  miles  in  breadth,  and 
accompanying  the  river  through  nearly  its 
whole  course."  The  soil  is  of  a  very  shifting 
nature,  and  the  course  of  the  river  very  cir- 
cuitous. "  It  doubles  and  curves,  for  instance, 
to  such  an  extent  around  a  line  of  100  miles, 
between  Leavenwortli  and  Nebraska  City,  as 
to  make  that  lOO  miles  into  200.     What  is 


28 


THE   VALLEY   OF  THE   MISSOURI. 


=^i^=r *i.O'tV?,-^0. 


STEAMING  UP  THE  RIVER  MISSOURI 


popularlj'  called  the  'western  bank,'  is,  by 
turns,  the  southern  and  the  eastern."  For 
farming  purposes,  therefore,  the  lands  of  that 
nature  are  rery  uncertain  and  precarious. 

In  its  course,  however,  it  leaves,  on  the 
one  side  or  the  other,  a  rich  bottom,  which, 
for  immediate  productiveness,  has  probablj- 
no  superior  in  the  world.  "  To  this  are  add- 
ed uniform  belts  of  forest  trees,  interposing 
themselves  between  the  bottom  and  the  bluffs, 
which,  along  the  States  of  Iowa  andJIissouri, 
and  the  opposite  shores,  develop  themselves 
in  great  beauty.  These  trees,  in  connection 
with  the  stone  with  which  the  bluffs  are  often 
filled,  give  building  materials  to  the  settler  in 
the  richest  abundance. 

In  Xebraska,  the  fei-tile  bottom  lands  on 
the  Missouri  Rivor  begin  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Vermilion  River,  on  the  9'7th  meridian, 
about  50  miles  from  Sioux  City,  and  about 
1000  miles  on  the  river-course  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  trees  on  the  river  bottoms  are 
immense  and  luxuriant.  West  of  Sioux  City, 
the  bottom  lands  become  narrow  and  irregu- 
lar, and  give  only  an  imcertain  prospect  of 
support.  The  soil  on  the  table  prairie  lands, 
which  lie  back  from  the  bluffs,  is  not  suscep- 
tible of  much  cultivation — degenerating  into 
a  cold  and  desolate  moor.  The  exception  to 
this  is  a  patch,  60  miles  above  the  Big  Sioux, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Eau-qui-Court,  which 
there  runs  into  the  Missouri.  No  point  be- 
yond the  Vemilion  can  be  relied  on  to  raise 
corn. 

The  Platte  River  Valley. — The  valley  of 


the  Platte  is  sodded  with  firm,  and  yet  nutri- 
tious grass,  which  affords  a  road  for  wagons, 
and  food  for  the  oxen  or  mules  by  which  the 
wagons  are  drawn.  Along  this  great  high- 
way, the  emigration  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  will  pass. 

In  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Platte,  cotton- 
wood  of  excellent  quality  is  to  be  found;  and 
above  and  aroimd  the  forks,  cedar  in  consid- 
erable quantity  is  to  be  seen. 

The  width  of  the  Platte  is,  generallj-,  one 
mile;  and,  when  full,  is  six  feet  deep,  but 
rarely  is  so:  consequently,  is  considered  of 
no  use  for  navigation  purposes. 

The  arable  prairies  that  arise  from  the 
bluff's  by  wliich  the  Platte  is  hemmed,  do  not 
spread  to  any  considerable  extent  after  the 
first  150  miles  of  its  course  are  passed. 

The  region  south  of  the  Platte  presents  a 
much  wider  sweep  for  agricultural  enterprise. 
There,  a  climate  not  j'ct  infected  with  the 
parching  heat  of  the  low  country,  is  united 
with  a  soil  of  eminent  fruitfulness;  and,  as 
the  arable  lands  begin  to  widen,  they  disclose 
one  of  the  loveliest  regions  in  the  world. 
Tlie  arable  lands  extend  from  150  to  200 
miles  from  the  river  banks. 

The  CoMPosrrioN  and  Productiveness  of  the 
Soil. — Tlie  general  character  of  the  bottom 
lands — not  only  of  the  Missouri,  but  of  the 
Kansas,  the  Yellowstone,  and  the  Platte — is 
of  sand  and  clay,  richly  impregnated  and 
saturated  with  carbon,  and  with  the  vast 
quantities  of  decayed  vegetable  matter  which 
the  rivers  are  constantly  precipitating. 


CLIMATE   OF   KAXSAS  AXD  NEBRASKA. 


29 


Not  unusually,  Indian  corn  to  the  amount 
of  150  bushels  to  the  acre  ai-e  produced,  Avith 
scarcely  any  more  preparation  than  the  ordi- 
nary turning  over,  ■which  is  easily  done  by 
the  plough.  From  the  river  basin,  rise  ter- 
races, or  subsidiary  bottom,  at  an  average  of 
50  feet  from  the  river  level,  and  sloping  and 
sweeping  awa}-  till  they  reach,  sometimes,  the 
prairies  themselves. 

For  permanency,  depth,  richness,  and  ex- 
tent, the  prairie  soil  can  find  nothing  in  the 
world,  to  say  the  least,  to  excel  it — many 
parties  declaring  that  there  is  nothing  to 
equal  it. 

Unlike  the  bottom  lands,  which  are  soft 
and  pliable,  the  prairie  lands  of  the  Missouri 
are  tough  and  tenacious.  In  Nebraska  and 
Kansas,  as  many  as  six  or  eight  yoke  of  oxen 
are  employed  at  a  single  plough  in  breaking 
the  ground  for  the  first  time.  When  once 
upturned,  however,  the  sod  rots  in  a  single 
summer,  after  which  it  may  be  ploughed  by 
a  single  yoke.  Indian  corn  and  potatoes 
grow  upon  it  after  the  first  ploughing ; 
wheat  not  until  after  the  second. 

The  present  appearances  of  the  prairies  of 
the  Missouri  show  clear  evidence  of  having, 
some  centuries  ago,  been  under  cultivation, 
the  fields,  etc.,  being  clearly  traced.  They 
are  found  in  the  best- watered  and  richest  sec- 
tions, and  extend  from  one  to  three  hundred 
acres  in  area. 

Lumber. — In  respect  to  forests,  south-east- 
ern Nebraska  and  Eastern  Kansas  have  a 
great  advantage  over  Illinois  and  Iowa.  In 
the  latter  States  we  may  travel  for  miles  with- 
out seeing  a  single  tree  within  sight.  In  the 
central  valley  of  the  Missouri,  the  cotton- 
wood,  willow,  and  poplar  spread  them- 
selves in  great  abundance  and  beauty  along 
the  bottom  lands,  and  on  the  blulfs  are  found 
the  oak,  elm,  cedar,  and  the  black  walnut, 
thus  providing  abundant  material  on  the  spot 
for  building  and  fencing. 

Climate. — Between  the  Missouri  Valley 
and  the  same  range  of  latitude  towards  the 
east,  the  advantages,  so  far  as  evenness  of 
temperature  is  concerned,  are  with  the  latter. 
Both  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  the  thermom- 
eter ranges  from  15  degrees  higher  in  sum- 
mer, and  15  degrees  lower  in  winter,  than  in 
Virginia  or  Pennsylvania.  It  is  not  imcom- 
mon  for  the  mercury  to  sink  to  30  degrees 
below  zero  in  the  one  season,  and  to  keep 
steady  in  the   other,  even  as  far  north  as 


Omaha  City,  at  110.  It  is  an  error  to  seek 
the  causes  of  these  extremes  in  the  as  yet  un- 
settled condition  of  the  country.  They  result 
from  the  fact,  that  as  we  recede  further  from 
the  sea-coast,  both  heat  and  cold  become,  in 
their  degree,  greater,  as  can  be  explained  on 
philosophic  grounds. 

Two  features,  however,  tend  greatly  to 
soften  these  extremes.  The  winter  is  relieved 
by  the  crisp  dryness  of  the  air,  as  compared 
with  the  piercing  sharpness  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  or  the  raw,  damp,  cold  atmosphere 
of  Great  Britain. 

The  Breezes  ox  the  Prairtes. — The  sum- 
mer— to  those  who  can  take  refuge  in  the 
shade — has  nearh'  all  its  terrors  removed  by 
the  cool  and  powerful  breezes  by  which  the 
prairies  are  incessantly  swept. 

It  is  in  these  breezes,  in  fact,  that  consists 
one  of  the  main  charms  of  prairie  life.  In 
their  uniformity,  their  bracing  purity,  their 
vigour,  they  rival  those  of  the  sea.  They  are 
greatly  preferable,  in  these  respects,  to  those 
that  traverse  the  eastern  Alleghany  slopes. 
There,  the  wind  is  fractured  into  puifs,  or  slit 
into  threads  by  the  forests,  gorges,  mountain 
crags,  and  ravines,  through  which  it  passes. 
But  the  breezes  of  the  prairies  pass  onward 
in  one  grand  and  unbroken  sheet.  They 
blow  with  the  evenness  and  continuity  of  the 
eastern  trade  winds,  which  may  always  be 
relied  on,  and  in  summer,  at  least,  is  as  far 
from  sinking  at  one  time  into  a  calm,  as  from 
rising  into  a  hurricane.  In  winter  the  wind 
then  covers  the  prairies  with  a  cold  and 
heavy  weight,  whose  very  uniformity  aggra- 
vates its  severity.  But  in  the  summer,  the 
delicious  coolness  and  the  unfailing  regular- 
ity of  the  prairie  winds  are  blessings  to  which 
all  travellers  will  bear  a  grateful  testimony. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  quote 
from  a  writer  in  Colburn's  New  Mo7ithly  Mag- 
azine for  July.  1858,  who,  on  an  excursion  to 
the  "  Great  West,"  and  close  to  the  Missouri, 
says : — 

"  The  west  of  America  must  be  a  healthy 
country,  except  where  the  land  is  low  or  near 
sluggish  mud-banked  rivers,  for  there  inter- 
mittent fevers  prevail  as  well  as  elsewhere. 
There  seemed  in  the  midst  of  the  excessive 
heat,  a  power  of  exertion,  a  springiness,  not 
at  all  like  the  faint,  relaxing  sensation  of  a 
very  hot  English  summer's  daj-.  I  speak  of 
the  dry  prairies  of  the  west.  The  air  was 
always  clear,  dry,  exhilarating  beyond  idea." 


30 


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TRIP   ON   THE    UPPER   MISSISSIPPI. 


81 


TRIP   ON   THE   UPPER   MISSISSIPPI, 

FROM   PRAIRIE   DU   OHIEN  AND   ST.  PAUL. 

A  CORRESPONDENT,  who  made  this  trip  last  summer,  has  furnished  us  with  the  following 
notes,  which  we  have  illustrated  with  several  sketches  of  some  of  the  most  important 
places  and  ohjects  of  interest  on  the  route.     He  thus  writes: — 

It  may  be  as  well  to  s;iy,  that  tourists,  bent  on  this  trip,  can  take  the  railway  cars  from 
either  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Madison,  or  any  of  tiie  principal  points  of  rail  terminating  at 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

At  11.30,  A.  M.,  therefore,  we  left  Milwaukee  (Wisconsin)  by  the  train,  on  a  most  lovely 
day,  a  fresh  breeze  tempering  the  blazing  heat  of  old  Sol,  which  rendered  his  rays  more 
agreeable. 

After  wliirling  along  pretty  rapidly  and  smoothly,  we  found  ourselves  at  a  station  called 
the  Y  station,  a  little  beyond  the  town  of  Milton,  and  the  junction  of  the  line  from  Chica- 
go, where  the  tourists  and  travellers,  going  to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  North,  meet  with  those 
from  Milwaukee. 

Started  from  this  point,  we  bowled  along  over  the  beautiful  sward  of  what  is  considered 
up  there  the  unrivalled  rock-prairie.  Gliding  swiftlj'  along,  we  in  course  of  time,  (4,  p. 
M.,)  reached  Madison,  the  capital  of  Wisconsin.  (See  Madison.)  Started  from  MadLson, 
we  pursued  our  journey  down  the  valley  of  the  Black  Earth — nanu'd  so,  we  presume,  from 
the  rich,  black  soil  of  the  valley — whose  richness,  some  say.  will  never  wear  out,  and 
never  require  manure.  After  passing  through  the  ever-varying  landscape  of  that  beau- 
tiful valley,  we  soon  reach  Mazomaine — where  there  is  an  excellent  refreshment  saloon. 


32  UPPER  MISSISSIPPI — SUNSET. 

From  this  stopping-place,  we  proceeded  on,  with  the  shades  of  evening  beginning  to  close 
upon  us,  till  we  reached  the  valley  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  through  some  neat  villages  which 
the  rail  has  called  into  existence.  The  Wisconsin,  which  flows  here — the  cars  crossing  it  3 
times — is  something  of  the  character  of  the  Missouri,  rather  shifting  in  its  course,  render- 
ing, by  its  sand  banks,  the  navigation  rather  difficult.  By  and  by,  we  arrived,  at  about  9,  p. 
M.,  at  Prairie  du  Chien.     (See  Pi'airie  du  Chien.) 

Having  alighted  from  the  cars,  we  soon  found  ourselves  on  the  bank  of  the  mighty  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Arrived,  therefore,  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  tourist  will  find  his  way  on  board  the  "  Mil- 
waukee," or  some  other  steamer  in  waiting — unless  it  be  that  some  of  last  year's  steamers 
have  "  gone  up  in  a  cloud  of  smoke,"  or  down  into  the  "  fearful  abyss,"  in  a  determined 
heat  with  some  opposition  boat,  since  last  July. 

On  board  the  "Milwaukee,"  however,  we  found  ourselves,  a  little  after  9,  p.  m., bound  for 
the  "  Far  West,"  still  scarcelj'^  realizing  any  thing  particular,  but  that  we  were  embarking 
on  board  at  Gravesend  on  a  trip  up  the  Thames  to  London,  only  that  the  splendid  steamer, 
and  her  comforts,  (unknown  in  river  navigation  in  Great  Britain,)  brought  us  to  our  recol- 
lection that  we  were,  as  some  Americans  would  say,  "considerable"  from  home,  being  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  about  1300  miles  from  ^ew  York,  and  some  4800  miles  from  London, 
(Eng.,)  and  with  other  300  miles  up  the  Mississippi  before  we  reached  St.  Paul. 

First  thing  to  do,  was  to  secure  a  state-i'oom  for  the  night,  which  being  done,  we  soon 
found  ourselves  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel,  seeing  what  we  could  all  "by  moonlight 
alone."  Nothing,  however,  was  to  be  seen  but  the  mighty  river  stretching  far  in  front 
and  behind  us.  As  we  were  not  to  start  till  next  morning,  we  were  soon  compelled  to 
seek  the  retirement  of  our  state-room  for  the  night. 

Next  morning  found  us  at  an  early  and  excellent  breakfast,  after  which  we  were  on 
deck.  At  9,  a.  m.,  the  night  mail  train,  from  Milwaukee  and  the  East,  brought  up  the  mails 
and  passengers,  which,  after  being  all  safely  on  board,  we  started  oft'  on  our  way  north. 
Having  formed  the  acquaintance  of  some  pleasant  companj-,  on  board,  we  soon  found  our- 
selves sometimes  playing  at  draughts,  heai'ing  music,  or  admiring  the  beauties  of  the  river 
scenery,  and  so  morning,  noon,  and  evening,  passed  away.  The  scenery  on  the  river  is 
truly  fine ;  in  some  parts  the  little  islands  foiming,  with  their  green-clad  vegetation,  a 
miniature  "  Thousand  Islands." 

The  sides  of  the  river  were  covered,  for  the  most  part,  with  their  summer  attire  of  shrub- 
bery, the  high  bluff's  showing  forth  in  bold  relief. 

Bj'-and-by  we  reach  La  Crosse  and  Wenonu,  two  of  the  best  looking,  and  busiest  towns 
on  the  Upper  Mssissippi.  Between  these  two  towns  and  Trempeleau,  the  scenery  became 
very  fine,  and  what,  with  a  beautiful  sunset,  (sunsets  scarcely  known  in  Britain,)  beamed 
forth  a  perfect  blaze  of  rich  crimson  light,  tinting  the  islets  on  the  river,  and  the  tops 
of  the  bluffs  on  each  side,  altogether  forming  a  panorama  beyond  our  powers  of  de- 
scription. Gradually  the  sun  departed  in  tlie  western  horizon,  and  withdrawing  with 
him  the  glorious  scene  before  us — till  at  length  it  disappeared — ^leaving  us  only  the 
very  short  interval  of  twilight,  before  we  again  found  ourselves  in  the  saloons,  all 
lighted  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  night.  Any  one  who  has  the  good  fortune  to  see  such  a 
sunset  on  the  Mississippi  will  never  forget  it.  It  is  different  from  the  sunsets,  even  in 
Canada,  New  York,  and  on  Lake  Erie,  but  still  more  different,  from  what  may  be  seen 
from  off  Ilampstead  Heath,  when  the  loud  hum  of  the  day's  bustle  in  London,  (Eng.,) 
is  dying  away  toward  the  close  of  the  day — from  off  Edinburgh  Castle,  when  the  sun 
is  receding  beliind  the  hills  in  Stirlingshire,  sending  his  lurid  glare  of  light  down  the 
Firth  of  Forth,  till  it  touches  the  Inchkeith  Lighthouse,  and  lighting  up  the  whole  of  the 
new  town  of  Modern  Athens,  (Edinburgh,  Scot.,)  and  gilding,  with  his  rays,  the  tops  of  the 
hills  in  Fifeshire,  Perthshire,  and  other  portions  of  the  highlands  of  Scotland — or  when  he 
would  be  bidding  farewell  to  the  day,  as  he  tinted  up  the  tops  of  the  high  hills,  between 
Taj-mouth  Castle,  and  the  pass  of  Killiecrankie,  sending  a  flood  of  light  down  the  glens 
and  valleys  of  Loch  Tay,  and  Kinloch  Rannoch.     Sublime  as  these  synsets  are,  the  tourist 


THE    UPPER   MISSISSIPPI — ST.    PAUL — MINNESOTA.  35 

will  find  in  the  sunsets  of  the  "  far  west"  a  greater  richness  and  vividness  of  eolom-ing — 
iiud  being  over  a  different  character  of  country — the  wide-sweeping  prairie  on  the  one  hand, 
and  the  bluffs  on  the  river  on  the  other — such  as  cannot  fail  to  strike  him  at  once  with 
admiration  as  to  their  extent  and  beauty. 

That  evening  we  went  up  the  Mississippi ;  there  was  a  very  gay  and  happy  company  on 
board,  so  towards  evening,  the  music  brought  some  of  the  company  to  their  feet  to  dance, 
till  at  last  it  ended  in  a  regular  ball.  The  time  flew  rapidly  past,  as  may  be  supposed, 
amidst  such  excitement  and  hilarity,  till  at  length  the  "  wee  short  hour"  on  the  other  side 
of  12  announced  it  was  bedtime.  Some  of  the  party  sat  up  on  the  upper  deck  all  night, 
to  enjoy  the  scenery  of  Lake  Pepin  (which  we  had  now  approached)  by  moonlight. 

Lake  Pepin  is  35  miles  long,  2  to  5  miles  wide,  and  from  50  to  100  feet  deep.  Sometimes 
it  blows  hard  on  this  lake,  so  much  so,  that  the  river-boats,  not  being  constructed  to 
stand  either  a  "  sou'-wester"  or  a  "  nor'-wester,"  sometimes  lay-to  all  night,  till  it  is  safe  for 
them  to  venture  further.  On  this  occasion,  it  was  a  beautiful  night,  so  we  went  a-head  on 
its  placid  waters.  About  2,  a.  m.,  we  passed  the  "  Maiden  Rock,"  on  the  lake,  and  shortly 
afterwards  we  were  again  on  the  river,  the  lake  forming  a  large  expanse  of  the  river, 
similar  to  the  lakes  on  the  River  Ottawa,  C.  W.,  forming  in  succession  as  they  do  that 
beautiful  river. 

The  town  of  Prescott  was  next  reached.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  it 
is  the  most  north-westerly  town  of  Wisconsin.  The  location  is  a  very  pretty  one,  and  we 
understood  it  continues  to  be  a  fast  rising  town.  By-and-by,  about  9,  a.  m.,  we  descried 
the  "city"  of  St.  Paul  "looming  in  the  distance."  After  passing  the  business  portion  of 
the  town,  we  landed  at  the  wharf  there,  and  set  foot  on  the  terrritory  of  the  far-famed 
Minnesota,  and  in  its  capital,  St  Paul 

ST.    PAUL. 

Ox  our  visit,  St  Paul,  like  every  other  place,  was  affected  with  the  prevailing  epidemic, 
of  "  hard  times,"  which  had  checked  the  ardour  of  some  of  her  speculative  citizens  quite  as 
much  as  it  had  done  those  of  older  cities.  Consequently  the  town  was  dull,  and  also  most 
of  the  people  in  it  All,  however,  with  plenty  of  pluck,  confident,  that  ere  long,  the  little 
north-west  city  must  of  necessity  go  a-head  again,  and  not  stop  till  she  is  up  sides  with 
some  of  her  south  and  easterly  sister  cities.  Unlike  most  American  towns,  the  streets  of 
St.  Paul  are  narrow,  which  we  fancy  will  be  regretted  ere  long.  The  streets,  moreover,  like 
those  of  Xew  York,  were  dirty,  and  in  bad  order,  but  no  doubt  that  in  time  will  be  rec- 
tified. The  suburbs  of  St  Paul,  however,  are  very  beautiful,  and  many  of  the  private  resi- 
dences, on  the  higher  parts  of  the  town,  are  very  handsome  and  attractive.  The  population 
of  St  Paul  is  variously  estimated  at  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand,  of  which  a  large  propor- 
tion— probably  a  third — are  foreigners;  it  contains  a  capitol  and  other  public  buildings, 
seven  or  eight  churches,  among  which  are  two  Episcopal,  two  Roman  Catholic,  two  Pres- 
byterian, and  one  or  two  Methodist  and  Baptist  The  Romanists  are  also  putting  up  a  fine 
college,  decidedly  the  handsomest  public  building  in  the  place.  The  limestone,  with  which 
the  whole  town  is  underlaid,  affords  an  admirable  building  stone,  being  very  durable,  hand- 
some, and  distributed  in  layers  so  as  to  be  most  conveniently  worked. 

There  are  tliree  daily  and  three  weekly  papers  published,  which  seem  to  have  a  large 
circulation,  and  to  be  ably  conducted.  There  are  also  two  German  and  a  Norwesrian 
paper,  and  one  or  two  other  small  publications. 

The  principal  street  fronts  the  river  for  about  two  miles,  and  is  lined  with  large  stores 
of  all  kinds,  to  supply  the  increasing  trade  of  that  north-westerly  region.  The  principal 
hotel  is  the  Fuller  House— a  magnificent  house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  and  fitted  up 
with  every  modern  comfort  and  convenience. 

There  are  five  railroads  in  this  State,  just  commencing,  or  in  course  of  completion  :  the 
Minnesota  and  Pacific — running  from  St.  Paul  to  a  point  on  the  Missouri  River;  the 
North-western— from  St  Paul  to  Lake  Superior;    the  Cedar  Valley  and  Minneapolis— 


SUSPENSIOX  BRIDGE   AT  ST.   ANTHONY's  FALLS. 


37 


from  Minneapolis  to  Iowa  line;  the  Transit  and  Root  River — coming  from  Prairie  du 
Chien ;  and  the  other  from  La  Crosse,  uniting  at  Rochester,  and  then  continuing  to  St. 
Paul.  These  roads  are  all  in  progress,  and  Minnesota  •will  soon  have  her  network  of  rail- 
ways, which  will  develope  her  resources,  and  give  her  a  proud  position  among  her  sister 
States.     (See  View  of  St.  Paul,  next  page.) 

En  passant,  we  maj'  mention,  that  some  of  the  merchants  of  St.  Paul,  who  import  their 
goods  from  Britain,  do  so  direct  from  Liverpool  via  New  Orleans,  thence  per  steamer  on  the 
Mississippi.  The  saving  is  such,  that  the  whole  cost  of  transportation  from  Liverpool  to 
St.  Paul  is  veiy  little  more  than  the  mere  charges  of  transhipping  at  New  York,  and  the 
freight  from  there  to  St.  Paul.  We  have  no  doubt  many  importers  on  the  other  ports  on 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri  will  be  following  the  example  of  the  St.  Paul  merchants, 
the  inland  carriage  from  the  Atlantic  seaboaz'd  being  extremely  heavy  on  goods  bound  for 
the  west  and  north-west  provinces. 


CD 

w 

CQ 

I— ( 

o 

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W 

O 

o 

W 
H 


> 

o 

f 

I— I 

> 


f 

CO 

o 

*^ 

CO 

>^ 
;> 

n 
o 


CO 
O 


88 


FALT.S   OF   ST.    ANTHONY   AND   MINNEHAHA. 


ST.  PAUL  TO   ST.  ANTHONY   AND  FALLS   OF  ^IINNEHAHA. 

Engaging  a  horse  and  bnggy  at  the  Fuller  House  Hotel,  we  soon  found  ourselves  en  route 
for  the  falls,  and  a  most  delightful  drive  it  is,  over  fine  rolling  uplands,  covered  with  the 
precious  staff  of  life,  and  waving  and  surging  under  the  gentle  breeze,  ripening  for  the 
mower,  and  then  to  be  sent  abroad,  perhaps  thousands  of  miles,  to  feed  the  hungry  in  some 
of  the  cities  in  the  east,  or  even  Great  Britain.  On  both  sides  of  the  road  the  landscape 
is  beautiful,  now  and  then  showing  glimpses  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  distance.  At  length 
we  reached  St.  Anthony.  Much  as  we  have  heard  of  the  situation  of  St.  Anthony,  as  the 
site  for  a  manufacturing  city,  we  did  not  expect  to  see  so  good  a  location  for  that  purpose, 
and  were,  therefore,  agreeably  disappointed.  The  water-power  is  unlimited  and  inex- 
iiaustible — the  great  desideratum  for  a  manufacturing  city.  The  surrounding  country  is 
very  fertile  and  the  climate  salubrious,  in  fact,  similar  to  the  more  northerly  portions  of 
Canada  West,  ^vith  hot  summers,  tempered  by  the  breezes  from  the  west,  with  a  very  cold 
but  dry  atmosphere  in  winter. 


MINNEHAHA  FALLS— "THE  LAUGHING  WATER." 


FALLS  OF   ST.    ANTHONY   AND   MINNEHAHA. 


39 


At  St.  Anthony,  the  Mississippi  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  18  feet — the  first  which  occurs 
in  ascending  the  river. 

The  site  of  the  village  is  on  an  elevated  plain,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  Falls, 
and  is  distant  about  8  miles  by  land  from  St.  Paul. 

The  University  of  Jlinnesota  is  established  at  St.  Anthony,  besides  which,  it  contains  5 
or  6  churches,  about  30  stores,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  saw-mills,  and  other  manu- 
facturing establishments.  The  post-office  is  named  St.  Anthony's  Falls.  Population,  about 
2,500. 

Opposite  to  the  town  of  St.  Anthony,  is  Minneapolis,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

At  night  we  staj'ed  at  St^  Anthony.  Next  day  we  set  out  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Snelling 
and  Minnehaha.  After  crossing  the  suspension  bridge,  we  soon  found  ourselves  in  Minne- 
apolis, and  at  the  celebrated  Falls  of  Minnehaha — "  the  laughing  water" — "  the  smile  of  the 
great  spirit" — which  will  be  found  the  prettiest  little  fall  imaginable,  complete  in  all  its  parts. 
A  clear,  sparkling  stream  comes  rushing  along  the  prairie,  until  it  suddenly  takes  a  leap  of 
60  feet  over  the  precipice,  and  is  lost  in  a  deep  dell,  the  sides  of  which  are  covered  with 
shrubbery  of  luxurious  growth.     The  rock  over  which  the  stream  leaps,  has  been  worn 

into  an  arch,  and  one  can  pass  to  and  fro  underneath,  between  the  falls  and  the  rock,  with 
little  or  no  inconvenience. 

The  recess  behind  the  fall  extends  back  nearly  50  feet,  and,  from  that  point,  an  extraor- 
dinary beautiful  view  of  the  fall  is  obtained,  as  the  sun  shines  on  the  outside  of  it.  The  tou- 
rist can  pass  in  at  one  side  behind  the  fall,  and  find  egress  at  the  other  side. 

From  the  world-wide  known  Indian  poem  of  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow,  we  annex  a  few 
verses,  descriptive  of  the  scene  now  under  notice : — 


"  Only  once  his  pace  he  slackened, 
Only  once  he  paused  or  halted — 
Paused  to  purchase  heads  of  arrows 
Of  the  ancient  arrow-maker, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
Where  the  Falls  of  iMinnehaha 
Flash  and  gleam  among  the  oak  trees, 
Laugh  and  leap  into  the  valley. 

"  There  the  ancient  arrow-maker 
Makes  his  arrow-heads  of  sandstone, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony, 
Arrow-heads  of  flint  and  jasper, 
Smoothed  and  sharpened  at  the  edges, 
Hard  and  polished,  keen  and  costly. 

"  AVith  him  dwelt  his  dark-eyed  daughter, 
Wayward  as  the  Minnehaha, 
With  her  moods  of  shade  and  sunshine  ; 
Eyes  that  smiled  and  frowned  alternate, 
Feet  as  rapid  as  the  river, 


.\nd  as  musical  as  laughter; 
-And  he  named  her  from  the  river. 
From  the  waterfall  he  name<l  her 
Minnehaha,  Laughing  Water. 

"  Was  it  here  for  heads  of  arrows, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony, 
Arrow-heaiis  of  flint  and  jasper, 
That  my  Hiawatha  halted 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs? 

"  Was  it  not  to  see  the  maiden, 
See  the  face  of  Laughing  Water, 
Peeping  from  behind  the  curtain  ; 
Hear  the  rustling  of  her  garments 
From  behind  the  waving  curtain. 
As  we  see  the  Minnehaha 
Gleaming,  glancing  through  the  branches. 
As  one  hears  the  Laughing  Water 
From  behind  its  screen  and  branches?" 


Altogether,  it  is  a  beautiful  sight,  in  a  most  romantic  spot,  and  should  not  be  neglected 
by  the  tourist  wlien  at  St.  Paul.  About  2  miles  from  the  Falls,  is  situated  Fort  Snelling, 
sitting  on  the  crest  of  a  bold  promontory,  between  the  Mississippi  and  Minnesota  Rivers. 
See  Fort  Snelling.) 

Before  leaving  St.  Paul,  the  tourist  will  find  a  cave  about  2  miles  from  the  town,  worthy 
of  a  visit.  It  is  a  subterranean  curiosity  in  its  waj'.  Through  it  flows  a  stream  of  water, 
pure  as  crystal.  The  rock  overhead  is  quite  soft.  To  penetrate  it,  one  or  two  guides  are 
necessary  with  lights.  Near  the  further  end  of  it,  there  is  said  to  be  a  small  waterfall,  and 
all  in  search  of  the  wonderful  underground  should  visit  it  to  its  utmost  extremity.  Start- 
ing from  Milwaukee  on  Tuesday  forenoon,  we  thus  spent  that  night  on  board  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  T\'ednesday  night  on  board  on  Lake  Pepin,  and  landed  in  St.  Paul  on  Thursday 
morning  at  9  o'clock.  Saw  all  about  St.  Paul  on  Thursday ;  went  to  see  the  Falls  and  Fort 
Snelling  on  Friday,  and  returned  to  St,  Paul  on  Saturday;  Sunday,  went  to  a  neat  little 
church  there  (Episcopal).  On  Monday  afternoon,  at  4  o'clock,  we  started  on  our  return 
trip,  accomplishing  the  distance  from  St.  Paul  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  302  miles,  in  IV  hours, 
being  fully  7  hours  less  time  than  we  took  to  go  up — the  stream,  of  course,  being  against 
us  on  our  upward  trip. 


40  LAKE   SUPERIOR   AND   PICTURED   ROCKS. 


LAKE   SUPERIOR. 

One  of  the  trips  now  enjoyed  by  hundreds  every  year,  from  different  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  Canada,  is  that  made  by  the  splendidly  appointed  steamers  which  sail  from 
Cleveland  (Ohio)  to  the  head  of  Lake  Superior — touching  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw. 
Passengers  will  also  find  steamers  from  Chicago  for  same  pt)ints.  The  distance  for  the 
whole  trip  round  is  about  2000  miles.  Time  occupied  about  8  days.  Fare,  $44  (£8  IG^., 
stg.,)  including  the  very  best  accommodation  and  meals. 

In  the  summer  season,  it  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  and  invigorating  trips  which  can 
be  taken. 

Tlie  commerce  of  the  Lake  Superior  districts,  as  is  well  known,  consists  chiefly  in  copper 
and  iron,  from  the  mines  situated  in  different  parts. 

The  value  of  copper  shipped  in  one  year,  from  Ontonagon — the  largest  mining  depot, 
and  second  town  in  size  on  the  lake — exceeded  $1,000,000  (£200,000,  stg.). 

From  Marquette,  it  was  expected  that  200,000  tons  of  iron  would  be  shipped  last  year. 
The  other  mining  establishments  are  at  the  towns  of  Eagle  River,  Eagle  Harbour,  Copper 
Harbour,  Bayfield,  Lapoint,  Bay  City,  Ashland,  Grand  Island  City,  Du  Luth,  etc.,  etc. 

The  City  of  Superior,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Superior  and  Nemadji  Rivei-,  at  the  head 
of  the  lake,  is  the  most  important  town.  It  was  laid  out  in  1853.  The  population  in 
January,  1857,  was  over  1,500 — with  3-10  houses.  In  addition  to  being  a])[iroached  from 
Cleveland  and  Chicago,  it  is  also  reached  from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  via  the  St.  Croix  and 
Brule  Rivers,  per  canoes. 

With  regard  to  the  climate  of  the  Lake  Superior  country,  many  erroneous  impressions 
are  entertained. 

Professor  David  Dale  Owen,  the  government  geologist,  in  his  report,  says: — 

"The  health,  even  of  the  more  marshy  portions  of  this  district,  seems  better  than,  fi"om 
its  appearance,  one  might  ex-pect.  The  long,  bracing  winters  of  these  northern  latitudes 
exclude  many  of  the  diseases  which,  under  the  prolonged  heat  of  a  southern  climate,  the 
miasm  of  the  swamp  engenders.  At  the  Pembina  settlement  (in  latitude  49°),  owned  by 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  to  a  population  of  five  thoxisand  there  was  but  a  single  phy- 
sician, and  he  told  me,  that  without  an  additional  salary  allowed  him  by  the  Company, 
the  diseases  of  the  settlement  would  not  afford  him  a  living." 

Another  writer  says: — "  None  of  the  American  lakes  can  compare  with  Lake  Superior 
in  healthfulness  of  climate  during  the  summer  months,  and  there  is  no  place  so  well  calcu- 
lated to  restore  pressing  miasms  of  the  fever-breeding  soil  of  the  Southwestern  States. 
This  o]iinion  is  fast  gaining  ground  among  medical  men,  who  are  now  recommending  to 
their  patients  the  healthfulciimate  of  this  favoured  lake,  in  preference  to  sending  them  to 
die  in  enervating  southern  latitudes. 

"The  waters  of  this  vast  inland  sea,  covering  an  area  of  over  32,000  miles,  exercise  a 
powerful  influence  in  modifying  the  two  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  Tiie  uniformity  of 
temperature  thus  produced  is  highly  favourable  to  animal  and  vegetable  life.  21ie  most 
delicate  fniits  and  plants  are  raised  idthout  injury,  while  four  or  five  degrees  further  south 
they  are  destroyed  by  the  early  frosts." 

Amongst  the  exports  from  there,  we  find  "10  tons  of  Raspberry  Jam,"  consigned  to  a 
party  in  Cleveland. 

THE  PICTURED  ROCKS,  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

The  subject  of  the  sketch  on  the  next  pafije,  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  natural  cu- 
riosities w'liieli  the  region  of  the  far  north  districts  of  America  present. 

The  "  Pictured  Rocks"  are  situated  on  tiie  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  at  its  outlet  at 
St.  Mary's  River.  The  author  of  "  Wisconsin  as  it  is,"  in  his  description  of  Lake  Superior, 
says : — 

"  But  its  greatest  attraction  is  the  '  Pictured  Rocks,'  which  commence  at  this  point  and 
extend  east  about  ten  miles,  and  are  so  called  from  the  various  forms  and  colours  presented 
by  the  rocks  forming  the  shore  of  the  lake.  These  rocks  are  of  fine  laminated  sandstone, 
ri'sing  from  150  to  300  feet  above  the  water  level,  and  received  the  name  of  'Pictured' 
from  the  brilliant  colours  formed  from  the  oxides  and  sul]ilYU-ets  of  metals,  and  vegetable 
fungi,  which,  by  combination,  form  the  most  various  pictures,  and  which,  by  the  least 
imagination,  assume  the  forms  of  ancient  temples,  religious  processions,  prairies,  buftalo 
hunts,  portraits,  liumorous  scenes,  until  one  is  almost  persuaded  he  is  looking  upon  the 
magnificent  masters,  and  not  of  nature.  Among  these,  cataracts,  falls  and  rivulets  are 
pitching  down  in  mighty  volume,  or  dissipating  their  torrents  into  smoky  mist." 


vt     *1?  / 


s  vm 


tf'^Vfl 


42 


DESCENT   OF   THE   RAPIDS   OF   THE   ST.   LAWRENCE. 


DESCENT   OF    THE    RAPIDS   ON"  THE   ST.   LAWREXCE. 

One  of  the  most  exciting  trips,  we  believe,  to  be  enjoyed  in  America,  is  the  descent 
of  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  one  of  the  steamers  which  now  ply  between  To- 
ronto, Kingston,  and  Montreal,  affording  a  treat  of  no  ordinary  description,  so  far  as 
the  rapids  are  concerned — even  in  themselves — ^but  doubly  so,  when,  in  the  same  trip, 
the  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands  may  be  seen  to  great  ad- 
vantage, as  the  steamers,  which  descend  the  rapids,  pass  through  them.  For  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  descent  of  the  rapids  we  copy  the  following  from  Hunter's  Guide  to  the  St 
Lawrence: — 


iz; 

►^ 

to 

Q 
I— I 

p  ^ 

<   a' 

^    > 

I' 

R   < 
d    es 

t-H      I* 

GO 

so 


H 


.,,,, „„M„„„„l||l|i|!iii|il||l    I      ,i"i'' 


!!!!!••        .,1. 


!l" 


;    ill 


r 


iliiilif  lir''--^'' 


1iilil!lii!i'i:l''y'ii 


iji'  '  ■.^;i|.i:'''il:l|!ii!piii 


llii' 


:!ii 


i 




Ii;.''      nil'" 


liliilliill,,:     ,, 


i,,'i'     iliPl 


h.Hl! 


milli):: 


1' 


!''''!i.inii|!rp: 


iiiiiiii  iiiiiii,. 


i  i!'!i' 


.:;;:!!i:-i!ii!iiii::Pi!!i 


LAKE   OF   THE  THOUSAND   ISLANDS  AND   RAPIDS.  43 


LAKE    OF    THE    THOUSAND    ISLANDS. 

The  steamer,  after  leaving  Kingston,  C.  W.,  or  Cape  St.  Vincent,  on  the  American 
Bide  Bhortly  after  approaches  the  far-famed  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands.  These 
islands  appear  so  thickly  studded  that  the  appearance  to  the  spectator,  on  approaching 
them,  is  as  if  tlie  vessel  steered  lier  course  towards  the  head  of  a  landlocked  bay  wliicli 
barred  all  furtlier  progress— coming  nearer,  a  small  break  in  the  line  of  shore  opens  up, 
and  he  enters  between  what  he  now  discovers  to  be  islands,  and  islands  which  are  innum- 
erable— now  he  sails  in  a  wide  channel  between  more  distant  shores,  again  he  enters  into 
a  strait  so  narrow  that  the  large  paddle  boxes  of  the  steamer  almost  sweep  the  foliage  on 
either  side  as  she  pursues  her  devious  course — now  the  islands  are  miles  in  circumference, 
and  again  he  passes  some  which  are  very  small,  shaded  \>y  a  single  tiny  tree  occupying  the 
handful  of  earth  which  represents  the  "  dry  land."  On  all,  the  trees  grow  to  the  water's 
edge,  and  dip  their  outer  branches  in  the  clear  blue  lake.  Sometimes  the  mirage  throws 
its  air  of  enchantment  on  the  whole,  and  the  more  distant  islands  seem  floating  in  mid- 
heaven — only  descending  into  the  lake  as  a  nearer  approach  dispels  the  illusion,  and  when 
the  rushing  steamer  breaks  the  fair  surface  of  the  water,  in  wliich  all  this  loveliness  is  re- 
flected as  in  a  mirror — to  quote  the  words  of  Warburton,  "  the  eye  does  not  weary  to  see, 
but  the  head  aclies  in  even  writing  the  one  word — T)eauty — wherever  you  steer  over  this 
sweet  scene  beauty — beautj-  still."  To  see  and  really  enjoy  and  appreciate  the  charms  of 
the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Isles,  one  ought  to  visit  it  in  a  small  boat,  and  spend  many  days 
amid  its  labyrinths;  but  we  are  on  board  a  steamer,  and  must  be  content  with  the  passing 
glance  which  her  rapid  and  noisy  course  affords.  An  hour,  or  less  even,  and  we  ai'e 
through, — the  Islands  and  the  mighty  Ontario  are  left  behind,  and  we  now  emerge  into 
the  majestic  river,  though  not  to  disappointment,  for  all  is  grand  and  beautiful  still. 

As  the  steamer  proceeds  onwards  tlie  traveller,  as  he  looks  on  the  river  from  time  to 
time,  will  soon  remark  that  the  current  gains  strength,  eddies  begin  to  sweep  round  in 
wide  circles,  and  the  upheaving  surges,  gently  at  first  but  angi-ilj'  as  }-ou  proceed,  boil  and 
roar  around  and  beneath  your  vessel — on  she  goes,  fiister  and  still  faster — look  ahead,  tlie 
white-crested  breakers  meet  your  ej-e;  while  you  look,  you  are  in  the  midst  of  them,  and 
again  you  are  out  into  smoother  but  still  rapid  water.  In  this  way  you  pass  down  the 
upper  rapids — the  Galops,  Point  Iroquois,  and  some  others  which  do  not  strike  you  as  any 
thing  remarkable.  But  now  the  water  becomes  again  agitated,  and  boils  and  roars  as  it 
rushes  down  the  Long  Sault. 

LONG  SAULT  RAPID,  ON  THE  ST,  LAWRENCE. 

This  is  a  continuous  rapid  of  nine  miles,  divided  in  the  centre  by  an  island.  The 
usual  passage  for  steamers  is  on  the  south  side.  Tlie  channel  on  the  north  side  was 
formerly  considered  unsafe  and  dangerous ;  but  examinations  have  been  made,  and  it  is 
now  descended  with  safety.  The  passage  in  the  southern  cliannel  is  very  narrow,  and 
such  is  the  velocity  of  the  current,  that  a  raft,  it  is  said,  will  drift  the  nine  miles  in 
40  minutes. 

SHOOTING    THE    LONG    SAULT. 

This  is  the  most  exciting  part  of  the  whole  passage  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  rapids 
of -the  "  Long  Sault"  rush  along  at  the  rate  of  something  like  twenty  miles  an  hour.  When 
the  vessel  enters  within  their  influence,  the  steam  is  shut  off,  and  she  is  carried  onward 
by  the  force  of  the  stream  alone.  The  surging  waters  present  all  the  angry  appearance 
of  the  ocean  in  a  storm  ;  the  noble  boat  strains  and  labors;  but,  unlike  the  ordinary  pitch- 
ing and  tossing  at  sea,  this  going  down  hill,  by  water,  produces  a  highly  novel  sensation, 
and  is,  in  fact,  a  service  of  some  danger,  the  imminence  of  which  is  enhanced  to  the  ima- 
gination by  tlie  tremendous  roar  of  the  headlong,  boiling  current.  Great  nerve,  and  force, 
and  precision  are  here  required  in  piloting,  so  as  to  keep  the  vessel's  head  straight  with 
the  course  of  the  rapid ;  for  if  she  diverged  in  the  least,  presenting  her  side  to  the  cur- 


u 


DESCENDING  RAPIDS  OF  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


rent,  or  "  broached  to,"  as  the  nautical  phrase  is,  she  would  be  instantly  capsized  and 
submerged.  Hence  the  necessity  for  enormous  power  over  her  rudder ;  and  for  this  pur- 
pose the  mode  of  steering  affords  great  facility,  for  the  wheel  that  governs  the  rudder  is 
placed  ahead,  and,  by  means  of  chain  and  pulley,  sways  it     But,  in  descending  the  ra- 


ili:' 


I'l' 


O 

< 
02 


CO 


H 
O 

a 
o 

•z 

« 

w 
o 

Q 


pids,  a  tiller  is  placed  astern  to  the  rudder  itself,  so  that  the  tiller  can  be  manned  as  well 
as  the  wheel.  Some  idea  may  be  entertained  of  the  peril  of  descending  a  rapid,  when 
it  requires  four  men  at  the  wheel,  and  two  at  the  tiller,  to  insure  safe  steering.  Here 
is  the  region  of  the  daring  raftsmen,  at  whose  hands  are  demanded  infinite  courage  and 
skill ;  and,  despite  of  both,  loss  of  life  frequently  occurs. 

Large  steamers,  drawing  seven  feet  water,  with  passengers  and  the  mails,  leave  the 
foot  of  Lake  Ontario  in  the  morning,  and  reach  the  wharves  at  Montreal  by  daylight,  with- 


ROUTE   OX   THE   ST.    LAWRENCE.  45 

out  passing  through  a  single  lock.  At  some  of  the  rapids  there  are  obstacles  preventing 
the  descent  of  deeplj'-laden  craft ;  but  the  government  are  about  to  give  the  main  chan- 
nel in  all  the  rapids  a  depth  of  ten  feet  water,  when  the  whole  descending  trade  by  steam 
will  keep  the  river,  leaving  the  canals  to  the  ascending  craft. 

After  passing  Cornwall  (which  is  the  boundary  line  between  United  States  and  Canada) 
and  the  Indian  village  of  St.  Regis  opposite,  the  steamer  approaches  Lake  St.  Francis. 

LAKE    ST.    FRANCIS. 

This  is  the  name  of  that  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  which  begins  near  Cornwall  and 
St  Regis,  and  extends  to  Coteau  du  Lac,  a  distance  of  40  miles.  The  surface  of  this  lake 
is  interspersed  with  a  great  number  of  small  islands.  The  village  of  Lancaster  is  situated 
CD  the  northern  side,  about  midway,  of  this  lake. 

CoTEAD  DU  Lac  is  a  small  village,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Lake  St.  Francis.  The  name,  as 
well  as  the  stj'le  of  the  buildings,  denotes  its  French  origin.  Just  below  the  village  are 
the  Coteau  Rapids. 

Cedars. — This  village  presents  the  same  marks  of  French  origin  as  Coteau  du  Lac.  In 
the  expedition  of  Gen.  Amherst,  a  detachment  of  three  hundred  men  that  were  sent  to  at- 
tack Montreal,  were  lost  in  the  rapids  near  this  place.  The  passage  through  these  ra- 
pids is  very  exciting.  There  is  a  peculiar  motion  of  the  vessel,  which,  in  descending,  seems 
like  settling  down,  as  she  glides  from  one  ledge  to  another.  In  passing  the  rapids  of  the 
Split  Rock,  a  person,  unacquainted  with  the  navigation  of  these  rapids,  will  almost  invol- 
untarily hold  his  breath  until  this  ledge  of  rocks,  which  is  distinctly  seen  from  the  deck 
of  the  steamer,  is  passed.  At  one  time  the  vessel  seems  to  be  running  directly  upon  it, 
and  you  feel  certain  that  she  will  strike ;  but  a  skilful  hand  is  at  the  helm,  and  in  an  in- 
stant more  it  is  passed  in  safety. 

Beauh.\rxois  is  a  small  village  at  the  foot  of  the  Cascades,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river. 
Here  vessels  enter  the  Beauharnois  Canal — with  9  locks — and  pass  around  the  rapids  of  the 
Cascades,  Cedars,  and  Coteau,  into  Lake  St.  Francis,  a  distance  of  14  miles.  On  the  north 
bank,  a  branch  of  the  Ottawa  enters  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  river  again  widens  into  a 
lake  called  St.  Louis,  24  miles  long.  From  this  place  a  view  is  had  of  Montreal  Mountain, 
several  miles  distant.  In  this  lake  is  Nun's  Island,  which  is  beautifully  cultivated,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Gray  Nunnery  at  Montreal.  There  are  many  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  ilontreal,. 
belonging  to  the  different  nunneries,  and  from  which  they  derive  large  revenues. 

La  Chixe. — This  village  is  9  miles  from  Montreal,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad. 
The  La  Chine  Rapids  begin  just  below  the  town.  The  current  is  here  so  swift  and  wild, 
that  to  avoid  it,  a  canal  has  been  cut  around  these  rapids.  This  canal  is  a  stupendous 
work,  and  reflects  much  credit  upon  the  energy  and  enterprise  of  the  people  of  Montreal. 

At  La  Chine  is  the  residence  of  Sir  George  Simpson,  Governor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, and  of  the  officers  of  this,  the  chief  post  of  that  coi-poration.  It  is  from  this  point 
that  the  orders  from  head-quarters  in  London  are  sent  to  all  the  many  posts  through- 
out the  vast  territory  of  the  company ;  and  near  the  end  of  April  each  year  a  body  of 
trained  voyageurs  set  out  hence  in  large  canoes,  called  maitres  canots,  with  packages  and 
goods  for  the  various  posts  in  the  wilderness.  Two  centuries  ago,  the  companions  of  the 
explorer  Cartier  on  arriving  here,  thought  they  had  discovered  a  route  to  China,  and  ex- 
pressed their  joy  in  the  exclamation  of  La  Chine !  Hence,  the  present  name,  or  so  at  least 
says  tradition. 

Caugonawaga. — This  is  an  Indian  village,  lying  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  near  the 
entrance  of  the  La  Chine  Rapids.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  Indians  that  had  been  con- 
verted by  the  Jesuits,  who  were  called  " Caughnawagas,"  or  "  praying  Indians."  This  was 
probably  a  misnomer,  for  they  were  distinguished  for  their  predatory  incursions  upon  their 
neighbours  in  the  New  England  provinces.     The  bell  that  now  hangs  in  their  church,  was 


46  ROUTE   ON  ST.   LAWRENCE — TRENTON   FALLS. 

the  "  proceeds"  of  one  of  these  excursions.  The  Indians  at  Caughnawaga,  subsist  chiefly  by 
navigating  barges  and  rafts  down  to  Montreal,  and  in  winter  by  a  trade  in  moccasins,  snow- 
shoes,  etc.  They  are  mostly  Roman  Catholics  and  possess  an  elegant  chuich.  The  village 
of  La  Prairie  is  some  seven  miles  below  Caughnawaga,  or  Village  of  the  Rapids,  after  which 
the  steamer  sails  on  for  a  few  miles,  and  reaches  the  city  of  Montreal.     (See  Montreal.) 

NIAGAEA  FALLS   TO   THE  LAKE   OF  THE  THOUSAND  ISLANDS. 

BY   STEAMER    ON    AMERICAN    SIDE    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE. 

From  the  outlet  of  the  Niagara  at  the  Fort  of  that  name  to  the  boundary  line  45°,  the 
entire  littoral  is  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  comprises  in  succession  the  counties  of  Ni- 
agara, Orleans,  Monroe,  Wayne,  the  northern  corner  of  Cayuga,  Oswego,  Jefferson,  and  St. 
Lawrence.  The  last,  along  its  entire  western  frontier,  and  a  lialf  of  Jefferson  county,  are 
bounded  by  the  river.  From  Fort  Niagara  to  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  River,  in  Munroe 
county,  a  distance  of  about  85  miles,  the  coast  presents  an  almost  undeviating  level  under 
the  pi'imeval  brush-wood,  relieved  by  a  few  scattered  clearances. 

Should  tlie  tourist,  on  ascending  the  Genesee  to  Carthage,  wliich  is  the  port  of  Rochester, 
resolve  upon  visiting  this  city,  he  will  find  enough  to  engage  and  gratify  his  curiosity  till 
he  resumes  his  journey  by  the  next  steamer.  This  large  commercial  and  manufacturing 
town  owes  its  greatness  mainly  to  the  "  water  privileges"  which  the  proprietors  on  the 
banks  of  the  Genesee  here  possess.  For  a  considerable  way  above  the  Upper  Falls,  the 
banks  are  on  both  sides  surmounted  by  a  great  variety  of  mills.  Its  proximity  to  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  passage  of  the  Erie  Canal  through  its  principal  streets,  contribute  ma- 
terially to  its  prosperity. 

Oswego,  the  principal  commercial  port  on  the  American  side  of  the  lake,  is  pleasantly 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  is  on  the 
western  bank,  and  has  a  neat  and  stirring  appearance.  On  the  opposite  bank  are  some 
large  mills,  and  here  terminates  the  Oswego  Canal  from  Syracuse,  distant  about  38  miles, 
and  the  railway  from  the  same  place.  About  half-way  betwixt  Carthage  and  Oswego  is 
Great  Sodus  Baj-.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  lake,  on  the  south  side  of  Black  River 
Bay,  lies,  in  a  very  sheltered  situation,  Sacket's  Harbour.  This  was  the  naval  station  of 
the  United  States  on  the  lake  during  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain.  After  reaching  Cape 
St.  Vincent  and  proceeding  onwards,  for  about  20  miles,  the  steamer  reaches  French  Creek, 
after  which  the  vessel  will  stop  at  Clayton,  and  Alexandria,  from  which  points  excellent 
views  of  the  "Thousand  Islands"  will  be  obtained.     (See  Lake  of  the  Tliousand  Islands.) 

TRENTON  FALLS,   STATE   OF   NEW  YORK. 

The  tourist  proceeding  from  New  York,  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  from  Albany 
on  his  waj"^  to  Niagara,  will  find  liimself  well  paid  by  a  visit  to  the  Falls  of  Trenton, 
which  are"  situated  on  the  Utica  and  Black  River  Railroad,  and  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the 
Town  of  Utica,  in  tlie  County  of  Oneida.  Trenton  Falls  consist  of  a  series  of  6  falls  within 
the  distance  of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  fall  of  312  feet,  and  present  a  sight  more  re- 
markable for  the  wild  and  romantic  situation  in  which  they  are,  than  for  their  great  vol- 
ume of  water. 

The  name  of  the  stream  on  which  these  falls  are,  is  known  as  West  Canada  Creek,  which 
flows  through  a  densely-wooded  countrj' — particularly  near  tlie  falls — of  which  no  sign  is 
to  be  seen  till  the  tourist  comes  upon  them  at  the  edge  of  the  gorge  where  they  are  situat- 
ed, and  down  which  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence,  as  it  comes  from  tlie  falls,  only 
t-o  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  dark  recesses  of  the  wooded  ravine.  In  one  place,  the  height  of 
the  embankment  is  140  feet  perpendicular. 

At  the  u])per  falls  the  descent  is  20  feet,  fi'om  whicli  the  water  rushes  on  to  the  second 
falls,  called  the  Cascades.     (See  engraving.) 

The  third  fall  is  named  the  Mill-dam,  and,  a  little  below,  are  the  High  Falls,  which  has 
a  perpendicular  fall  of  109  feet.  (See  engraving.)  Sherman's  Falls — named  so  after  Rev. 
Mr.  Sherman,  who  lost  his  life  there — form  the  fifth  foil,  with  a  descentof  about  40  feet,  un- 
til the  last  of  this  exquisite  series  of  falls  is  reached,  named  Conrad's  Falls. 


THE   IlIGfl   FALLS,  TRENTON  FALLS. 


THE  CASCADES,   TRENTON  FALLS. 


48 


SPRINGS   AND   WATEKING-PLACES. 


SPEIXGS,  AND  WATERING-PLACES. 

For  the  information  of  tourists  we  annex  particulars  of  a  fevr  of  the  most  celebrated  sum- 
mer resorts,  compiled  from  extracts  derived  from  the  most  reliable  sources,  to  which  we 
have  added  such  information  as  we  possess  from  our  own  acquaintance  with  the  various 
localities  and  routes  which,  together  with  the  views  presented,  neatly  engraved  fi-om 
photographs  taken  last  year,  will,  we  trust,  be  of  some  assistance  to  the  stranger  who 
wishes  to  become  acquainted  with  some  of  the  most  celebrated  localities  in  America. 


"  CAPE  MAY,  N.  J.— This  place,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  on  the  N. 
E.  side,  has,  for  a  number  of  years  past,  be- 
come an  attractive  watering-place,  much  fre- 
quented by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  and 
others.  During  the  summer  season,  a  steam- 
boat runs  from  the  city  to  the  Cape,  and  af- 
fords a  pleasant  trip.  The  beacli  is  unsur- 
passed as  a  bathing-place,  and  the  accommo- 
dations for  the  entertainment  of  visitors  are 
of  the  first  order.  Distance  from  Philadel- 
phia. 102  miles." 

COnOES  FALLS  are  situated  on  the 
Eiver  Mohawk  (State  of  New  York,)  about  2 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  close  to  the  rail- 
road from  Tro}-,  passing  along  which  a 
glance  can  be  had  of  them,  pouring  down  a 
perpendicular  rock  70  feet  deep. 

"  MA:SIM0TH  cave,  KY.— Tins  stupen- 
dous wonder  of  nature  is  situated  in  Edmon- 
son county,  about  90  miles  S.  from  Louisville, 
and  about  equally  distant,  in  a  X.  E.  direc- 
tion, from  Nashville,  Tenn.  The  tourist  leaves 
the  stage  road  about  6  miles  from  the  en- 
trance to  the  cave,  and  passes  through  some 
of  the  most  romantic  and  beautiful  scenery. 
It  is  only  within  a  few  j-ears  that  tliis  cave 
has  been  very  extensively  explored ;  and  it  is 
still  supposed  that  but  a  small  part  of  it,  in 
comparison  with  the  whole,  has  ever  been 
trodden  by  the  foot  of  man.  It  has  been  es- 
timated that  the  length  of  all  the  different 
avenues  and  branches,  when  added  together, 
would  make  more  than  600  miles.  As  far 
^  as  known,  there  are  in  the  cave  246  avenues, 
47  domes,  8  cataracts,  and  23  pits.  The 
darkness,  deeper  than  that  of  the  blackest 
midnight,  which  pervades  these  subterrane- 
an recesses,  and  which  is  little  more  than 
rendered  visible  by  tlie  torches  wliicli  the 
visitors  carry  with  them,  renders  it  difficult 
for  the  spectator  to  form  any  thing  like  an 
^adequate  idea  of  its  vast  dimensions,  its 
great  heights  and  depths  in  the  different 
apartments,  and  of  the  singularity  and  beau- 
ty of  the  natural  decorations  they  contain. 

"  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  fish  without  eyes 
have  been  caught  in  the  rivers  of  tliis  cave. 
They  have  been  dissected  by  skilful  anato- 
mists, it  is  said,  who  declare  that  they  are 
without  the  slightest  indication  of  an  organ 
similar  to  the  eye,  and  also  that  they  pos- 
sess other  anomalies  in  their  oi'ganization  in- 


teresting to  the  naturalist.  These  fishes  are 
from  3  to  6  inches  in  length. 

"The  waters  of  the  cave  are  of  the  purest 
kind  ;  and,  besides  the  springs  and  streams 
of  fresh  water,  there  are  one  or  two  sul[)hur 
springs.  Tliere  are  streams,  lakes,  and  wa- 
terfalls of  sufficient  width  and  depth  to  com- 
pare with  the  world  above  ground.  Some 
of  these  rivers,  as  they  are  called,  are  navi- 
gated by  boats  of  sufficient  size  to  carr^"  12 
persons;  and  one  of  them,  called  the  Echo, 
is  said  to  be  broad  and  deep  enough,  at  all 
times,  to  float  the  largest  steamers.  The 
rivers  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  were  never 
crossed  till  1840.  Some  of  them  flow  in 
deep  channels,  the  sides  of  which  rise  high 
above  their  ordinary  level.  After  heavy 
rains,  they  are  sometimes  swollen  so  as  to 
rise  more  than  .50  feet.  At  such  times  the 
streams,  and  especially  the  cataracts,  of  the 
cave,  exhibit  a  most  terrific  appearance. 
Great  exertions  have  been  made  to  discover 
the  sources  of  these  streams,  and  where  they 
find  their  outlets:  yet  thej'  still  remain,  in 
this  respect,  as  much  a  mystery  as  ever. 

"  It  would  be  impossible,  within  the  limits 
of  this  article,  to  describe  in  detail  the  many 
objects  of  curiosity  and  scenes  of  grandeur 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  apparently  in- 
terminable recesses  of  the  Mammoth  Cave. 
The  names  of  some  of  the  principal  apart- 
ments, are  Giant's  Coffin,  the  Labyrinth,  the 
Cascade,  Gorin's  Dome,  the  Bottomless  Pit, 
the  "Winding  Way,  the  Bandit's  Hall,  Great 
Relief  Ilali;  River  Hall  and  Dead  Sea,  Na- 
tural Bridge  over  the  River  Styx,  (80  feet 
high,")  Pass  of  El-Ghor,  Crogan's  Hall,  City 
of  the  Tombs,  Saint  Cecilia's  Grotto,  Silli- 
man's  Avenue,  Great  "Western  Vestibule, 
Martha's  Vineyard,  Snowball  Room,  the  Ho- 
ly Sepulclire,  Cleveland's  Cabinet,  Serena's 
Harbor,  Fairy  Grotto,  Paradise,  and  others 
of  a  liardly  less  remarkable  character. 

"  To  select  only  from  this  list  of  wonders 
for  the  conclusion  of  our  descriptions,  we 
would  offtT  tlie  remarks  of  an  intelligent 
clergyman,  who  lately  paid  a  visit  to  the 
cave,  iqion  tliat  splendid  hall  known  by  the 
name  of  Cleveland's  Cabinet.  "  The  most 
imaginative  poet,"  says  this  gentleman, 
"  never  conceived  or  painted  a  palace  of  such 
exquisite  beauty  and  loveliness  as  Cleve- 
land's Cabinet.     Were  the  wealth  of  princes 


SPRINGS  AND   WATERING-PLACES. 


49 


bestowed  on  the  most  skilful  lapidaries,  -with 
a  view  of  rivalling  the  splendours  of  this  sin- 
gle chamber,  the  attempt  wonld  be  vain. 
The  Cabinet  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Patten  of 
Louisville  and  Mr.  Craig  of  Philadelphia,  ac- 
companied bj'  Stephen,  the  guide,  and  ex- 
tends in  nearly  a  direct  line  about  li  miles, 
(the  guides  say  2  miles).  It  is  a  perfect  arch, 
of  50  feet  span,  and  of  an  average  lieight  of 
10  feet  in  the  centre — just  high  enough  to 
be  viewed  with  ease  in  all  its  parts.  The 
base  of  the  whole  is  carbonate  (sulphate)  of 
lime,  in  part  of  a  dazzling  whiteness  and  per- 
fectly smooth,  aud  in  part  crystallized,  so  as 
to  glitter  like  diamonds  in  the  light.  Grow- 
ing from  this,  in  endlessly  diversified  forms, 
is  a  substance  resembling  selenite,  translu- 
cent and  imperfectly  laminated.  Some  of 
the  crj-stals  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to 
liranohes  of  celery  ;  others,  a  foot  or  more  in 
length,  have  the  colour  and  appearance  of 
vanilla  cream  candy;  others  are  set  in  sul- 
phate of  lime  in  the  form  of  a  rose ;  and 
others  roll  out  from  tlie  base  in  forms  re- 
sembling the  ornaments  of  a  Corinthian  col- 
umn. Some  of  the  incrustrations  are  mas- 
sive and  splendid,  others  are  as  delicate  as 
the  lily,  or  as  fancy  work  of  shell  or  wax. 
Tiiink  of  ti'aversing  an  arched  way  like  this 
for  a  mile  and  a  half;  and  all  the  wonders  of 
the  tales  of  youtli — Arabian  Nights,  and  all 
— seem  tame,  compared  with  the  living, 
growing  reality.  Here  and  there,  tlirough 
tlie  whole  extent,  you  will  find  openings  in 
the  sides,  into  which  you  may  thrust  a  per- 
son, and  often  stand  erect,  in  little  grottoes, 
perfectly  incrusted  with  a  delicate,  white 
substance,  reflecting  the  light  from  a  thous- 
and different  points." 

"  It  is  quite  impossible  to  give  in  a  brief 
notice  such  as  this,  any  thing  like  an  ade- 
quate idea  of  this,  one  of  the  greatest  won- 
ders of  the  world.  It  must  be  visted  to  be 
appreciated. 

"  The  route  from  Louisville,  Kentucky,  is 
by  rail  toMumfordsville,  aud  thence  per  stage 
for  21  miles.  Time  from  Louisville  to  the 
cave,  15^  hours.  The  train  at  Mumfords- 
ville  connects  also  with  the  railroad  to  Nash- 
ville. Superior  hotel  accommodations  is  to 
be  found  close  to  the  cave,  with  guides,  etc. 
The  charges  are  very  moderate. 

"  MOUNT  VERNON.V  A— This  venerated 
spot,  where  once  resided  the  father  of  his 
country,  and  where  his  ashes  now  repose,  is 
universally  regarded  with  a  sacred  interest. 
It  is  on  the  "W.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  15 
miles  S.  from  the  city  of  Washington,  and  8 
from  Alexandria.  (General  Washington's 
mansion  is  still  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. The  new  tomb  into  which  his  remains 
wei*e  removed  in  1830,  and  subsequently 
placed  in  a  marble  sarcophagus,  is  in  a  re- 
tired situation  a  sliort  distance  from  the 
house.  It  is  a  plain  but  substantial  structure 
of  brick,  with  an  iron  gate  at  the  sarcophagi 
of  white  marble,  in  which  slumber,  side  by 


side,  the  mortal  remains  of  that  great  and 
good  man  and  of  his  amiable  consort. 

"  The  old  tomb,  in  whicli  tlie  remains  of 
Washington  were  first  deposited,  and  which 
is  now  going  to  decay,  is  upon  au  elevation 
in  full  view  from  the  ris-er. 

"A  glimpse  of  this  interesting  spot  may  be 
had  from  the  Potomac  steamer,  on  its  way 
from  Washington  to  the  railroad  terminus  at 
Acquia  Creek.  But  to  visit  the  place,  it  is 
necessarj'  to  stop  at  Alexandria,  and  take  a 
private  conve}"ance  to  Mount  ^'ernon.  The 
grounds  are  open  to  the  puljlic." 

NAIIANT,  MS.— This  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  celebrated  watering-places  in  New 
England,  and  a  place  to  which  many  of  the 
wealthy  citizens  of  Boston,  having  provided 
themselves  with  pleasant  cottages,  resort  in 
the  summer  months  Avith  their  families. 

"  It  is  only  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Boston,  by 
the  steamboats  continuailj-  plying  in  summer 
months.  At  this  place  are  good  fishing  and 
fowling,  and  excellent  accommodations;  the 
ocean  scenery  is  exceedingly  beautiful  in  fair 
weather,  and  truly  sublime  in  a  storm." 

PLYMOUTH  ROCK,  MS. —One  of  the 
most  interesting  spots  connected  with  tlie 
history  of  America,  being  tlie  point  in  New 
England  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed 
from  the  Mayflower  in  the  year  1620.  The 
Rock  is  denominated  "  Forefathers'  Rock,'  is 
now  buried  under  a  wan-house  with  wharves 
around  it.  The  town  of  Plymoulli,  in  which 
the  Rock  is,  is  37  miles  from  Boston  bv  rail. 

"  ROCKAWAY  BEACH,  LO^■G  ISLAND, 
N.  Y. — This  fashionable  watering-place  is  on 
the  Atlantic  shore  of  Long  Island,  about  20 
miles  from  New  York.  The  principal  hotel 
is  the  Marine  Pavilion,  which  is  a  splendid 
establishment,  erected  in  1834,  upon  the 
beach,  only  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean. 
There  is  also  another  hotel,  whicli  is  well 
kept,  and  several  boarding-houses,  where  the 
visitor  or  the  invalid  may  enjoy  the  invigor- 
ating ocean  breezes  with  less  of  cost  and  dis- 
plaj-  than  at  the  hotels.  The  most  conveni- 
ent route  to  Roekaway  is  by  the  Long  Island 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  12  miles  from  New 
York,  and  thence  8  miles  by  stage  to  the 

'  SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y.— This  cele- 
brated watering-place  and  summer  resort, 
occupies  the  same  position  in  America,  as 
Harrowgate  does  in  England,  whilst  the 
characteristics  of  both  places  are  alike,  in 
many  respects. 

'They  are  the  most  celebrated  springs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  annual  resort  of 
visitors — from  all  parts  of  the  world — who 
flock  there  in  search  of  health,  pleasure,  and 
excitement. 

"  Large  and  splendid  accommodations  are 
provided  in  the  various  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses,  which,  in  the  season  of  company,  are 
often  thronged  with  visitors,  presenting  an 
animated  scene  of  gravity,  luxury,  and  dis- 
play. 


50 


SPRINGS  AND  WATERING-PLACES. 


"  The  villiige,  wliich  is  in  the  K  part  of  the 
township  of  Saratoga,  is  pleasantlj'  situated 
on  a  sandy  plain,  in  part  surrounded  bj^  a 
beautiful  grove  of  pines,  having  its  princi- 
pal street  upon  the  W.  margin  of  a  narrow 
vale  in  whieh  the  springs  are  found.  The 
hotels  are  large  and  numerous. 

"  Passengers  for  Saratoga  fi'om  New  York, 
take  either  the  Hudson  River  or  Harlem 
Railroads,  or  the  steamboat  to  Albany  or 
Troy ;  from  Alljany,  via  Albany,  Vermont  and 
Canada  Railway ;  from  Troy,  via  Rensselaer 
and  Saratoga  Railway.  From  Boston  the 
traveller  takes  the  Western  Railway  to 
Albany,  Troy  and  Saratoga.  Passengers 
from  the  West  by  the  Central  Railway  stop 
at  Schenectady.  The  route  from  l\ie  North 
is  via  Lake  Champlain,  and  Whitehall  and 
Saratoga  Railway. 

"  SHARON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y.,  are  in  the 
town  of  Sharon,  in  Schoharie  county,  about 
45  miles  west  of  Albany  by  the  Cherry  Val- 
ley Turnpike.  They  are  also  reached  by 
stages  from  Canajoharie,  on  the  Utica  and 
Schenectady  Railroad,  from  which  place  they 
are  distant' about  12  miles  in  a  S.  W.  direc- 
tion. They  are  pure  and  clear,  and  have 
been  found  to  be  highly  efficacious  in  cutane- 
ous, dyspeptic,  and  rheumatic  complaints. 
They  luive  an  exhilarating  effect  upon  the 
spirits,  invigorating  the  system,  and  i>urify- 
ing  the  complexion,  and  in  some  respects 
possesses  medicinal  and  healing  properties 
unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  country. 

"  Tlie  prospect  from  the  Pavilion  House  to- 
wards the  N.  is  almost  unlimited,  and  by 
many  considered  harly  inferior  to  that  from 
the  Catskill  Mountain  House.  Its  elevated 
situation,  always  securing  a  pure  and  brac- 
ing atmosphere,  conspires  with  the  use  of 
the  waters  to  render  the  residence  of  vis- 
itors here  in  hot  weather  delightfully  sulu- 
brious  and  refreshing. 

"  Tourists  proceed  from  AUiany  via  New 
York  Central  Railway  to  Palatine  Bridge,  55 
miles,  thence  per  stage  for  10  miles  over 
plank  road. 

"WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA.— 
These  are  the  most  celebrated  and  most  gen- 
erally visited  of  all  the  mineral  springs  of 
Virginia,  and  are  to  the  south  what  Sarato- 
ga is  to  the  north.  They  ai-e  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Greenbrier  River,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  on  the  western  declivi- 
ty of  the  Alleghany  ridge,  some  6  or  8  miles 
from  the  suuunit  of   the   mountains.     They 


are  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully  pictur- 
es(|ue  valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on 
every  side.  Thousands  resort  to  tlieni  annu- 
ally either  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  wa- 
ters, or  in  pursuit  of  recreation  and  amuse- 
ment. 

"There  are  numerous  routes  to  the  Virginia 
spi-ings,  all  of  which  within  a  few  years 
have  been  greatl}'  improved.  One  of  the 
pleasantest  and  most  expeditious  routes  from 
Baltimore  is  by  the  railroad  thence  to  Har- 
per's Ferry  ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Winches- 
ter to  Goshen.  From  Staunton  there  are 
two  routes,  one  directlyacross  the  mouniains, 
to  the  warm  and  hot  springs;  tiie  other,  via 
Lexington,  to  the  Natural  Bridge,  and  thence 
to  the'White  Sulphur  Springs.  These  springs 
are  SO-i  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

"  Parties  from  the  South  proceed  to  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina,  to  Richmond,  pro- 
ceeding from  Richmond  to  Lynchburg  and 
thence  by  stage. 

"  WINNIPISEOGEE  L.\IvE,  N.  H.— This 
lake  possesses  singular  charms.  However 
romantic  and  beautiful  Lake  George,  the 
charmer  of  all  travellers,  appears  in  its  ele- 
vation, the  purity  of  its  waters,  its  depth,  its 
rapid  outlet,  its  365  islands  which  bespangle 
its  bosom,  its  mountain  scener}%  its  fish,  its 
mineralogy,  still,  iu  all  but  its  historic  fiime, 
it  has  a  rival  at  the  east,  in  the  Winnipiseo- 
gee  of  New  Hampshire. 

"  The  lake  is  in  the  counties  of  Belknap  and 
Carrol.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  At  the 
west  end  it  is  divided  into  three  large  bays ; 
on  the  north  is  a  fourth ;  and  at  the  east  end 
there  are  three  others.  Its  general  course  is 
from  north-west  to  north-east;  its  length  is 
about  25  miles,  and  it  varies  iu  width  from 
one  to  10  miles. 

"  The  waters  of  this  lake  not  only  serve  as 
a  lovely  ornament  to  the  scenery  of  this  re- 
gion, and  as  a  means  of  recreation  and  amuse- 
ment to  the  multitude  who  pass  and  repass 
upon  them,  but  answer  an  important  purpose 
as  a  great  reservoir  of  power  for  the  exten- 
sive manufacturing  establishments  at  Man- 
chester, Lowell,  and  other  places  whicli  are 
located  on  Jlerrimac  River,  its  outlet  to  the 
sea.  The  fall  of  this  immense  body  of  wa- 
ter, in  its  passage  to  the  ocean,  is  so  great 
that  its  power  for  manufacturing  purposes 
can  hardly  be  computed. 

"  The  Indian  name  of  Winnipiseogee,  signi- 
fies '  The  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit.'  "  (See 
White  Mountains.) 


CLIFTON  SPKINGS   AND   LAKE   GEORGE. 


51 


WATER-CURE  ESTABLISHMENT,  CLIFTON  SPRINGS. 


Abovt  halfway  between  Lakes  Geneva  and  Canandaigua  is  situated  the  celebrated 
Clifton  Springs,  which  are  much  resorted  to,  forming  as  they  do  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
and  retired  watering-places,  within  easy  distance  of  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in  the 
Northern  States. 

Situated  at  those  springs  is  the  celebrated  water-cure  establishment  of  Dr.  Forster.  The 
house,  although  a  very  large  one,  j-et  is  generally  filled  with  patients,  one  of  the  best 
proofs  of  its  excellent  standing.     The  charge  for  board  Agarics  from  $7  to  $11  per  week. 


"LAKE  GEORGE,  sometimes  called 
LAKE  HORICON.— This  lovely  sheet  of 
water,  baskiug  in  the  rays  of  the  sun,  rippled 
by  the  breeze,  or  reclining  in  the  t?luulows  of 
twiliglit,  still  presenting  a  lovely  aspect — 
famed  in  song  and  story,  and  its  countei'part 
occupj-ing  a  space  in  innumerable  annuals 
and  books  of  travel — is  230  feet  above  the 
Hudson  River,  lying  partly  in  Warren  and 
Wasliington  Counties,  liaving  its  outlet  into 
Lake  Cliamplain.  Its  shore  contains  the  re- 
mains of  several  old  forts,  memorable  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars.  This  beau- 
tiful mountain  lake  of  New  York  is  30  miles 
in  length,  varying  in  breadth  from  f  to  4 
miles.  The  water  is  remarkably  transparent, 
and  in  some  places  is  more  than  400  feet 
deep.  Scarcely  any  thing  can  be  imagined 
more  beautiful  or  picturesque  than  the 
scenery  along  its  banks.  The  romantic  effect 
of  the  prospect  is  greatlj'  enhanced  by  the 
multitude  of  islands  of  various  forms  and 
sizes,  which  meet  the  gaze  on  ever^  side. 
A  popular  notion  prevails  that  their  number 
corresponds  with  that  of  the  days  of  the 
year.     Twelve  miles  from  the  soutli-west  ex- 


tremity of  the  lake  there  is  an  island  of  about 
200  acres,  called,  from  its  position,  Twelve 
Mile  Island.  A  mile  further  north  there  is  a 
high  point,  or  tongue  of  land,  called  Tongue 
Mo\intain,  west  of  which  projects  a  small 
arm  of  the  lake  called  North-west  Bay. 
Here  the  narrowest  part  of  the  lake  com- 
mences, and  continues  7  or  8  miles.  Near 
the  west  end  of  the  Narrows,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  lake,  is  Black  Mountain,  the  sum- 
mit of  which  is  the  highest  point  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  lake,  having  an  ele- 
vation of  2,200  feet  above  its  surface.  About 
12  miles  beyond  Black  ^lountain  there  is  a 
rock  about  200  feet  high,  rising  almost  per- 
pendicularly from  the  surface  of  the  water. 
During  the  French  war,  Major  Rogers,  being 
closely  pursued  by  the  Indians,  slid  down 
this  deep  declivit}',  and  safely  landed  on  the 
ice,  leaving  iiis  pursuers  petrified  with  aston- 
ishment at  the  daring  exploit  they  had  wit- 
nessed. From  this  circumstance  the  rock  has 
been  named  Rogers'  Slide.  Just  l)eyond  is 
Lord  Howe's  Point,  where  the  division  of 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe  landed 
previous  to  his  attack  on  Ticonderoga." 


52 


NEWPORT,    LAKE   PLEASANT   AND   CROOKED   LAKE. 


NEWPORT,    RHODE   ISLAN^D. 


The  above  sketch  represents  probably  the 
nearest  approach,  both  in  appearance  and 
situation,  to  Scarborough,  (En^hmd,)  of  any 
sea-bathing  quarter  in  the  United  States. 
J<e\vport  is  located  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the 
ricli  and  fertile  State  of  Rhode  Island,  lying 
within  the  mouth  of  NarragansetBay,  5  miles 
from  the  ocean.  "  Its  liarbour,  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  world,  spreads  W.  liefore  tlie  town, 
which  is  built  on  a  gentle  declivity  to  the 
shore,  and  appears  beautiful  as  it  is  ap- 
proached ujion  the  water.  Its  insular  situa- 
tion gives  to  Newport  the  advantage  of  a 
cool,  refreshing  sea-breeze  from  almost  every 
point  of  the  compass;  so  that  in  all  the  hot 


months  it  is  one  of  the  most  comfortable  places 
of  residence  anj'  wliere  to  be  found.  On  this 
account  it  has  long  been  a  favourite  place  of 
foshionable  resort,  especial!}-  for  visitors  from 
the  south.  Within  a  few  years  past,  a  number 
of  large  and  splendid  hotels  have  been  erect- 
ed, affording  the  I>est  accommodations  that 
could  be  desired  for  all  who  come;  so  that, 
in  this  respect,  Newport  is  now  the  rival  of 
Saratoga  itself." 

Steamers  ply  daily,  during  the  summer 
season,  lietween  Newport  and  Proviileiice — 
with  which  the  communication  l)y  raili-oad 
and  steamers  is  frequent.  157  miles  from 
New  York — 70  miles  from  Boston. 


"  LAKE  PLEASANT.— This  small  butlove- 
ly  lake,  is  a  favourite  and  enchanting  resort 
for  the  disciples  of  the  angle  and  the  gun, 
tlie  waters  teeming  with  trout,  etc.,  and  deer 
and  other  game  are  abundant  in  the  forests. 
It  is  a  delightful  summer  liome  for  the  stu- 
dent, and  may  be  pleasantly  and  satisfactori- 
ly visited  by  ladies.  The  wild  lands  and 
waters  here  are  a  part  of  the  lake  region  of 
northern  New  York.  The  Saranac  region  is 
connected  with  Lake  Pleasant  by  interme- 
diate waters  and  portages.  To  reach  Lake 
Pleasant,  and  the  adjoining  waters  of  Round, 
Pisced,  and  Louis  Lakes,  favourite  summer 
resorts,  take  the  Central  Railroad  from  Al- 
bany to  Amsterdam ;  thence  by  stage  to 
Holmes'  Hotel  on  Lake  Pleasant,  30  miles." 


"  CROOKED  LAKE,  situated  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  New  York,  is  included  in  the 
limits  of  Steuben  and  Yates  Counties,  is  18 
miles  long,  and  1-J-  miles  at  its  greatest 
breadth.  At  the  north  end  it  is  divided 
into  two  forks  or  branches,  one  of  which  is 
5  and  the  other  9  miles  long.  Its  surface  is 
487  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  and  718  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic.  It  usually 
freezes  over  in  the  winter ;  at  other  seasons 
a  steamboat  leaves  Penn  Yan,  at  its  N.  N.  E. 
extremity,  for  Hammondsport,  at  its  S.  W. 
extremitj'.  The  scenery  along  the  shore  is 
extremely  picturesque  and  beautiful.  The 
outlet  which  flows  into  Seneca  Lake  has  a 
descent  of  271  feet  in  7  miles,  affording  valu- 
able water  power." 


SCENERY   OF  THE   CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


53 


SCE^re  IX  THE  CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 


One  of  the  most  agreeable  trips  for  the  tourist,  when  at  New  York,  is  for  him  to  visit 
the  famous  scenery  of  the  Catskill.  There,  a  variety  of  wood,  river,  and  mountain  scene- 
ry will  be  enjoyed,  not  to  be  met  with  in  most  places. 

The  trip  there  and  back,  can  be  made  in  3  or  4  days  from  New  York,  and  at  not  much 
expense. 

Tlie  charge  at  the  Mountain  House  is  $2.50  (or  10s.,  stg.,)  per  day— although  cheaper 
accommodation  is  to  be  had  as  well. 

Near  the  Mountain  House  is  said  to  be  the  site  where  Mr.  "Washington  Irving  located  the 
scene  of  his  celebrated  novel  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle." 

Few  places  of  summer  resort  are  more  frequented  by  tourists,  whether  as  artists  in 
search  of  some  charming  scenery  to  study,  the  invalid  in  quest  of  bracing  air,  or  the  gen- 
eral traveller  in  searcli  of  all  the  "  lions"  in  America. 


54 


SYLVAN   LAKE,    CATSKILL    MOUNTAINS. 


A  good,  general  view  of  Ihese  mountains  is  obtained  from  the  deck  of  the  steamers 
■whieli  pass  up  and  down  upon  the  Hudson. 

Strangers  take  cither  the  Albany  steamer,  from  New  York,  or  Albany,  to  Catskill,  on  the 
Hudson,  (111  miles  from  New  York)  or  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  to  Oakhill  Station, 
thence  per  ferry  across.  From  Catskill  Village,  passengers  are  convej'cd  per  stage  to  the 
Mountain  House,  12  miles  distant,  but  the  road  being  very  steep,  it  takes  4  hours  to  go 
that  distance. 

The  first  view  we  present,  "  Scene  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,"  is  from  a  painting  by  J, 
F.  Kcusett,  an  American  artist,  the  only  objection  to  which  we  have  is,  tiie  introduction  of 
two  of  the  aboi-igines — of  the  district,  we  presume — a  fault  rather  common,  we  think, 
amongst  American  artists,  to  give  effect  in  pictures,  whilst  such  figures  can  now  only  be 
introduced  with  truth  iu  such  districts  as  Minnesota,  or  the  Red  River. 


THE  UPPER  OR  SYLVAN  LAKE-CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 

The  other  engravings  whicli  follow  are  without  any  such  additions,  being  from  photo- 
graphs, taken  last  year  of  the  scenes  represented.  To  quote  from  a  writer  who  has  visited 
this  locality  : — 

"The  ride  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  not  specially  interesting;  but  the  ascent,  by  a 
very  circuitous  route,  from  every  successive  openinij  and  turn  of  which  some  new  and 
more  extensive  vista  is  presented  to  the  eye  continually,  is  in  a  hi£rh  degree  inspiring  and 
delightfid.  And  when  at  length  the  lofty  eminence  is  reached,  there  opens,  from  the  front 
of  the  noble  edifice,  a  prospect  of  vast  extent  and  beauty;  embracing  an  apparently  end- 
less succession  of  woods  and  waters,  farms  and  villages,  towns  and  cities,  spread  out  as  in 
a  boundless  panorama,  over  which  all  inequalities  of  surface  are  overlooked.  The  beauti- 
ful Hudson  appears  narrowed  in  the  distance,  with  numerous  vessels  scattered  along  its  sil- 


KAUTEKSKILL   FALLS,    CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


56 


very  line,  discerned  as  fur  as  the  eye  can  reach,  by  their  canvas  srleaming  in  the  sun,  and 
with  the  truiUng  cloud  of  smoke  from  steamhoats  ahuost  constantly  in  siglit. 

"  Tlie  view  embraces  an  area  of  about  70  miles  north  and  south.  Far  in  the  eastern  out- 
line rise  the  Taghanic  Mountains,  and  the  highlands  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts. 
To  the  left  are  seen  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  stretching  away  in  the  north  till  their 
blue  summits  are  blended  with  the  sky.  At  other  times  all  the  prospect  below  is  enveloped 
in  a  rolling  sea  of  mist  and  cloud,  surging  with  the  wind,  and  presenting  ever  new  and  fan- 
ciful forms  to  the  sight.  Thunder  storms  are  not  unfrequcntly  seen  passing  below  the 
spectator,  while  the  atmosphere  is  delightfully  clear  and  cool  around  him." 

The  preceding  engraving  represents  one  of  two  lakes  of  great  beauty,  which  lie  close  to- 
gether, overlooked  from  the  north  mountain,  and  a  short  way  from  the  Mountain  House 
Hotel.  All  who  are  ac([u:iintcd  with  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  will  at  once  recognize 
it  in  the  above  sketch,  which  we  have  had  engraved  from  one  of  the  series  of  photographs 
taken  there  last  year.  For  a  pleasant  walk  alongside  its  shores,  a  row  on  its  waters,  or 
for  practising  the  "  gentle  art"  witii  fishing-rod  and  line,  few  spots  present  greater  attiac- 
tions. 


KAUTERSKILL  FALLS. 

The  Sylvan  Lake,  already  alluded  to,  is  the  source  from  which  proceed  the  beautiful 
Kauterskill  Falls,  represented  above,  as  also  the  source  of  the  Kauterskill  River,  which 
finds  its  way  into  the  Hudson,  at  Catskill  Village.     The  falls  are  situated  about  2  miles 


5G 


SLEEPY   HOLLOW,    CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


from  the  Mountain  IIousc.     Cooper,  the  novelist,  in  his  novel  of  the  "  Pioneer,"  thus  men- 
lions  tlioni : — 

"  The  water  comes  croaking  and  winding  among  the  rocks,  first,  so  slow  that  a  trout 
might  swim  into  it,  tlicn  starting  and  running  like  any  creature  that  wanted  to  make  a 
fair  spring,  till  it  gets  to  where  the  mountain  divides,  like  the  cleft  foot  of  a  deer,  leaving  a 
deep  hollow  for  the  brook  to  timiLle  into.  The  first  pitch  is  nigh  200  feet,  and  the  water 
looks  like  flakes  of  snow  before  it  touches  the  bottom,  and  then  gathers  itself  together 
again  for  a  new  start ;  and  maj-be  flutters  over  50  feet  of  flat  rock  before  it  falls  for  another 
loo  feet,  wlien  it  jumps  from  shelf  to  shelf,  first  running  this  way  and  that  way,  striving 
to  get  out  of  the  hollow,  till  it  finallj'  gets  to  the  plain." 


VIEW  DOWN  SLEEPY  HOLLOW— CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 


As  another  view  of  one  of  the  cascades,  we  present  one  taken  from  the  ledge  of  rocks^ 
over  which  the  water  rushes  silently  but  swiftly  over  the  precipice,  down  into  the  beauti- 
ful gorge  of  "  Sleepy  Hollow." 


THE   WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 


57 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


The  accomplished  author  of  "  America  and 
the  Americans"  thus  writes  regarding  this 
portion  of  the  United  States: — "This  is  one 
of  the  wildest  regions  in  the  United  States. 
From  the  top  of  the  stage  we  have  a  wide 
prospect  over  forests,  pastoral  valleys,  ravines, 
and  dingles;  Mount  Laftiyette  rising  before 
us  in  solemn  majesty,  and  behind  us,  far  as 
the  eye  can  reach,  an  undulating  country, 
stretching  away  towards  the  frontiers  of 
Canada.  For  the  first  3  miles  the  drive  lies 
through  a  tangled  wood,  and  up  an  ascent 
so  steep  that  our  team  occasionally, pauses. 
The  road  is  so  narrow  that  the  trees  touch 
tlie  carriage  on  both  sides  at  the  same  lime, 
and  so  rougli  that  passengers  hold  on  firmly 
for  tlieir  lives;  yet  the  coachman  drives  his 
six  in  hand  with  the  utmost  ease  and  skill." 

During  nine  or  ten  months  of  tlie  year, 
the  summits  of  the  mountains  are  covered 
with  snow  and  ice,  giving  them  a  bright  and 
dazzling  appearance.  On  every  side  are 
long  and  winding  gullies,  deepening  in  their 
descent  to  the  plain  below. 

These  mountains  are  situated  in  the  county 
of  Coos,  in  the  X.  part  of  the  State.  Tliey 
extend  about  '20  miles,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E., 
and  are  the  more  elevated  parts  of  a  range 
extending  many  miles  in  that  direction. 
Tlieir  base  is  about  10  miles  broad,  and  are 
the  highest  in  New  England  ;  and,  if  we  ex- 
cept the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  one  or  two 
peaks  in  North  Carolina,  they  are  the  most 
lofty  of  any  in  the  United  States. 

Although  these  mountains  are  65  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  ocean,  their  snow-wiiite  sum- 
mits are  distinctly  visible,  in  good  weather, 
more  than  50  miles  from  shore.  Their  ap- 
pearance, at  that  distance,  is  that  of  a  sil- 
very cloud  skirting  the  horizon. 

The  names  here  given  are  those  generally 
appropriated  to  tiie  different  sununits :  Mount 
Washington  is  known  by  its  superior  eleva- 
tion, and  by  its  being  the  southern  of  the 
three  highest  peaks.  Mount  Adams  is  known 
by  its  sharp,  terminating  peak,  and  being 
the  north  of  Washington,  Jefferson  is  situ- 
ated between  these  two.  Madixon  is  the 
eastern  peak  of  the  range.  Monroe  is  the 
first  to  the  south  of  Washington.  Franklin 
is  the  second  south,  and  is  known  by  its  level 
surface.  Lafayette  is  known  by  its  conical 
shape,  and  being  the  third  soutli  of  Wash- 
ington. The  ascent  to  the  summits  of  these 
mountains,  though  fatiguing,  is  not  danger- 
ous ;  and  the  visitant  is  richly  rewarded  for 
his  labour  and  curiosity.  In  passing  from 
the  Notch  to  the  highest  summit,  the  travel- 
ler crosses  the  summits  of  Mounts  Lafayette, 
Franklin,   and   Monroe.      In   accomplishing 


this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross 
several  ravines.  These  are  neither  wide  nor 
deep,  nor  are  they  discovered  at  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  for  the  trees  fill  them  up  exactlj'  even 
with  the  mountain  on  each  side,  and  their 
branches  interlock  with  each  other  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  is  very  ditficult  to  pass 
through  them,  and  they  are  so  stiff  and 
thick  as  almost  to  support  a  man's  weight. 
After  crossing  Mount  Franklin,  you  jiassover 
the  eastern  pinnacle  of  Mount  Monroe,  and 
soon  find  yourself  on  a  plain  of  some  extent, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  AVashington.  Here  is 
a  fine  resting-place,  on  the  margin  of  a  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water,  of  an  oval  form,  cover- 
ing about  three-fourths  of  an  acre.  The 
waters  are  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  deep. 
Not  a  living  ci-eature  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
waters  at  this  height  on  the  hills  ;  nor  does 
vegetation  grow  in  or  around  them,  to  ob- 
scure the  clear  rocky  or  gravelly  bottom  on 
which  they  rest.  A  small  spring  discharges 
itself  into  tliis  pond,  at  its  south-east  angle. 
Another  pond,  of  about  two-thirds  its  size, 
lies  nortli-west  of  this.  Directly  before  you, 
the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Washington  rises 
with  majestic  grandeur,  like  an  immense 
pyramid,  or  some  vast  krenilin,  in  this  mag- 
nificent cit}-  of  mountains.  The  pinnacle  is 
elevated  about  1500  feet  above  the  plain, 
and  is  composed  principally  of  huge  rocks 
of  granite  and  gneiss,  piled  together,  pre- 
senting a  variety  of  colours  and  forms.  Tlie 
ascent  is  made  on  horseback. 

In  ascending,  you  must  pass  enormous 
masses  of  loose  stone:  but  a  ride  of  half  an 
hour  will  generally' carry  j'ou  to  the  summit. 
The  view  from  this  point  is  wonderfully 
grand  and  picturesque.  Innumerable  moun- 
tains, lakes,  ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  vil- 
lages meet  the  delighted  eye,  and  the  dim 
Atlantic  stretches  its  waters  along  the  east- 
ern horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen  the  lofty 
summits  of  Adams  and  Jefferson  ;  and  to  the 
east,  a  little  detached  from  the  range,  sup- 
ported on  the  north  by  a  high  ridge,  which 
extends  to  Mount  Jefferson  ;  on  tlie  north- 
east by  a  large  grassy  plain,  terminating  in 
a  vast  spur,  extending  far  aAvay  in  that  di- 
rection ;  east,  by  a  promontory,  which  breaks 
off  abruptly  at  St.  Anthony's  Nose ;  south 
and  south-east  by  a  grassy  plain,  in  summer, 
of  more  than  40  acres.  At  the  south-eastern 
extremity  of  this  plain  a  ridge  commences, 
which  slopes  gracefully  away  towards  the 
vale  of  the  Saco,  upon  which,  at  short  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  arise  rocks,  resem- 
bling in  some  places,  towers ;  in  others,  rep- 
resenting the  various  orders  of  arcliitec- 
ture. 


58 


WILLEY    HOUSE,    WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 


THE  WILLEY   HOUSE,    WHITE  MOUA'TAINS. 


The  above  house  stands  upon  a  spot  which 
will  ever  remain  memoral)lG  in  the  history 
of  the  White  Mouul;iins,  as  having  been  the 
scene  of  a  fearful  calamity  which  overtook  a 
family  named  Willey,  residing  there,  who 
were  all  buried  beneath  an  avalanche,  or 
slide,  from  the  mountain,  which  occurred 
during  the  year  182(5,  a  year  remarkable  for 
a  great  flood  in  these  mountain  regions. 

Leaving  \Villey  House,  the  tourist,  who  is 
desirous  of  ascending  higher,  will  find  him- 
self in  the  vicinity  of  the  "  Notch,"  as  it  is 
called. 

"TheJVoU'/i  of  tlie  White  MoHntains  is  a 
phrase  appropriated  to  a  very  narrow  defile, 
extending  two  miles  in  length,  between  two 
huge  cliffs,  apparently  rent  asunder  by  some 
vast  convulsion  of  nature,  probably  that  of 
the  deluge. 

"  The  scenery  at  this  place  is  exceedingly 
beautiful  and  grand.  About  half  a  mile 
from  the  entrance  of  the  chasm  is  seen  a 
most  beautiful  cascade,  issuing  from  a  moun- 
tain on  th(!  right,  about  800  feet  above  the 
subjacent  valley,  and  about  two  miles  dis- 
tant. The  stream  passes  over  a  series  of 
rocks,  almost  perpendicular,  with  a  course 
so  little  broken  as  to  preserve  the  appear- 
ance of  a  uniform  current,  and  yet  so  far 
disturbed  as  to  be  perfectly  white.  This 
beautiful  stream,  which  passes  down  a  stu- 


pendous precipice,  is  called  by  Dwight  the 
Silver  Cascndc."  It  is  probably  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  in  the  world,  and  has  been 
thus  described : — 

"  The  stream  is  scanty,  but  its  course  from 
among  the  deep  forest,  whence  its  springs  is- 
sue into  light,  is  one  of  singular  beaut}-. 
iJuried  beneath  the  lofty  preeijiice  of  the 
gorge,  after  ascending  through  Fulpit  liock, 
by  the  side  of  the  turbulent  torrent  of  the 
Saco,  the.  ear  is  suddenly  saluted  by  the  soft 
dashiugs  of  the  sweetest  of  cascades ;  and  a 
glance  upward  reveals  its  silver  streams  issu- 
ing from  the  loftiest  crests  of  the  mountain, 
aiul  leaping  from  crag  to  crag.  It  is  a  beau- 
tiful vision  in  the  midst  of  the  wildest  and 
most  dreary  scenery." 

2Iount  Wasliingtoii  House,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating 100  guests,  is  situated  about  -1 
miles  from  the  Xotch. 

Tlie  Xotcli  House  is  at  the  head  of  the  Sa- 
co River,  and  about  I)  miles  from  tlie  top  of 
Mount  Washington. 

T/ic  Wlllc;/  House,  alluded  to  above,  is 
about  2  miles  below  the  Notch. 

The  Crawford  Ilonse,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Saco,  is  about  8  miles  below  the  Notch, 
these,  together  with  the 

Glen  House,  will  be  found  in  every  respect 
desirable,  for  stopping  at.  Particulars  of 
Tip-Top  House  will  be  found  on  next  page. 


TIP-TOP   HOUSE,   WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 


59 


TIP-TOP  HOUSE,   WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


As  alreacly  expLiined,  Mount  Washington 
forms  the  hi2:hest  of  the  range  of  llie  White 
Mountains,  0234  foet  above  the  sea. 

We  present  above,  a  sketch  made  from 
a  pliotoicraph  taken  of  the  hii^^hest  point  of 
Jh)unt  Washington,  known  by  travellers  as 
"  Tip-Top  House,"  to  attain  to  -which  is  the 
ambition  of  all  tourists  who  make  the  at- 
tempt to  climb  to  the  apex  of  the  highest  of 
the  range  in  tliis  region  of  "the  mountain 
and  the  flood." 

Tip-Top  House  is  a  rude  built  inn  erected 
Tinder  most  ditiicult  circumstances,  and  not 
■without  great  risk  of  life  and  property. 

In  Ti]>Top  House,  tourists  can  be  accom- 
modated all  night,  so  that  any  who  are  de- 
sirous of  witnessing  the  setting  of  the  sun, 
and  being  \\\>  in  time  for  sunrise  next  morn- 
ing, can  aeeomplish  boih,  by  ascending  in 
the  afternoon,  staying  there  all  night,  and 
rctui'ning  next  morning.  Those  who  try  the 
experiment,  if  favoured  with  a  clear  morn- 
ing, will  be  cei'tuin  to  be  repaid  for  their 
trouble. 

llegarding  the  view  from  the  summit  of 
this  dizzy  height,  we  quote: — 

"  If  the  day  be  clear,  a  view  is  afforded 
unequalled  perhaps  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
North  American  continent.  Around  you  are 
confused  masses  of  mountains,  bearing  the 
appearance  of  a  sea  of  molten  lava  suddenly 
cooled  whilst  its  ponderous  waves  were  yet  in 
commotion.  On  the  S.  E.  horizon  gleams  a 
rim  of  silver  light — it  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
65  miles  distant,  laving  the  shores  of  Maine. 


Lakes  of  all  sizes,  from  Lake  Winnipiseogce 
to  mere  mountain  ponds,  and  mountains  be- 
neath you,  gleam  misty  and  wide.  Far  oft' in 
the  N.  E.  is  Mount  Katahdin.  In  the  western 
horizon  are  the  Green  Mountains  of  Yermont, 
while  the  space  is  filled  np  with  every  kind 
of  landscape — mountain  and  hill,  pjlaiu  and 
valley,  lake  and  river." 

It  would  be  vain  in  us  to  attempt  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  varied  wonders  which  here  as- 
tonish and  delight  the  beholder.  To  those 
who  have  visited  these  mountains,  our  de- 
scription would  be  tame  and  uninteresting; 
and  he  who  has  never  ascended  their  hoary 
summits  cannot  realize  the  extent  and  mag- 
nificence of  the  scene.  These  mountains  are 
decidedly  of  primitive  formation.  Kolliing 
of  volcanic  origin  has  ever  yet  been  discover- 
ed, on  the  most  diligent  research.  Tiiej' 
have  forages,  probably,  exhibited  the  same 
unvarving  aspect.  No  minerals  are  here 
found  of  much  rarity  or  value.  The  rock 
which  most  abounds  is  schistose,  intermixed 
with  greenstone,  mica,  granite,  and  gneiss. 

Tliere  are  several  routes  to  this  higldand 
district;  amongst  the  jirincipal,  and  those 
which  will  please  the  tourist  best,  we  name 
from  Portland,  Maine,  per  Eastern  Railroad, 
or  from  Boston  to  Plymouth,  thence  per 
coach  to  the  ITunie  House,  thence  through 
Franconia  Notch — about  l.oO  miles.  Another 
route,  ancl  said  to  be  the  finest,  is  via  Lake 
Winnipiseogce,  180  miles.  Proceed  from 
Boston  per  Boston  and  Maine  and  Cocheco 
Railroad.     (See  Winnipiseogce  Lake,  N.  II.) 


60 


GENESEE  FALLS,  NEW  YOEK. 


VIEW  OF  GENESEE  FALLS,  NEAR  PORTAGE, 

STATE    OF    NEW   YORK. 

The  name  of  Genesee  is  one  of  the  household  words  of  Great  Britain  as  well  as  America. 
From  the  Genesee  district  thousands  of  barrels  of  flour,  made  from  its  world-renowned 
-wheat,  finds  its  way  to  England  every  year,  the  best  proof  of  the  well-known  richness  of 
the  soil  of  the  Genesee  Valley,  of  which  the  above  engraving  represents  one  of  its  most 
striking  features. 

The  Railroad  Bridge,  seen  in  the  background,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  for  the  purpose 
of  enabling  the  Buffalo  &  New  York  City  Railroad  to  cross  the  valley.  Situated  about  a 
mile  from  the  village  of  Genesee  Falls,  this  bridge  spans  the  valley  by  its  entire  length  of 
800  feet,  with  a  height,  from  the  bed  of  the  river,  of  234  feet.  The  precipices  in  the  vicin- 
ity are,  in  some  places,  400  feet  high. 

Genesee  Falls  consist  of  a  series  of  falls  situated  at  different  points.  Near  Rochester, 
they  are  about  100  foot  high.  "Whilst  another  fall  is  about  the  same  height  over  the  mouth 
of  the  river.  Tlie  point  we  have  selected  for  engraving  from  a  photograph,  represents 
one  of  the  scries  of  falls— from  one  of  the  most  picturesque  spots  in  the  Genesee  Valley — 
viz.,  above  the  saw  mill,  near  Portage. 

Genesee  Falls  are  much  visited  by  tourists  every  year. 

Rochester  is  one  of  the  leading  stations,  leading  from  New  York  to  Suspension  Bridge 
and  Niagara  Falls,  so  that  tourists  can  easily  visit  the  Falls  of  the  Genesee  on  their  way  to 
the  Falls,  par  excellence. 


THE   PASSAIC,   BALLSTON   SPA   AND   LEBANON  SPRINGS. 


61 


THE  PASSAIC,  AT  PATERSOX,   NEW  JERSEY. 

The  above  engraving  represents  one  of  the  most  picturesque  scenes  in  the  State  of  New 
JcTsej'.  The  Falls  of  the  Passaic  are  situated  near  the  town  of  Paterson,  which  owes  its 
significance  to  the  water-power  afforded  by  the  river,  and  these  falls,  which  fall  10  feet 
perpendicularly  over  the  rocks,  forming,  when  the  river  is  full,  a  verj-  imposing  sight,  in  a 
most  romantic  situation.  The  Passaic  River  rises  in  Morris  County,  is  lUO  miles  in  length, 
and  enters  Newark  Bay,  3  miles  below  Newark.  Paterson  is  reached  by  rail  from  New 
York,  from  which  it  is  17  miles  distant,  on  tlie  New  York  &  Erie  Railroad. 


"  BALLSTON  SPA,  a  charming  village,  and 
capital  of  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  on 
the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  30 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  7  miles  W.  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  175  miles  N.  of  City  Hall,  New 
York;  enjoying  a  wide-spread  celebrity  on 
account  of  the  excellence  of  its  mineral 
waters.  From  inclination,  and  also  from  tlie 
overflowing  of  tlie  Saratoga  hotels,  the  Spa, 
during  the  summer  solstice,  is  constantly 
thronged  with  visitors.  There  are  several 
delightful  promenades  and  drives  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  a  person  may  very  de- 
lightfully pass  awaj-  a  month  or  more  in  par- 
taking of  the  waters,  and  enjoying  tlie  fresh, 
pure  country  air.  Tlie  Spa  is  reached  from 
Troy  by  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  Railroad." 


"  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS  VILLAGE. 
— A  beautiful  village  of  Columbia  County, 
New  York,  25  miles  S.  E.  of  Alliain-,  much 
frequented  on  account  of  tiie  medicinal  prop- 
erties of  its  waters.  The  hotel  accommoda- 
tions are  ample  ;  and  tlie  place  also  contains 
a  Water-cure  Establishment,  pleasantly  lo- 
cated on  a  hill  slope,  overlooking  a  beautiful 
valley.  The  celebrated  Sliaker  Settlement 
and  New  Lebanon  Village  are  within  2  miles 
of  the  Springs.  Reached  from  New  York 
by  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  to  the  Cit}-  of 
Hudson,  thence  by  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
shire, and  the  Albany  and  Boston  Railroads, 
or  by  the  Harlem  Railroad,  and  its  connec- 
tions with  the  above  routes,  or  per  steamer 
from  New  York  to  Hudson,  thence  by  rail." 


62 


SPEINGS  AND   WATERING   PLACES. 


"  AVON  SPRINGS,  Livingston  County,  New- 
York,  delightfulij-  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Genesee  River,  on  an  elevated  terrace 
100  feet  above  the  water,  commanding  a 
beautiful  and  varied  prospect.  In  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  are  two  celebrated  mineral 
springs,  wliich  are  the  resort  of  thousands 
during  the  summer  season.  The  waters  are 
esteemed  efficacious  in  cutaneous  aftcctions, 
rheumatism,  and  indigestion.  The  place  eon- 
tains  several  excellent  hotels,  four  churclies, 
and  a  number  of  factories.  Reached  by  Cen- 
tral Railroad  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  via 
Rocliester,  from  wdiich  city  they  are  distant 
20  nnles. 

"  COLUMBIA  SPRINGS  have  of  late  years 
grown  into  popular  favour.  They  are  easy  of 
access,  lying  4  miles  from  tlie  Citj-  of  Hudson, 
and  witliin  the  town  of  Stockport,  Columbia 
County,  New  York.  The  view  and  grounds 
are  liiglily  picturesque  and  varied,  stretch- 
ing deiiglitfullj-from  hill  to  dale,  from  forest 
glen  to  velvet  lawn.  In  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood there  is  a  large  stream,  offering  all 
the  country  charms  of  boating  and  fishing. 
There  is  a"  well-kept  hotel  at  the  Springs, 
and  prices  moderate.  Reached  by  Hudson 
River  Railroad  to  Hudson,  thence  by  stage 
or  carriaire,  -i  miles. 

"LAKE  MAIIOPAC  lies  in  the  western 
part  of  the  town  of  Carmel,  Putnam  County, 
New  York.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  sources 
of  suppl}'  to  the  Croton.  Its  quiet  waters, 
its  pretty  wooded  islands,  the  romantic  re- 
sorts in  its  vicinage,  the  throngs  of  pleasure- 
seeking  strangers,  the  boating  and  fishing, 
and  other  rural  sports,  make  it  a  delightful 
place  for  either  a  visit  or  permanent  resi- 
dence, niere  are  two  excellent  hotels  here, 
besides  good  boarding-houses,  sliould  visitors 
prefer.  Reached  bj-  Ilarlem  Railroad  to 
Croton  Falls,  49  miles,  fare  $1.35  ;  thence  by 
staire,  5  miles,  fare  25  cents. 

"  CANANDAIOUA  LAKE.— This  beautiful 
lake,  with  a  charming  village  situated  at  its 
north  end,  is  14  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  l.V 
miles  wide,  and,  with  its  higlily-cultivated 
shores,  presents  many  fine  views.  The  water 
is  remarkably  clear,  and  abounds  with  excel- 
lent fish,  verj-  communicative  with  the  a7i- 
gler.  Its  outlet  flows  into  Flint  Creek,  then 
into  Clyde  River,  and  thence  into  Seneca 
River,  the  common  outlet  of  a  cluster  of 
lakes.  Canandaigua  Village,  built  with 
neatness  and  taste,  presenting  many  desira- 
ble situations,  is  the  capital  of  Ontario 
County.  The  surface  consists  of  gentle  liills, 
beautiful  plains,  and  a  fertile  soil.  Months 
may  be  pleasantly  passed  at  this  popular 
summer  resort,  Tiie  railroad  from  Elmira, 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  route  to  Niagara 
Falls,  passes  through  the  village. 

'•GENEVA  AND  SENEC.\  LAKE.— This 
lovely  village  is  beautifully  situated  in  Seneca 


Township,  Ontario  County,  at  the  north  end 
of  Seneca  Lake,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester 
Railroad,  5<i  miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Rochester.  It 
is  handsomely  built,  and  contains  a  number 
of  churches,  a  bank,  three  newspaper  offices, 
and  about  50  stores,  besides  several  mills  and 
other  establishments.  The  Episcopal  Chureh 
is  a  fine  Gothic  edifice;  cost  $25,000.  Here 
is  the  Hobart  Free  College,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Episcopalians,  founded  in  1823  ; 
in  1854  it  had  5  professors,  67  students,  and 
a  library  of  5400  volumes.  The  Medical  In- 
stitute of  Geneva,  founded  in  1835,  has  6  pi'O- 
fessors  and  about  80  students.  The  General 
Union  School  is  attended  by  about  300  pupils. 
Steamboats  ply  dail}-  between  Geneva  and 
Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  the  lake.  The  lake 
abounds  in  fish,  and  the  woods  are  alive  with 
game,  affording  excellent  s|>ort  for  the  loiter- 
ing touiist. 

^"  TUPPER'S  LAKE,  situated  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Franklin  County,  New  York,  is  6 
miles  long  and  2  wide.  The  shores,  liead- 
lands,  and  islands  are  especially  bold  and 
picturesque.  Ueer  abound  in  the  forest,  and 
the  lake  is  filled  with  trout  and  other  fish. 

"  SARANAC  LAKES.— These  wonderful 
links  of  the  great  chain  of  mountain  waters 
in  upper  New  York,  are  about  a  dozen  in 
nnml)er,  large  and  small.  These  lakes  lie 
principally  in  Franklin  County,  and  may  be 
most  readily  reached  by  stage  frotn  West  port 
or  Keesville,  about  midway  on  tiie  western 
shore  of  Lake  Champlain.  All  these  lakes 
abound  in  trout  and  other  fish ;  and  the 
forests,  which  are  on  the  farthest  bounds  of 
civilization  within  the  State,  are  alive  with 
deer  and  feathered  game. 

"  I2sDlAN  LAKElies  in  Hamilton  County, 
New  York,  surrounded  by  a  wild  and  moun- 
tainous region,  the  peaks  of  which  are  from 
1500  to  2000  feet  above  the  surrounding 
country.  It  is  4  miles  long  and  1  wide,  and 
abounds  with  various  kinds  of  fish. 

"  LITTLE  FALLS  is  remarkable  for  a  bold 
passage  of  the  ^lohawk  Rivei'  and  Erie  Canal 
through  a  wild  and  most  pieturesque  moun- 
tain defile,  where  the  river  descends  42  feet 
in  1  mile.  Tiie  scenery,  with  the  river 
rapids  and  cascades,  the  locks  and  windings 
of  the  canal,  the  bridges,  and  the  glimpses 
far  away  of  the  valley  of  tlie  Mohawk,  is 
especially  beautiful.  The  Falls  are  in  Her- 
kimer County,  New  York,  by  the  side  of  the 
Erie  Canal  and  Utica  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
road. The  village  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Mohawk.  The  Erie  Canal  has  a 
feeder  which  crosses  the  river  in  a  fine  aque- 
duct 214  feet  long  and  16  wide,  with  walls 
14  feet  high,  ujiheld  by  1  arch  of  70  feet 
span,  and  2  others  of  50  feet  each.  The 
canal  passes  the  brow  of  a  mountain  here 
which  reaches  to  the  border  of  the  river." 


THE   SOUECE   OF   THE   RIVER  HUDSON. 


63 


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The  view  here  presented  is  a  scene  in  the  Adirondack  mountains,  in  the  vicinity  of,  and 
west  of  Lake  Champlain.  Some  of  the  peaks  of  these  mountains  (Mount  Marcy)  rise  as 
high  as  5464  feet  above  the  level  of  tide  water  in  the  River  Hudson.  Up  in  that  moun- 
tainous region  does  that  noble  river  take  its  rise.  From  there  it  proceeds  almost  due 
south,  for  about  300  miles,  until  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  through  the  harbour  of  New  York. 
The  Adirondacks  are  famous  as  a  deer-hunting  country. 


6-i 


THE   RIVER  HUDSON. 


THE   HtJDSOX,  NEW  YORK  TO  ALBANY. 


THE    PALISADE?,  OX    THE   HUDSOX. 

As  explained  else-where  this  noWe  river 
takes  its  rise  nearly  300  miles  from  New 
York,  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  (See 
ensravinsr.  Source  of  the  Hudson.) 

Tlie  Hudson  forms  one  of  the  great 
leading  routes  for  all  classes  of  travellers 
bound  for  the  north  or  north-west,  alike 
either  for  the  tourist  in  search  of  pleasure, 
the  invalid  for  health,  and  the  emigrant 
from  the  old  world  in  quest  of  a  home  in 
the  new.  Up  the  Hudson  the  great  stream 
of  travellers  go;  so  that,  for  general  in- 
formation, we  purpose  noticing  the  chief 
features  of  this  magnificent  trip,  which,  if 
made  by  a  day  boat  from  either  New  York 
or  Albany,  cannot  fail  to  astonish  and  de- 
light the  traveller.  The  trip  is  enjoyed, 
also,  by  many  by  night,  starting  from 
either  terminus  about  6,  p.  m.  The  time  occupied  on  the  journey  is  from  8  to  10  hours. 
Emigrants  generally  leave  New  York  by  the  niiiht  boat,  which  starts  about  fi,  p.  m.,  arriving 
in  Albany  in  time  for  the  trains  via  the  New  York  Central,  and  other  railroads  for  the 
north  and  north-west,  which  run  in  connection.  For  size,  comfortable  accommodation,  and 
internal  magnificence,  we  believe  the  New  York  and  Albany  steamers  to  be  unequalled  by 
any  river  boats  in  the  world. 

Tourists  can  have  their  baggage  checked  on  board  the  Albany  steamers  in  the  same 
manner  as  on  the  railroads,  on  application  to  the  baggage-master  on  board.  The  fare  to 
Albany  is  from  $1  to  $1.50.  (4.'«.  to  5.s.  stg.),  depending  upon  (he  accommodation  required. 
The  meals  supplied  on  board  are  most  excellent  and  very  moderate. 


TRIP   UP  THE   HUDSOX. 


65 


STATE-ROOM  SALOON  OF  THE  "ISAAC  NEWTON." 


The  River  Hudson  has  been  named  after  its 
discoverer,  Henry  Hudson— an  Englishman,  then 
in  the  service  of  the  Dutch— and  who,  in  an  ex- 
ploring expedition,  about  2.i()  years  ago,  was  the 
first  to  discover  this  magnificent  river,  and  as- 
cended it  as  far  as  the  village  of  Yerplanck's 
Point— in  his  ship  called  the  "Half  Moon."  The 
Indian  name  of  the  Hudson  was  the  Shatemuck, 
in  later  times  it  has  been  termed  the  River  of 


Mountains,  the  Great  River,  the  North  River, 
and  the  Rhine  of  America. 

In  the  year  ISdT,  Robert  Fulton,  who  con- 
structed the  first  steamboat  in  America — if  not 
in  the  world — started  the  steamer  "  Clermont" 
on  the  waters  of  the  Hudson — from  New  York 
to  Albany.  The  engine  which  worked  the  Cler- 
mont, was  brought  from  England  for  the  pur- 
pose.    Although  we   have  stated  that  the  time 


66 


SCENERY   OF   THE   HUDSON. 


taken  for  this  trip  is  from  8  to  10  hours,  yet  the 
entire  distance  of  150  miles  has  been  run  in  6 
hours  and  "lO  minutes. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  interior  of  a  river 
steamboat,  we  give  the  prefixed  engraving  of  an 
interior  view  of  the  state-room  of  the  "  Isaac 
Newton,"  one  of  the  night  boats  which  runs  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany. 

Destined  for  a  trip  up  the  Hudson,  we  shall 
briefly  notice  a  few  of  the  chief  points  on  the 
route,  although  no  description,  whatever,  can 
convey  to  the  reader  a  just  idea  of  this  trip — • 
which  should  be  made  by  all  tourists — if  at  all 
possible — as  the  scenery  of  the  Hudson,  for 
river  scenery,  is  not  equalled  by  that  of  any 
other  river  on  the  American  Continent,  which 
we  are  acquainted  with. 

Started  from  the  wharf  at  New  York,  the  first 
place  we  pass  is 

HoBOKEX,  one  of  the  lungs  of  New  York, 
to  which  great  numbers  resort  every  Sunday  to 
enjoy  a  drink  of  water  from  the  Sybil's  Springs 
there,  and  a  walk  through  the  pleasant  Elysian 
Fields,  or  from  there  to  Weehawken,  or  Bergen 
Heights. 

Passing  on,  the  next  prominent  point  reach- 
ed, is  Fort  Lee,  which  is  the  commencement  of 
the  far-famed  Palisades.  These  bold  precip- 
itous rocks  resemble,  in  some  respects,  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland. 
The  height  of  the  Palisades  ranges  from  20  to 
600  feet,  and  being  fringed  with  brushwood  on 
the  top,  and  at  their  base,  with  some  neat  little 
cottages  at  the  water's  edge,  form  a  very  fine 
appearance  as  the  steamer  skims  past  them. 
On  the  opposite  side,  will  next  be  seen 

Maxhattaxville,  situated  on  the  island  on 
which  the  City  of  New  York  stands,  and  prettily 
embosomed  amidst  woods  and  hills.  On  a 
height  above  the  town  is  Clermont,  once  the 
residence  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  other  celeb- 
rities. Manhattanville  is  also  the  resting- 
place  of  Audubon,  the  great  naturalist. 

FouT  Washington — celebrated  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolutionary  annals — is  now  in  sight.  To 
capture  this  fort,  the  British  lost  1200  men,  be- 
sides having  the  ship  "  Mercury"  so  riddled 
with  shot,  that  she  sunk.  Spuyten  Duyvel 
Creek  is  about  2  miles  further  on — passing 
which  is 

YoxKERS,  a  thriving  town  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  river — 17  miles  from  New  York — in  the 
vicinity  of  which  are  several  neat  villas,  and 
fine  panoramic  scenery.  Amongst  other  resi- 
dences may  be  seen  Fonthill,  once  the  residence 
of  Edwin  Forrest,  the  celebrated  tragedian. 

Hastings,  about  3  miles  from  Yonkers,  is 
next  reached,  and  2  miles  further  on  that  of 
Dobbs'  Ferry,  on  the  same  side  of  the  river. 
On  the  opposite  shore  is  Piermont,  where  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  commences.  In 
the  immediate  vicinity  is 
SoxNYSiDE — one  of  the  most  celebrated  places 


on  the  river — being  the  residence  of  Washing- 
ton Irving — a  spot  of  great  beauty,  almost  bid- 
den from  view  by  the  dense  shrubbery  in  which 
it  is  enveloped.  Sunnj'side  ought  to  be,  one 
would  suppose,  one  of  the  quietest  and  most 
retired  nooks  extant,  but  we  fear  that  the 
fame  of  the  author  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle"  is 
such,  together  with  the  exquisite  situation  of 
Sunnyside,  that  the  intrusion  of  friends  and 
tourists  are  too  frequent  for  him  to  secure  that 
retirement,  which  literary  men,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  labours,  require,  and  like  to  enjoy. 
Further  on  is  the  village  of  Nyack — whilst  di- 
rectly opposite  is 

Tarkytowx,  a  place  replete  with  many  at- 
tractions of  a  pictorial  and  historical  character, 
and  where  some  beautiful  residences  have  been 
erected  by  New  York  merchants.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood is  Sleepy  Hollow,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  dells  in  the  whole  route.  Passing  on- 
ward, we  reach  the  wharf  for 

SixG  SixG,  33  miles  from  the  city,  at  one  of 
the  broadest  points  on  the  river.  At  Sing  Sing 
is  the  celebrated  State  Prison,  an  object  of  great 
interest  for  visiting,  with  cells  for  upwards  of 
1000  prisoners.  Almost  2  miles  from  Sing 
Sing,  the  Croton  River  rises,  from  which  water 
is  conveyed  to  New  York.  Opposite  to  Sing 
Sing  is  Yerdriteges'  Hook,  a  high  headland,  be- 
hind which,  on  the  same  height,  250  feet  above 
the  river,  is 

RocKLAXD  Lake,  from  which  the  denizens  of 
New  York  receive  their  chief  supply  of  ice — an 
engraving  of  which  will  be  found  in  another 
portion  of  this  work.  The  lake  is  about  4  miles 
in  circumference.  Proceeding  onward,  we 
come  to 

Haverstraw  Village,  on  the  same  side  of 
the  river,  3G  miles  from  New  York.  Here  are 
the  old  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery — cele- 
brated in  Revolutionary  history. 
On  the  opposite,  or  east  side  of  the  river,  is 
Verplaxck's  Poixt,  celebrated  as  being  the 
spot  at  which  Henry  Hudson  anchored  the  ship 
"  Half  Moon"  on  his  first  voyage  up  the  Hud- 
son. The  surprise  of  the  Indians  in  those  days 
may  be  imagined  at  seeing,  for  the  first  time,  a 
vessel  of  such  proportions  opposite  their  homes. 
One  writer  records  the  following  incident, 
which  followed  that  event : — 

"  Filled  with  wonder,  they  came  flocking  to 
the  ship  in  boats,  but  their  curiosity  ended  in  a 
tragedy.  One  of  them,  overcome  by  acquisi- 
tiveness, crawled  up  the  rudder,  entered  the 
cabin  window,  and  stole  a  pillow  and  a  few  arti- 
cles of  wearing  apparel.  The  mate  saw  the 
thief  pulling  his  bark  for  land,  and  shot  at  and 
killed  him.  The  ship's  boat  was  sent  for  the 
stolen  articles,  and  when  one  of  the  natives, 
who  had  leaped  into  the  water,  caught  hold  of 
the  side  of  the  shallop,  his  hand  was  cut  off  by 
a  sword,  and  he  was  drowned.  This  was  the 
first  blood  shed  by  these  voyagers.    Intelligence 


i-  ' 


SCENERY  OF  THE   HUDSON. 


8' 


of  it  spread  over  the  country,  and  the  Indians 
hated  the  white  man  ever  after." 

Leaving  Verplanck's  Point,  the  river  now  nar- 
rows considerably.  On  the  opposite  shore  is 
Stony  Point,  with  a  light-house  upon  it — once 
the  scene  of  a  sharp  engagement  between  the 
British  and  Americans  in  1779,  when  the  latter 
took  possession  of  it  by  storm.  Beyond  this 
point  is  Haverstraw  Bay,  where  the  celebrated 

Highlands  of  the  Hudson  commence.  On 
the  east  shore  is  the  pretty  little  town  of  Peek- 
skill,  fronting  Dunderberg,  or  Thunder  Moun- 
tain. At  the  foot  of  w^hich  lies  Caldwell's 
Landing.  As  the  steamer  proceeds  up  the 
river,  the  tourist  accustomed  to  sail  up  Loch 
Lomond  (Scotland)  will  be  forcibly  struck  with 
the  similarity  in  appearance  which  the  Hudson 
here  presents  to  it,  as  the  steamer  proceeds  on- 
wards. At  one  time,  you  will  be  sailing  past 
islands  possessed  of  all  the  beauty  of  Ellen's 
Isle  on  Loch  Katrine  (Scot.,)  with  high  hills 
wooded  to  their  tops  on  each  side,  whilst  pro- 
ceeding onwards  the  channel  of  the  river  ap- 
pears completely  blocked  up,  till  the  steamer, 
in  approaching,  takes  a  turn  round  the  base 
of  one  of  the  hills,  only  to  open  up  another 
scene  of  great  magnificence,  and  reveal  the 
Highland  beauty  of  hill  and  dale,  clothed  in 
their  brightest  summer  foliage.  The  Highlands 
— as  they  are  well  named — extend  over  an  area 
of  about  25  miles,  along  the  course  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  during  the  whole  trip,  no  portion  will 
be  better  enjoyed  till  the  steamer  reaches  about 
the  last  height  near  Newburg. 

On  rounding  Dunderberg  Mountain,  will  be 
seen 

Axthoxt's  Nose,  112S  feet  high.  Two  miles 
further  on,  Sti'jcii-  Loaf,  806  feet  high — whilst  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river  Buttermilk  Falls  will 
be  seen  descending  over  the  face  of  the  hill.  In 
some  of  these  Highland  passes,  in  the  river,  are 
sometimes  to  be  found  numbers  of  wind-bound 
vessels — tacking  about — and  forming,  often,  a 
beautiful  sight,  as  they  are  to  be  seen  endeavour- 
ing to  get  into  a  broader  part  of  the  river. 

VTest  Point  forms  one  of  the  stopping-places 
for  the  steamer.  Here  is  situated  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  where  cadets  are  edu- 
cated. It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  visited  by 
many  tourists. 

From  there  we  proceed  on  to 

Cronest,  1428  feet  high,  of  which  the  poet, 
G.  P.  Morris,  writes  : — 

"  Where  the  Hudson's  wave,  o'er  silvery  sands, 
Winds  through  the  hills  afar, 
And  Cronest,  like  a  monarch  stands, 
Crown'd  with  a  single  star  1" 

After  passing  this  romantic  locality,  we  reach 
Butter  Hill — or,  as  it  has  been  re-christened  by 
Mr.  N.  P.  Willis, 

Storm  King — 1500  feet  high,  and  the  last 
high  range  of  hills  on  that  side  of  the  river. 
Cold  Spring  and  Undercliff  are  now  approached 


— the  latter  where  Mr.  Morris  resides.  We  are 
now  54  miles  from  the  City  of  New  York — be- 
yond which  point  is 

Beacon  Hill,  1088  feet  high,  from  off  which 
some  of  the  finest  views  may  be  had — passing 
which,  we  reach 

Cornwall  Landing — above  which  is  the  seat 
of  Mr.  N.  P.Willis — named  IJUicild — surround- 
ed with  all  the  natural  romantic  beauties  which 
we  fancy  any  poet  would  delight  to  dwell 
amongst.  Shortly  after  leaving  which,  we 
reach  the  important  town  of 

Newburg — with  its  12,000  population— nice- 
ly situated  on  the  face  of  the  hill.  To  the 
south  of  the  town  is  the  spot  which  once  form- 
ed the  head-quarters  of  Washington,  during 
the  stay  of  his  army  at  New  Windsor,  not  far 
off. 

Opposite,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is 

Break-Neck  Mountain,  which  was  supposed 
to  have  a  resemblance  to  a  TtirFs  Face,  and  can 
be  easily  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer 
when  approaching  Pallopel's  Island. 

"  The  story  goes,  that  some  Irishmen  were 
quarrying  for  granite  once,  when  one  of  them 
put  a  blast  of  powder  before  the  Turk's  face, 
saying  he  thought  the  old  fellow  would  like  to 
have  his  nose  blowed.  And  the  nose  was  com- 
pletely blown  away ;  while  the  admirers  of  the 
curious  and  beautiful  think  that  the  Irishman, 
who  was  shortly  after  killed,  was  hurried  from 
the  world  for  his  barbarity  to  the  works  of  Na- 
ture." (See  engraving.)  Opposite  to  this  spot 
is 

FiSHKiLL,  the  scene  of  many  of  the  incidents 
related  in  Cooper's  novel  of  "  The  Spy."  Pro- 
ceeding on,  we  reach  New  Hamburg,  Mar- 
borough,  Barnegat;  and,  passing  which,  the 
pretty  and  retired  town  of 

PouGHKEEPSiE— 75  miles  from  New  York— is 
reached,  and  one  of  the  largest  towns  between 
New  York  and  Albany.  It  has  a  population  of 
upwards  of  15,0("i,  and  is  the  centre  of  a  rich 
agricultural  district,  which  sends  large  supplies 
of  fitrm  and  dairy  produce  to  New  York. 
Founded  by  the  Dutch  150  years  ago.  Oppo- 
site Poughkeepsie  is  New  Paltz  Landing. 

Hyde  Park  and  Placentia  are  6  miles  be- 
vond,  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  river. 
Placentia  is  the  residence  of  the  veteran  author, 
J.  K.  Paulding,  and  from  which  is  seen  some 
of  the  finest  views  of  the  river  and  country 
round  about,  as  far  up  as  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains. Passing  Staatsburg,  we  shortly  reach 
the  wharf  for  Rondout  and  Kingston.  (See 
engraving  on  page  69.)  Kingston  is  a  town 
of  considerable  importance,  with  a  population 
of  13,000,  and,  probably,  the  most  important 
town  on  the  route.  It  was  founded  in  1663  by 
the  Dutch,  and  burned  by  the  British  in  1773. 
There  the  first  Constitution  of  New  York  was 
framed.  Vanderlyn,  the  eminent  painter,  was 
born  in  Kingston,  where  he  also  died  in  1853.  As 


68 


SCENERY   OF   THE   HUDSON. 


VIEW   OF  THE  TURK'S   FACE,   ON   THE   HUDSON. 


the  steamer  passes  Sanijerties,  Tivoli,  and  Ger- 
niantown,  the  Catskill  Mountains  and  Sliawan- 
gunk  range  of  hills  appear  in  sight,  and  tonr- 
ists  for  the  Catskills  may  now  prepare  to  disem- 
bark at  Catskill,  opposite  to  Oakhill,  on  the 
Hudson  River  Railroad. 

Catskill,  the  point  of  debarkation  for  the 
Mountains,  112  miles  from  New  York,  and  40 
from  Albany,  is  at  the  mouth  of  Catskill  Creek. 
For  description  and  views  of  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, see  preceding  pages  in  this  part — or  in- 
dex. As  the  steamer  passes  the  mouth  of  the 
Creek,  and  onwards  towards  Hudson  City,  an 
excellent  distant  view  of  the  Catskills  is  ob- 
tained, with  the  Mountain  House,  like  a  spec 
on  the  top  of  a  ridge.  The  distance  to  the 
Mountain  House  is  about  10  miles  from  the 
Creek.  Time  of  stages  going,  4  hours — on  ac- 
count of  the  ascent  in  the  road. 

Hudson,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is 
about  4  miles  further  on,  beautifully  situated  on 
rising  ground,  and  opposite  to  the  classically- 
named  town  of  Atue.ns.  A  visit  to  Hudson 
will  repay  the  tourist.     From  it  a  trip  can  be 


made  to  Columbia  Springs,  5  miles  distant, 
with  the  Clavenick  Falls  some  8  miles  off. 

Tourists  destined  for  Lelianon  Springs  (.S6 
miles  off )  take  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire  cars. 

The  Shaker  Village,  at  New  Lebanon,  is 
about  6  miles  from  Lebanon  Springs,  and  if  the 
tourist  has  time,  a  visit  to  the  interesting  vil- 
lage of  the  Society  of  Quakers,  will  well  repay 
him  for  the  expense  and  trouble. 

At  Hudson,  you  are  now  within  34  miles  of 
Albany.  The  route  now  begins  to  lose  much  of 
its  Highland  chai'acter — but  still,  in  many  places, 
hilly.  The  next  village,  after  Athens  and  Hud- 
son, is  Stockport,  4  miles  onM'ards ;  then  Cox- 
sackie,  Z  miles;  Stuyvesant,  3  miles,  to  Kinder- 
hook  Landing— a  few  miles  from  which  is  the 
village  of  Kinderhook,  the  birth-place  of  5Iar- 
tin  Van  Buren,  Ex-president  of  the  United 
States. 

After  a  few  miles  sailing,  you  reach  Scho- 
dack,  17  miles,  and  Castleton,  14  miles  from  Al- 
bany, which  will  shortly  appear  in  sight,  and, 
soon  after,  you  will  reach  the  capital  of  the 
State  of  New  York— the  City  of  Albany. 


SCENE   OX  THE   RONDOUT. 


69 


SCENE  OX   RONDOUT   CREEK,  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  above  view  represents  a  scene  on  Hie  small  stream  of  tlie  Rondout.  -which  takes  Us 
rise  in  Sullivan  county,  N.  Y.,  about  100  miles  from  Now  York,  and  enters  the  ITiulson  at 
EJdyville,  near  Rondout,  00  miles  from  New  York.  Tlie  P.-laware  and  Hudson  Canal  fol- 
lows the  stream  all  tlu;  way  through  the  valley  in  which  tlic  Rondout  (lows. 

Rondout,  a  village  on  the  Hudson,  takes  its  name  from  the  creek,  and  is  the  stopping- 
place  for  the  steamers  between  New  York  and  Albany,  for  Kingston,  three  miles  distant, 
the  most  important  town  between  these  two  cities. 

The  view  giv.Mi  above  was  engraved  from  a  photograpli  by  I\  Huntingdon,  and  portrays 
ft  scene  of  great  beauty. 

A  writer  on  this  scene  says:—'-  In  it  we  have  the  constituents  of  many  pictures  which 
reproduce  our  characteristic  land-features,  viz.:  repose,  grace,  ri.dincss  of  foliage,  softness 
of  sky,  gentle  flow  of  water— all  harmonizing  to  produce  a  very  inspiriting  sensation  m 
the  mind." 


70 


THE  NIAGARA  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE. 


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Tlie  above  sketch  represents  the  great  International  Bridge,  which  spans  the  Niagara, 
and  joins  the  United  States  -with  Canada.  Its  length,  from  tower  to  tower,  is  821  feet  4 
inches.  Erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $400,000  (£80,000  stg.).  The  lower  floor  or  road- way 
is  used  for  foot  passengers,  carriages,  carts,  etc.,  same  as  any  ordinary  road.  The  upper 
floor  is  for  railroad  traffic  exclusively.  Across  this  bridge,  the  trains  of  the  Great  Western 
Railroad  of  Canada  and  the  various  railroads  of  New  York  State,  travel,  each  train  drawn 
very  slowly,  by  a  light  pilot  engine. 

From  a  report,  by  Mr.  Roebling,  Engineer,  on  this  gigantic  structure,  we  copy  the  fol- 
lowing particulars: — 

"The  base  and  towers  on  the  New  York  side,  contain  1350  cubic  yards,  which  weigh 
about  3,000  tons.  Add  to  this  weight  of  the  superstructure  of  1,000  tons,  and  we  have  a 
total  of  4,000  tons,  in  a  compact  and  solid  mass. 

"  There  are  4  cables  of  10  inches  diameter,  each  composed  of  3640  wires  of  small  No.  9 


NIAGARA   SUSPENSION  BRIDGE.  7l 

gauge,  60  wires  forming  one  square  inch  of  solid  section ;  making  the  solid  section  of  each 
cable  60.40  square  inches,  wrapping  not  included. 

"  Each  of  the  four  large  cables  is  composed  of  seven  smaller  ones,  which  I  call  stra7uh. 
Each  strand  contains  520  wires.  One  of  these  forms  the  centre,  the  six  othci-s  are  placed 
around  it — the  520  wires  forming  one  strand  of  endless  wire,  obtained  by  splicing  a  num- 
ber of  single  wires.  The  ends  of  the  strands  are  passed  around  and  confined  in  cast-iron 
shoes,  which  also  receive  the  wrought-iron  pin  that  forms  a  connection  with  the  anchor 
chains. 

"  The  wire  measures  18.31  feet  per  pound,  and  the  strength,  therefore,  is  equivalent  to 
1640  lbs.  per  single  wire,  or  nearly  100,000  pounds  per  square  inch. 

"  Assuming  the  above  average  strength,  the  aggregate  strength  of  the  14,560  wires  com- 
posing the  four  cables,  will  be  23,878,400  pounds.  But  their  actual  strength  is  greater, 
because  the  above  calculations  are  based  upon  a  minimum  strength  of  the  individual 
wires.  "We  may  assume  their  aggregate  ultimate  strength  at  12,000  tons,  of  2,000  pounds 
each. 

"  Both  ends  of  the  bridge  rest  upon  the  cliifs,  and  are  anchored  to  the  rock.  As  far  as 
supported  by  the  cables,  I  estimate  its  weight  at  less  than  1000  tons,  which  includes  the 
weight  of  cables  between  the  towers,  and  the  pressure  of  the  river  stays  below. 

"  There  are  624  suspenders,  each  capable  of  sustaining  thirty  tons,  which  makes  their 
united  strength  18,720  tons.  The  ordinary  weight  they  have  to  support  is  only  1000  tons. 
A  locomotive  of  thirty-four  tons  weight,  including  tender,  spreads  its  weight,  by  means  of 
the  girders  and  trusses,  over  a  length  of  no  less  than  200  feet.  Of  course  the  greatest 
pressure  is  under  the  engine,  and  is  there  supported  by  no  less  than  twenty  suspenders. 
If,  by  any  accident,  a  sudden  blow  or  jar  should  be  produced,  the  strength  of  the  suspenders 
will  be  abundant  to  meet  it. 

"  A  change  of  temperature  of  100°  causes  a  difference  in  the  level  of  the  floor  of  two 
feet  three  inches.  The  lower  floor,  or  river  stays  have  enough  of  slack,  or  deflection,  to 
adjust  themselves  under  these  changes.  The  only  diff"erence  will  be,  that  they  are  tighter 
in  winter  than  in  summer ;  consequently,  that  the  equilibrium  of  the  bridge  will  be  less 
affected  by  passing  trains  in  cold  weather  than  in  warm. 

"  Droves  of  cattle  are,  according  to  the  regulations,  to  be  divided  off  into  troops  of  20,  no 
more  than  three  such  bodies,  or  60  in  all,  to  be  allowed  on  the  bridge  at  one  time.  Each 
troop  is  to  be  led  by  one  person,  who  is  to  check  their  progress  in  case  they  should  start 
off  on  a  trot. 

"  In  my  opinion,  a  heavy  train,  running  at  a  speed  of  20  miles  an  hour,  does  less  injury 
to  the  structure,  than  is  caused  by  20  heavy  cattle  under  a  full  trot.  ,  Public  processions, 
marching  to  the  sound  of  music,  or  bodies  of  soldiers  keeping  regular  step,  will  produce  a 
still  more  injtirious  effect." 

The  charge  for  passing  over  the  bridge,  on  foot,  is  25  cents— going  and  returning.  Car- 
riage $1.00,  with  25  cents  for  each  passenger  inside. 

The  promenade,  during  a  hot  day,  on  the  foot-path  of  the  bridge,  is  deliciously  cool, 
from  the  breeze  which  generally  blows  up  or  down  the  gorge  of  the  river.  The  views 
looking  towards  the  Falls,  from  different  points  on  the  bridge,  are  also  exceedingly  good, 
presenting  to  the  stranger  the  picture  of  Niagara  Falls,  as  they  are  represented  in  many 
engravings  which  are  given  of  them,  and  even  the  best  of  them,  after  all,  only  can  give  a 
very  faint  idea  of  the  great  reality. 


72 


SUSPENSION   BRIDGE,    FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


NIAGARA    SUSPENSION    BRIDGE — RAILROAD    TRACK    VIEW. 


THE   FALLS   OF  NIAGARA. 

[Distant  fi-om  New  York,  440 ;  Quebec,  585 ;  Philadelphia,  441 ;  Baltimore,  632 ;  Toronto,  50 ;  Biiffalo,  22  niTIe?.] 


To  attempt  to  convoy  the  fttintest  impression 
of  the  unspeakable  magnitiule  and  magnificence 
of  tlie  Falls  of  Niagara  almost  borders  on  pre- 
sumption. They  have  been  clad  with  a  brilliant 
halo  of  imagination  since  we  first  heard  of  their 
existence,  at  school.  The  pen,  the  pencil,  and 
photograpliy,  have  all  been  laid  under  contribu- 
tion, for  the  purpose  of  describing  and  illustrat- 
ing the  mighty  cataract.  The  powers  of  word- 
painting  have  been  wielded  by  the  literateur, 
the  preacher,  and  the  poet,  to  furnish  suitable 
representations  of  the  "  world's  wonder."  Fu- 
tility and  failure  have  been  written  upon  every 
attempt.  The  thunder  of  waters  is  inexpressi- 
ble by  human  langnage;  but  yet,  to  be  admired 
it  needs  only  to  be  seen;  and  the  deep  impres- 
sion that  is  stamped  upon  the  mind  of  every 
spectator  that  stands  before  the  stupendous  scene 
of  Niagara,  will  never  be  erased  from  the  tablets 
of  memory.  Who  shall  ever  forget  that  moment 
when  he  leapt  from  the  cars,  bounded,  with  all 
the  impatience  of  a  curiosity  cherished  from 
earliest  infancy,  down  the  declivity,  and  the 
sublime  scene  burst  upon  his  astonished  vision? 


The  eye  wandered  up  and  down  "  the  Rapids," 
rushing,  for  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  in  tumultu- 
ous madness,  fretting  and  eddying,  whirling  and 
twirling,  rumbling  and  tumbling,  pell-mell,  in 
precipitate  confusion  ;  fell  then  upon  the  pure, 
pellucid  waters,  that  soothed  themselves  into  a 
solemn  sweep  as  they  moved,  with  the  majesty 
of  irresistible  might  over  the  lofty  precipice, 
with  the  deafening  roar  of  gratulation  at  their 
safe  descent ;  and  last,  not  least,  upon  the  beau- 
teous bow  that  capped  and  crowned  the  glowing 
scene  resjtlendent  with  magnificence  and  re- 
dolent of  transcendent  sublimity. 

But  instead  of  straining  the  capabilities  of 
language,  by  heaping  metaphor  on  metaphor, 
in  a  listless  endeavour  to  describe  the  inde- 
scribable, let  us  act  as  cicerone  to  the  tourist, 
and  leave  him  to  drink  inspiration  from  the 
voice  of  the  living  waters  themselves. 

We  may  here  notice  that  the  Falls  are  formed 
by  the  United  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  Lake 
Michigan,  I^ake  Huron,  and  Lake  Erie,  which 
all  meet  in  the  River  Niagara,  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  from  which  it  pursues  its 


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74 


NIAGARA   FALLS. 


course  for  about  22  miles,  where  it  is  divided, 
by  Goat  Island,  into  two  falls— the  one  forming 
a  fall  in  a  straight  line,  called  the  American 
Fall,  as  it  falls  on  the  United  States  side  of  the 
River,  and  the  other  in  a  sort  of  semi-circular 
form,  or,  as  it  has  been  called,  the  Horse-Shoe 
Fall,  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river. 

The  American  Fall  is  about  900  feet  wide,  with 
a  descent,  in  one  unbroken  sheet,  of  163  feet  per- 
pendicular. 

The  Canadian  or  Ilorse-Shoe  Fall  is  about 
2000  feet  wide,  with  a  fall  of  158  feet.  The  total 
descent  of  the  water  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario  is  334  feet.  Such  is  the  great  action  of 
the  water  upon  the  precipice  over  which  it  falls 
— as  well  as  upon  the  embankments  upon  both 
sides  of  the  river — it  is  estimated  that  about  one 
foot  is  worn  away  annually,  and  that  the  falls 
have  receded  during  the  course  of  ages — es- 
timated by  geologists  at  37,000  years — from 
Queenstown,  7  miles  below,  to  where  they  are 
at  present. 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  shall 
proceed  to  describe  the  most  important  objects 
of  interest,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader 
were  on  a  visit  there. 

As  one  very  common  route  for  strangers  who 
wish  to  "do"  the  Falls  in  the  most  methodical 
and  particular  manner,  we  subjoin  the  follow- 
inp,  which  can  be  adopted,  either  in  whole  or  in 
part,  b}'  the  tourist,  as  he  may  feel  disposed. 

Supposing,  then,  that  you  are  on  the  American 
side  of  the  river,  you  proceed  to  Goat  Island. 
In  proceeding  thither  you  cross  the  bridge  of  3 
arches,  which  spans  the  river,  to  Bath  Island, 
from  oft"  which  you  get  an  excellent  view  of  the 
Rapids,  as  they  come  rushing  along,  as  if  bent  on 
sweeping  away  the  bridge,  and  every  thing  on  it, 
before  them  down  the  stream  and  over  the  fall. 
Arrived  across  the  bridge,  you  enter  a  cottage, 
register  your  name,  and  pay  a  toll  of  25  cents, 
(Is.  stg.,)  which  will  admit  you  to  cross  and  re- 
cross  during  the  whole  season.  Passing  on,  you 
may  observe,  to  your  right  hand,  the  paper 
works  which  were  burned  down  last  autumn. 
Passing  them,  you  cross  another  small  bridge, 
and  then  enter  upon  the  beautiful  grounds  of 
Goat  Island.  Turning  to  the  right  hand,  you 
proceed  to  the  "  Hog's  Back,"  and  across  a 
small  bridge  to  "  Luna  Island,"  which  divides  a 
small  portion  of  the  American  Fall.  An  excel- 
lent view  is  there  obtained  of  the  American  Fall, 
and  scenery  up  and  down  the  river. 

After  leaving  Luna  Island,  you  proceed 
through  Goat  Island,  keeping  on  the  walk 
nearest  the  river,  towards  the  Canadian  Fall. 
Before  reaching  there,  however,  you  descend 
Biddle's  Stairs  (uuined  after  Mr.  Biddle,  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, who  built  them)  to  the  Cave  of  the 
Winds. 

Cave  of  the  Winds. — Reaching  the  bottom 
of  Biddle's  Stairs  you  proceed  by  a  narrow  foot 
path  towards  the  American  Fall,  behind  which 


the  Cave  is  situated.  There  you  are  provided 
with  a  waterproof  dress,  and  obtain  a  magnifi- 
cent view  of  the  Fall  as  it  thunders  down  from 
above  and  in  front  of  you.  Charge  for  loan  of 
dress,  $1 .00  (is.  stg.).  The  Cave  is  130  feet  high, 
100  feet  wide,  and  30  feet  deep. 

Retracing  your  steps  to  Biddle's  Stairs,  but  be- 
fore reascending  them,  you  can  have  an  excel- 
lent view  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  as  seen  from 
the  edge  of  the  river.  After  regaining  the  top  of 
these  stairs  you  mtiy  be  disposed  to  rest.  Plenty 
of  seats  are  to  be  found  close  at  hand,  where  you 
may  rest  and  admire  the  scene  around  and  in 
front  of  you.  Proceeding  from  there,  you  now 
follow  the  path  towards  the  grandest  point  of 
all,  the  Terrapin  Bridge,  (Terrapin  signifies 
Turtle,)  and  Prospect  Tower.  (See  engraving.) 
Terrapin  Bridge,  and  Prospect  Tower. — 
Arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  river,  as  it  sweeps 
rapidly  past,  you  proceed  along  the  wooden 
bridge,  which  extends  to  the  base  of  the  Tower. 
At  every  step,  you  may  be  apt  to  pause  and  ad- 
mire the  grandeur  of  the  scene.  From  the  base 
of  the  Tower  a  magnificent  view  of  the  river 
and  rapids  are  to  be  seen  ;  but  you  now  ascend 
to  the  top  of  Prospect  Tower,  up  through  a 
narrow  spiral  staircase,  and,  once  outside  on 
the  top,  it  is  then  and  there,  in  our  opinion, 
that  the  true  grandeur  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 
is  to  be  seen,  as  its  mighty  volume  of  670,000 
tons  of  water  comes  rushing  along  every 
minute,  and  falls  with  a  continuous  roar  over 
the  precipice  of  158  feet  deep,  down  into  the 
gorge  below,  where  the  river  has  been  estimated 
to  be  250  feet  deep.  The  vast  volume  of  water — 
the  magnificent  view  down  the  river  to  Suspen- 
sion Bridge — the  rapids  coming  down  the  cata- 
ract behind  you — together  with  the  scenery  on 
every  side — will  all  combine  to  entrance  you  to 
the  spot  with  admiration  and  delight,  and  ren- 
der you  almost  unwilling  to  leave  a  scene  so 
grand  and  inspiring. 

Retracing  your  steps  towards  Goat  Island, 
j'ou  next  proceed  to  the  Three  Sisters — three 
islands  which  stand  out  in  the  river,  and  named, 
respectively,  "  Moss  Island,"  "Deer  Island,"  and 
"Allan's  Island."  Between  the  first  of  the  Three 
Sisters  and  Goat  Island  is  the  "  Hermit's  Cas- 
cade," named  after  a  religious  hermit,  who  be- 
came so  enamoured  with  the  spot  that  he  took 
up  his  abode  and  lived  there  for  some  time,  in 
Robinson  Crusoe  fashion,  till  one  day  he  was 
non  est,  it  being  supposed  he  had  ventured  too 
far  upon  a  particular  log  of  wood,  which  cap- 
sized him  into  a  watery  grave. 

The  walk  around  Goat  Island  will  be  highly 
appreciated.  Some  charming  nooks  of  great 
beauty  are  there,  whilst  from  the  head  of  the 
Island  is  to  be  seen,  2i  miles  up  the  river, 
Chippewa;  and,  four  miles  from  there,  Navy 
Island,  belonging  to  Canada,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Canadian  patriots  of  1837-8.  From 
there,   also,   the   steamer   Caroline  which   was 


76 


NIAGAEA  FALLS. 


conveying  provisions  and  ammunition  to  the 
rebels,  was  cut  adrift  and  sent  afloat  down  the 
river,  and  over  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  Near  the 
head  of  the  Island  the  point  may  be  seen  where 
— before  any  bridges  connected  the  Island  with 
the  mainland — Stedman,  the  occupier  of  the 
Island,  crossed  with  his  goats  for  pasture,  hence 
the  name  Goat  Island. 

Fort  Schlosser  may  be  seen  further  up  the 
river,  also  on  the  American  side,  where  La  Salle, 
the  great  explorer,  first  founded  a  trading  post. 
This  fort  has  changed  hands,  first  from  the 
French  to  the  British,  and  next  from  the  British 
to  the  Americans.  About  this  spot  the  vessel, 
(named  the  Griffin,)  which  first  navigated  the 
river  and  lakes,  was  built.  A  Father  Hannepin 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  white  man  who 
visited  Niagara  and  saw  the  Falls,  and  who, 
like  many  who  have  succeeded  him,  published 
a  very  exaggerated  account  of  them. 

In  wandering  round  Goat  Island  you  have 
now  reached  the  starting-point  on  it,  viz.,  the 
Bridge  at  the  Rapids,  which  you  re-cross,  and 
make  direct  for  Point  View. 

Point  View  is  situated  close  to  the  edge  of 
the  American  Fall,  and  on  the  very  brink  of 
the  precipice.  From  this  point  you  get  an 
excellent  view  of  both  Falls,  but  more  partic- 
ularly a  distant  view  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall. 
In  the  ferry-house  at  Point  View  there  is  a 
railway,  down  an  incline  of  1  in  31  feet.  The 
cars  are  worked  up  and  down  by  water  power, 
and  are  completely  under  the  control  of  those 
in  charge.  The  fare  for  going  up  or  down  is 
5  cents.  At  the  bottom  of  the  incline  is  the 
river,  where  boats  may  be  hired  to  take  you 
across  to  the  Canada  side  of  the  river  for  20 
cents.  Alongside  of  the  railway  incline,  there 
are  steps,  up  and  down  which  parties  may  go 
free.  The  depth,  to  the  edge  of  the  water,  is  260 
feet — 291  steps  in  all. 

In  the  summer  season  a  small  steamer,  called 
the  "  New  !Maid  of  the  Mist,"  sails  fi-om  the  foot 
of  the  ferry  stairs,  up  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
base  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  On  proceeding  on 
board  you  put  on  an  oil-skin  cloak  and  hood, 
which  envelopes  the  whole  person,  excepting 
the  face;  and,  thus  clad,  you  stand  on  deck, 
viewing  the  Falls,  as  the  steamer  makes  her 
speedy  trip,  and  as  she  rocks  about  amid  the 
agitated  water.  Certainly  the  view  is  excellent, 
unless  when  the  sun  is  shining  out  very  strong, 
then  much  of  the  sight  is  lost,  owing  to  that  and 
the  spray  from  the  Falls  falling  so  thickly  upon 
the  face  and  eyes.  The  sail  is  one  only  of  a  few 
minutes,  nevertheless  we  recommend  all  to  take 
a  trip  on  board  the  little  craft.  Great  vigilance 
and  care  is  necessary  in  steering  round  the  base 
of  the  Fall.  When  it  has  reached  the  middle 
of  the  Fall  the  steam  is  shut  off,  and  then  the 
boat  is  swung  round  and  carried  down  by  the 
current,  when  steam  is  put  on,  and  she  is  turned 
round  to  the  landing-point,  ready  to   take  on 


board  another  lot  of  passengers.  Fare  for  the 
trip  50  cents,  (2,«.  stg.). 

In  the  ferry-house  a  beautifully  clear  stream 
of  water,  from  the  rock,  is  kept  running  con- 
tinually, with  tumblers  provided  for  the  use  of 
visitors. 

The  Messrs.  Porters,  to  whom  the  property 
belongs,  have  done  much  lately  to  improve  the 
appearance  of  the  place  all  around,  and  added 
greatly  to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  visit- 
ors, by  providing  seats,  etc.,  etc. 

Having  spent  some  time  at  Point  View,  you 
may  now  proceed  down  the  incline  we  have 
mentioned,  cross  the  river  in  a  small  boat,  and 
land  on  the  Canadian  side,  near  the  Clifton 
House,  on  your  road  to  a  curiosity  in  its  way — 
the  Burning  Springs — shown  to  strangers  by  an 
old  native  of  Aberdeenshire,  (Scotland). 

Before  reaching  there,  however,  you  will  pass 
Table  Rock — a  view  from  oft"  which  will  interest 
you. 

Table  Rock,  of  which  we  give  an  illustration, 
is  situated  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river,  near 
the  angle  where  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall  pours  over. 
It  is  a  crag,  which  projects  over  the  edge  of  the 
precipice,  and  is  about  160  feet  above  the  river. 
It  is  now  much  smaller  than  in  former  years, 
large  portions  having  fallen  away  from  it  at  dif- 
ferent times.  Near  Table  Rock  there  is  another 
staircase,  which  you  may  descend  and  get  a 
view  from  behind  the  great  sheet  of  water  which 
falls  over  the  Horse  Shoe,  from  off  a  narrow 
ledge  of  rock,  called  Termination  Rock,*  which, 
together  with  the  ground  all  about  it,  shakes 
with  the  immense  power  of  the  water  pouring 
down  upon  it.  It  is  only,  however,  when  the 
water  is  not  very  full,  that  this  sight  can  be 
seen. 

A  favourite  time  with  many  for  visiting  the 
fiills  is  at  sunset,  about  which  time  some  most 
beautiful  phenomena  are  to  be  seen.  Again,  the 
view  by  moonlight  is  considered  to  be  very  fine, 
and  presenting  totally  different  features  from 
any  thing  to  be  seen  during  the  day.  In  winter 
tnnealso,  weunderstand,  the  Falls,  together  with 
the  scenery  around  them,  present  sights  well 
worth  being  seen  by  every  tourist. 

To  reach  Burning  Springs  it  is  a  considerable 
walk  round  from  the  Clifton  House,  so  that 
most  parties  engage  a  conveyance  thither.  The 
pedestrian,  however,  will  enjoy  the  walk  very 
much.  The  charge  at  the  Burning  Springs  is 
25  cents  each. 

Burning  Springs. — From  the  sketch  we  give, 
readers  at  a  distance  will  see  an  exact  represent- 
ation of  where  tlie  Spring  is  exhibited,  in  an 
old  wodden  "  shanty,"  pitch  dark,  but  lighted 
up  by  the  attendant,  as  he  applies  a  light  to  the 


*  Since  tliis  was  written,  we  understand  that  Ter- 
mination Rock  lias  been  washed  away — thus,  we  fear, 
depriving  all  in  future  of  obtaining  the  view  here  al 
luded  to. 


1^'IAGAEA  FALLS. 


77 


THE  BURNING  SPRINGS,   NIAGARA. 


gas,  as  it  issues  up  throufjh  an  iron  pipe  fixed  in 
a  barrel,  which  is  placed  amidst  the  water  3  or 
4  feet  underneath.  The  water,  which  is  charged 
with  sulphurated  hydrogen  gas,  rises  in  the  rock 
close  at  hand,  and  forces  its  way  up  through  the 
bed  of  the  stream,  which  is  there.  Sometimes 
it  burns  much  brighter  than  at  other  times,  the 
water  emitting  a  strong  smell,  similar  to  that 
of  some  mineral  springs  When  at  Burning 
Springs,  another  and  different  view  from  an\' 
hitherto  seen,  is  presented  of  the  River  Niagara, 
as  it  comes  down  from  Lake  Erie,  and,  in  sum- 
mer, the  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Springs  is  beautiful  in  the  extreme. 

Leaving  the  Burning  Springs,  you  may  now 
proceed  to  the  battle-ground  of  Lundy's  Lane. 
There  a  wooden  tower  is  erected,  for  the  benefit 
of  those  who  wish  to  ascend  and  obtain  a  mag- 
nificent view  of  the  country.  On  the  top  of  this 
tower  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  Battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane  will  be  met  with,  in  the  shape  of  an  at- 
tendant, who  will  be  glad  to  point  out  to  you  all 
the  points  of  interest  connected  with  the  fight- 
ing between  the  Americans  and  the  British,  on 
those  very  fields  you  will  there  survej*.  If  you 
happen  to  be  a  British  visitor,  the  faithful  at- 
tendant will  not  wound  any  national  prejudices 
you  may  have  regarding  who  wai  most  success- 
ful on  particular  occasions  during  the  struggle, 
but  rather  flatter  them  by  leading  you  to  under- 
stand that,  of  course,  the  British  came  off  vic- 
torious. You  will,  however,  perhaps,  be  in 
some  doubt,  after  all,  as  to  that,  if  you  take  the 
ipse  dixit  of  this  military  chronicler,  when  you 


learn  that  the  American,  who  preceded  or  fol- 
lowed you  on  your  visit,  was  parted  company 
with  on  the  same  terms,  and  with  an  equally 
flattering  account  of  how  the  Americans  licked 
the  British,  and,  of  course,  also  won  the  battle! 
On  the  waj-  to  Lundy's  Lane,  you  may  pass 
through  the  pretty  little  village  of  Drummond- 
ville,  named  after  General  Drummond,  com- 
mander of  the  British  forces  at  the  battle  refer- 
red to.  From  Lundy's  Lane  you  may  now 
proceed  on  to  the  Suspension  .Bridge  and  the 
Whirlpool.  Particulars  respecting  the  Suspen- 
sion Bi-idge  will  be  found  annexed,  with  illus- 
trations of  it. 

The  WniRLPOOL  can  be  seen  from  the  Canada 
side  of  the  river.  When  at  the  Suspension 
Bridge  you  proceed  along  the  top  of  the  em- 
bankment, through  fields  and  brushwood,  fol- 
lowing the  course  of  the  river,  till  its  course 
turns  at  a  right  angle  on  towards  Lake  Ontario. 
It  is  at  this  angle  of  the  river  where  the  whirl- 
pool is.  An  excellent  view  of  the  river  and 
scenery  along  its  banks,  and  around  the  whirl- 
pool, is  to  be  had  from  the  Canada  side  imme- 
diately above  it,  and  the  beauty  of  the  scene  there 
may  tempt  you  to  prolong  your  rest  on  the 
wooden  seat  erected  there  for  the  wearied  trav- 
eller. 

The  visitor  who  expects  to  see  an  immense 
whirlpool  will,  we  think,  be  disappointed,  as  the 
Whirlpool,  so  called,  consists  of  a  scries  of  eddies 
in  the  rapid  stream  as  it  reaches  the  end  of  the 
gorge  at  the  angle  of  the  river — more  remarka- 
ble for  being  raised  up  in  the  centre  of  the 


78 


NIAGARA  FALLS  AND   ROUTES. 


stream,  than  for  any  great  similarity  to  an  im- 
mense whirlpool,  which  many  expect  to  see. 

The  best  view,  however,  of  the  Whirlpool  is  to 
be  had  at  the  edge  of  the  river,  on  the  American 
side,  exactly  opposite  to  the  point  mentioned 
above.  To  reach  there,  you  proceed  across  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  turn  to  your  left,  and  walk 
along  the  public  road  till  you  reach  Devaux's 
College — which  you  cannot  but  observe  as  you 
go  along.  There  you  turn  from  off  the  pub- 
lic road,  and  follow  a  narrow  road  through  a 
dense  wood,  until  you  reach  a  small  wooden 
house,  where  you  will  find  parties  ready  to  give 
you  all  information  respecting  the  path  down 
to  the  edge  of  the  river  below.  You  there  pay 
25  cents,  which  goes  to  the  support  of  Devaux's 
College  —  a  college  established,  at  a  cost  of 
§15-4,000,  by  a  Frenchman  named  Devaux,  for 
the  free  maintenance  and  education  of  lUO  boys. 
You  will,  in  all  probability,  be  pleased  with  your 
visit  to  the  "Whirlpool.  Whilst  there,  you  may 
proceed  to  the  Devil's  Hole,  a  short  way  down 
the  river,  on  the  same  side,  and  which  consists 
of  a  chasm  of  about  200  feet  deep  on  the  bank 
of  the  river.  The  small  stream  which  pours 
over  the  precipice  above  there,  is  called  Bloody 
Run — named  so  in  consequence  of  the  colour 
given  to  it  on  one  occasion  by  the  blood  of  the 
British  troops  mixing  with  it,  during  an  en- 
gagement with  some  Indians  and  French  dur- 
ing the  war  there  in  1763. 

Brock's  Monument  forms  one  of  the  "lions" 
of  Niagara,  which  tourists,  in  approaching  from 
Toronto,  per  steamer  and  rail,  will  observe  to 
gi'eat  advantage,  as  they  proceed  in  the  cars  from 
the  town  of  Niagara  to  Suspension  Bridge.  It 
stands  on  Queenstown  Heights  (Canada  side). 
Erected  to  the  British  general.  Sir  Isaac  Brock, 
who  fell  in  the  engagement  fought  there  in  1812. 
On  the  top  stands  the  statue  of  the  gallant  officer. 
Although  a  considerable  distance  from  the  Falls, 
^ about  7  miles,)  yet  if  the  tourist  has  time,  the 
visit  to  it  will  repay  the  time  and  trouble,  as  a 
most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  country 
round  about,  and  Lake  Ontario  is  there  obtained. 


Opposite  Queenstown,  on  the  River  Niagara, 
is  Lewiston — ^famous  for  its  stupendous  suspen- 
sion bridge — even  longer  than  the  one  further 
up  the  river,  being  1045  feet  long. 

Niagara  Falls. — In  addition  to  the  name  of 
the  celebrated  Falls,  the  town  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  takes  also  the  name  of  Niagara  Falls — 
situated  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

As  is  well  known,  it  is  the  fashionable  resort 
of  all  who  desire  to  make  their  residence  on  the 
American  side  of  the  river.  The  hotels  are  on 
the  largest  scale,  and  characterized  by  great 
magnificence  and  comfort.  Trains  arrive  at 
and  depart  from  the  station  at  the  town,  to  and 
from  which  omnibuses  run  in  connection  with 
the  principal  hotels. 

The  town  on  the  American  side,  at  Suspen- 
sion Bridge,  is  known  by  the  name  of  Niagara 
City. 

Travellers  for  the  Falls  should  check  their 
baggage  to  "  Niagara  Falls,"  if  they  intend  resid- 
ing on  the  American  side  ;  and  to  "Suspension 
Bridge,  Clifton,"  if  on  the  Canadian  side — on 
which  side  there  are  excellent  hotels  also. 

The  large  illustration  of  the  Falls  given  in  the 
accompanying  page,  was  taken  from  what  is 
considered  the  best  point  lor  seeing  both  the 
American  and  Canadian  (or  Horse-Shoej  Falls 
together,  viz.,  near  the  Clifton  House,  on  the 
Canadian  side  of  the  river.  This  view  was 
taken  by  photograph,  by  M.  Hanungel,  Photo- 
grapher, Broadway,  New  York,  last  summer, 
and  is  decidedly  the  best  and  most  correct  view 
of  the  Falls  we  ever  saw  on  paper.  To  pre- 
serve, as  far  as  possible,  in  the  process  of  en- 
graving, all  the  details  of  the  great  original,  we 
have  had  M.  Hanungel's  immense  photograph 
re-photographed  on  a  reduced  scale  on  wood, 
by  Price's  patent  process,  and  engraved,  so  that 
we  can,  with  confidence,  refer  to  the  accompany- 
ing view  of  the  Niagara  Falls  as  correct  in  everv 
particular. 

The  other  illustrations  presented  have  also 
been  engraved  from  photographs  taken  there 
last  summer. 


ROUTES  TO  THE  FALLS. 

There  are  several  routes  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  best  of  which  we  give,  with  the  distances  and  fare, 
as  near  as  can  be  ascertained  ;  as  also  one  from  Quebec  through  Canada : — 


FROM    NEW   VOKK. 

Uo.  1.  Miles.       Cost. 

tsteamer,  from  New  York  to  Albany 150  ...^l.Oll 

Rail,  from  Albany  to  Rochester 229 4.5S 

Rail,  from  Rochester  to  Niagara  Falls ...     76 1.52 

Total 465....?7.60 

£1  10a.  6(7.  stg. 
From  New  York  to  Albany  the  Hudson  River  Rail- 
road can  be  taken ;  distance,  144  miles  ;  fare,  $3.00. 

No.  2.  Miles.       Cost. 

N.  York  and  Erie  R.  R.  to  Ilornellsville. .  833. . .  .$6.75 

Rail,  from  HoriiellsviUe  to  liufTalo 91   ...  2.10 

Rail,  from  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls .     22 (1.60 

Total 446 ... .  $9.45 

£1  1S.S-.  .stg. 
Or,  per  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Rochester 
and  Buffalo  direct,  298  miles,  thence  as  above. 


FBOM   NEW   YORK. 

No.  3.  Miles.       Cost. 

New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Elmira. .  274 $6.00 

Rail,  from  Elmira  to  Niagara  Falls 166 4.10 


Total 440. ..$10.10 

£2  0«.  6d.  stg. 

FROM   QDEBEC. 

No.  4.  Miles.       Cost. 

Rail,  to  Montreal ; 171 $6.00 

Rail,  from  Montreal  to  Toronto 838 10.00 

Rail,  from  Toronto  to  Niagara  Falls 81 l.SS 

Total 5S5 . . .  $17.88 

£3  lU.  M.  stg. 

From  Toronto  the  steamer  can  be  taken  to  Niagara, 

(86  miles,)  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  thence  rail  (14  miles)  to 

Suspension   Bridge.     Total   distance,   from  Toronto, 

about  50  miles  ;  cost,  $1.50  (Gn.  stg.). 


R.  M.  GODDARD  &  CO., 

BANKERS, 

NIAOARA    FALLS,    N.    Y. 


R.  M.  GODDARD. 


DAMEL  HORSE. 


Importei-s'  &  Traders'  Bank,  New  York, 
Exchange  Bank,  Lockport,  New  York, 
Brown  &  Keep,  Bankers,  Buffalo,  New  York. 
Deposits  received ;  Exchange  on  New  York,  Albany 
and  Boston ;  Collections  made  at  current  rates,  and 
promptly  remitted  on  day  of  payment.     Uncurrent 
money  bought  and  sold.     Money  remitted  to  Great 
Britain  and  all  other  parts  of  Europe.     Land  War- 
rants bought  and  sold.     Also,  agents  for  the  sale  of 
passage  tickets  to  and  from  the  principal  cities  in 
Europe.     j^~  R.  M.  GODDARD,  Notary  Public  for 
Niagara  County. 

The  Sii  Nations  Indian  Store, 

FALLS  ST.,  NIAGARA  FALLS, 

(OPPOSITE  INTERNATIONAL  HOTEL.) 

Kept  by 

A  large  Assortment  of 

INDIAN    BEAD    WORK, 

MOOSE  HAIR   &  PORCUPIXE  QUILLS, 

F  .A.  nsr  s. 

And  other  Fancy  Goods  and  Indian 
Curiosities, 

M.\XXIF.\CTURKD    BY    INDIANS   ON   THE   PREMISES. 


L.   H.   F.  HAMILTON, 

a-XJIID  E, 

WILL 

CONDUCT    PARTIES 

AINO  GIVE  INFORMATION 

CONCERNING   ALL   POINTS   OF   INTEREST 

Around     IViag^ara     Falls. 

Refers  to  the  Officers  of  the  several  Hotels. 


JADIES  DAVT  &  BROTHERS, 

(FORMERLT    GUIDES,) 

HAVE     ALWAYS     IN     READINESS 

CARRIAC^ES, 

TO    CONVEY     PARTIES    TO     ALL    THE    POINTS 
OF   INTEREST   IN   THE 

VICINITY  OF  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

^.  B. — Being  long  residents  of  this  place,  can 
give  strangers  all  desired  information. 

Inquire  at  the  Six  Nations  Indian  Store, 
opposite  International  Hotel,  Falls  Street,  or 
at  the  Niagara  House,  Main  Street. 


GREAT    WESTERN     HOTEL, 

SUSPENSION   BRIDGE, 


CANADA    SIDE. 


3VE 


A^^ST 


nxr^A-GH 


PROPRIETOR 


IW  Trains  amve  at,  and  depart  from,  the  Kailroad  Station 
opposite  tlie  Hotel. 


C -A.  mi  I -A- a- B  S       TO       THE      F  A.  L  L  S  , 

AND    DRIVES    IN   THE   ViaNITY. 


TRIP   FROM   MONTREAL  TO   OTTAWA.  79 


MONTREAL  TO   OTTAWA,  C.  W. 

Tras  beautiful  route  may  be  traversed  either  by  rail  from  Montreal  to  Prescott  Junction, 
and  thence  by  rail  to  Ottawa,  as  described  elsewhere ;  or  it  may  be  taken  by  way  of  rail 
to  Lachine,  steamer  from  Lachine  to  Carrillon,  rail  from  Carrillon  to  Grenville,  and  Gren- 
ville  to  Ottawa  by  steamer  again.  By  this  route  it  will  be  seen  that  there  are  several 
changes  to  be  made,  which  cannot  be  avoided,  on  account  of  the  rapids  on  the  river,  which 
cannot  be  "  run"  by  the  steamer. 

This  route  is  one  so  little  known,  that,  notwithstanding  the  disadvantages  which  chang- 
ing so  often  presents,  we  have  thought  it  advisable  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  trip  to 
Ottawa,  as  made  by  us  last  June,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader  were  going.  Pro- 
ceeding in  cab  or  omnibus  to  Griffintown  —  1^  miles  from  post-office,  Montreal — you 
arrive  and  book  at  the  Lachine  Railroad  Depot ;  fare  through  to  Ottawa,  first  class,  $3  ; 
second  class,  $2.  Strange  to  say,  no  baggage  is  "  checked  through,"  on  this  route  as  via 
Grand  Trunk  railroad,  or  the  other  lines  in  the  United  States. 

Started  on  the  cars,  therefore,  with  a  sti'ing  of  tickets  to  and  from  the  different  points  on 
your  waj',  you  soon  reach  Lachine,  nine  miles  off.  At  Lachine  you  change  cars,  and  step 
on  board  the  steamer  "  Lady  Simpson"  in  waiting,  and  once  under  weigh,  you  get  a  fine 
view  of  the  mighty  St.  Lawrence,  with  Lake  St.  Louis  close  at  hand. 

Not  long  after  the  steamer  starts,  breakfast  will  be  announced,  which  may  be  partaken 
of,  if  you  had  not  got  it  before  you  started  from  Montreal.  An  excellent  breakfast  for 
Is.  lO^d.  currency,  (Is.  QJ.  stg.,)  or  37|-  cents.  If  a  fine  morning,  you  will  be  delighted 
■with  the  sail,  as  the  steamer  skims  along  the  shore  of  the  Island  of  Montreal,  till  she 
reaches  St.  Anne's,  at  the  extreme  corner  of  that  island.  At  St.  Anne's,  the  steamer  leaves 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  passes  through  the  locks  there,  and  is  then  on  the  bosom  of  the  Ot- 
tawa. You  will  scarcely  be  able  to  imagine  it  to  be  a  river ;  in  reality,  it  forms  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains,  being  one  of  the  numerous  lakes  which  the  Ottawa  may  be  said 
to  be  a  succession  of. 

At  St.  Anne's  you  will  get  an  excellent  view  of  the  substantial  stone  bridge  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railwaj^,  wliich  here  crosses  the  Ottawa,  and  which  forn>s  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
mistaken  policy  of  the  railway  companies  in  the  United  States  in  building  so  many 
"  rickety"  wooden  bridges — with  their  warnings  up  of  fines  of  so  much  if  you  trot  a  horse 
over  them — and  which  in  going  over  so  many  accidents  have  occurred.  Here,  possibly, 
you  may  observe,  against  one  of  the  piers  of  this  bridge,  a  portion  of  a  large  raft,  which,  in 
"  running"  the  rapids  last  season,  became  unmanageable  and  dashed  up  against  the  bridge 
— scattering  the  raft  in  all  directions — to  the  great  loss  of  the  proprietor  of  it.  Some  of 
the  logs  may  be  seen  j-et,  resting  up  against  the  pier  of  the  bridge,  as  if  trying  to  clear  all 
before  them,  and  the  gigantic  pier  standing  up,  in  its  mighty  strength,  as  if  bidding  them 
float  quietly  past. 

St.  Anne's  is  the  spot  where  the  poet  Moore  located  the  scene  of  his  celebrated  Canadian 
Boat  Song. 

CANADIAN  BOAT  SONG. 

BY   THOMAS   MOORE. 

Faintly  as  tolls  the  evening  chime, 
Our  voices  keep  tune  and  our  oars  keep  time ; 
Soon  as  the  woods  on  shore  look  dim, 
We'll  sing  at  St.  Anne's  our  parting  hymn. 

Row,  brothers,  row,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 

Why  should  we  yet  our  sail  unfurl  ? 
There  is  not  a  breath  the  blue  wave  to  curl ; 
But  when  the  wind  blows  off  the  shore, 
Oh  !  sweetly  we'll  rest  our  weary  oar. 

Blow,  breezes,  blow,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 


80  TRIP   UP   THE   OTTAWA. 

Ottawa's  tide  !  this  trembling  moon 
Shall  see  us  float  over  thy  surges  soon. 
Saint  of  this  green  isle  !  hear  our  prayers, 
Oh !  grant  us  cool  heavens  and  favoring  airs. 

Blow,  breezes,  blow,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 

Started  from  St,  Anne's  you  shortly  reach  a  beautiful  expansion  of  the  Ottawa — which 
forms  here  what  is  called  T&e  Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains — named  from  the  two  moun- 
tains which  are  seen  to  the  north,  rising  four  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet  high. 

After  sailing  a  short  time,  and  with  your  face  to  the  bow  of  the  steamer,  you  will  ob- 
serve, to  the  right,  where  this  great  river — coming  slowly  and  silently  along — is  divided  by 
the  Island  of  Montreal ;  the  one  fork  of  the  river  which  you  observe  to  the  north-east,  wind- 
ing its  way  past  the  island,  after  which  it  makes  its  acquaintance  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
to  the  north-east  of  Montreal.  The  other  fork,  or  division  on  which  you  have  just  started 
from,  at  St.  Anne's,  meets  the  St.  Lawrence  there ;  although,  strange  to  say,  the  waters  of 
these  two  immense  rivers — as  if  not  relishing  the  mixture  of  each  other,  and  thus  forming 
one — continue  their  separate  and  undivided  distinctness  for  miles,  till  they  meet  with  such 
rough  treatment,  from  either  torrents,  wind,  or  waves,  that  they  join  issue,  and  form  at 
last,  one  immense  river  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  which  the  beautiful  but  majestic  Ottawa  is 
swallowed  up. 

In  the  last  report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  the  following  remarks  on  the  com- 
ponent parts,  and  other  peculiarities,  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  occur : — 

"  The  water  of  the  Ottawa,  containing  but  little  more  than  one-third  as  much  solid  mat- 
ter as  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  impregnated  with  a  much  larger  portion  of  organic  matter, 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  vegetable  remains,  and  a  large  amount  of  alkalies  uncom- 
bined  with  chlorine  or  sulphuric  acid.  Of  the  alkalies  determined  as  chlorids,  the  chlorid 
of  potassium  in  the  Ottawa  water  foi'ms  thirty-two  per  cent.,  and  in  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
only  sixteen  per  cent.;  while  in  the  former,  the  silicia  equals  thirty-four  per  cent,,  and  in 
the  latter,  twenty-three  per  cent,  of  the  mineral  matters.  The  Ottawa  drains  a  region  of 
crystalline  rocks,  and  receives  from  these  by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  waters;  hence  the 
salts  of  potash,  liberated  by  the  decomposition  of  these  rocks,  are  in  large  proportion.  The 
extensive  vegetable  decomposition,  evidenced  by  the  organic  matters  dissolved  in  the  water, 
will  also  have  contributed  a  portion  of  potash.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  proportion 
of  potash  salts  in  the  chlorids  of  sea-water  and  saline  waters,  generally,  does  not  equal  more 
than  two  or  three  per  cent.  As  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  although  the  basin  of  Lake  Superior, 
in  which  the  river  takes  its  origin,  is  surrounded  by  ancient  sandstones,  and  by  crystalline 
rocks,  it  afterwards  flows  through  lakes  whose  basins  are  composed  of  palaeozoic  strata, 
which  abound  in  limestones  rich  in  gypsum  and  salt,  and  these  rocks  have  given  the  waters 
of  this  river  that  predominance  of  soda,  chlorine,  and  sulphuric  acid  which  distinguishes  it 
from  the  Ottawa.  It  is  an  interesting  geographical  feature  of  these  two  rivers,  that  they 
each  pass  through  a  series  of  great  lakes,  in  which  the  waters  are  enabled  to  deposit  their 
suspended  impurities,  and  thus  are  rendered  remarkably  clear  and  transparent." 

The  two  rivers  thus  not  mixing  at  once,  is  oAving,  we  presume,  to  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  one  being  much  heavier  than  that  of  the  other.  The  two  are  distinctly  seen  flowing 
down  together,  by  the  difference  in  their  color. 

The  lake  you  are  now  upon — if  a  fine  morning,  and  in  summer — will  be  as  calm  as  a  mill- 
pond,  and,  with  its  wooded  islands,  and  nicely-wooded  country  round  about,  forms  a  scene 
of  the  finest  character.  Each  turn  the  steamer  takes,  it  opens  up  with  it  new  beauties. 
Sometimes,  however,  the  lake,  now  so  placid  and  beautiful  to  look  upon,  is  raised  like  a 
raging  sea,  rendering  its  navigation  not  so  easy,  as  many  a  poor  raftsman  has  found  to  his 
cost,  whilst  navigating  his  treasure  of  lumber  to  Quebec  or  Lachine.  You  may,  possibly, 
see  some  of  these  rafts  of  lumber  as  you  pass  along.     Nowhere  in  the  whole  of  America. 

we  believe,  will  you  see  such  magnificent  and  valuable  rafts  of  lumber  as  on  the  Ottawa, 

The  rafts  on  the  Delaware,  Ohio,  and  Mississippi,  which  we  have  seen,  are  nothing  to  com- 


TEIP   UP  THE   OTTAWA.  81 

pare  to  them — either  in  size  or  in  the  value  of  the  wood  of  which  they  are  composed.    (See 
Lumber  and  Lumbermen.) 

Passing  onwards  on  the  lake,  you  will  observe  Tire  Indian  Village,  at  the  base  of  the 
Two  Mountains.     There  reside  the  remnants  of  two  tribes,  the  Iroquois  and  Algonquins. 

On  the  sandy  soil  behind  the  village,  the  Indians  have  their  games,  foot  races,  etc.,  etc. 

After  passing  there,  the  steamer  wUl  probably  stop  at  Vaodreul,  at  the  head  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains.  Proceeding  on  from  there,  the  steamer  will  steer  for  Point  Anglais, 
(English  Point,)  and  from  there  cross  over  to  the  settlement  of  Eegacd,  and  a  hill  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  river  Le  Graisse. 

After  enjoying  the  beauties  of  the  scene  on  every  side,  you  will  shortly  find  yourself  at 
Carrillon.  Opposite  Carrillon  is  situated  Point  Fortune,  the  station  which  leads  per  stage 
to  the  Caledonia  Springs,  unless  passengers  wish  to  go  there  from  L'Original,  which 
you  will  reach,  by-and-by,  by  taking  the  cars  at  Carrillon,  the  point  you  have  now 
r«ached.  . 

At  Carrillon  you  will  leave  the  steamer,  walk  up  to  the  train  which  is  in  readiness  to 
convey  you  from  there  to  Grenville.  On  alighting  from  the  steamer,  look  after  your  bag- 
gage— see  it  placed  on  the  cart  which  is  to  convey  it  from  there  to  the  train — and  then  see 
it  placed  on  the  train. 

You  will  have  a  few  minutes  to  wait  at  Carrillon,  during  which  time  you  can  be  survey- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  scene  around  you — and  get  a  peep  of  the  rapids  which  here  pass 
from  Grenville  to  Carrillon,  where  you  are. 

"  All  aboard,"  as  the  conductor  says ;  the  bell  on  the  engine  rings,  and  you  are  on  the 
high  road  to  Grenville. 

This  road  passes  through  farms  in  all  stages  of  clearing — the  numerous  shanties  betoken- 
ing that  they  are  held  by  their  original  proprietors,  who  are  struggling  to  see  them  all 
cleared  some  day,  and  present  a  very  different  scene  from  what  they  do  at  present.  Pass- 
ing through,  therefore — dismal  enough  swamp — some  good  land — farms  cleared  and  un- 
cleared— you  arrive  at  Chatham  Station  (C.  E).  You  wUl  remember  that  you  are  now  in 
Canada  East — the  other  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  all  the  way  up,  nearly  to  its  source,  being 
Canada  West ;  you,  no  doubt,  are  aware  that  Canada  East  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  French 
Canadians,  (Roman  Catholics,)  and  Canada  West  chiefly  by  British,  or  descendants  of 
such,  (and  mostly  Protestants,)  the  Scotch  people  forming  a  large  portion  of  the  population 
in  Canada  West.  Passing  Chatham  Station — and  a  good  many  cleared  farms  in  its  neighbor- 
hood— you  shortly  reach  Grenville,  where  the  train  stops,  and  you  take  the  steamer 
"  Phoenix."     Here  again  look  after  your  baggage,  and  see  it  on  board. 

At  Grenville,  you  cannot  fail  to  be  forcibly  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  now 
disclosed  to  your  view.  Not  being  of  a  poetical  disposition,  we  regret  our  inability  to  do 
it  that  justice,  in  our  description  of  it,  to  wliich  it  is  entitled.  From  this  point,  the  steamer 
turns  round,  to  start  on  towards  Ottawa,  58  miles  off  (6-J  hours).  To  our  mind,  this  is  the 
finest  scene  on  the  whole  trip.  The  Ottawa  here  forms  a  sort  of  bay,  with  exquisitely 
beautiful  scenery  all  round  it — on  one  side  a  range  of  hills,  stretching  along  as  far  as  the 
eye  can  carry,  wooded  to  their  tops.  The  scenery  reminds  us  of  the  vicinity  of  Ellen's  Isle, 
on  Loch  Katrine,  (Scot.,)  only,  that  on  the  Ottawa,  at  this  point,  the  hills  are  wooded — 
whilst  those  of  the  Scottish  lake  are  barren — or  covered  only  with  pasture  and  heather. 

Passing  on  from  this  charming  point  of  view,  the  steamer  now  goes  direct  up  the  river 
for  Ottawa  City,  making  several  stops  by  the  way:  the  first  is  Hartwick's  old  landing,  next, 
L'Original,  with  its  excellent  pier,  and  pretty,  quiet  little  town  in  the  distance. 

Proceeding  on,  you  will  pass,  on  the  right  hand  or  north  side  of  the  river,  the  lands  of 
the  Papineau  Seigniory,  belonging  to  L.  J.  Papineau,  of  1837  Canadian  rebellion  notoriety. 
This  gentleman,  we  believe,  still  strongly  adheres  to  his  republican  opinions,  and  is  not  a 
member  in  the  Canadian  legislature,  at  present.  Before  the  rebellion  alluded  to,  Mr.  Papi- 
neau held  the  ofiice  of  Speaker,  and  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  it  is  said  government  was 
due  him  about  $4,000,  which,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  etc.,  he  received  on  his  return 
from  exile,  notwithstanding  that  he  had  been  one  of  the  leaders  in  that  movement,  in  1837. 


82  TRIP   UP  THE  OTTAWA. 

The  seigniory  extends  for  about  15  miles,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  poorest  in  Canada. 
As  you  pass  on,  you  will  observe  the  beautiful  range  of  hills,  to  the  north,  which,  from  the 
different  sizes  and  shapes  they  assume,  present,  with  their  shrubbery,  a  beautiful  fringe 
work,  to  the  scene  all  around.  Tliese  hills  form  part  of  the  chain,  which  range  from 
Labrador,  all  the  way  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Passing  the  stopping  point  of  Montebello,  you  will  observe  Mr.  Papineau's  residence, 
embosomed  amongst  trees  and  shrubbery  of  beautiful  foliage.    It  is  called  Papineau's  Castle 

Cape  St.  Marie.     At  this  point,  the  steamer  turns  to  the  left,  leaving  the  hills  referred 

to,  behind  you.  From  Mr.  Papineau's  house,  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  and 
surrounding  country,  must  be  had — occuf)ying  so  prominent  a  position,  at  the  bend  of  the 
river,  which  there  forms  a  sort  of  bay. 

Proceeding  on,  you  will  now  observe  that  the  scenery  assumes  rather  a  different  aspect, 
but  still  beautiful  in  its  character.  You  sail  past  little  islands  wooded  all  over,  and  on  be- 
tween the  banks  of  the  river — which  in  some  places  become  very  flat,  with  the  river  ex- 
tending in  amongst  the  forest.  At  a  more  advanced  season  of  the  year,  the  river  is  lower, 
consequently,  much  of  the  water  previously  spread  over  a  great  portion  of  the  country,  re- 
cedes during  the  summer  months,  and  before  the  winter  season  sets  in,  a  heavy  crop  of 
hay  is  reaped.  For  nearly  eight  months  in  the  year,  however,  the  ground  is  thus  covered 
with  the  swelling  of  the  river,  and  of  course  only  fit  for  cultivation  during  the  hot  season 
of  about  four  months'  duration. 

You  are  now  approaching  to  a  place  about  twenty-eight  miles  of  Ottawa — called  Thurso 
— which  presents  nothing  particular  but  an  immense  yard  full  of  sawn  lumber,  belonging 
to  the  greatest  lumbering  establishment  in  the  world — Pollok,  Gilmour  &  Co.,  of  Glasgow, 
(Scotland,)  being  one  of  the  many  stations  which  that  firm  have  in  Canada,  for  carrying  on 
their  immense  trade.  From  off  immense  tracts  of  land,  which  they  hold  from  government 
for  a  mere  trifle — situated  in  different  districts  on  the  Ottawa — they  have  the  lumber 
brought  to  wharves  on.  the  river,  made  into  rafts  and  then  floated  down ;  that  intended  for 
the  ports  on  the  St.  Lawrence  and  United  States,  to  the  west  of  Montreal,  going  via  La- 
chine,  whilst  the  greater  proportion  goes  via  the  route  you  have  been  travelling — over  the 
rapids  and  down  to  Lake  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  till  it  finally  reaches  Quebec. 
There  it  is  sold  or  shipped  by  them  to  ports  in  Great  Britain,  large  quantities  of  it  finding 
its  way  to  the  Clyde  (Scotland).  Opposite  to  Thurso,  will  be  observed  what  is  called 
Foxe's  Point.  An  English  family  of  that  name  have  settled  there,  and  to  this  day  they 
appear  not  to  have  forgot  their  taste  for  neat,  well-trimmed  grounds,  fences,  etc.,  exhibit- 
ing many  of  the  characteristics  of  an  Englishman's  home.  Passing  on,  you  next  stop  at 
probably  the  wharf  for  Buckingham,  (0.  E.,)  17  miles  inland.  Opposite  to  this  landing  is 
Cumberland,  (C.  W.);  passing  which,  you  will  shortly  reach  Gill's  wharf,  6  miles  from  Ot- 
tawa, and  the  last  stopping-place  previous  to  reaching  there. 

In  lialf  an  hour  or  so,  you  will  observe  the  bluffs  of  Ottawa  in  the  distance,  but  no  ap- 
pearance of  the  city,  it  being  situated  on  ground  high  above  the  level  of  the  river,  where 
you  land  at.  To  the  left  you  will  notice  the  beautiful  little  waterfall  of  the  Rideau — a 
Kiagara  in  miniature — with  its  Goat  Island  between  the  horse  shoe  and  straight  line  fall. 
It  falls  about  30  feet,  and  forms  one  of  the  prettiest  little  falls  to  be  seen  almost  anywhere. 
On  the  right  hand,  you  wOl  observe  a  cluster  of  wooden  shanties,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Gatineau,  which  tliere  joins  the  Ottawa,  and,  as  you  stand  admiring  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  before,  behind,  and  around  you,  the  steamer  touches  at  the  wharf  of  Ottawa  Cit}^ 
From  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  you  will  have  an  excellent  view  of  the  suspension  bridge 
and  the  Chauderie  Falls  in  the  distance,  with  the  rapids  and  the  falls,  throwing  up  the 
spray  all  around,  forming  a  white  cloud  over  the  bridge.  At  the  wharf  you  will  find 
vehicles  waiting  to  convey  you  to  any  hotel  or  address  j'ou  may  wish  to  go  to.  On  reach- 
ing the  top  of  the  steep  incline  from  the  steamer,  you  will  then  obtain  a  first  sight,  per- 
haps, of  Ottawa  City,  which  was  to  have  been  the  seat  of  the  Canadian  Government — and 
Avhich  may  be  yet — should  the  whim  or  interest  of  tlie  members  of  the  provincial  parlia- 
ment not  decree  otherwise. 


TRIP   UP  THE   OTTAWA.  83 

The  steamer  "  Lady  Simpson,"  from  Lachine  to  Grenville,  is  partly  owned  by  its  captain — 
Sheppard. 

The  steamer  "  Phoenix" — on  board  which  you  will  find  an  excellent  dinner  for  fifty  cents, 
(2s.  stg.,) — is  commanded  by  a  very  civil  and  obliging  Scotchman  named  McLaehlan — who 
will  be  glad  to  point  out  to  you  the  beauties  of  the  river.  From  Grenville  to  Ottawa — a 
French-Canadian  pilot  takes  charge  of  the  steering  of  the  vessel. 

Parties  who  go  to  Ottawa  City — ^by  rail,  via  Prescott — as  described  elsewhere,  can  return 
from  Ottawa  by  the  route  now  described,  and  we  have  no  doubt  they  will  be  pleased  with 
one  of  the  finest  river  trips  we  have  experienced  in  America.  The  scenery  of  the  Ottawa, 
just  described,  is  by  no  means  so  bold  in  character  as  that  of  the  noble  river  Hudson,  from 
New  York  to  Albany  and  Troy — still,  it  is  one  which  cannot  fail  to  afi"ord  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  the  tourist. 

For  bolder  scenery,  and  the  highlands  of  the  Ottawa — see  next  page  for  account  of 
the  Upper  Ottawa — being  a  continuation  of  the  same  river  from  Ottawa — away  north-west 
— extending  to  parts  as  yet  untrod  by  few,  if  any,  white  men — far  less  by  tourists. 


MONTREAL  TO   OTTAWA,  C.  W. 

VIA   GRAND   TRUNK   RAILROAD. 

Take  the  cars  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  station  in  GrifiBn  Town,  \^  miles  from 
post-office,  Montreal.  Started  from  the  station,  you  proceed,  getting  a  fine  view  of  the  St» 
Lawrence  on  the  left,  the  mountain  on  the  right,  and  the  fine  landscape  stretching  beyond, 
till  you  reach  Point  Claire — 1 5  miles.  Leaving  there,  you  proceed  on  through  a  beautiful 
country  till  you  reach  the  magnificent  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  Ottawa  at  St.  Anne's, 
going  over  which  you  get  a  hasty  glance  of  the  Ottawa  stretching  far  beyond  to  the  west, 
assuming  the  appearance  of  a  magnificent  lake,  situated  in  a  basin,  surrounded  by  finely- 
wooded  hills  in  the  background,  andr  ichly- wooded  country  on  every  side  of  it.  Immedi- 
ately under  this  bridge  you  may  observe  the  rapids  rushing  along,  and  also  the  locks 
where  the  steamer  for  the  Ottawa  River,  from  Lachine,  passes  through  to  avoid  these 
— called  "  St.  Anne's  rapids" — from  the  name  of  the  village  close  by. 

You  pass  on  to  Vaudreuil,  24  miles ;  Cedars,  29  miles ;  Coteau  Landing,  Zl  miles ;  River 
Beaudette,  44  miles;  Lancaster,  54  miles;  Summerstown,  60  mUes;  Cornwall,  68  miles; 
Moulinette,  73  miles;  Dickinson  Landing,  77  miles;  Auitsville,  84  miles;  Williamsburg, 
92  mUes;  Matilda,  99  miles;  Edwardsburg,  104  miles,  to  Prescott  Junction,  112  miles  from 
Montreal. 

At  Prescott  Junction,  you  change  cars,  and  take  those  on  the  line  from  Prescott  to  Ottawa, 
54  miles  distant,  stopping  at  eight  stations  between  these  points.  The  stranger,  if 
newly  arrived,  either  via  Quebec,  or  New  York,  from  Great  Britain,  or  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, wUl,  on  this  line,  get  the  first  glimpse,  most  likely,  of  "  bush  life,"  of  "  shanties,"  and 
"  cleared,"  or  "  partially  cleared"  lands.  The  line  being  a  succession  of  dense  forest, 
swamp,  and  partially  cleared  farms,  presents  few  or  no  interesting  features  to  the  tourist 
farther  than  those  mentioned.  Between  the  last  station  (Gloucester)  and  Ottawa  (11 
miles  off)  the  country  presents  a  much  more  cleared  appearance,  and  a  few  well-cultivated 
farms  will  be  seen  along  the  line  of  railroad,  until  it  arrives  at  the  station,  close  to  New 
Edinburgh,  on  the  one  side  of  the  Rideau  River,  with  Ottawa  on  the  other  side,  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  off. 

You  will  find  vehicles  in  waiting,  which  will  convey  yourself  and  luggage  to  whatever 
hotel  you  please.     Campbell's  Hotel,  Ottawa,  we  can  recommend. 

For  description  of  Ottawa,  see  elsewhere. 

After  you  have  visited  Ottawa,  its  river  above  the  town,  etc.,  etc.,  you  can  return  to 
Montreal,  via  steamer  on  the  River  Ottawa,  via  GrenvUle,  Lachine,  etc.,  (see  Montreal  to 
Ottawa,  via  Lachine  and  steamer,)  or  the  way  you  came. 


t 


84  THE   UPPER  OTTAWA  AND  TRIBUTABIES. 


UNITED   STATES  TO  OTTAWA,  C.  W. 

Prescott  Junction,  on  the  Grand  Ti-unk  Railway,  112  miles  from  Montreal,  is  the  nearest 
point  for  tourists  and  emigrants  from  the  United  States. 

Prescott  is  approached  by  steamer  from  Ogdensburg,  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Or  via  rail  to  Cape  Vincent,  thence  steamer  to  Kingston,  and  rail  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  all  the  way,  viz..  Cape  Vincent,  passing  through  the  Thousand  Islands, 
past  Brockville  on  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  to  Brockville,  thence  rail  to  Prescott  Junction. 

From  Prescott  to  Ottawa  proceed  per  rail,  as  mentioned  in  preceding  route.  See  "Mon- 
treal to  Ottawa,"  per  Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 

From  Suspension  Bridge  or  Niagara  Falls,  per  Great  Western  Rail  to  Toronto,  and  thence 
Grand  Trunk  Railroad  to  Prescott  Junction ;  thence,  rail.  Or  steamer  from  Lewiston  or  Nia- 
gara to  Toronto,  and  thence,  steamer  on  Canada  side,  or  by  the  American  line  of  steamers 
from  Lewiston  and  Niagara  direct  to  Brockville  or  Ogdensburg. 


THE  UPPER  EIVER  OTTAWA. 

A  DESCRIPTION  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  Ottawa  we  have  given  elsewhere,  in  a  trip 
from  Montreal  to  Ottawa,  leaving  the  river  on  reaching  the  town  of  Ottawa. 

For  an  authentic  description  of  the  upper  portion  of  this  wonderful  river,  we  annex  par- 
ticulars regarding  it,  from  a  report  made  to  the  House  of  Assembly,  some  time  ago.  The 
description  of  the  river  which  follows,  commences  at  the  source  of  the  river,  and  proceeds 
on  towards  Ottawa,  till  it  reaches  the  point  we  left  off  at : 

The  length  of  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  River  is  about  780  miles.  From  its  source  it 
bends  in  a  south-west  course,  and  after  receiving  several  tributaries  from  the  height  of 
land  separating  its  waters  from  the  Hudson's  Bay,  it  enters  Lake  Temiscaming.  From  its 
entrance  into  this  lake  downward  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  has  been  surveyed,  and  is  well 
known. 

At  the  head  of  the  lake  the  Blanch  River  falls  in,  coming  about  90  miles  from  the  north. 
Thirty-four  miles  farther  down  the  lake  it  receives  the  Montreal  River,  coming  120  miles 
from  the  north-west.  Six  miles  lower  down  on  the  east,  or  Lower  Canada  bank,  it  re- 
ceives the  Keepawasippi,  a  large  I'iver,  which  has  its  origin  in  a  lake  of  great  size,  hither- 
to but  partially  explored,  and  known  as  Lake  Keepawa.  This  lake  is  connected  with  an- 
other chain  of  irregularly-shaped  lakes,  from  one  of  which  proceeds  the  River  du  Moine, 
which  enters. the  Ottawa  about  100  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Keepawasippi,  the 
double  discharge  from  the  same  chain  of  lakes  in  opposite  directions,  presents  a  phenom- 
enon similar  to  the  connection  between  the  Orinoco  and  Rio  Negro  in  South  America. 

From  the  Long  Sault  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Temiscaming,  233  miles  above  Bytown,  and 
360  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa,  down  to  Deux  Joachim  Rapids,  at  the  head  of 
the  Deep  River,  that  is  for  89  miles,  the  Ottawa,  with  the  exception  of  17  miles  below  the 
Long  Sault,  and  some  other  intervals,  is  not  at  present  navigable,  except  for  canoes.  Be- 
sides other  tributaries  in  the  interval,  at  197  miles  from  Ottawa,  it  receives  on  the  west 
side  the  Mattawan,  which  is  the  highway  for  canoes  going  to  Lake  Huron,  by  Lake  Nipis- 
sing.  From  the  Mattawan  the  Ottawa  flows  east  by  south  to  the  head  of  Deep  River 
Reach,  9  miles  above  which  it  receives  the  River  Du  Moine  from  the  north. 

From  the  head  of  Deep  River — as  this  part  of  the  Ottawa  is  called — to  the  foot  of  Upper 
Allumette  Lake,  2  miles  below  the  village  of  Pembroke,  is  an  uninterrupted  reach  of  navi- 
gable water,  43  miles  in  length.  The  general  direction  of  the  river,  in  this  part,  is  south- 
east. The  mountains  along  the  north  side  of  Deep  River  are  upwards  of  1000  feet  in 
height,  and  tlie  many  wooded  islands  of  Allumette  Lake  render  the  scenery  of  this  part  of 
the  Ottawa  magnificent  and  picturesque — even  said  to  surpass  the  celebrated  Lake  of  the 
Thousand  Islands  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 


THE   UPPER  OTTAWA— AND   RIVER  SAGUEXAY.  85 

• 
Passing  the  short  rapid  of  Allumettes,  and  turning  northward,  round  the  lower  end  of 
Alluraettes  Island,  which  is  14  miles  long,  and  8  at  its  greatest  width,  and  turning  down 
south-east  through  Coulonge  Lake,  and  passing  behind  the  nearly  similar  Islands  of  Calu- 
met, to  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  the  Ottawa  presents,  with  the  exception  of  one 
Blight  rapid,  a  reach  of  50  miles  of  navigable  water.  The  mountains  on  the  north  side  of 
Coulonge  Lake,  which  rise  apparently  to  the  height  of  1500  feet,  add  a  degree  of  grandeur 
to  the  scenery,  which  is,  in  other  respects,  beautiful  and  varied.  In  the  Upper  Allumettes 
Lake,  1500  miles  from  Ottawa,  the  river  receives  from  the  west  the  Petawawee,  one  of  its 
largest  tributaries.  This  river  is  140  miles  in  length,  and  drains  an  area  of  2,200  square 
miles.  At  Pembroke,  9  miles  lower  down  on  the  same  side,  an  inferior  stream,  the  Indian 
River,  also  empties  itself  into  the  Ottawa. 

At  the  head  of  Lake  Coulonge,  the  Ottawa  receives  from  the  north  the  Black  River,  130 
miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  1120  miles;  and  9  miles  lower,  on  the  same  side,  the 
River  Coulonge,  which  is  probably  160  miles  in  length,  with  a  valley  of  1800  square 
miles. 

From  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  to  Portage  du  Fort,  the  head  of  the  steamboat  nav- 
igation, a  distance  of  80  miles,  are  impassible  rapids.  Fifty  miles  above  the  city  the  Otta- 
wa receives  on  the  west  the  Bonechere,  110  miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  980 
miles.  Eleven  miles  lower,  it  receives  the  Madawaska,  one  of  its  greatest  feeders,  a  river 
210  miles  in  length,  and  draining  4,100  square  miles. 

Thirty-seven  miles  above  Ottawa,  there  is  an  interruption  in  the  navigation,  caused  by 
3  miles  of  rapids  and  falls,  to  pass  which  a  railroad  has  been  made.  At  the  foot  of  the 
rapids,  the  Ottawa  divides  among  islands. 

Six  miles  above  Ottawa  begins  the  rapids,  terminating  in  the  Chaudi^re  Falls,  Ottawa. 

The  greatest  height  of  the  Chaudi^re  Falls  is  about  40  feet. 

A  TRIP  TO  THE  Rm:R  SAGUE^^AY. 

For  about  $12,  a  trip  can  be  enjoyed  to  and  from  one  of  the  most  magnificent  districts  in 
Canada — where  nature  appears  in  all  her  wild  and  secluded  grandeur. 

Tourists  take  the  steamer  from  Quebec,  which  sails  generally  every  Wednesday. 

To  quote  from  one  who  visited  this  district,  "  You  leave  in  the  morning,  and  passing 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  put  in  at  several  places  for  passengers,  which  gives  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  hahitans,  and  the  old-fashioned  French  settlements  of  St.  Thomas,  Eiver 
Ouelle,  Kamouraska,  and  many  others,  together  with  Orleans  Island,  Crane  Island,  Goose 
Island,  and  the  Pilgrims.  The  north  and  south  shores  of  the  river  are  thickly  studded  with 
parish  churches,  having  spires  of  tin  Avhich  glitter  in  the  sun  like  shining  silver ;  these,  and 
the  whitewashed  farm-houses,  form  two  objects  characteristic  of  Lower  Canada.  By  sunset 
you  arrive  at  River  du  Loup.  The  water  is  quite  salt,  and  the  river,  expanding  to  the 
breadtli  of  20  miles,  gives  it  the  appearance  of  an  open  sea ;  and  it  is  much  frequented  as  a 
sea-bathing  place. 

"  Here  you  remain  all  night  on  board,  so  as  to  be  ready  for  an  early  start  at  dawn,  when 
you  stretch  across  for  the  north  shore,  steering  for  a  great  gap  in  the  mountains.  Tliis  is 
the  mouth  of  the  Saguenaj-,  one  of  the  most  singular  rivers  in  the  world ;  not  a  common 
river,  with  undulating  banks  and  shelving  shores,  and  populous  villages:  not  a  river  pre- 
cipitous on  one  side,  and  rolling  land  on  the  other,  formed  by  the  washing  away  of  the 
mountains  for  ages :  this  is  not  a  river  of  that  description.  It  is  perfectly  straight,  with  a 
sheer  precipice  on  each  side,  without  any  windings,  or  projecting  bluffs,  or  sloping  banks, 
or  sandy  shores.  It  is  as  if  the  mountain  range  had  been  cleft  asunder,  leaving  a  horrid 
gulf  of  60  miles  in  length,  and  4000  feet  in  depth,  through  the  grey  mica-schist,  and  still 
looking  new  and  fresh.  1500  feet  of  this  is  perpendicular  cliff,  often  too  steep  and  solid  for 
the  hemlock  or  dwarf  oak  to  find  root ;  in  which  case,  being  covered  with  coloured  lichens 
and  moss,  these  fresh-looking  fractures  often  look,  in  shape  and  colour,  like  painted  fans, 
and  are  called  the  Pictured  Rocks.    But  those  parts,  more  slanting,  are  thickly  covered  with 


86  RIVER  SAGUENAY. 

stunted  trees,  spruee  and  maple,  and  Lirch,  growing  wherever  they  can  find  crevices  to 
extract  nourishment:  and  the  bare  roots  of  the  oak,  grasping  the  rock,  have  a  resemblance 
to  gigantic  claws.  The  base  of  these  cliffs  lie  far  under  water,  to  an  unknown  depth.  For 
man}-  miles  from  its  mouth,  no  soundings  have  been  obtained  with  2000  feet  of  line,  and  for 
the  entire  distance  of  GO  miles,  until  you  reach  Ha-ha  Bay,  the  largest  ships  can  sail  with- 
out obstruction  from  banks  or  shoals,  and  on  reaching  the  extremity  of  the  bay,  can  drop 
their  anchor  in  30  fathoms. 

"  The  view  up  this  river  is  singular  in  many  respects ;  hour  after  hour,  as  you  sail  along, 
precipice  after  precijiice  unfolds  itself  to  view,  as  in  a  moving  panorama,  and  you  some- 
times forget  the  size  and  height  of  the  objects  you  are  contemplating,  until  reminded  by 
seeing  a  ship  of  1000  tons  lying  like  a  small  pinnace  under  the  towering  cliff  to  which  she 
is  moored ;  for,  even  in  these  remote  and  desolate  regions,  industry  is  at  work,  and,  although 
j'ou  cannot  much  discern  it,  sa\v-mills  have  been  built  on  some  of  the  tributary  streams 
which  fall  into  the  Saguenay.  But  what  strikes  one  most,  is  the  absence  of  beach  or  strand ; 
for  except  in  a  few  places  where  mountain  torrents,  rushing  through  gloomy  ravines,  have 
washed  down  the  detritus  of  the  hills,  and  formed  some  alluvial  land  at  the  mouth,  no 
coves,  nor  creeks,  nor  projecting  rocks  are  seen  in  which  a  boat  could  find  shelter,  or  any 
footing  be  obtained.  The  characteristic  is  a  steep  wall  of  rock,  rising  abruptly  from  the 
water — a  dark  and  desolate  region,  where  all  is  cold  and  gloomy;  the  mountains  hidden 
with  driving  mist,  the  water  black  as  ink,  and  cold  as  ice.  No  ducks  nor  sea-gulls  sitting 
on  the  water,  or  screaming  for  their  prey ;  no  hawks  nor  eagles  soaring  overhead,  although 
there  is  abundance  of  what  might  be  called  '  Eagle  Cliffs ;'  no  deer  coming  down  to  di-ink 
at  the  streams ;  no  squirrels  nor  birds  to  be  seen  among  the  trees ;  no  fly  on  the  water,  nor 
swallow  skimming  over  the  surface.     It  reminds  you  of 

'That  lake  whose  {rloomy  shore 
Sky-lark  never  warbled  o'er.' 

One  living  thing  you  may  see,  but  it  is  a  cold-blooded  animal ;  you  may  see  the  cold  seal, 
spreading  himself  upon  his  clammy  rock,  watching  for  his  prey.  And  this  is  all  j-ou  see 
for  the  first  20  miles,  save  the  ancient  settlement  of  Tadousac  at  the  entrance,  and  the 
pretty  cove  of  L'Ance  a  I'Eau,  which  is  a  fishing  station. 

"  Now  you  reach  Cape  Eternitfi,  Cape  Trinite,  and  many  other  overhanging  cliffs, 
remarkable  for  having  such  clean  fractures,  seldom  equalled  for  boldness  and  effect,  which 
create  constant  apprehensions  of  danger,  even  in  a  calm ;  but  if  you  happen  to  be  caught  in 
a  thunder-storm,  the  roar,  and  darkness,  and  flashes  of  lightning  are  perfectly  appalling. 
At  last  you  terminate  your  voyage  at  Ha-ha  Bay,  that  is,  smiling  or  laughing  bay  in  the 
Indian  language,  for  j-ou  are  perfectly  charmed  and  relieved  to  arrive  at  a  beautiful  spot 
where  you  have  sloping  banks,  a  pebbly  shore,  boats  and  wherries,  and  vessels  riding  at 
anchor,  birds  and  animals,  a  village,  a  church,  French  Canadians  and  Scottish  Highlanders, 
and  in  short,  there  is  nothing  can  remind  one  more  of  a  scene  in  Argyleshire. 

"  Tlie  day  is  now  half  spent ;  you  have  been  ashore,  looking  through  the  village,  examin- 
ing into  the  nature  of  what  appears  a  very  thriving  settlement;  the  inhabitants  seem  to  be 
all  French  and  Scotch,  understanding  each  othei-'s  language,  and  living  in  perfect  amity. 
You  hear  that  Mr.  Price,  of  Quebec,  is  the  gentlemen  to  whom  all  this  improvement  is  due. 
That  it  is  he  who  has  opened  up  the  Saguenay  country,  having  erected  many  saw-mills, 
each  the  nucleus  of  a  village,  and  that  a  trade  in  sawed  lumber  is  carried  on  to  the  extent 
of  100  ship  loads  in  the  season.  The  river  is  navigable  for  ships  as  fiir  as  Chicoutimi,  about 
70  miles  from  its  mouth.  An  extensive  lumbering  establishment  is  there,  and  the  timber 
is  collected  in  winter  through  all  the  neighbouring  country,  as  far  as  Lake  St.  John,  wliich 
is  50  miles  further  up,  and  is  the  grand  source  of  the  Saguenay. 

"  After  having  seen  and  heard  all  this,  you  get  on  board,  weigh  anchor,  pass  again  down 
the  river,  reviewing  the  solemn  scene,  probably  meeting  neither  vessel,  boat  nor  canoe, 
through  all  the  dreary  way,  and  arrive  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  in  time  to  cross  to  River 


THE   FALLS   OF   MONTMOEENCI. 


87 


(lu  Loup,  where  j'ou  again  find  a  safe  harbour  for  the  night.  Next  day  yon  again  pass  up 
the  St.  Lawrence,  stopping  for  a  short  time  at  Murray  Bay,  a  beautiful  grassy  valley  on 
the  north  shore,  surrounded  by  wooded  mountains,  and  much  frequented  by  Quebec  fam- 
ilies, as  a  bathing  place.  You  arrive  at  Quebec  in  the  evening,  thus  taking  just  3  days  for 
your  excursion,  at  an  expense  of  about  $12." 


FALLS  OF  MONTMOEENCI,  NEAR  QUEBEC. 


Few  strangers  visit  Quebec  without  going  to  see  the  Falls  of  Montmorenci.  These  Falls,  which  are  situated 
in  a  beautiful  nook  of  the  river,  are  higher  than  those  of  Niagara,  being  more  than  two  hundred  and  tifty 
feet ;  but  they  are  very  narrow,  being  only  some  fifty  feet  wide.  This  place  is  a  very  celebrated  focus  of 
winter  amusements.  During  the  frost,  the  spray  from  the  Falls  accumulates  to  such  an  extent  as  to  form  a 
cone  of  some  eighty  feet  high.  There  is  also  a  second  cone  of  inferior  altitude,  and  it  is  this  of  which  visit- 
ors make  the  most  use,  as  being  less  dangerous  than  the  higher  one.  They  carry  "  toboggins," — long,  thin 
pieces  of  wood — and  having  arrived  at  the  summit,  place  themselves  on  these  and  slide  down  with  immense 
velocity.  Ladies  and  gentlemen  both  enter  with  equal  spirit  into  this  amusement.  It  requires  much  skill  to 
avoid  accidents  ;  but  sometimes  people  do  tumble  heels  over  head  to  the  bottom.  They  generally  drive  to 
this  spot  in  sleighs,  taking  their  wine  and  provisions  with  them ;  and  upon  the  pure  white  cloth  which  nature 
has  spread  out  for  them,  they  partake  of  their  dainty  repast  and  enjoy  a  most  agreeable  pic-nic.  One  does 
not  feel  in  the  least  cold,  as  the  exercise  so  thoroughly  warms  and  invigorates  the  system.  The  distance  of 
these  Falls  from  Quebec  is  eight  miles. 


art  C|ir^. 


UNITED    STATES. 


-«-♦ 


CITIES  01^  THE  SEABOARD, 


AND 


NORTH  AND  NORTHWESTERN  STATES. 


!i 


COIfTENTS    OF    PART    III. 


PAGE 

Baltimore,  Gty  of, 59 

Boston,  City  of 56 

Brief  Account  of  United  States 17 

Buffalo,  City  of, 87 

Chicago,  City  of, 93 

Cincinnati,  City  of, 75 

Cit}^  of  Baltimore 69 

"       Boston 56 

"      Buffalo 87 

"       Cincinnati 75 

"       Chicago 93 

Cleveland 84 

"       Detroit 92 

"       Madison 100 

"       Milwaukee 96 

New  York 25 

"       Philadelphia 52 

"       Portland 91 

Pittsburg 71 

St.  Louis 73 

"       City  of  Washington 47 

Detroit,  City  of, 92 

Elevations,  principal  in  America 18 

George  Washington 16 

Government  of  United  States 21 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 


PAGB 

Illinois,  State  of, 101 

Iowa,  State  of, 103 

Madison,  City  of, 100 

Michigan,  State  of, 106 

Milwaukee,  City  of, 96 

Minnesota,  Territory  of, 112 

Missouri,  State  of, _ 109 

Mountains  in  America,  principal 17 

Mount  Vernon 50 

Xew  Orleans,  City  of, 63 

Patent  Office,  Washington 51 

Philadelphia,  City  of, 52 

Pittsburg,  City  of, 71 

Portland,  City  of, 91 

Presidents  of  United  States 22 

Rivers  in  America,  principal IS 

St.  Louis,  City  of, 73 

The  Capitol  at  Washington 48 

The  Great  Lakes  in  America 20 

United  States,  Brief  Account  of 17 

United  States'  Government 21 

United  States'  Presidents 22 

United  States'  Government  departments  23 

Washington,  City  of 47 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

Wisconsin,  State  of, 104 


Jfilustrations. 


PAGE 

George  Washington 16 

Hon.  James  Buchanan 22 

New  York,  View  of  City 25 

"  Broadway 27 

"  Park  and  City  Hall 28 

"  University 29 

"  Halls  of  Justice 30 

"  Custom  House 30 

*♦  Merchants'  Exchange  ....  31 

"  Free  Academy 32 

"  Private  Residence 33 

"  Tlie  Cooper  Institute 33 

"  The  Hospital 34 

"  La  Farge  House 35 

"  Trinity  Church 36 

"  All  Souls'  Church 37 

"  Hisli  Bridge — Aqueduct..  41 

"  Bank  of  the  Republic 42 

"  Phelan's  Billiard  Rooms  . .  42  • 

Washington — The  Capitol 48 


PAGB 

Washmgton— The  Patent  Office 51 

Baltimore — View  of  City 60 

New  OMeans— View  of  Canal  Street ...  64 

"                The  French  Cathedral  .  65 

"               Avenue  in  the  Cemetery  67 

Ohio  River — Suspension  Bridge 69 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

Pittsburg — View  of  City 71 

Cincinnati — View  of  City 80 

Third  Street 77 

Fourth  Street 80 

"            Masonic  Temple 78 

"             National  Theatre 81 

Cleveland — View  of  Superior  Street  . .  85 

Buffalo — Looking  up  Main  Street 88 

"         From  the  Creek 89 

Detroit — View  of  City 92 

Chicago — View  of  City, 95 

Milwaukee — View  of  City 97 

Madison,  View  of ^^ 


v«\ 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON— FIRST  AMERICAN  PRESIDENT. 


"  THE   FATHER    OF   HIS   COUXTRY. 

George  Washington-  was  born  at  Bridge's  Creek,  Virginia,  July  22(1,  1732.  At  the  age 
of  19,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  adjutant-generals  of  Virginia.  In  lT54,he  joined  the  ex- 
pedition of  General -Braddock,  who  was  killed,  when  the  command  devolved  on  Washing- 
ton, whose  masterly  conduct  of  the  retreat  is  celebrated  in  history.  He  was  soon  appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  of  Virginia,  and  in  1758  led  the  expedition  to  Fort 
Du  Quesne,  (Pittsburg,)  which  repelled  the  French  from  the  western  frontier.  In  IT'74,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Ameri- 
can army,  and  served  through  the  Revolution,  refusing  to  receive  any  pay  for  his  services, 
and  only  reimbursement  of  his  expenses.  In  1787,  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
national  convention  for  forming  the  Constitution,  and  was  chosen  its  president.  In  1780. 
he  was  unanimously  elected  President  of  the  United  States  for  -4  years,  and  unanimously 
re-elected  in  1793.  lie  declined  a  third  re-election,  and  issued  his  farewell  address.  After 
Mr.  Adams's  inauguration,  he  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  near  Washington  City,  D.  C,  where 
he  died  on  the  14th  of  December,  1799,  in  W^  68th  year  of  his  age. 

His  virtues  and  patriotism  have  won  for  him  the  imperishable  title  throughout  the  w.)rl<l 
of  "  The  Father  of  his  Country." 


BRIEF  ACCOUlSTr  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States,  a  confederacy  of  sovereign  States,  and  the  most  influential  Republic 
of  the  -world,  occupies  the  middle  portion  of  Xortli  America.  This  confederation,  consisti- 
ing  originally  of  thirteen  States,  but  now  of  thirty-one  States,  the  federal  district,  and  sev- 
eral territorial  appendages,  lies  between  the  parallels  of  24°  and  49°  north  latitude,  and  the 
meridians  of  10°  east  and  48°  west  from  Washington,  or  67°  and  125°  from  Greenwich,  ex- 
tending from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  the  British  colonies  on  the  north, 
to  the  Republic  of  Mexico  and  the  great  Gulf  on  the  south.  The  whole  extent  of  this 
boundary  is  now  definitely  settled  b}'  treaty.  Tlie  greatest  width  of  this  country,  from 
east  to  west,  is  2900  miles,  and  the  greatest  depth,  from  north  to  south,  1730  miles.  Its 
area  may  be  estimated  at  3,260,000  square  miles,  including  California,  Texas,  etc.,  recently 
acquired.  It  has  a  frontier  of  about  10,000  miles,  of  which  4400  is  sea-coast,  and  1500  lake- 
coast. 

Its  shores  are  washed  by  three  seas,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  The  principal  bays  and  sounds  on  the 
Atlantic  border  are  Passamaquoddy  Baj-,  which  lies  between  the  State  of  JIaine  and  the 
British  province  of  2s  cav  Brunswick ;  Mass;\chusetts  Baj-,  between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod ; 
Long  Island  Sound,  between  Long  Island  and  the  coast  of  Connecticut ;  Delaware  Bay, 
which  sets  up  between  Cape  May  and  Cape  Henlopen,  separating  the  States  of  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware ;  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  communicates  with  the  ocean  between  Cape 
Charles  and  Cajie  Henry,  extending  in  a  northern  direction  for  200  miles,  through  the 
States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland ;  Albemarle  Sound  and  Pamlico  Sound,  on  the  coast  of 
Xorth  Carolina,  Tliere  are  no  large  bays  or  sounds  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
On  the  Pacific  coast,  however,  there  are  several  excellent  bays,  but  the  principal  and  only 
one  necessary  to  mention  is  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  in  the  State  of  California.  It  is  one 
of  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  and  capable  of  containing  the  navies  of  all  the  European 
powers  at  one  time. 

MOUNTAINS. 

The  territory  of  the  United  States  is  traversed  by  two  principal  chains  of  mountains,  the 
Alleghanies  on  the  east  side,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west.  These  divide  the 
country  into  three  distinct  regions,  the  Atlantic  slope,  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
declivity  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 

The  Alleghanies  are  less  a  chain  of  mountains  than  a  long  plateau,  crested  with  several 
chains  of  mountains  or  hills,  separated  from  each  other  by  wide  and  elevated  valleys. 

East  of  the  Hudson  the  mountains  are  chiefly  granitic,  with  rounded  summits,  often  cov- 
ered at  their  tops  with  bog  and  turf,  and  distributed  in  irregular  groups  without  any 
marked  direction.  Some  peaks  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont,  and  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  Xew  Hampshire,  rise  to  the  height  of  5000  to  6400  feet  above  the  sea.  After  pass- 
ing the  Hudson,  the  structure  of  the  mountains  seems  to  change. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  they  assume  the  form  of  long  parallel  ridges,  varying  in 
height  from  2500  to  4000  feet,  and  occupying  a  breadth  of  100  miles. 

In  North  Carolina  the  highest  culmination  is  6476  feet;  but  in  the  northern  part  of 
Georgia  and  Alabama,  where  they  terminate,  they  again  lose  the  fonn  of  continuous  chains, 
and  break  into  groups  of  isolated  mountains,  touching  at  their  base,  some  of  which  attain 
a  considerable  elevation. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  are  on  a  much  grander  scale  than  the  Alleghanies.  Their  base  is 
300  miles  in  breadth,  and  their  loftiest  summits,  covered  with  everlasting  snow,  rise  to  the 
height  of  10  to  14,000  feet.  These  vast  chains  may  be  considered  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  Mexico.  They  are  distant  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  500  to  600  miles,  but 
between  them  and  the  coast,  several  minor  ranges  intersect  the  country,  of  which  the  Mari- 
time Range  is  the  most  conspicuous. 


LS 


ELEVATIONS   AND   RIVERS. 


ELETTATIOXS   MORE   TTLVN    1000    FEET    ABOVE   THE    LES'EL    OF   THE   SEA. 


Rocky  Mountains 14,000 

Sierra  Navada 7,200 

South  Pass 7,0S5 

Santa  Fe 6,S00 

Mount  Washington  (White  Mountains). .  6,2.34 

Mount  Adams 5,759 

Mount  Jeflerson 5,657 

Mount  Madison 5,415 

Mount  Monroe 5,349 

Mount  Franklin 4,850 

Mount  Lafayette 5,500 

Mouut  Marcy ( Adirondacks) 5,467 

Mount  Maclntyre.  "  5,183 

Mount  McMartin . .  "  5,000 

Dial  Mountain "  4,'JOO 


Feet. 

(Adirondacks) 4,855 

4,000 


White  Face  . . . 
Mount  Seward 

Mouut  Lyon. .  "  

North  Peak (Green  Mountains) 

Camel's  Hump " 

Shrewsbury  Mountain 


4,000 
4,279 
4,188 


South  Peak  .    " 

Killington  Peak...  " 

Equinox  Mountain.  .  " 

Ascutney  Mountain  " 

Peaks  of  Otter  ( Alleghanies) 4,260 

Catskill  Mountains 3,800 

Bhie  Ridge 1,500 

Sources  of  the  Mississippi 1,400 


4,086 
3,983 
3,924 
3,924 
3,320 


PJYERS. 

The  principal  rivers  of  the  L^nited  States  may  be  divided  into  four  classes.  First,  the 
Mississippi  and  its  wide-spread  branches,  -which  drain  the  waters  of  the  whole  country  in- 
cluded between  the  Allegliany  and  Rocky  Mountains;  second,  the  rivers  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  which,  rising  from  their  eastern  declivity,  water  the  Atlantic  plain,  and 
hence  flow  into  the  ocean ;  third,  the  system  of  rivers  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
which  may  be  subdivided  into  those  flowing  from  the  southern  slope  of  the  Alleglianies, 
and  those  having  their  source  in  the  north-western  highlands  of  Texas;  and,  fourth,  those 
streams  on  the  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Mississippi  rises  west  of  Lake  Superior,  in  latitude  47°  47'  north,  amid  lakes  and 
swamps,  dreary  and  desolate  beyond  description ;  and  after  a  south-east  course  of  about 
600  miles,  reaches  the  Falls  of  the  St.  Anthony,  where  it  descends  perpendicularly  16  feet, 
and  where  are  numerous  rapids.  From  these  falls  it  pursues,  at  first,  a  south-easterly,  and 
then  a  southerly  direction  ;  and  after  forming  the  boimdary  between  Iowa,  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  on  the  west,  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Mississippi  on  the 
east,  passes  through  Louisiana,  and  discharges  itself  through  a  delta  of  many  mouths  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  nearly  8200  miles  in  length,  and  is  navigable,  with  few  obstruc- 
tions, to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Its  principal  tributaries  from  the  east  are  : — 

1.  The  Wisconsin,  which  joins  it  between  the  parallels  42°  and  43'  north  latitude. 

2.  The  Illinois,  a  navigable  river,  which  joins  it  near  latitude  38°  and  40'  north. 

3.  The  Ohio,  which  is  itself  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
Rivers  at  Pittsburg.  It  flows  in  a  south-westerly  direction  for  945  miles,  separating  the 
north-western  States  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  in  37°  north 
latitude.  The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  are  the  Wabash,  the  Cumberland,  and  the  Ten- 
nessee, which  last  is  formed  of  several  streams  from  the  western  parts  of  Virginia  and  the 
Carolinas,  which  unite  a  little  west  of  Knoxville,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  runs,  at 
first,  south-west  into  Alabama,  where  it  turns  and  runs  north-west,  tlirougli  Tennessee  into 
Kentucky,  and  join's  the  Ohio  10  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland. 

4.  The  Yazoo,  which  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and,  running 
south-west,  joins  the  Mississipjn  100  miles  above  Natchez. 

The  tributaries  from  the  west  are: — 

1.  The  ilinnesota,  or  St.  Peter's,  which  joins  it  about  9  miles  below  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony, after  a  south-east  course  of  several  hundred  miles. 

2.  The  Des  Moines,  which  joins  it  near  tiie  parallel  of  40°  north  latitude,  after  a  south- 
easterly course  of  more  tlian  8t)0  miles. 

3.  Tiie  Missouri,  which  is  formed  bj-  three  branches,  called  Jefferson's,  Madison's,  and 
Gallatin's  Rivers,  all  of  which  rise  and  unite  in  the  Rocky  Jtlountains.  The  whole  length, 
from  the  highest  point  of  Jcft'ersou's  River,  to  the  confluence  with  the  Mississippi,  is,  by 
actual  course,  about  2500  miles,  and  to  the  Gkulf  of  Mexico  about  4350  miles ;  during  the 
whole  of  which  distance  there  is  no  cataract  or  considerable  impediment  to  the  navigation, 


RIVERS   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES.  19 

except  at  Great  Falls,  which  are  above  2000  miles  from  the  Mississippi.  At  these  falls  the, 
river  descends,  in  the  distance  of  18  miles,  362  feet.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Missouri 
are  the  Yellow  Stone,  wliich  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  joins  it  after  a  north-east- 
ly  course  of  600  miles ;  the  Nebraska  or  Platte,  which  rises  also  in  those  mountains,  and, 
after  an  easterly  course  of  800  miles,  joins  the  Missouri  in  latitude  41°  north;  and  the 
Kansas,  which  joins  it  near  latitude  39°  north,  after  an  easterly  course  of  more  than  600 
miles. 

Probably  no  district  in  the  United  States  will  shortly  be  attracting  the  attention  of 
settlers,  if  not  already  doing  so,  than  portions  of  the  vast  region  connected  with  the  Mis- 
souri River  and  Valley.  The  opening  of  the  great  Pacific  mail  route  last  October,  will  tend 
very  materially  to  the  development  of  that  portion  of  the  country,  which  is  found  to  be 
suitable  for  colonization.  The  route  referred  to  now  joins  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  with  Sau 
Francisco,  (California,)  or  in  other  words,  forming  a  continuous  chain  of  rapid  communica- 
tion from  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  those  of  the  Atlantic — the  great  barrier  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  dreary  wastes  of  its  "  bad  lands,"  forming  no  longer  any  impedi- 
ment to  the  determination  of  American  euterpj-ise.  The  time  occupied  by  the  mail  route 
referred  to  is  25  days. 

4.  The  Arkansas,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  pursuing  a  south-easterly 
course,  forms,  for  some  distance,  the  boundary  between  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas; 
after  which,  its  course  lies  principally  in  the  State  of  Arkansas,  till  it  joins  the  Mississip]>i 
in  34°  north  latitude.     Its  length  is  more  than  1300  miles. 

5.  Tlie  Red  River,  which  also  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  below  Sante  Fe,  and,  after  a 
south-easterly  course  of  more  than  l(jOO  miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  in  latitude  31°  north. 

The  principal  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghanies  are : — 

1.  The  Connecticut,  which  rises  in  the  highlands  separating  the  United  States  from  Can- 
ada, and,  running  soutlierh',  divides  New  Hampshire  from  Vermont,  and  passing  through 
^lassachusetts  and  Connecticut,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  for 
50  miles  to  Hartford,  and,  by  means  of  canals  and  other  improvements,  has  been  rendered 
passaljle  for  boats  250  ifiiles  further. 

2.  Tlie  Hudson,  which  rises  west  of  lake  Champlain,  and  pursuing  a  southerly  course  of 
more  than  300  miles,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  New  York,  after  receiving  numerous  affluents. 
It  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  130  miles,  and  for  sloops  and  steamboats  to  Troy,  40 
miles  farther.  It  is  connected  with  Lakes  Champlain,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  by  means  of  canals 
from  Albanj^,  and  witli  the  Delaware  by  a  canal  from  Rondout. 

3.  The  Delaware,  whidi  rises  in  New  York,  and  flowing  southerly,  separates  Pennsyl- 
vania from  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  falls  into  Delaware  Bay,  after  a  course  of  300 
miles.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  40  miles,  to  Philadelj)hia,  and  for  sloops  35  miles 
farther,  to  the  head  of  the  tide  at  Trenton  Falls. 

4.  The  Susquehanna,  which  also  rises  in  New  York,  and,  pursuing  a  southerly  zig-zag 
course  tlirougli  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  near  the  north-east 
corner  of  Maryland.  During  the  last  50  miles  the  navigation  is  obstructed  by  an  almost 
continued  series  of  rapids. 

5.  The  Potomac,  which  rises  in  the  Alleghanies,  and  after  forming,  during  its  whole 
course,  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  falls  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is 
■navigable  for  ships  of  the  largest  dimensions  to  'Washington,  the  federal  capital,  about  200 
miles  from  the  ocean ;  but  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course  there  are  numerous  obstacles, 
many  of  which,  however,  have  been  overcome  by  canals. 

6.  James  River,  which  rises  in  the  mountains,  and  falls  into  the  southern  part  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

7.  The  Savannah,  which  forms  the  dividing  line  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  latitude  32°  north.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Savan- 
nah, 17  miles;  and  for  boats  to  Augusta,  130  miles  farther. 

The  principal  rivers  which  rise  south  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  fall  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
are: — 


20  RIVERS   IN   AMERICA. 

1.  The  Appalachicola,  which  discharges  itself  into  Apalachee  Bay,  in  Florida.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Chattahooche  and  Flint  rivers,  the  former  of  which  rises  in  the 
northern  part  of  Georgia,  and  flowing  south,  receives  the  Flint  at  the  south-west  extremity 
of  the  State.  During  the  latter  part  of  its  course,  the  Chattahooche  forms  the  boundary 
between  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

2.  The  Mobile,  wliich  discharges  itself  into  Mobile  Bay.  It  is  formed  by  two  large  rivers, 
the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee,  which  unite  near  latitude  31°  north,  after  having  pursued 
each  a  separate  course  of  many  hundred  miles.  There  is  another  system  of  rivers  flowing 
into  the  Gulf  from  the  highlands  of  northern  Texas,  consisting  of  the  Sabine,  Trinity,  Brazos, 
etc.,  which  need  only  be  mentioned  here,  as  the  geography  of  Texas  will  be  minutely  de- 
scribed elsewhere. 

The  rivers  flowing  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  consist  of: — 

1.  The  Columbia,  which  rises  near  latitude  55°  north,  and,  running  south-west,  falls  into 
the  ocean  in  latitude  46°  15',  after  a  course  of  1500  miles.  Its  principal  tributaries  are 
Clark's  River,  Lewis'  River,  and  the  Multnomah  or  Willamette,  all  of  wliicli  join  it  on  its 
left  bank.  This  river  was  discovered  in  1792,  and  settlements  were  made  in  the  neighbour- 
hood by  Americans  in  1810.  The  mouth  of  the  river  is  obstructed  by  flats,  but  vessels  of 
300  tons  can  ascend  to  the  distance  of  125  miles,  and  large  sloops  farther. 

2.  The  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  emptying  into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

3.  The  Buenaventura,  rising  in  the  coast  range  of  the  California  Mountains,  empties  into 
Monterey  Bay. 

4.  The  Colorado,  and  River  Gila  (which  separates  Mexico  from  the  United  States),  flow 
from  the  mountains  near  Santa  Fe,  and  would,  if  not  received  by  the  Gulf  of  California, 
empty  into  the  Pacific ;  they  belong,  however,  to  the  same  system  of  rivers. 

5.  The  St.  Lawrence.  Particulars  regarding  this  river,  which  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada,  will  be  found  in  another  portion  of  this  work. 

OF    THE    RIVERS    ABOVE    300    MILES,    WE    ANNEX    A    LIST. 


St.  Lawrence 750 

"  [including  Great  Lakes] 2,300 

Tennessee 720 

Susquehanna 680 

Kansas 600 

Yellow  Stone 600 

Connecticut 350 

Delaware 350 

Hudson 320 

Potomac 310 

James 310 


Miks. 

Missouri 2,500 

"        [with  Lower  Mississippi] 4,350 

Mississippi  [Upper] 1,932 

[Lower] 1,210 

Arkansas 1,550 

Del  Norte 1,550 

Ohio  [with  Alleghany] 1,050 

Oregon  or  Columbia l,4i)0 

Red^River 1,000 

Ottawa HOO 

Nebraska  or  Platte 800 

Des  Moines 800 

Showing  a  total  of  26,238  miles  in  all,  and  only  of  the  rivers  above  300  miles  long  each. 

THE  GREAT  LAKES. 

"With  the  exception  of  Michigan  and  Champlain,  none  of  the  great  lakes  of  North  Amer- 
ica lie  wholly  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States;  the  others  are  on  the  northern 
boundary,  where  they  form  a  connected  chain,  extending  through  a  distance  of  more  than 
1200  miles.  The  first  in  the  chain  is  Lake  Superior,  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
globe.  Few  persons  are  really  aware  of  the  magnitude  of  these  great  lakes;  they  are  truly 
inland  seas,  and  navigation  is  as  dangerous,  and  subjected  to  all  the  vicissitudes  which  are 
connected  with  the  navigation  of  the  Baltic,  the  Black  Sea,  or  the  Mediterranean. 

Lake  Champlain,  lying  between  Vermont  and  New  York,  is  128  miles  long,  and  from  1 
to  16  miles  wide,  and  discharges  its  waters  through  the  Sorel  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is 
computed  that  the  lakes  contain  above  14,000  cubic  miles  of  water — a  quantity  more  than 
five-sevenths  of  all  the  fresh  water  on  the  earth.  The  extent  of  country  drained  by  the 
lakes,  from  the  nortli-western  angle  of  Superior  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  including  also  the  area 
of  the  lakes  themselves,  is  estimated  at  335,515  square  miles. 


Mean  Depth. 
.  m 900  feet. 

Elst 

.  above  Sea 
596  feet. 

"     1,000    " 

"     1,000    "  . 

"     1,000    " 

"     8-i    " 

"     500    "   . 

.... 

568     " 
578     " 
578     " 
565     " 
232     " 

"     iiO    " 

570     " 

LAKES — GOVERNMENT  OF   UNITED   STATES.  21 

The  following  is  a  tabular  statement  of  the  extent  of  these  fresh-water  seas,  with  the  mean 
depth  of  their  waters,  and  their  elevation  above  the  sea: — 

Names.  Mean  Length.       Mean  Breadth.         Area. 

Lake  Superior 400  miles 80  miles 32,000  sq 

"     Michigau 320  "  70  "  22,400 

"     Huron 240  "  80  "  20,400 

"  Green  Bay  . . .   100  "  20  "  2,000 

"     Erie 240  "  40  "  <t,600 

"     Ontario 180  "  35  "  6,300 

"    St.  Clair 20  "  14  "  300 

GOVERNMENT  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  a  federal  democratic  Republic.  It  is  based  on 
the  Constitution  of  1787,  and  amendments  thereto. 

The  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  several  State  Legislators  are  qualified 
electors  in  the  States  respectively  for  all  elective  officers  of  the  general  government. 

All  legislative  powers  are  vested  in  Congress,  which  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

The  "  House  of  Representatives"  (occupying  the  position  of  "  House  of  Commons"  of 
Britain)  is  composed  of  members  chosen,  every  second  year,  by  the  people  of  the  several 
States,  and  in  number  in  accordance  with  the  population  of  each,  and  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  number  each  State  is  entitled  to,  a  census  is  taken  ever}-  ten  years,  excluding  from  the 
enumeration  for  this  object  two-thirds  of  the  slaves,  and  all  Indians  not  taxed.  Each  State 
is  entitled  to  at  least  one  representative.  Vacancies  are  filled  hy  intermediate  elections. 
The  House  chooses  its  speaker  and  other  otficers.  No  person  under  25  years  of  age,  who 
has  been  less  than  seven  jears  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is  not  a  resident  of 
the  State  electing  him,  is  qualified  for  representative. 

The  Constitution  provided  for  a  specific  number  of  representatives  from  each  State  to 
compose  the  House  until  the  ascertainment  of  the  population  under  the  census  of  1790  ;  but 
since  then  legislation  has  decennially  fixed  the  number  to  be  elected.  From  the  3d  of 
March,  1793,  the  apportionment  was  one  representative  to  every  33,000  of  the  representa- 
tive population;  after  1803,  one  to  every  33,000  also;  after  1813,  one  to  every  35,000; 
after  1823,  one  to  every  40,000;  after  1833,  one  to  every  47,000;  after  1843,  one  to  every 
70,680;  and  after  3d  of  March,  1853,  233  representatives  to  be  divided  p-o  rata  to  the  sev- 
eral States. 

In  addition  to  these  representatives  from  States,  the  House  admits  a  delegate  from  each 
organized  territory,  who  has  the  right  to  debate  on  subjects  in  which  his  territory  is  inter- 
ested, but  cannot  vote.     California  has  tico  members  by  a  special  act 

The  "Senate"  (or  Upper  House)  consists  of  two  members  from  each  State,  elected  by  the 
Legislatures  thereof  respectively  for  six  years.  One-third  the  whole  body  is  renewed  bien- 
nially, and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  anj"  State,  the  executive  of  such  State  makes  a  temporary  appointment  until  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  fills  such  vacancy.  Senators  must  be  at  least  thirty 
years  old,  must  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  for  nine  years,  and  be  residents  of 
the  State  by  which  chosen.  Each  senator  has  one  vote.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate,  but  a  president  pro  tempore  is  elected  by  and 
from  among  the  senators,  who,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  acts  in  his  stead. 

The  Constitutional  government  went  into  operation  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  but  a 
quorum  of  the  first  Congress,  which  met  at  the  city  of  New  York,  was  not  formed  until  tlie 
6th  of  April,  nor  was  the  first  President  of  the  United  States  inaugurated  before  the  30th 
of  April. 

Besides  its  ordinary  legislative  capacity,  the  Senate  is  vested  with  certain  judicial  func- 
tions, and  its  members  constitute  a  High  Court  of  Impeachment.  No  person  can  be  con- 
victed by  this  court  unless  on  the  finding  of  a  majority  of  senators,  nor  does  judgment  ex- 


22 


PRESIDENTS   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


tend  further  than  to  removal  from  office  and  disqualification.      Representatives  have  tlie 
sole  power  of  impeachment. 

The  Executive  Power  is  vested  in  a  President,  who  is  elected  by  an  Electoral  College, 
chosen  by  popular  vote,  or  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  the  number  of  electors  being 
equal  to  the  number  of  senators  and  representatives  from  the  States  to  Congress.  His  term 
of  office  is  four  years,  but  he  is  eligible  for  re-election  indefinitely.  The  electors  forming 
the  college,  are  themselves  chosen  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  several 
States.  A  majority  of  the  aggregate  number  of  votes  given,  is  necessary  to  the  election  of 
President  and  Vice-president,  and  if  none  of  the  candidates  has  such  a  majority,  then  the 
election  of  President  is  determined  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  that  of  the  Vice- 
President  by  the  Senate,  from  among  the  three  candidates  having  the  highest  number  of 
electoral  votes,  and  in  doing  so,  the  vote  is  taken  by  States,  the  representatives  of  each 
State  having  only  one  vote,  which  must,  of  course,  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  tlieir 
number.  No  person  can  be  President  or  Vice-President  who  is  not  a  native-born  citizen, 
of  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  who  has  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  fourteen 
years.  The  President  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  of  the  militia  when 
in  the  service  of  the  Union.  With  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senate,  he  has  the 
power  to  make  treaties,  appoint  civil  and  military  officers,  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  and 
do  all  that  rightly  belongs  to  the  Executive  Power.  He  has  a  veto  on  all  laws  passed  by 
Congress,  but  so  qualified,  that  notwithstanding  his  disapproval,  any  bill  becomes  a  law 
on  its  being  afterward  approved  of  by  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  of  Congress.  The  Presi- 
dent has  a  salary  of  $25,000  per  annum,  and  "  the  "White  House"  at  Washington  for  a  resi- 
dence, during  his  official  term.  The  Vice-President  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate ; 
and  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  other  disability  of  the  President,  the  powers  and 
duties  of  that  office  devolve  upon  him  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  for  which  the  Presi- 
dent had  been  elected.  In  case  of  the  disability  of  the  Vice-President,  the  President  of  the 
Senate  pro  tempore  takes  his  place. 

The  present  President  is  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan. 

Annexed  is  a  list  of  Presidents  from  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  1Y89,  to  the  pres- 
ent "  reio-n"  of  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  now  President  of  the  United  States  : — 


PRESIDENTS    OF    THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Names. 


George  Washington. 

John  Adams 

Thomas  Jefferson. . . 

James  Madison 

James  Jlonroe 

John  Quincy  Adams. 

Andrew  Jackson 

Martin  Van  Buren . . 
William  H.  Harrison 

John  Tyler 


James  K.  Polk. 
Zachary  Taylor. 


When  Born, 


Feb.  22, 1732 . . 
Oct.  19,  1735.. 
April  2,  1743.. 
March  10,  1751. 
April  2,  1759.. 
Julv  11,  1707.. 
March  15,  1707 
Decern.  5, 1782 
Feb.  y,  1773... 

March  20, 1790 

Nov.  2, 1795... 
Nov.  24,  1790.. 


Inaugurated. 


Continuance 
in  office. 


Died. 


Native  of 


Millard  Fillmore 

Franklin  Pierce. .  . 
James  Buchanan. . 


May  7, 1800... 

Nov.  23,  1804. 
April  23,  1792 


April  3,  1789. 
March  4,  1797. 
"  4,  ISOl. 
"  4,  1809. 
"  4,  1817. 
4,  1825. 
"  4,  1829. 
"  4,  1837. 
4,  1841. 
Succeeded 
to  the  office 
of  President 
March  4,  1845 
4,  1849 
Succeeded 
to  the  office 
of  President 
March  4,  1853 
1    "       4,  1857 


8  years 

4      " 


4      "     .. 
1  month. 

3  years  and  ) 
li  months  f 

4  years 

1  yr.  4  mos.. 
1    ^ 

i2  years  and  \ 
8  months.  ) 

4  years 

At  present. . 


Dec.  14,  1799. 
Julv  4,  1820.. 
JulV  4,  1827 . . 
June  28,  1830, 
July  4,  1831.. 
Feb.  23,1848. 
June  8,  1845.. 

April '4Vl84i.! 


June  15, 1849 
[July  9,  1850. , 


Virginia. 

Mass. 

Virginia. 


Mass. 

S.  Carolina. 
New  York. 
Virginia. 


N.  Carolina. 
Virginia. 

New  York. 

New  Hamp. 
Penn. 


Tlie  administrative  business  of  the  nation  is  conducted  by  several  officers,  with  the  title 
of  secretaries,  etc.,  who  form  what  is  termed  the  "  Cabinet."  These  are  the  Secretary  of 
State,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the 
Postmaster-General,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  the  Attorney-General— the  last  being 


THE  HON.  JAMES  BUCHANAN, 

PRESIDENT   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Having  given  a  portrait  of  the  greatest  amongst  the  departed  of  America's  public  men, 
we  subjoin  what  is  considered  to  be  an  excellent  likeness  of  the  greatest  man  in  political 
standing  at  the  present  time,  we  mean  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  who  now  fills  the  presi- 
dential chair  of  the  United  States,  and  who  previously  held  the  position  of  ambassador  to 
Great  Britain,  during  the  General  Pierce  administration,  up  to  1856. 

Mr.  Buchanan  is  about  66  years  of  age,  and,  although  his  head  is  of  snowy  whiteness,  he 
seems  to  bear  his  age  remarkably  well.  He  has  never  been  married.  His  vital  tempera- 
ment is  predominant,  and  all  the  elements  of  health  and  longevity  are  very  apparent.  He 
is  not  a  man  of  intensity  and  enthusiasm,  like  Jackson  and  Clay,  but  is  cool,  self-possessed, 
careful,  non-committal  and  prudent,  like  Van  Buren ;  more  disposed  to  go  with  circum- 
stances than  to  step  forth  and  control  and  mould  them  on  the  basis  of  his  own  will. 

He  was  born  in  the  county  of  Franklin,  Pennsylvania,  of  comparatively  humble,  but 
honest  and  industrious  parents.  Altliough  he  obtained  a  classical  and  academical  educa- 
tion, he  may  be  called  the  architect  of  his  own  fortune.  He  studied  for  the  profession  of 
the  law  in  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  which  has  ever  remained  as  his  home,  and 
where  he  rose  to  a  high  position  in  the  legal  profession. 

He  remained  as  a  member  of  Congress  for  10  years,  from  1820  to  1831 ;  afterwards  he 
filled,  with  great  ability,  the  post  of  ambassador  at  the  Court  of  Russia,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  securing  for  his  country  the  commerce  of  the  llussian  ports  in  the  Baltic  and 
Black  Seas.  After  his  return  from  Russia  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  to  which  he  was 
twice  re-elected,  and,  in  1845,  filled  the  first  seat,  as  Secretary  of  State,  in  the  Cabinet  of 
the  Polk  administration.  After  returning  from  being  ambassador  at  Great  Britain,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1857. 


UNITED   STATES   GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS.  23 

the  official  law  authority  for  advisement  in  administrative  afifairs.  Each  of  these  presides 
over  a  separate  department. 

The  "  Department  of  State"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  15th  of  September, 
1789  ;  by  a  previous  Act  of  the  27th  of  July,  1789,  it  was  denominated  the  Department  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  It  embraced,  until  the  establishment  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  in 
1849,  what  in  some  other  governments  are  stjled  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  and 
Home  Department;  but  the  duties  now  being  divided,  it  confines  its  operations  almost  en- 
tirely to  foreign  matters,  and  hence  its  original  title  might,  with  propriety  and  convenience, 
be  restored. 

The  Secretary  of  State  conducts  all  treaties  between  the  United  States  and  foreign  pow- 
ers, and  corresponds  officially  with  the  public  ministers  of  the  government  at  foreign  courts, 
and  with  ministers  of  foreign  powers,  resident  in  the  United  States.  He  is  intrusted  with 
the  publication  of  all  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  preserves  the  originals  of  all  treaties  and 
of  the  public  correspondence  growing  out  of  international  intercourse ;  grants  passports  to 
American  citizens  visiting  foreign  States,  etc.  He  has  charge  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
United  States,  but  cannot  affix  it  to  any  commission  until  signed  by  the  President,  nor  to 
any  instrument  without  authority  of  the  President.  Salary  of  Secretary-  of  State,  $6,000 
per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

This  department  has  subject  to  it  the  Diplomatic  Bureau,  and  the  Consular  Bureau.  The 
United  States  are  represented  by  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Courts  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  Prussia,  Spain,  Mexico,  Central  America,  Brazil,  and  Chili ;  by  Commission- 
ers at  the  Court  of  Pekin  (China),  and  at  the  Sandwich  Islands ;  by  a  Minister  Resident  at 
the  Sublime  Porte,  and  to  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  at  other  courts  by  Charges  des  Af- 
faires; and  United  States' Consuls  are  stationed  at  all  the  important  commercial  ports  in 
the  world.  Foreign  Ministers  accredited  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  are  En- 
voys Extraordinary  and  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  from  Great  Britain,  Russia,  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  France,  Spain,  Chili,  New  Grenada,  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  Peru ;  Ministers 
Resident  from  Portugal,  Prussia,  and  Belgium ;  and  Cliarges  des  Afiaires  from  Denmark, 
Austria,  Holland,  Sweden,  Naples,  Sardinia,  Venezuela,  and  Nicaragua.  Foreign  Consuls 
from  all  commercial  nations  reside  in  the  several  collection  districts  of  the  Union. 

Tlie  "  Department  of  the  Interior"  was  established  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  30th 
of  March,  1849.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  intrusted  with  the  supervision  and 
management  of  all  matters  connected  with  the  public  domain,  Indian  affairs,  pen- 
sions, patents,  pu])lic  buildings,  tlie  census,  the  penitentiary  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  expenditures  of  the  Federal  Judiciary,  etc.  Each  of  these  interests  is  managed  in  a 
separate  bureau  or  office,  the  immediate  head  of  which  is  styled  Commissioner,  Superin- 
tendent, or  Warden,  as  the  case  may  be.  Salary  of  Secretary  of  Interior,  $6000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

Tlie  "  Department  of  the  Treasury"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  2d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1789.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  superintends  all  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  upon  his  own  responsil>ility  recommends  to  Congress  measures  for  improving 
the  condition  of  the  revenue.  All  public  accounts  are  finally  settled  at  this  department; 
and,  for  this  purpose,  it  is  divided  into  the  office  of  the  Secretary,  who  has  the  general 
superintendanee,  the  offices  of  the  two  Controllers,  the  offices  of  the  six  Auditors,  the 
office  of  the  Commissioner  of  Customs,  the  Treasurer's  office,  tlie  Registrar's  office,  the  Soli- 
citor's office,  and  the  office  of  the  Coast  Survey.  Assistant  Treasurers'  offices  are  also  es- 
tablished at  Boston,  New  York,  Pliiladelphia,  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  St.  Louis.  Sal- 
ary of  Secretary  of  tlie  Treasury,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  War"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  7th  of  August,  1789, 
and,  at  first,  embraced  not  only  military,  but  also  naval  affairs.  The  Secretary  of  War 
superintends  every  branch  of  military  affairs,  and  has  under  his  immediate  direction  the 
Adjutant-General's  office,  the  Quartermaster-General's  Bureau,  the  Paymaster's  Bureau,  the 
Subsistence  Bureau,  the  Medical  Bureau,  the  Engineer  Bureau,  the  Topographical  Bureau, 
the  Ordnance  Bureau,  etc.,  and  the  department  has  the  superintendence  of  the  erection  of 


24  UNITED   STATES   GOVERNMENT   DEPARTMENTS. 

fortifications,  of  making  public  surveys,  and  other  important  services.     Salary  of  Secretary 
of  War,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  the  Navy"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  30th  of  April, 
1798.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  issues  all  orders  to  the  naval  forces,  and  superintends  na- 
val affairs  generallj-.  Attached  to  the  Department  are— a  Bureau  of  Docks  and  Navy 
Yards,  a  Bureau  of  Ordnance  and  Hydrography,  a  Bureau  of  Construction,  Equipment,  and 
Repairs,  a  Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing,  a  Bureau  of  Medical  and  Surgical  Instru- 
ments, etc  ;  and  the  National  Observatory  at  Washington  is  under  the  control  of  the  Navy 
Department.  The  ministerial  duties  of  these  several  Bureaux  were  formerly  exercised  by 
a  Board  of  Navy  Commissioners.  (Salary  of  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  $0000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  the  Post-Office"  was  established  under  the  authority  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress. The  Postmaster-General  has  the  chief  direction  of  all  postal  arrangements  with  for- 
eign states,  as  well  as  within  the  federal  limits.  The  general  business  is  managed  by  three 
Assistant  Postmasters-General,  who  preside  respectively  over  the  Contract  office,  the  Ap- 
pointment office,  and  the  Inspection,  etc.,  offices.  Salary  of  Postmaster-General,  $6000  per 
annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Attorneys-General,"  who  are  considered  as  forming  a  part  of  the  Cabinet,  and  who 
are  the  constitutional  advisers  and  defendants  of  the  government,  are  generally  men  of  the 
greatest  acquirements  in  their  profession.  Salaries  of  Attorneys-General,  $4000  per  annum 
(£800  stg.) 

The  judicial  powers  of  the  United  States  are  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  other 
inferior  courts  as  Congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  establish.  The  present  judicial  estab- 
lishment consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  Circuit  Courts,  and  District  Courts. 

The  "Supreme  Court,"  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  of  the  Union,  is  composed  of  a  Chief- 
Justice  and  eight  Associate  Justices,  the  Attorney-General,  a  Reporter,  and  Clerk.  This 
court  is  held  in  Washington,  and  has  one  sesfion  annually,  commencing  on  the  first  Monday 
in  December.     Salary  of  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  $5,000  per  annum  (£1,000 

stg.) 

The  appointment  of  all  judges  of  the  United  States  is  made  by  the  President,  by  and  with 
the  advice  of  the  Senate  ;  and  the  judges  hold  their  several  offices  during  good  behaviour, 
and  can  be  removed  only  on  impeachment.  Their  compensation  is  fixed  by  law,  and  can- 
not be  diminished  during  their  period  of  office. 

The  foregoing  account  of  the  United  States,  for  the  most  part,  is  from  "  Colton's  Gazetteer 
of  America" 


NEW  YORK. 


In  our  description  of  the  great  city  of  the 
western  world,  we  shall  avoid,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, all  statistical  matter,  regarding  which  am- 
ple information  may  be  had  in  works  exclusively 


devoted  to  such  details.  We  prefer  giving  a 
brief  account  of  the  city  from  the  earliest  to  the 
present  time,  and,  with  the  views  given  of  its 
magnificent  streets  and  buildings,  we  hope  to 


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convey  to  our  readers  at  a  distance,  an  idea  of 
its  importance  as  the  most  populous  city  on  the 
whole  continent  of  America.  As  may  be  known 
by  many,  New  York  was  discovered  in  16u'J,  by 


an  Englishman  named  Henry  Hudson,  at  that 
time  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch — and  in  1613, 
the  settlement  of  the  Island  was  commenced, 
under  the  title  of  New  Amsterdam.     In  1621,  a 


26 


CITY   OF   NEW    YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS,    ETC. 


Dutch  West  India  company  commenced  opera- 
tions upon  it,  and  in  li5'^(5,  jjurchased  the  whole 
ishmd  tVoni  the  Indians  (the  Manhattans;  for 
the  paltry  sum  of  ^-JTi,  (£5  stg.)  the  expoi'ts 
alone  that  year  amounting  to  .'5I9OO.  It  was 
thus  held  till  liiiU,  when  it  was  taken  by  tlie 
English.  Charles  the  id,  then  king,  changed 
its  name  to  that  of  New  York,  in  honour  of 
James  the  I'd,  who  then  bore  the  title  of  Duke 
of  York  and  Albany.  In  lGb6,  James  the  2d,  then 
king,  abolished  the  representative  system,  and, 
as  atibrding  one  of  the  numerous  proofs  of  his 
kingly  bigotry,  took  it  into  his  head  to  pro- 
hibit the  use  of  the  printing-press. 

It  was  retaken  from  the  English  by  the  Dutch 
in  I1573,  retaken  again  in  lUT-t  by  the  English, 
and  held  by  them  till  the  Revolutionary  period 
of  1770-17*3,  when  it  was  tinally  evacuated  by 
the  British  army,  thus  ending  British  rule  on 
the  i.jth  Xovember,  17*3.  In  lsl:i-13,  another 
war  broke  out  between  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica, but  not  leading  to  New  York  changing 
hands  ouce  more.  Notwithstanding,  therefore, 
wars,  fevers,  tires,  great  commercial  disasters, 
cholera,  etc.,  etc.,  the  city  has  gone  on  pi'ogres- 
sively,  from  a  population  of  23,614  in  1766,  to 
upwards  of  OUO,0<."J  in  ISott. 

New  York  is  situated  uj)on  what  is  called 
Manhattan  Island — a  strip  of  land  13J^  miles 
long,  by  one  mile  and  three-fifths  average 
width.  Greatest  breadth,  at  S3d  street,  is  two 
miles  and  one-third.  In  all,  about  )>2  square 
miles,  or  14,(J00  acres.  It  rises  gradually  above 
the  level  of  the  water  around  the  sides,  whilst 
the  greater  part  of  it  is  level,  or  been  rendered 
so.  It  is  very  compactly  built  upon  for  about 
.5  miles,  in  straight  lines  from  the  point  at  the 
Battery  end  of  it.  The  streets,  for  the  most 
part,  are  laid  out  in  a  convenient  and  easily  un- 
derstood plan.  The  streets  commencing  at 
Houston  street,  (one  mile  from  the  Citj-  Hall,) 
are  classed  into  14  regular  "avenues,"  as  they 
are  called,  which  are  crossed  at  right  angles  b\' 
156  streets,  numerically  designated.  Some  of 
the  streets  are  crooked  and  narrow^  but  gene- 
rally speaking,  they  are  wide  and  spacious — 
ranging  from  60  to  1-20  feet  wide.  The  greatest 
fault  a  stranger  is  likely  to  find  with  the  streets 
is  the  filthy  state  the  most  of  them  are  in — as 
if  there  were  neither  scavengers  nor  paviours 
in  the  city. 

New  York  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Harlem  River — which  separates  Manhattan  Is- 
land from  the  main  land ;  on  the  east  by  the 
East  River,  which  se])arates  it  from  Long  Island ; 
ou  the  south  by  the  harbour,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  North,  "or  Iluds(m  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  New  Jersey. 

The  width  of  the  East  River  is  from  one-third 
to  half  a  mile,  and  that  of  the  North  River  from 
1  to  1^  miles. 

Navigation  is  open  throughout  all  the  year. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  harbour  of 
New  York  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world — j)resenting  one  of  the  finest  spectacles 
ou  a  tine  day — with  its  piers  crowded  with  ships 
of  all  nations — the  numbers  of  clean-looking 
steamers  passing  up  and  down,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  scenery  on  the  opposite  shores,  and  on 
every  side. 

The  defences  are  placed  at  the  Narrows — on 
Long  Island  side,  and  on  Staten  Island — and  in 
the  East  River  at  Throg's  Neck  ;  whilst  within 
the  harbour  are  batteries  on  Bedloe's  and  Ellis 
Islands,  Governor's  Island,  Castle  William,  and 
South  Battery — commanding  every  point  of  en- 
trance.    We  "may  safely  say,  that  nearly  every 


branch  of  manufactures  is  carried  on  in  New- 
York,  excepting  in  the  great  items  of  cotton 
and  wool — whilst  its  commerce  extends  to  ev- 
eiy  corner  of  the  American  continent,  as  well 
as  all  over  the  world,  wherever  the  natural 
products  of  the  earth,  or  manufactures,  are  to 
be  bought,  sold,  or  exchanged.  The  public 
buildings  are  very  numerous.  We  annex  a  list 
elsewhere,  together  with  engravings  of  a  few  of 
the  principal  ones,  together  with  a  list  of  such 
places  of  interest  and  amusement  as  the  stran- 
ger will  be  pleased  in  visiting. 

The  streets  where  the  private  residences  are, 
are  elegant  in  the  extreme.  We  allude  more 
particularly  to  such  as  4th  and  5th  Avenues, 
and  Union  and  Madison  Squares,  where  the 
most  stately  mansions  will  be  found,  finished 
ott"  in  first-rate  style,  mostly  built  of  a  brown- 
coloured  stone.  In  summer,  with  the  rows  of 
trees  along  each  side  of  the  streets,  their  line 
appearance  will  at  once  attract  the  admiration 
of  the  stranger. 

The  principal  street  for  bankers,  insurance 
offices,  etc.,  is  Willi  street — the  Lombard  street 
of  America. 

For  wholesale  dry  goods  stores — Pearl,  Wil- 
liam, Broad,  Pine,  Cedar,  Liberty  streets,  Col- 
le^  Place,  and  Yesey  street. 

For  wholesale  grocers,  and  commission  and 
shipping  merchants — Water  and  Front  streets. 

For  heavy  dry  goods  and  variety  stores.  Grand 
and  Catharine  streets. 

For  hardware — Beekman,  Piatt,  John  and 
Pearl  streets. 

For  booksellers  and  publishers,  binderies, 
etc. — Nassau  and  William  Streets. 

For  Jewellers — Maiden  lane,  Courtland  street, 
and  Broadway. 

For  boot  and  shoe  materials,  Ferry,  Jacob, 
and  Gold  streets. 

Whilst  Broadway,  like  Cheapside  in  London, 
contains  an  omnium  gatlierum  of  all  sorts — 
from  the  selling  of  a  cup  of  coffee  in  a  restaurant, 
to  a  ship  load  of  "Yankee  notions." 

The  wharves  extending  all  round  New  York 
nearly — the  vessels  placed  with  their  bows 
all  pointing  towards  the  city,  and  so  situated 
very  conveniently  for  loading  and  unloading, 
and  when  ready  for  sea,  have  only  to  drop  into 
the  stream  and  are  carried  down  and  out  to  sea, 
the  magnificent  river  and  bay  attbrding  no  ob- 
structions in  the  shape  of  bars,  etc. 

The  stranger,  however,  who  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  look  at  the  shipping  in  the  stupendous 
docks  of  London  and  Liverpool,  will  at  once 
discover  the  poor  accommodation  New  York 
afibrds  in  comparison  with  the  facilities  afforded 
for  the  harbouring  or  dockage  of  vessels  in 
Great  Britain.  Notwithstanding  this,  however, 
the  immense  shipping  business  of  the  port  of 
New  York  is  carried  on  somehow — the  ingenuity 
of  the  Americans  finding  ways  and  means  to 
clear  their  vessels  with  promptitude  and  ease. 

Broadway  is  the  great  main  artery  of  the 
:  city,  through  which  people,  omnibuses,  wag- 
!  ons,  and  carriages,  rush  in  one  incessant 
I  stream,  surging  "backward  and  forward,  from 
the  earliest  hour  in  the  morning,  to  the  latest 
I  hour  at  night. 

j  A  walk  along  Broadway  will  disclose  pictures 
I  of  society— men  and  things,  in  all  conceivable 
variations  and  degrees.  There,  the  slouching 
"loafer"  will  be  seen,  close  to  the  "Broadway 
swell"— the  successful  miner,  just  arrived  from 
the  Californian  diggings,  alongside  of  the 
wealthiest  and  most  liandsomely  dressed  lady 
.  in  New  Y'ork,  who  is  out  for  her  walk  on  that 


NEW    YORK — BROADWAY    AND    CITY    HALL. 


27 


great  "vanity  foir" — the  newly-arrived  emi- 
grant from  Great  Britain,  as  he  goes  gaping 
along  at  what   he   sees,  whilst  he   is   almost 


stupefied  with  the  bustle  and  confusion  around 
him.  It  is  entirely  ditl'erent  from  any  one  of  the 
great  thoroughfares  of  London,  whilst  it  com- 


BROADWAY,   NEW  YORK. 


bines  the  features  of  all — the  bustle  and  throng 
of  Cheapside,  in  its  incessant  stream  of  omni- 
buses and  veliieles  of  all  sorts — of  Resjent  street, 
with  its  fashionable  promenade  and  hon  tim  of 
society— of  Oxford  street  and  Holborn,  with 
middle-class  stores,  as  well  as  elegant  ware- 
houses, including  the  exclusively  wholesale 
stores  of  a  St.  Paul's  church-yard,  "as  well. 
"The  other  chief  artery  of  the  city  is  that  of 
the  Bowery — partaking  very  much  of  Holborn, 
with  a  mixture  of  the  Whitechapel  of  London— 
where  a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is 
transacted. 

"  The  City  Hall  of  Jf  ew  York — from  its  central 
position,  and  classic  marble  frontage— is  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  prominent  buildings  in  the 


city.  The  front  and  two  ends  are  of  white 
m-arble,  and  the  back,  which  is  never  shone 
upon  by  the  sun,  of  brown  sandstone.  The 
City  Hall  contains  a  gallery  of  historical  art, 
invaluable  to  the  lover  of  Knickerbocker  times. 
In  the  Uovernor's  Room,  enjoyed  by  the  public 
only  on  reception  days,  are" the  portraits  of  all 
the  governors  of  the  State,  from  the  time  of 
Lewis,  and  of  the  mayors  of  the  citv,  with 
several  of  the  president's,  painted  bv  artists  of 
national  reputation.  There  may  be  seen  Henrv 
Hudson,  Columbus,  and  hosts  of  other  worthies, 
while  the  archives  of  the  city  contain  a  vast 
amount  of  information  of  srreiit  interest  to  the 
historian.  Besides  the  rooms  of  the  aldermen 
and  common  council,  there  was  in  former  times 
a  noble  banqueting  hall  forthe  city  magnates." 


28 


THE   PARK   AND   CITY   HALL,    NEW   YORK. 


THE  PARK  AND  CITY  HALL,   NEW  YORK. 


Adjacent  to  the  City  Hall  is  the  old  Debtor's 
Prison,  now  the  Hall  of  Records,  the  old  Alms 
House,  entirely  appropriated  to  governmental 
use. 

In  the  Park  are  held  public  meetings,  and  in 
front  of  the  Ciiy  Hall  are  planted  cannon,  which 
are  tired  by  the  respective  political  parties,  on 
the  achievement  of  any  party  victory,  as  well 
as  on  other  general  public  rejoicings.  The  Park 
forms  a  great  resort  for  the  citizens,  and  in  the 
hot  months  of  summer,  forms,  by  its  trees,  a 
delightful  shadv  retreat. 

Last  year,  the  City  Hall  took  tiro,  and  a  large 
portion  of  the  upper  part  of  it  was  destroyed. 
It  is  now  being  re-built,  however. 

The  New  Yohk  University,  situated  between 
Washington  Place  and  Waverly  Place,  fronts 
Washington  Square  towards  the  west,  forming 
a  noble  ornament  to  the  city,  being  built  of 
Westchester  marble,  and  exhibits  a  specimen 
of  the  English  collegiate  style  of  architecture. 

The  building  is  isO  feet  long,  and  100  wide. 
It  was  founded  in  1831. 

"  In  front,  this  oblong  is  divided  into  five  parts 
— a  central  building,  with  wings  flanked  by 
towers,  one  rising  on  each  of  the  four  corners 
of  the  edifice.     This  central  building  or  chapel 


is  superior  to  the  rest  in  breadth,  height,  and 
character,  and  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  England — a  master- 
piece of  pointed  architecture,  and  a  model  for 
succeeding  ages.  It  is  55  feet  broad,  and  85 
feet  deep,  including  the  octangular  turiets,  one 
of  which  rises  at  each  of  the  four  corners.  The 
two  ends  are  gabled,  and  are,  as  well  as  the 
sides,  crowned  with  an  embattled  parapet.  The 
chapel  receives  its  principal  light  from  a  win- 
dow in  the  western  end.  This  window  is  24 
feet  wide,  and  50  high.  From  the  central 
building,  or  chapel,  wings  project  right  and 
left,  the  windows  of  which  have  square  heads, 
witli  two  lights,  a  plain  transom,  and  the  upper 
division  trefoiled.  The  principal  entrance  is 
under  the  great  western  window.  The  doors 
are  of  oak,  richly  panelled,  and  filled  with 
tracery  of  open  Work,  closely  studded  with 
bronze. 

"  The  institution  has  a  chancellor  and  eleven 
professors.  It  has  in  its  collegiate  department 
150  students,  and  a  valuable  libraiy  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus.  Connected  with  it  is  an 
extensive  grammar  school,  and  a  flourishing 
medical  dei)artnient.  The  whole  number  of 
students  is  about  7uO.  Commencement,  third 
Monday  in  July.  (See  next  page  for  engraving.) 


NEW   YORK   UNIVERSITY. 


29 


v-'v.'St^v'^'s.. 


UNIVERSITY,  NEW  YORK. 


"  The  chapel  is  probably  the  most  beautiful 
room  of  the  kind  iu  America.  It  is  opeu  to  the 
public,  on  Sundays,  for  reliijious  worship.  The 
Library  and  rooms  of  the  >i'e\v  York  Historical 
Society  are  in  the  buildins:.  The  building  is 
accessible  to  the  visitor  at  all  times." 

"The  Tombs  occupy  the  space  between 
Centre,  Elm,  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets, 
the  site  of  an  old  filthy  pond,  which  had 
its  outlet  throuiih  Canal  street.  The  Halls  of 
Justice  is  a  much-admired  specimen  of  modern- 
ized Egyptian  architecture.  It  is  built  of  light 
granite  from  Hallowell,  Maine.  It  is  253  feet 
long,  and  2U0  wide,  and  occupies  the  four  sides 
of  a  hollow  square,  with  a  large  centre  building 
within  the  area.  The  front  is  approached  by 
eight  steps,  leading  to  a  portico  of  tour  massive 
Egyptian  columns.  The  windows,  which  extend 
to  the  height  of  two  stories,  have  massive  iron 
grated  frames,  surmounted  with  cornices,  orna- 
mented with  a  winged  globe  and  serpents.  The 
two  fronts  on  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets 
have  each  two  entrances,  with  two  massive 
columns  each.  The  gloomy  aspect  of  this  build- 
ing has  won  for  it  the  general  name  of  "  The 
Tombs."  It  is  occupied  by  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, a  police  court,  and  some  other  court- 
rooms, besides  a  prison  for  male  and  female 


offenders  awaiting  trial.  The  open  court  within 
the  walls  is  used  as  a  place  of  execution  for 
State  criminals. 

Persons  cun  gain  admittance  on  application 
for  a  written  pei'init,  at  the  keeper's  room, 
between  1(»,  a.  m.  and  3,  p.  m." 

In  the  tore-ground  of  the  view  will  be  seen 
one  of  the  "  City  Railroad  Cars,"  noticed  else- 
where. 

Custom  Hoi'Se. — The  lower  engraving  on  the 
foUowinsj  page,  represents  the  Custom  House 
of  New  York,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Nas- 
sau and  Wall  streets. 

"The  Custom  House  has  the  form  and  solidity 
of  a  Greek  temple,  and  is  as  enduring  as  the 
pyramids.  The  edifice,  of  white  marble,  is  200 
feet  long,  by  'JO  in  width,  and  80  feet  high. 
Some  of  the  blocks  weigh  30  tons.  The  two 
fronts  have  8  Doric  columns,  nearly  C  feet  in 
diameter ;  the  sides,  16  heavy  pilasters.  A 
flight  of  18  steps  from  Wall  street,  brings  the 
visitor  to  the  main  entrance.  The  Rotunda  is 
60  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  dome,  under  which 
the  four  deputy  collectors  have  desks,  is  sup- 
ported in  part  by  16  Corinthian  pillars.  In  the 
little  room  of  the  treasurer,  near  at  hand,  is  re- 
ceived two-thirds  of  the  revenue  of  the  country. 
The  Custom  House  was  erected  between  the 


HALLS   OF  JUSTICE.   OR  THE  TOMBS,  NEW  YORK. 


CUSTOM-HOUSE,   WALL  STREET,   NEW    YORK. 


:\rERCHANTS     EXCHANGE. 


31 


MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE,  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


years  1834-1841,  and   cost,  including  the   lot, 
$l,l',to,00o." 

Tlie  amount  of  accommodation  provided  for 
the  transactions  of  the  Custom  House,  ajtijears 
to  be  totally  inadequate  to  the  immense  amount 
of  business  furnished  bj'  the  port. 

MEncHANTs'  ExcHANCE. — The  above  engrav- 
ing represents  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
costly  buildings  in  America,  and  surpassing  any 
other  in  the  city  in  size  and  solidity  of  construc- 
tion. "It  occupies  a  whole  square  of  ground, 
and  has  a  front  of  200  feet  on  Wall  street,  with 
an  average  depth  of  1(50  feet;  is  .5  stories  high, 
including  the  basement,  and  fire-proof  thiough- 
out,  the  floors  and  roof  being  entirely  of  masonry 
and  metal.  The  principal  material  is  brick-faced, 
with  massive  blocks  of  granite,  chieliv  from  the 


,  inexhaustible  quarries  of  Quincy,  Massachu- 
setts.    The  most   remarkable  features  of  this 

'  huge  building  are  its  graceful  jiortico,  present- 
ing to  the  eye  a  facade  of  IJS  Ionic  columns,  each 
nearly  40  feet  in  height,  and  upwaids  of  4  feet 

1  in  diameter,  the  shafts  of  which  are  each  a  sin- 
gle stone  (wrought  in  the  most  jierfect  manner, 
at  a  cost  of  §3i>0(», )  and  the  Rotunda,  or  Ex- 
change Room,  which  is  100  feet  in  diameter, 
with  a  double  dome  of  brick,  surmounted  by  a 
vertical  sky-light,  with  movable  sashel,  which 
allows  thorough  and  complete  ventilation. 
The  dome  is  supported  partly  by  8  massive 
(,'orinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble,  weigh- 
ing41  tons  each,  in  very  large  sections,  impoited 
expressly  for  the  i)ur])ose."  The  floor  is  flagged 

!  with  the  same  material,  and  altogether  the  room 

'  is  on#of  the  finest  in  America. 


32 


NEW   YORK  FREE   ACADEMY. 


'/T, 


< 


"  The  Free  Academy  is  on  Lexington  avenue, 
corner  of  Twenty-third  street,  and  may  easily 
be  reached  by  taking  a  Broadway  and  Fourth 
avenue  omnibus,  or  the  Harlem  rail-cars,  oppo- 
site the  Astor  House.  The  building  is  80  feet 
wide,  by  125  feet  deep,  and  is  intended  to 
accommodate  1,000  pupils.  It  is  in  the  style 
of  the  town-halls  ot  the  Netherlands,  and  is 
well  adapted  for  its  purpose,  besides  being  a 
conspicuous  ornament  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
city. 


The  cost  of  the  ground  was  $37,810,  of  the 
building,  ^75,000,  while  the  various  appliances 
of  apparatus  and  furniture  have  cost  §26,867. 
The  only  requisites  for  admission  are  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  branches  taught  in  the  public 
sciiools;  it  being  also  required  that  the  appli- 
cant should  have  been  a  pupil  in  one  of  these 
schools  for  at  least  one  year." 

It  may  be  added  that  the  graduates  of  the  col- 
leges can  pass  the  final  examination  at  the  Free 
Academy. 


'""'■••'-•ii'^ittri,'--^^^'^^ 


CORNER  OF  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  FIFTEENTH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


PETER  COOPER  INSTITUTE,  NEW  YORK. 


34 


NEW   YORK   HOSPITAL. 


jISilSjW[llllllllllwlllilliiv'i^'i^ 


NEW  YORK  HOSPITAL,  BROADWAY. 


On  the  preceding  page  we  give  an  illustra- 
tion of  a  private  residence  in  one  of  the  princi- 
pal streets  in  New  York,  viz.,  the  Fifth  avenue. 
In  this  street  may  be  seen  some  of  the  largest 
and  handsomest  of  tlie  private  residences  of  the 
New  York  merchants. 

In  summer,  when  the  trees  which  line  each 
side  of  the  avenue  are  in  full  bloom,  the  street 
then  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  beautiful  grove. 

The  green  blinds,  outside  of  the  windows, 
when  closed,  which  they  generally  are,  detract 
very  much  from  the  elegant  appearance  of  the 
houses.  The  custom  of  keeping  the  blinds  so 
much  closed,  is  very  common  in  New  York,  and 
often,  we  think,  unnecessary,  when  there  are  no 
rays  of  the  sun  to  occasion  such  an  infringe- 
ment, in  that  respect,  on  one  of  the  greatest 
laws  of  health. 

The  Cooper  Institute. — This  institution  de- 
serves a  place  among  our  illustiations  of  public 
buildings  of  the  city,  not  only  on  account  of  the 
magnificence  of  the  edifice,  as  a  building,  but 
as  a  memento)  of  a  most  princely  act  on  the  part 
of  a  New  York  merchant — Mr.  Peter  Cooper — 
who,  out  of  his  wealth,  has  built  this  house 
with  the  view  of  founding  an  institution  to  be 
called  "  The  Union,"  for  the  moral,  social,  and 
physical  improvement  of  the  youth,  not  only 


belonging  to  the  City,  or  State,  but  of  any  part 
of  the  world.  The  sum  donated  to  such  a  noble 
purpose,  amounts  to  ^;jOU,noo  (£60,000  stg). 

"The  building  is  in  Astor  Place,  opposite  the 
new  Bible  House.  The  edifice  is  six  stories 
high,  occupying  a  space  equal  in  extent  to  eight 
full  lots,  each  25  feet  by  100,  or  20,000  square 
feet.  In  the  basement  is  a  commodious  lecture- 
room,  135  feet  long,  and  in  the  upper  story  an 
observatory.  The  Union  provides  free  courses 
of  lectures,  a  free  library,  rooms  for  debating 
and  other  societies,  and  an  office  for  the  benefit 
of  persons  seeking  literary  employment,  where 
their  names  and  wishes  may  be  registered,  and 
application  for  their  services  received. 

"The  School  of  Design,  for  females,  have 
rooms  in  this  building,  amply  supplied  with 
the  materials  for  instruction.  ' 

Mr.  Cooper  is  a  manufacturer  of  Isinglass,  by 
trade— one  of  the  most  noted  men  in  the  city 
for  public  spirit  and  benevolence,  and  a  leading 
member  of  the  Swedenborgian  denomination. 


The  New  York  Hospital  is  one  of  the 
principal  benevolent  institutions  of  New  York, 
whicli  tlie  stranger,  as  he  walks  along 
Proadway,  cannot  fail  to  notice,  standing 
back  from  oil'  the  stream  of  the  great  thorough- 


LA  FARGE  HOUSE,  BROADWAY, 


35 


LA  FAROE  HOUSE,  BROADWAY. 


fare,  and  in  summer  beautifully  shaded  by  the 
trees  in  front  of  it. 

"  This  institution,  located  in  Broadway,  between 
Duane  and  Worth  streets,  was  foundetl  in  1771, 
by  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  at  that  time  governor 
of  the  colony.  The  institution  has  an  annual 
revenue,  from  various  sources,  of  about  $,SO,UUO, 
which  is  expended  in  the  support  of  the  estab- 
lishment. The  hospital  buildings,  to  which 
large  and  costly  additions  have  recently  been 
made,  are  fitted  up  in  excellent  style  for  the 
accommodation  of  patients,  who  can  have  the 
best  of  medical  attendance,  and  the  convenience 
of  nursing  and  medicine,  for  -J."  a  week.  Re- 
spectable persons,  without  families,  will  find 
this  a  very  desirable  asylum  during  sickness. 
Patients  can  have  single  rooms  if  thev  desire 
them.  In  cases  of  sudden  accidents,  patients 
are  received  here,  and  their  wants  immediately 
attended  to.  Medical  students  are  permitted  to 
the  rounds  with  the  attending  surgeons  for  the 


annual  fee  of  ?S.  Annual  lectures  are  given  by 
all  the  attending  physicians  and  surgeons. 
The  buildings  will  accommodate  ;j.50  patients. 
Application  for  adinission  must  be  made  at 
the  office  within  the  Hospital.  There  are  ten 
attending  and  consulting  physicians  and  sur- 
geons." 


La  Faroe  HorsE. — One  of  the  mammoth- 
sized  hotels  of  New  York.  It  has  a  magnificent 
white  marble  frontage  of  200  feet  on  Broadway, 
and  stands  out  in  strong  relief  with  all  the 
buildings  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  fi'ted  up  for 
fully  400  guests,  in  a  comfortable  and  gorgeous 
manner,  and  is  conveniently  situated  for  busi- 
ness, as  well  as  pleasure,  being  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Astor  Library,  and  the  Reading  Room 
of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association,  which 
are  free  to  strangers.  The  La  Farge  House  is 
kept  by  Mr.  Wheeler,  on  the  American  plan. 


36 


TRINITY  CHURCH,    BROADWAY. 


"  Situated   on   Broadway,   fronting   Wall 
street,   with   its   portals'  invitinglj'    open 
every   day  in    the    year,    stands    Trinity 
Church,  a  beautiful  temple  of  worship,    ft 
is    the   third   edifice  of  the  kind   erected 
upon  the  spot,  the  first  having  been  de- 
stroyed  in   the  great   fire   of  1776.     The 
entire  length  of  tSe  building  is  ISO  feet,  of 
which  4.5  are  due  to  the  chancel.     Width 
of  nave,  54  feet ;  of  chancel,  38  feet.  Height 
to  eaves,  50  feet,  and  to  ridge,  90  feet,  with 
a  fine  open  roof.     The  inside  walls  of  the 
church  are  of  Caen  stone,  brought  from 
Xormandy  in   France — a   material   of  an 
agreeable  colour,  and  easily  worked,  being 
soft  enough  to  be  cut  with  a  saw  or  knife. 
The  windows  are  of  richly  stained  glass ; 
the  ceilings  painted  blue,  and  the  roof  tim- 
bers covered  with  polycliromatic  decora- 
tions.    The   floors   are   tiled   throughout, 
with  tasteful  ornamental 
patterns  in  chancel.  The 
building  will  seat  about 
800,  its  cost  havino;  been 
§260,000.     The  architect 
of  this  splendid  church 
is  Mr.    Upjohn,   a  cele- 
brated Scotch  architect. 
"The  loftv  spire  of  the 
church  is  the  Ponipev's 
Pillar  of  New  York — the 
most    prominent   object 
that  first  arrests  the  at- 
tention of  the  stranger, 
as  he  approaches  the  city 
from  the  Atlantic.     The 
view  from 
the  top  of 
the    spire 
is  without 
doubt  the 
finest     to 
be  had  in 
the  citv." 


TRINITY  CHURCH,   BROADWAY,   NEW  YORK. 


CHUKCH   OF  ALL   SOULS,    NEW   YORK. 


37 


This  magnificent  building,  recently  erected,  is  remarkable 
for  its  peculiar  architecture — being  built  in  the  style  of 
many  of  the  Italian  churches  of  the  middle  ages — of  brick, 
and  cream-coloured  stone,  alternately. 

Adjoining  the  church  is  the  parsonage,  situated  on  Twen- 
tieth street.  Included  in  the  design  tor  this  church,  is  the 
magnificent  spire,  or  campanile,  SOU  feet  high,  the  foundation 
only  of  it  being  at  present  built. 

The  church,  iuside,  is  fitted  up  elegantly  and  most 
comfortably,  in  small  and  large  pews,  to   suit  the 
families  of  members.     The  peculiar  hue  of  the  paint 
on  the  walls,  the  magniticently  stained  glass  win- 
dows, partially  obscured  by  a  huge  arch,  facing  the 
equally  grand-looking,  and  powerful  organ  in 
the  gallery  opposite,  the  light  streaming  down 
from  the  cupola,  behind  the  pulpit — the  well- 
planned  position  the  congregation  occupy  for 
seeing  and  hearing — the  rich  and  ga}^  dresses 
of  the  vast  crowd  of  hearers — form  altogether  a 
coup  (F  (Ell  seldom  to  be  met  with. 

This  handsome  edifice  belong 
Unitarian   congregations   of 
which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bellows  is  pastor. 

It  has  cost  already  §17u,000,  including 
the  parsonage.  The  campanile  is  esti- 
niated  to  cost  840,000 ;  so  that  when 
it  is  completed,  the  whole  edifice  will 
have  cost  the  large  sum  of  $210,000, 
(£42,000  stg.). 

The  architect  is  Mr.  Jacob  Wrey 
Mould. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Fourth  Avenue, 
near  to  Union  Square — one  of  the 
most  beautiful  localities  in  the  city. 
The  cars  which  start  from  opposite 
the  Astor  House,  pass  the  entrance 
to  the  church. 


igs  to  one  of  the 
Jvew   York,  over 


THE  CHURCH  OF  ALL  SOULS-NEW  YORK. 


38 


PUBLIC   IXSTITUTIOXS. 


The  Mercantile  Library. — One  of  the  fin- 
est and  most  useful  institutions  in  New  York,  is 
the  library  and  reading  room  of  the  Mercantile 
Library  Association,  situated  at  Clinton  Hall, 
Aster  Place,  a  little  way  out  of  Broadway  (west 
end).  The  reading  room  is  a  magnificent  apart- 
ment, equal  to  the  reading  rooms  of  the  clubs 
in  London  and  elsewhere.  It  is  attended  by  a 
young  lady  waitress.  There  is  a  branch  office 
in  the  city,  for  the  convenience  of  parties  resid- 
ing in  Brooklyn  and  ])laces  adjacent — where  or- 
ders for  books  are  received  and  delivered.  From 
a  report  we  quote  : — • 

"  The  Library  now  contains  30,000  volumes,  is  rich 
la  every  popular  and  scientific  department,  and  is 
catalogued  to  the  end  of  the  year  lS-36.  Nearly  75,000 
volumes  were  delivered  to  members  in  1S56.  More 
than  "20,000  of  these  were  distributed  through  the 
branch  office,  at  No.  16  Nassau  street.  The  reading 
rooms  are  tlie  most  extensive  in  the  United  States,  and 
contain  nearly  300  magazines  and  newspai)ers  selected 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  full  files  of  all  the  princi- 
pal newspapers  from  their  commencement,  and  a  large 
number  of  books  of  reference.  There  are,  beside, 
classes  in  various  branches,  and  lectures  in  the  win- 
ter, all  for  $2  a  year." 

Its  members  number  upwards  of  4,500. 
In  the  vicinity  is  situated  the  well-known 


AsTOR  Library — named  after  Mr.  Jacob  As- 
tor,  one  of  the  most  successful  and  wealthy 
merchants  of  New  York,  who  has  bequeathed 
this  splendid  legacy  as  a./ree  library,  for  the  use 
of  the  citizens  of  the  city,  where  he  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  although  he  entered  the  city — as 
it  is  said — a  poor  boy. 

We  find  from  a  recent  report  of  the  librarian, 
that  the  fund  invested  for  carrying  on  the  insti- 
tution yields  about  §13,000  a"  year,  of  which 
§7,000  goes  for  expenses,  leaving  §6,000  for 
books.  More  than  l'0,000  volumes  have  been 
added  since  1S.54,  including  some  exceedingly 
rare  and  valuable  books. 

During  the  daj-,  it  is  frequented  by  many 
whose  time  and  opportunities  permit  visiting 
it.  As  a  free  library,  however,  we  confess  we 
felt  disappointed  at  finding  that  it  is  shut  one 
hour  after  sunset — the  only  time  when  so 
many  citizens  have  it  in  their  power  to  fre- 
quent such  an  institution,  and,  of  course,  to  thou- 
sands it  must  prove  of  no  use  whatever. 

It  is  most  comfortably,  and  even  gorgeously 
fitted  up,  and  for  all  who  can  attend  during  the 
day,  it  must  prove  a  great  boon. 

Post-office,  Nassau  Street,  between  Cedar 
AND  Liberty  Streets. — The  whole  business 
correspondence  of  this  immense  city,  and 
through  which  passes  the  entire  foreign  corres- 
pondence of  the  United  States  and  Canada— is 
conducted  in  this  miserable  shanty-looking 
building,  which  appears  to  us  to  be  a  disgrace 
to  a  country  village — far  less  a  city  like  New 
York.  It  has  been,  successively,  a  Dutch  church, 
a  riding-school,  a  prison,  and  an  hospital.  It  is 
worthy  of  a  visit,  if  only  to  see  such  a  glaring 
instance  of  neglect,  connected  with  so  import- 
ant a  matter  as  a  proper  establishment  tit  for 
conducting  the  postal  business  of  this  great 
city,  and  which  ought  to  be  an  honour  to  the 
city  instead  of  one  of  its  monuments  of  neglect, 
or  stupidity — we  know  not  which. 

The  New  Arsenal. — Noticed  elsewhere. 

High  Bridge. — Harlem,  1400  feet  long  (see 
engraving;. 


-Broadway,  above  Tenth  st. 


Castle  Garden  Emigration  Depot. — At  the 
Battery,  east  end  of  Broadway.  (See  notice  of 
it  elsewhere.) 

Naval  Dry  Dock. — Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn, 
said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world — built  in  "ten 
years,  at  a  cost  of  §2, 150,000.  Docks  the  larg- 
est ship  in  4  hours  20  m. 

Amongst  the  finest  churches  in  the  city,  w© 
may  mention — 

All  Soul's  Church. — 4th  Avenue — Unitarian. 
(See  engraving  and  notice  elsewhere.) 

Trinity  Church. — Broadway,  fronting  Wall 
Street — Episcopal.  The  nearest  approach  to  a 
cathedral  in  New  York,  about  200  feet  long  by 
MJ  wide,  in  the  florid  Gothic  style,  with  a  very 
beautiful  tower  and  spire,  2S4  feet  high,  con- 
taining a  visitor's  "view-point"  of  250  feet  iu 
height.     (See  engraving.; 

St.  Paul's  Chapel. — Broadway,  between  Ful- 
ton and  Vesey  streets — Episcopal. 

Grace  Church. 
— ^Episcopal. 

St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. — Corner  of  Prince 
and  Mott — Roman  Catholic.  156  feet  by  80,  ac- 
commodating 2000  persons — Byzantine  style. 

FouR'^H  Universalist  Church — Broadway, 
above  Spring.  Remarkable  for  the  exquisite 
Gothic  tracery  of  its  carved  wood-work,  espe- 
cially on  the  pulpit  and  canopy. 

The  Great  Synagogue. — Greene  street,  near 
Houston — Hebrew. 


BENEVOLENT    INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  Hospit.vl. — Broadway.  (See  en- 
graving.) 

Blind  Asylum. — 9th  avenue,  near  33d  street. 
A  massive  Gothic  structure,  covering  one  entire 
block.  About  100  pupils  are  educated  and  taught 
appropriate  trades. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution. — 4th  avenue 
and  50th  street,  on  Washington  Heights, 'cov- 
ering 37  acres.  About  250  mutes  educated  and 
taught  trades. 


Orphan  Asylum.- 

200  inmates. 


-Bloomingdale,  near  80th  st. 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  University. — Wfvshington  Sq. 
A  noble  marble  building,  with  a  beautiful  cha- 
pel— mediaeval  Gothic.  (See  engraving.) 

Columbia  College. — Park  Place,  near  Broad- 
way. A  president,  10  professors,  and  150  stu- 
dents. 

Free  Academy. — Corner  Lexington  avenue 
and  23d  street.     (See  engraving.) 

Union  Theological  Seminary. — University 
Place,  near  Washington  Square.  Six  profes- 
sors— 100  students. 

Bible  House. — An  immense  building,  occu- 
pying one  entire  triangular  block,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  3d  and  4th  avenues,  with  a  frontage  of 
700  feet. 


PUBLIC   INSTITUTIONS— BUILDINGS— MARKETS. 


39 


General  Theological  Seminary. — 20th  st., 
corner  yth  avenue — Episcopal. 

UxivEKSiTY  Medical  School.— 14th  street, 
near  3d  avenue.  Extensive  and  well-arranged 
a])paratus. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. — 4th 
avenue,  corner  iSd  street— Medical  Museum. 

Xew  York  Medical  College. — East  ISth 
street.  Five  months'  course.  Pathological 
Museum,  and  Laboratory  for  the  practical 
stud}-  of  Analytical  Chemistry. 

SCIENTIFIC    AND    LITEKARY    INSTITUTIONS. 

American  Institute. — 349  Broadway.  For 
the  general  advancement  and  applkatlon  of  sci- 
ence. Admission  free.  Holds  an  Annual  Fair 
at  Crystal  Palace,  and  a  Cattle  Show. 

Mech.vnics'  IxsTiTt:TE.— 20  4th  avenue.  Gives 
popular  scientific  lectures.  Mechanical  Mu- 
seum and  reading-room — schools  attached. 

Cooper  "  Union."- Astor  Place,  opposite 
Bible  House.  Built  by  Peter  Cooper,  Esq. 
Free  lectures,  library,  observatory,  debating 
rooms,  and  literary  "employment  btfice.  (See 
engraving.) 

New  York  Society  Library. — University 
Place,  near  12th  street— 36,000  volumes— vis- 
itors admitted. 

Lyceum  of  Natural  History. — 14th  street, 
near  4th  avenue.  Appropriate  library  and 
cabinet. 

New  York  Law  Institute.— City  Hall.  Very 
complete  collection  of  4500  volumes. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — University 
Building— 20,000  volumes,  cabinet  of  coins,  etc. 

Apprentices'  Library. — Mechanics'  Hall, 
Broadway,  near  Grand  street — 40,000  volumes. 

FINE    ART    institutions. 

National  Academy  of  Design.— 58  East  13th 
street.  Spring  exhibition  of  the  works  of  liv- 
ing artists  only.     JIuch  resorted  to. 

DussELDORF  Gallery. — 548  Broadway.  Good 
collection  of  the  Flemish  and  German  schools. 

Bryan  Gallery.— Comer  Broadway  and  13th 
street.   Some  fair  originals  and  excellent  copies. 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

City  Hall  and  Park. — (See  engraving.) 

Custom  House.— Corner  Wall  and  Nassau. 
An  exquisitely  pure  Doric  building  of  white 
marble,  modelled  from  the  Parthenon.  (See 
engraving.)    Admission  free. 

Merch.\sts'  E.XCHANGE.— Wall  street.  Ele- 
gant Ionic  exterior.     (See  engravinor.) 


Halls  of  Justice. — Centre  Street— popular- 
ly known  as  the  "  Tomis."    (See  engraving.) 

RAILROAD  stations  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Hudson   River    Railroad.— Depots :  corner 
Warren  street  and  College  Place ;  Canal  street, 


1  near  Washington;  West  street,  near  Christo- 
pher; Thirty-First  street,  between  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  avenues. 

The  time  is  marked  for  Thirty-First  street 
depot— difl'erence  from  others,  25  to  30  minutes. 

Long  Island  Railroad.— Depot :  foot  of  At- 
lantic street,  Brooklyn. 

New  Jersey  Railroad.— Depot :  foot  of  Court- 
landt  street. 

New  York  and    Erie    Railroad.— Depot : 
West  street,  foot  of  Duane  street. 

New  Jersey  Central  and  Steamboat  Live  — 
Office— 69  Wall  street. 


PUBLIC   BUILDINGS. 

Post-office,  (Nassau  street.)— Proceed  to  146 
Broadway,  and  east  through  Liberty  street. 

Custom  House,  (Nassau,  corner  Wall  street.) 
—Proceed  to  86  Broadway,  and  east  in  Wall 
street.    (See  engraving.) 

Assay  Office,  (Wall  street.)- Proceed  as 
above  for  Custom  House. 

Merchants'  Exchange,  (Wall,  corner  William 
street.)— Proceed  as  above.     (See  engraving.) 

City  Hall,  (in  the  Park.)— Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  260,  and  east  in  the  Park.  (See  engrav- 
ing.) 

Board  of  Education  Rooms  (Grand,  corner 
Elm  street).— Proceed  to  458  Broadway,  and  east 
in  Grand  street. 

Free  Academy,  (23d  street  and  Lexington 
avenue.)— Take  a  3d  or  4th  avenue  car  to  23d 
street.  The  Academy  is  located  between  those 
avenues.     [See  engraving.] 


PUBLIC    MARKETS. 

Fulton,  (South  and  Fulton  streets.) — Proceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  203,  and  east  in  Fulton  street 
to  the  river. 

C-vtharine,  (South  and  Catharine  streets.) — 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  222,  and  east  in 
Park  Row,  Chatham  street,  and  East  Broadway 
to  No.  15,  and  southeast  in  Catharine  street  to 
the  river. 

Washington,  (Fulton  and  West  streets.)— 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  207,  and  west  in 
Fulton  street  to  the  river. 

Centre,  (Grand  and  Centre  streets.) — Proceed 
to  No.  458  Broadwav,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  162. 

Essex,  (Grand  and  Essex  streets.) — Proceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  458,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  334. 

Tompkins,  (Bowery  and  6th  street.) — Proceed 
to  698  Broadway,  east  in  4th  street  to  No.  394, 
and  north  in  Bowery  to  No.  395. 

Jefferson,  (6th  and  Greenwich  avenues.) — 
Proceed  to  No.  769  Broadway,  and  west  in  9th 
street  to  No.  1. 

Spring  Street,  (West  and  Spring  streets.) — 
Proceed  to  527  Broadway,  and  west  in  Spring 
street  to  the  river. 


40 


PLEASANT  DRIVES — LINES   OF   TRAVEL. 


HorsTox  Street,  (Pitt  and  Houston  streets.) 
—Proceed  in  Broadwiij-  to  No.  COS,  and  east  in 
Houston  street  to  174. 


PUBLIC   PARKS. 

Battery,  (Foot  of  Broadway.)— Proceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  and  cross  Battery  Place. 

Park,  (corner  Chambers  sti-eet  and  Broad- 
waj-.) — Proceed  to  271  Broadway. 

Washington,  (Fourth  and  Wooster  streets.) 
— Proceed  to  C98  Broadway,  and  west  to  Wooster 
street. 

Union,  (14th  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 

to  No.  bt)2. 

Madison,  (23d  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 
to  No.  94S. 

Tompkins,  (Avenue  A.) — Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  No.  754,  and  east  in  Eighth  street. 

Central,  (5'Jth  street.)— Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  its  junction  with  Sth  avenue — or  take  a 
2d,"  3d,  or  4th  avenue  car  to  8i3th  street,  and 
proceed  west. 


PLEASANT   DRIVES. 

To  Hifiii  Bridge,  viaBloomingdale. — Proceed 
north  in  Broadwaj',  through  Bloomingdale  road, 
into  the  Ninth  avenue. 

To  High  Bridge,  via  McComb's  Dam. — Pro- 
ceed north  in  Broadway  to  No.  948,  and  north 
in  Fifth  avenue  to  Harlem  River ;  after  crossing 
the  river,  proceed  west. 

To  Fort  Washington.  —  Proceed  north  in 
Broadway,  through  Bloomingdale,  Manhattan- 
ville  and  Canuausville,  along  the  King's  Bridge 
road  to  175th  street,  and  west  to  the  river. 

To  Jamaica,  via  Cvpress  Hills'  Cemetery. — 
Proceed  to  No.  458  Broadway,  east  in  Grand 
street  to  the  river,  cross  Division  avenue  ferry; 
pass  through  South  7tli  and  South  •itli  streets 
and  Broadway,  east  into  Johnson  street,  which 
leads  to  the  plank  road. 

To  Flushing,  via  Green  Point  and  Newtown. 
— Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  784,  and  east  in 
Tenth  street  to  the  river ;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
proceed  east  along  the  plank  road. 

To  P.\terson,  via  Hoboken.  —  Proceed  to 
either  No.  227,  417,  or  709  Broadway,  and  west 
through  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  and  Christo- 
pher streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry — 
taking  the  plank  road  to  the  west. 


OBJECTS   OF   INTEREST. 

High  Bridge,  (over  Harlem  River.) — Drive 
out  Broadway  and  Bloomingdale  road,  and  into 
the  9th  avenue  beyond  Bloomingdale — or  take  a 
car  to  Harlem,  fi-om  4th  avenue  and  27th  street, 
and  then  take  stages  west  from  Harlem.  (See 
engraving.) 

Distributing  Reservoir,  (5th  avenue  and 
42d  street. ) — Take  a  Broadway  and  42d  street, 
or  a  5th  avenue  stage,  or  a  t>th  avenue  car  from 
Broadway  and  Vesey  or  Canal  street,  to  42d 
street. 


Receiving  Reservoir,  (86th  street.) — Take  a 
2d,  3d  or  4th  avenue  car  to  86th  street,  and  pro- 
ceed west. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  (South  Brooklvn.) — 
Proceed  to  208  Broadway,  and  east  in  Fulton 
street  to  the  East  River ;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
take  the  Court  street  cars,  which  go  to  the 
Cemetery  gate. 

HoBOKEN  AND  Elysian  Fields. — Procced  to 
either  227,  417,  or  709  Broadway,  and  west 
through  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  and  Christo- 
pher streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry. 


HOW    TO    LEAVE    NEW   YORK. 

For  Philadelphia,  via  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Depot  at  Jersey  City. — Proceed  to  171  Broad- 
way, thence  to  the  foot  of  Courtlandt  street,  and 
cross  the  ferry. 

For  Philadelphia,  via  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railroad. — From  Pier  No.  1  North  River.  Pro- 
ceed to  No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  in  Battery 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Stonington  and  Providence. 
— From  Pier  No.  2  North  River.  Proceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  through  Battery 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Fall  River  and  Newport. — 
From  Pier  No.  3  North  River.  Proceed  to  No. 
1  Broadway,  and  west  through  Battery  Place  to 
the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Norwich  and  Worcester. — 
From  foot  of  Courtlandt  street.  Proceed  to  No. 
171  Broadway,  and  thence  through  Courtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  New  Haven  Railroad. — Depot 
27th  street  and  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4th  avenue 
car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House,  or  a 
Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to  27th 
street. 

For  Albany,  via  Hudson  River  Railroad. — 
Depot,  Warren  street  and  College  Place.  Pro- 
ceed to  200  Broadway,  and  west  in  Warren 
street  to  College  Place. 

For  Albany,  via  Harlem  Railroad. — Depot 
27th  street,  corner  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4th 
avenue  car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House, 
or  a  Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to 
27th  street. 

For  Albany,  via  People's  Line  Steamboats.— 
From  foot  of  Courtlandt  street.  Proceed  in 
Broadway  to  No.  171,  and  west  in  Courtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Albany,  via  Merchants'  Line  Steam- 
boats.— From  foot  of  Robinson  street.  Proceed 
to  No.  237  Broadwaj',  and  through  Park  Place 
west  to  the  river. 

For  Buffalo  or  Dunkirk,  via  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad. — Depot,  foot  of  Duane  street. 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  303,  and  west  in 
Duane  street  to  the  river. 

For  New  Haven,  by  steamboat. — From  Peck 
Slip.  Proceed  to  208  Broadway,  and  east  in 
Fulton  street  to  the  river ;  thence  northeast 
two  blocks. 


HIGH   BKIDGE,   HARLEM. 


41 


l^-i,  ^*\.  "2.^C?v  '^"S^ 


THE  HIGH  BRIDGE,  CROTON  AQUEDUCT. 


IIir.H  Bridge.— Connected  with  the  water  sup- 
ply of  New  York,  we  give  the  above  engraving 
of  the  Aqueduct,  over  which  the  water  is  brought 
in  pipes  into  the  city  to  the  great  reservoir  at  btjth 
St.,  from  Croton  River  nearly  40  miles  off.  By 
this  means,  New  York  is  supplied  by  an  abun- 
dant, and  never-failing  stream  of  the  best  water 
which  can  be  desired.  It  is  brought  to  a  re- 
ceiving reservoir,  on  York  Hill,  about  5  miles 
from  the  City  Hall.  The  quantity  capable  of 
being  supplied  and  distributed,  is  GO  miUkms  of 
gallons  in  one  day. 

The  Bridge,  represented  above,  crosses  the 
Harlem  Valtey  and  River,  and  is  14.50  feet  long. 
There  are  8  arches,  with  a  span  of  80  feet  each, 
springing  from  piers  20  feet  wide,  at  the  spring 
line,  which  is  60  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
river,  at  high  water.  There  are  several  other 
arches,  springing  from  the  ground,  of  50  feet 
each. 

The  whole  works,  in  connection  with  bring- 
ing the  water  bv  this  means  to  the  city,  has 
cost  upwards  of  ^15,000,000  (£2,400,000  s'tg.). 


On  the  next  page  will  be  found  illustrations 
of  one  of  the  banking  establishments  of  the 
city,  as  well  as  of  the  celebrated  billiard-table 
rooms  of  M.  Phelan,  the  largest  establishment 
of  the  kind,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States, 
where  thirty  magnificent  tables  are  fitted  up 
for  play,  allthe  manufacture  of  Messrs.  O'Con- 
nor &  Colliuder,  of  New  York,  the  largest  bil- 
liard-table makers  in  the  country. 


BROOKLYN. 

Across  the  East  River  is  the  suburban  citv 
of  Brooklyn,  where  thousands  of  the  New  York- 
merchant's,  and  others,  reside.  The  ferry-boats 
cross  every  three  or  four  minutes.  From  Brook- 
lyn "  Heights,"  some  of  the  finest  views  of  New 
York  and  neighbourhood  are  obtained.  Brook- 
lyn is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  a  board  of  18 
aldermen — publishes  daily  newspapers,  and  has 
about  it  all  the  characteristics  of  a  city,  although 
it  forms,  in  reality,  only  a  suburb  of  the  great 
"Gotham,"  with  "which  it  is  so  closely  allied. 
The  population  is  about  ii8,000. 

Strangers  will  find  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher's 
church  (named  Plymouth  Church)  in  Orange 
■street,  between  Hicks  and  Henry  streets.  Take 
the  ferry  foot  of  Fulton  street. 

Brooklyn  has  nearly  SO  churches  in  it,  of  all 
denominations,  and  tlience  has  been  styled  the 
"  City  of  Churches." 


Greenwood  Cemetery,  the  largest  public 
burial  ground  in  the  world,  is  situated  on 
Gowanus  Heights,  about  2i  miles  from  Soutli 
Ferry. 

Tlie  various  avenues  in  the  ground  extend 
for  about  l.">  miles — and,  with  its  hills  and  dells, 
forms  a  scene  of  great  beauty,  whilst  the  mag- 
nificent monuments,  and  the  eminent  individ- 
uals buried  there,  render  it  a  place  peculiarly 
interesting. 


THE   BANK  OF  THE   REPUBLIC,   BROADWAY. 


M.   PHELAN'S  BILLIARD-TABLE   ROOMS,  BROADWAY. 


HOTELS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


Tlie  following  form  a  few  of  the  most  respectable  houses  in  their  respective  localities.  Tl7iere 
the  terms  per  day  are  not  7nentioned,  they  are  generally  $2  to  $2.50  per  day,  and  all  con- 
ducted npon  the  American  plan — excepting  where  stated  otherwise. 

ALBANY— DELAVAN  HOUSE,  Broadway. 

BALTIMORE.— CAItXOrs  CITY  HOTEL,  Monument  Square. 

BOSTON.— THE  A.MERICAN  HOUSE,  4'2  Hanover  street.  ' 

THE  ADAMS  HOUSE,  371  Washington  street. 
BUFFALO,  N  Y  — the  clarendon  hotel  is  a  fii-st-class  house,  in  one  of  the  finest  situations  in  the 
city,  and  can  be  confidently  recommended  to  all  who  wish  a  repectable  and  comfortable  first- 
class  house.     Terms,  $'2.oO  per  day.     Situated  in  Main  street. 
the  western  hotel,  Terrace,  is  a  respectable  |1  per  day  house,  situated  in  an  airy  part  of 

the  city. 
THE  LOVEJOY  HOUSE,  Terrace,  is  a  $1  per  day  house.     Situated  close  to  the  Western. 
THE  MrlNTYRE  HOUSE,  corner  of  Exchange  and  Beak  streets,  and  not  far  from  the  Erie  Rail- 
road Station.     $1  per  day. 
THE  BENNET  TEMPERANCE  HOTEL,  Main  street,  is  an  exclusively  Temperance  House.    A 
comfortable  and  economical  house,  kept  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Thork.     Convenientlj-  situated.     $1  per 
day. 
CHICAGO.— AMERICAN  HOTEL,  Lake  street. 
BRIGG'S  HOUSE,  Randolph  street. 
TREMONT  HOUSE,  Lake  street. 
BARKER  HOUSE,  SO  Randolph  street,  $1.50  per  day. 
ENGLISH  HOTEL,  201  Kenzie  street. 
CINCINNATI —THE  M  ADISON  house.  Main  street.     A  comfortable,  well-conducted,  and  much-frequented 

house.     Yery  convenient  for  either  steamers  or  rail.     $2  per  day. 
CLEVELAND,  0.— the  American  hotel,  Superior  street.     One  of  the  largest  first-class  houses  in  the 
city  ;  situated  in  a  central  part  for  business.     |2.50  per  day. 
THE  ANGIER  HOUSE,  corner  of  Bank  and  Water  streets.     A  large,  first-class  house  ;  situated 

in  a  more  retired,  yet  convenient  situation.     $2.50  per  day. 
THE  JOHNSTON  HOUSE,  Superior  street,  is  a  smaller  house  than  either  of  the  foregoing,  but 

doing  an  excellent  business,  and  comfortable.     $1..50  per  day. 
THE  CO.M.MERCIAL  HOTEL,  Seneca  street,  for  a  cheaper  house  still.     |1.50  per  day. 
DETROIT.— BIDDLE  HOUSE,  Jefferson  Avenue. 

WESTERN  HOTEL,  ITS  and  1S2  Woodbridge  street,  at  Michigan  Central  Railroad  depot. 
K&.LAMAZOO,  Michigan.— BURDICK  HOUSE.     Acker  &  Son,  proprietors. 
MILWAUKEE.— NKWHALL  HOUSE,  $2  per  day. 

AMERICAN  HOUSE. 
MONTREAL.— nONAGANA'S  HOTEL,  Notre  Dame  street. 

NEW  YORK— THE  BREYOORT  HOUSE,  Fifth  avenue,  corner  of  Eighth  street,  is  a  first-class  house,  fitted 
up  for  100  guests.    The  situation  is  in  the  "  Belgravia"  of  New  York,  very  comfortable  and 
quiet,  and  well  adapted  for  families  who  prefer  the  European  plan,  upon  which  it  is  conducted, 
exclusively.    Largely  patronized  by  English  families.     Has  a  magnificent  "  coffee  room,"  where 
all  meals  are  served. 
THE  CLARENDON  HOTEL,  Union  Square,  has  long  been  known  as  a  first-class  house,  in  a 
pleasant,  airy  situation.     Parties  can  choose  between  the  .\merican  and  European  plans,  and 
be  accommodated  comfortably,  in  elegant  apartments.     Suites  of  rooms  are  to  be  had  all 
together.    No  less  than  80  bath  rooms  in  this  house.     Tariff,  $2.50,  or  10».  (stg.),  per  day. 
European  tariff  according  to  accommodation.    Long  frequented  by  English  %usitors. 
LAFARGE  HOUSE,  Broadway,  opposite  to  Bond  street.     One  of  the  most  magnificent  white 
marble  fronted  hotels  in  New  Y'ork,  elegantlj'  furnished  and  fitted  up,  and  conveniently  situ- 
ated for  those  on  pleasure  or  business.     Only  a  few  yards  from  the  Astor  Library  and  the  Mer- 
cantile Association  Library,  to  which  strangers  are  admitted  free. 
NIAGARA  FALLS,  (American  side).— INTERNATIONAL  HOTEL,  Ira  Osborne  and  Co.,  proprietors. 
MONTEAGLE  HOTEL,  near  Suspension  Bridge. 
CLIFTON  HOUSE,  (Canada  side). 
GREAT  WESTERN  HOTEL,  at  Suspension  Bridge. 
OTTAWA.  C.  W.— CAMPBELL'S  HOTEL,  Sparks  street. 

PHILADELPHIA.— THE  GIUAKD  house.  Chestnut  street.  « 

PRAIRIE  DU  CHEEN.—MON DELL  HOUSE.     Accommodation  for  250  guests. 
QUEBEC— Kr.<<ELI,"S  HOTEL,  Palace  street,  Upper  Town. 
SARATOGA  SPRINGS.— UNION  HALL  HOTEL,  opposite  Congress  Spring. 
ST.  CATHERINE'S,  C.  W.— THE  STEPHENSON  HOUSE. 
ST.  LOUIS,  Mo.— BAUNU.MS  HOTEL,  corner  of  Second  and  Walnut  streets. 
ST.  PAUL,  Minn.— THE  fuller  HOUSE,  S.  Long,  superintendent. 


JOSEPH  GILLOTT'S         /^^     VV.      FABER'S 


A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    THKSE 

POPULAR   PENS 

Constantly  on.  ka/iJ, 

FOR    SALE    TO    THE    TRADE, 

At  the  Maiuifacturi'r''s  WarcJiouse, 

91  John  Street,  New  York. 

HENRY   OWEN,    AGENT. 


LEAD-PENCILS, 

Sold  at  Retail   by  all  Stationers, 

AT   WHOLESALE   OXLY   BY 

EBERHARD     FABER, 

SOLE  AGENT, 
133  William  Street,  N.  Y. 


MT&'W"^' 


NASSAU    STREET,    ISEW    YORK. 


Real  Estate,  City  and  Country  (the  srowine  West  included),  bought,  sold,  and  exchaneed.  Houses,  Stores,  and 
other  property  in  the  City  and  vicinity  of  New  Y'ork,  Let  and  the  Rents  collected  ;  or  Leased  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
the  Rents  guaranteed,  when  sufficient  inducements  are  offered.  Landed,  Personal,  and  other  Estates  taken  in  custody, 
as  As;ent  or  Attorney.  Money  invested  in  Stocks,  or  loaned  on  Rood  City  Bonds  and  Mortgafes.  Interest,  Dividends, 
and  other  incomes  collected.    Prompt  returns  in  all  cases.— Reference  satisfactory.— Commissions  moderate. 

N.B.— Fifteen  years'  experience  in  the  above  line  of  business,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  will,  it  is  hoped,  justify  an 
early  application  as  above,  by  parties  who  may  have  any  need  of  such  assistance  or  service. 

COMMISSIONER     OF     DEEDS. 


W.    J.    SHARP'S 

BILLIAED  TABLES, 

WITH 

llolnian's  Patent  Rcl]e.\ible  Cushions. 

Patented,  May  ith,  1S,5S. 
SUPERIOR    TO    ANY    NOW    IN    USE. 

148    FULTON    ST.,    NEW    YORK. 


Balls,  Cues,  Trimmings,  t&c,  constantly  on  liand. 


WM.  H.   GRIFFITH, 

MANUFACTURER, 
146  Fulton  Street,  New  York. 

Where  he  offers  for  sale  Marble  and  Slate  Bed  Tables, 
20  per  cent,  less  than  can  be  bought  elsewhere ;  with 
his  correct  and  reliable  Combination  Cushions,  now 
preferred  to  all  others. 

W .     H  O  li  L  A  C  H  E  rT, 

lO^ORTH  WILLIAM  ST.,   N.  Y., 

MANfFACTURER  OY  ALL   KINDS  OK 

In  Metal,  Brass,  Rosewood,  Mahogany,  Black  Walnut 
and  Silver. 

Keep  constantly  on  hand  a  larse  assortment  of  the  above- 
named  articles.  Country  Merchants  are  particularly 
solicited  to  call  and  examine  the  stock. 

Ordfrs  promptly  executed,  at  short  notice. 


Extracting  Teeth  by  Electricity 

WITHOUT     PAIN. 

DR.  S.  B.  SillTH'S  Crystal  Battery  Magnetic 
Machine  is  now  being  extensively  used  by  the 
Dental  profession  for  the  above  purpose.  For  Medi- 
cal purposes,  this  instrument  is  unrivalled.  It  gives 
out  both  a  DIRECT  as  well  as  a  To-and-Fro  Current, 
which  no  other  Magnetic  Machine  does.  It  is  only 
the  Direct  Current  that  can  prevent  pain  ;  a  To-and 
Fro  Current  cannot  possibly  do  it,  as  I  have  demon- 
strated in  a  printed  circular,  which  I  send  by  mail  to 
any  who  desire  it.  The  Zincs  never  require  cleaning. 
Expense  of  running  it  four  cents  a  month.  Price 
$l'.i.  8ent  bv  express  to  all  parts  promptly.  Address 
Dr.  S.  B.  SMItH,  322  Canal  St.,  near  Church  St.,  N.Y. 


J.    SEXTON, 


H  O  F  F  I?I  A  N 

SHOW 


&    FERSH, 

CASES, 


Made  in  every  style.  No.  44  Chatham  Street,  City 
Hall,  New  York. 


No.  121  Nassau  Street, 

NEW   YORK. 

American  &  Foreign  Patent  Agency* 

THOMAS  D.  STETSON, 

AGENT     FOR 

Procuring   Patents, 

No.  5  TRYOX   ROW,  NEW  YORK. 
A  Circular,  with  information,  sent  free  by  mail. 


NEW  YORK   STREETS — CORPORATION  AND   POLICE.  43 


NEW   YORK  STREETS  AND   CORPORATION. 

One  of  the  worst  things  connected  with  New  York,  which  strikes  a  stranger  at  once  on 
his  coming  either  from  Great  Britain,  or  such  ji  city  as  Philadelphia  or  Boston,  is 
the  abominably  disgi'aceful  state  which  the  public  streets  are  in,  for  the  most  part.  It 
matters  not  whether  it  is  fine  a  day  or  foul  day,  there  the  gutters  reek  with  stagnant  water 
and  filth  to  such  an  extent,  that  we  are  only  surprised  that  the  mortality  is  not  greater 
than  it  is  in  New  York,  although,  who  can  doubt  but  that  that  has  something  to  do  with 
the  great  mortality  which  takes  place  among  young  children,  compelled  as  they  are,  to  in- 
hale the  poisonous  miasma  from  stagnant  dirty  water,  etc.,  before  the  doors.  Again, 
in  the  paving  of  the  streets,  they  are  equally  bad.  With  the  exception  of  such  as  Broad- 
waj-,  there  is  scarcely  a  street  in  New  York,  but  in  driving  along  which  you  have  to  be 
very  careful,  or  either  the  springs  of  your  machine  will  snap,  or  you  will  be  pitched  out, 
owing  to  the  ruts,  holes,  and  stones  laying  about.  The  condition  of  the  public  streets  of 
New  York — as  regards  scavengei'ing  and  paving — are  at  present,  and  we  believe  long  have 
been,  a  standing  memorial  of  an  eft'ete,  or  disgracefully  disregardless  corporation.  Ask  any 
one,  high  or  low,  rich  or  poor,  as  to  why  it  is  so,  and  you  will  get  the  one  universal  answer 
— '•  We  are  swindled  out  of  the  money  which  ought  to  keep  the  streets  in  better  order. 
Instead  of  paying  to  do  that,  it  finds  its  way  into  the  pockets  of  a  corrupt  corporation." 
We  could  scarcely  believe  sucli  to  be  possible,  but  "  what  every  body  says  must  be  true." 
We  are  so  far  glad,  however,  to  be  borne  out  in  these  remarks  by  a  quotation  which  we 
make  from  the  New  York  Daily  Herald,  the  editor  of  which  paper  (20th  September,  18.58) 
.'ippears  to  be  indignant,  when,  in  referring  to  the  enormous  taxation  of  the  city,  he  says: — 

"  In  return  for  th»vast  expenditure  of  $10,000,000,  the  citizen  gets  comparatively  little 
advantage;  over  3,000,000  of  it  goes  into  the  pockets  of  a  set  of  thieving  oflicials,  small 
politicians,  rowdies,  and  fighting  men  ;  filthy  streets,  with  the  germ  of  pestilence  in  every 
gutter ;  schools  so  inadequate  to  the  population,  that  10,000  children  are  refused  admittance 
in  one  week ;  a  police  department  so  grossly  mismanaged  that  life  is  continuall}-  in  danger, 
and  property  almost  wholly  unprotected;  a  city  government  more  abominably  corrupt  and 
inefficient  than  any  other  on  the  face  of  the  globe — these  are  the  benefits  which  the  citi- 
zens of  New  York  get  for  all  the  money  that  is  squandered  and  plundered  every  year. 
And  such  comments  will  remain  true  of  the  condition  of  this  city  until  its  government  is 
taken  out  of  the  hands  of  dishonest  politicians." 

And  again,  talking  of  the  taxpayers,  says: — 

"  They  are  the  sufferers  from  all  our  corporation  corruptions — they  are  the  parties  who 
are  fleeced  by  the  robbers  and  jobbers  of  all  the  rotten  cliques  and  parties  in  the  field ;  and 
the  wrongs  of  the  taxpayers  can  only  be  righted  by  themselves.  They  can  clean  out  our 
treasury  suckers  if  they  will,  and  a  half  dozen  men  may  put  the  ball  in  motion.  Will  no- 
body take  the  hint,  and  move  in  this  important  matter  of  reducing  the  fees  and  perquisites 
of  our  corporation  sharks  and  jobbers  to  the  extent  of  §2,000,000  or  83,000,000  a  year  1  Can 
any  man  enumerate  the  loafers  and  vagabonds  now  subsisted  out  of  the  pockets  of  the  tax- 
payers, but  who  would  be  driven  to  honest  labour,  or  driven  out  of  the  city,  if  our  corpo- 
ration expenses  were  cut  down  to  the  extent  of  some  $2,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year? 

POLICE   OF  NEW  YORK. 

From  wliat  we  have  seen  and  heard  of  this  body,  their  efficiency  or  discipline  is  very 
questionable,  when  compared  with  the  well-regulated  system  of  any  of  the  British  cities. 

The  policeman  of  New  York  is  apparently  a  very  gentlemanly  man,  and  will  be  found 
now  and  then  at  corners  of  streets,  etc.,  dressed  up  with  blue  frock  coat,  and  white  pants, 
wi1h  blue  cloth  cap  (in  summer). 

If  you  ask   him   a  question,  regarding  your  way  to  any   particular  point,   perhaps 


44  POLICE   OF   NEW   YORK — DINING   SALOONS. 

he  ■will   withdraw  the  cigar  from  his  mouth,  and  give  you  a  quiet,  civil  answer;   or 

he  will  answer  you  with  the  cigar  stuck  in  the  corner  of  his  mouth,  as  he  stands  enjoying 
his  "  weed,"  and  it  may  be,  he  answers  not  over  civilly,  and  j-ather  carelessly.  It  is,  how- 
ever, in  the  catching  of  pickpockets,  for  example,  where  we  have  seen  him  shine,  to  posi- 
tive disadvantage — when  in  having  some  "  rowdy"  pointed  out  to  him  to  secure,  he  would 
(cigar  in  mouth)  give  chase,  and  possibly  run  after  his  game  for  probably  100  yards — when, 
either  fancying  it  too  much  trouble,  or  from  some  other  cause,  he  would  give  up  the  chase, 
and  be  laughed  at  by  the  by-standers,  as  well  as  by  the  scoundrel  he  was  in  pursuit  of. 
We  need  not  say  what  the  effect  of  such  an  exhibition  must  be,  upon  the  more  vicious 
members  of  society,  when  they  see  such  laxity  in  apprehensions.  Compare  this  with  the 
determined  vigilance,  courage,  and  perseverance  of  a  London  policeman,  who,  in  such  cir- 
cumstances, would  chase  his  man  from  Hammersmith  to  Bow,  rather  than  be  defeated, 
once  he  had  started  in  pursuit.  The  case  we  have  mentioned,  as  regards  New  York  police- 
men, is  only  what  we  have  borne  witness  to,  (in  what  is  termed  the  "  mayof's  squad,")  and 
is  a  sample,  from  what  we  hear,  of  the  efficiency  of  the  protectors  of  the  public  safety  and 
peace — who  are  elected  to  their  situations,  it  is  affirmed,  more  to  serve  private  or  political 
interest,  than  with  an  eye  to  the  efficiency  of  the  public  service. 

The  inefficiency  of  the  police  of  New  York  cannot  be  better  illustrated  than  by  reference 
to  the  fact  of  murders,  robberies,  burglaries,  assaults,  etc.,  taking  place,  daily  and  nightly, 
without  the  offenders  being  brought  to  justice — together  with  the  fact,  that  almost  the 
whole  of  the  large  stores  and  factories  are  obliged  to  have  private  watchmen,  during  the 
night,  to  protect  their  property. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  wealth,  intelligence,  and  experience  which  exists  in  New  York, 
we  are  surprised  that  such  a  want  of  protection  to  person  and  property  exists,  in  the  sys- 
tem, at  present,  which  assimilates  to  that  in  existence  in  London  100  years  ago. 

DINING  SALOONS,  ETC. 

No  city  is  better  off  than  New  York  for  the  conveniences  it  affords  for  men  of  business 
and  the  thousands  of  assistants  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  strangers,  getting  a  good,  comfort- 
able, and  economical  dinner.  Much  as  Manchester  may  boast  of  its  "  Merchant's,"  in  Mar- 
ket street ;  London,  of  its  "  Gresham,"  in  Aldermanbury ;  Glasgow,  of  its  "  McLeary  V  or 
"  rippett's ;"  or  Liverpool,  of  its  "  Anderson's"  or  the  "  Crooked  Billet,"  the  stranger,  when 
he  becomes  acquainted  where  to  go,  in  New  York,  can  dine  better  there,  for  less  money, 
than  in  any  of  the  cities  referred  to.  The  dining  saloons  are  conducted  on  the  same  style 
as  those  in  Manchester,  where  the  system  of  tickets  are  given  bj-  the  waiter,  stating  the 
amount  you  have  to  pay  as  you  retire.  There  are  printed  bills  of  fare,  and  an  immense 
variety  of  eatables  and  edibles  are  there  mentioned,  with  the  price  stated  opposite  each. 
For  example,  you  can  have  a  plate  of  soup,  roast  mutton,  potatoes,  bread,  butter,  pickles, 
and  pudding  for  29  cents,  or  Is.  2^(1. — information,  perhaps,  worth  knowing  by  the  stranger 
who  has  not  much  money  to  spend. 

Strangers,  on  arriving  in  New  York,  will  do  well  to  bear  in  mind,  that  it  matters  not 
how  finely  furnished  or  expensive-looking  the  restaurant  or  dining  saloon  maybe — such  are 
as  economical  as  the  meanest  places  of  the  same  sort.  Emigrants,  annving  in  New  York, 
make  a  great  mistake  in  that  respect,  by  going  to  second  and  third-rate  dining  rooms — at 
the  request  of  interested  parties — near  the  wharves,  which  are  the  most  expensive  and 
most  unsatisfactory  of  any.  They  should  go  to  a  first-class  restaurant,  or  to  a  hotel  on  the 
European  plan,  and  by  going  into  the  coffee  room,  they  can  have  what  they  want,  of  the 
very  best  description,  and  at  the  most  moderate  charges. 

The  fittings  of  some  of  these  dining  saloons  exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kind  we  ever  saw 
in  Great  Britain,  and  what  with  plate-glass  all  round  the  walls,  rich  and  expensive  drapery, 
carving  and  gilding,  with  marble  tables,  all  in  a  style  of  palatial  magnificence  nowhere 
excelled,  and  yet,  as  we  have  said,  the  charges  at  such,  are  as  low  as  at  many  vei-y  iii- 
ferior  places  of  the  same  kind. 


STORES — STREET   RAILROADS.  45 

WHOLESALE   AND   EETAIL   STORES. 

The  retail  stores,  in  extent  and  character,  range  from  the  roughest  and  most  primitive 
"  shanty"  to  the  most  gorgeous  marble  palace  situated  in  Broadway. 

Tlie  wholesale  stores,  in  general,  occupy  only  floors  (called  "  flats,"  in  Scotland).  In  one 
block  of  building,  from  30  to  40  feet  wide  and  200  feet  long,  there  will  be  found  3  or 
4  wholesale  storekeepers.  There  are  scarcely  any  colossal  establishments,  such  as  Morrison, 
Dillon  &  Co.'s,  Cook,  Sons  &  Co.'s,  Leaf,  Coles  &  Co.'s,  of  London ;  S.  <fe  J.  Watts',  H.  Ban- 
nerman  &  Sons',  I.  &  N.  Phillips  &  Co.'s,  or  Potters  &  Nori-is,  in  Manchester;  or  J.  &  W, 
Campbells,  Stewart  <fe  McDonald's,  or  Arthur  &  Eraser's,  in  Glasgow.  There  may  be  6aid 
to  be  really  no  monster  dry  goods  stores  in  New  York,  which  can  take  rank  with  any 
of  the  foregoing  houses,  excepting  A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.'s,  on  Broadway — certainly  the 
largest  concern  of  the  kind  in  America.  It  is  both  wholesale  and  retail.  There  are 
smaller  establishments,  more  splendid  in  architectural  design,  and  with  more  elaborately 
carved  marble  fronts,  but  not  one  of  them  can  compare,  as  regards  extent,  or  amount  of 
business  turned  over,  with  Messrs.  Stewart's  house.  As  regards  the  interior  magnificence 
of  its  retail  departments,  it  can  vie  with  any  in  London  or  Paris. 

THE   STREET.  CARS,  OR   RAILROADS. 

As  may  be  well  known,  some  of  the  principal  streets  in  New  York,  are  laid  with  a  double 
line  of  rails,  over  which  are  run  railroad  cars,  each  drawn  by  two  horses.  The  car  is  a  low- 
set  railway  carriage,  with  an  entrance  and  a  platform  at  each  end.  At  one  end  stands  the 
driver,  with  a  brake  at  his  side,  which  he  uses  with  one  hand,  and  pulls  the  reins  with  the 
other,  when  he  wishes  to  allow  a  passenger  to  get  ofi"  or  on.  If  j'ou  are  in  the  car,  j'ou 
have  merely  to  pull  the  strap,  on  the  roof  of  the  car,  and  it  rings  a  bell,  on  hearing  which 
the  driver  pulls  up.  There  is  a  conductor  who  takes  the  fares,  and  it  is  astonishing  with 
what  eagle-eyed  sharpness  he  detects  a  fresli  passenger,  who  may  have  jumped  on  whilst 
the  car  was  in  motion,  and  mixed  amongst  a  crowd,  most  probably. 

These  cars  are  seated  for  about  24,  but  on  the  platform,  there  is  standing  room  for  10  or 
12  at  each  end,  so  that  in  the  morning  and  evenings  they  will  be  seen  bowling  along  with 
a  load  of,  sometimes,  as  many  as  from  40  to  50  people,  the  centre  of  the  car  inside  being 
lined  with  passengers  standing.  They  are  very  wide  and  roomy,  well  cushioned,  and  easy 
to  ride  in.  They  run  the  full  distance  from  point  to  point,  which  is  about  5  miles,  for  5 
cents,  (or  2^^  stg.,)  going  at  the  rate  of  fully  C  miles  per  hour.  Notwithstanding  that  the 
ordinary  street  omnibuses  run  on  the  same  lines,  and  that  they,  as  well  as  carts  and  vehicles 
of  all  sorts,  cross  and  re-corss  the  rails,  there  is  never  any  accident  with  them.  Attached 
to  the  horses  are  small  bells,  which  warn  all  of  their  approach,  and  with  the  powerful  drag 
in  the  hands  of  the  driver,  a  collision  can  be  promptly  prevented. 

There  are  several  companies  interested  in  these  cars.  Each  one  has  a  separate  route, 
and  keeps  to  its  own,  running  back  and  forwards,  day  after  day,  every  day  in  the  week. 
The  niou  who  are  conductors  and  drivers  are  employed  15  to  16  hours  per  day,  and  are 
required  to  keep  their  time  to  a  minute,  in  arriving  and  departing  from  each  terminus, 
whicli  they  do  every  2  minutes.  The  horses  are  employed  only  about  3  hours  per  day, 
running  in  that  time  18  to  20  miles  per  day.  On  the  ringing  of  the  bell,  they  are  so  train- 
ed, that  they  understand  to  pull  up  and  start,  as  the  case  may  be. 

One  line  of  these  cars  belongs  chiefly  to  one  of  the  most  celebrated  men  in  New  York, 
an  American  by  birth,  named  George  Law,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman,  Avho  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  most  successful  speculators  in  the  United  States,  and  a  man  who  has  always  work- 
ed, like  many  of  his  countrymen,  more  with  his  head,  than  his  hands.  To  see  the  stables 
belonging  to  him,  where  the  horses  belonging  to  his  line  are  housed,  is  one  of  the  sights 
of  New  York.  There  nearly  800  horses  are  to  be  seen,  all  well  cared  for  and  made 
comfortable.  The  feed  for  them  is  laid  in,  on  the  best  terms,  and  machinery  assists  in 
cutting  and  bruising  it  to  render  it  as  profitable  as  possible. 


46  NEW  YORK:    STREET   RAILROADS. 

We  fancy  that  Wilson,  of  the  "  Favourite"  line  of  busses  in  London ;  Greenwood  &  Tur- 
ner's, of  Manchester,  with  their  3  horse  abreast  Scotch  buss;  or  Andrew  Menzies,  of  Glas- 
gow, can  scarcely  boast  of  doing  this  particular  branch  of  city  trade,  on  so  extensive  a 
scale,  as  that  now  described,  far  less  conveying  passengers  5  miles  for  2^(7. 

We  understand  that  each  ear  makes  16  journeys  per  day,  and  carries  on  an  average,  about 
30  passengers  each  trip.  There  are  about  70  cars  on  one  line,  giving  something  like  the 
following  result : — Total  number  of  cars,  70.  Running  equal  to  5,320  mUes,  and  carrying 
33,600  passengers  per  day.  Income  at  5  cents  each,  §1,680,  or  £336,  stg.,  in  one  daj-,  or 
§11,760  per  week,  or  in  one  year  §611,520,  (£122,640,)  on  one  line  of  streets  alone  !  The 
line  of  George  Law's,  it  is  said,  pays  at  least  12  per  cent  dividend,  besides  bonuses. 

A  new  description  of  one  horse  railroad  car  was  started  in  Xew  York  last  August,  and 
a  most  comfortable  car  it  is.  Connected  with  it,  there  is  no  conductor.  Tiie  driver  pulls 
up — you  enter — put  the  amount  of  your  fare  down  a  slip  near  the  roof,  and  it  drops  into 
a  glass  case.  When  the  driver,  who  sees  through  the  glass  that  the  amount  is  correct,  he 
touches  a  spring,  and  the  coin  falls  down  into  a  locked  drawer  underneath ;  the  money 
never  being  touched  by  the  driver,  and  beyond  his  reach.  If  you  have  no  change,  the 
driver  will  give  you  full  change,  through  a  hole  in  the  top  of  the  omnibus.  On  entering 
the  car  you  deposit  the  proper  amount  of  fare  as  stated.  Tlie  door  is  opened  and  shut  by 
a  strap  in  the  hands  of  the  driver,  attached  to  the  door. 

In  the  city  omnibuses,  (called  stages)  the  only  attendant  is  the  driver,  who  attends  to 
its  management  in  the  same  manner  as  abov«  described. 


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PHILADELPHIA    TO    PITTSBURG, 

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the  Great  Northwest. 

Close  connections  are  made  with  this  railroad  line  at  Philadelphia 
by  all  the  passenger  lines  running  westward  from  Boston  and  New 
York.  The  rates  of  fare  are  always  as  low,  the  time  as  short,  and 
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companies,  and  for  speed  and  safety  this  line  is  not  excelled  by  any  in 
the  United  States. 


IT'IFTY-TIIIRD  VOLUMl':,  beginning  witti  the  January  Numl)er,  T!59.  Louis  Gatlord  Clark  and  Dr. 
James  I).  Noyks,  Editors.  Arrangements  liave  been  made  with  tlie  following  popular  authors  for  con- 
tributions to  tlie  sueeeeding  volume  of  the  Knickerbockkr,  comprising,  we  believe,  a  gi-eater  amount  and 
variety  of  talent  that  have  ever  been  enlisted  for  any  magazine  in  the  country. 


Fitz  Greene  HaUeck, 
Donald  G.  Mitchell, 
Park  Benjamin, 
Kev.  F.  \V.  Shelton, 
Dr.  J.  VV.  Palmer, 


Gulian  C.  Verplanck, 
H.  T.  Tuckerman, 
George  W.  Curtis, 
John  G.  Sa.xe, 
Alfred  B.  Street, 


Prof.  Edward  North, 
Manton  M.  Marble, 
Fitz  James  O'Brien, 
T.  B.  Aldrich, 
James  W.  Morris, 


E.  L.  Godkin, 
John  Phoeni.x, 
A.  Wilder, 
Jlrs.  E.  Key  Blunt, 
Dr.  J.  W.  Francis, 

Miss  Caroline  Cheesebro. 
"  The  oldest  and  best  established  of  American  Magazines."     "  The  Blackwood  of  America." 
Every  Number  of  the  Fifty-third  Volume  will  have  a  steel  plate  engraving.     Terms :— Single  Copies,  One 
Year,  $.3.00;  Two  Copies,  $5.00;  Three  Copies,  $6.00;  Single  Numbers,  25  cents. 
An  extra  copy  sent  to  any  one  who  will  make  up  a  cluli  of  ten  subscribers,  at  $2.00  each. 

JOHN  A.  GRAY,  Publisher,  16  &  18  Jacob  Street,  N.  Y. 


IMPORTER  AND  MANUFACTURER  OF 

B>\1\\  iinir  SS0rstcb  Jf ringts,  6imps,  Corbs,  Mussels ; 

OXJIl.T-A.I3Sr     IDEOOI^-A-TIOnSTS, 

AND     LADIES'     DRESS    TRIMMINGS. 
401  nno^nj^»iir,  cor.  or  jv*dLiLEn, 

NEW    YORK.       

J.    E.    h:^m:ilton^, 

ARCHITECT, 

416   BROADWAY,  cor.  of   OANAL   STREET, 

ISTeTAT    ^^iTorik. 

WILLIAM     H^     RANLETT, 

Editor  of  Builder's  Register,  and  author  of  "  The  Architect  and  "  City  Architecty 

No.    52    JOHN    STREET,  NEW    YORK. 

The  subscribers  are  prepared  to  execute  all  kinds 
of  Drawing  and  Engraving  on  AVood  promptly,  and 
in  every  style  of  the  art,  upon  the  most  reasonable 
terms.  "  All  kinds  of  Book  Illustrations,  Magazine 
Covers,  Views  of  Buildings,  Machinery,  Land- 
scapes, &c..  Portraits,  Societies'  Seals,  Druggists' 
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N.  ORE  &  CO.,  52  John  Street,  New  York,     j 


JAMES    CONNER    &,    SONS, 

F»  ES         IF"  O  XJ  3>3"  33  ES  rt  S, 

29,    31   &   33   BEEKMAN    STREET, 
NEW     YORK. 


GEORGE    A.    PRINCE    &    CO., 

MAXIIFACTUIIERS    OF   THE 

IIIPP.  OVED     PATENT     IvIELODBON, 

87     FXJLTOKT      SXI^EET,      ISTEATV      "STOPIK:, 
BUFFALO    AND    CHICAGO. 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON.  47 


CITY   OF  WASHINGTON. 

"  Washington,  the  Capital  of  the  United  States,  is  beautifully  and  conveniently  situated  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  River  Potomac,  District  of  Columbia.  The  city  is  nearly  surrounded 
by  a  fine  amphitheatre  of  hills  of  moderate  elevation,  covered  with  trees  and  shrubbery, 
and  commanding  from  many  points  picturesque  scenery*,  and  extensive  views  of  the  "  River 
of  8wans,"  which,  descending  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  winding  its  way  for 
nearly  400  miles  through  a  fertile  and  most  attractive  country,  expands  into  Chesapeake 
Baj*.  The  environs  of  tlie  city  abound  in  elegant  villas  and  country  seats. 
"Lat.  38°  55'  48"  north,  and  long.  77°  1'  30"  west  from  Greenwich.  It  is  the  first  meri- 
dian of  American  geograpliers. 

"The  site  has  a  gently  undulating  surface.  The  city  extends  X.  W.  and  S.  E.  about 
4^  miles,  and  E.  to  S.  about  2-J-  miles.  The  public  buildings  occupy  the  most  elevated 
situations.  The  streets  run  N.  and  S.,  and  E.  and  W.,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles, 
with  the  exception  of  15,  -which  point  to  the  States,  of  which  they  severally  bear  the 
names.  The  Capitol  commands  the  streets  called  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Pennsylvania 
avenues  ;  the  President's  House,  Pennsylvania,  Vermont,  New  York,  and  Connecticut 
avenues,  and  all  these  different  intersections  form  1170  squares.  Pennsylvania  avenue, 
which  stretches  in  a  direct  line  from  Georgetown  to  the  Eastern  Branch,  passing  the  Presi- 
dent's House  to  the  Capitol,  is  4  miles  in  length,  and  IGO  feet  wide  between  those  edifices, 
and  beyond  them  130  feet.  The  streets  are  from  70  to  100  feet  wide.  The  whole  area  of 
the  city  is  about  3016  acres,  and  its  periphery  about  14  miles. 

"The  city  was  founded,  and  the  corner-stone  of  the  Capitol  was  laid,  with  masonic  honours, 
on  the  18th  Sept.,  1793,  and  the  city^  was  first  occupied  as  the  seat  of  government  in  1800. 
"The  public  buildings  of  AVashington  are  the  Capitol,  the  Executive  Mansion,  the  State 
Offices,  Treasury  Buildings,  War  Offices,  Navy  Offices,  Offices  of  the  Secretar}'  of  the  Inte- 
I'ior,  Patent  Office,  Post-office,  Office  of  the  Attorney-general,  National  Observatory,  the 
Arsenal,  Navy  Yard,  Smithsonian  Institute,  National  Medical  College,  Columbian  College, 
Coast  Survey  Office,  City  Hall,  National  Institute,  numerous  churches,  the  hotels,  and  many 
others  devoted  to  a  variety  of  useful,  literary,  and  benevolent  purposes. 
"  Public  Squares  and  Parks. — We  condense  the  following  from  Miss  Lynch's  description 
of  Washington :  "  The  open  waste  lying  between  the  Capitol,  the  President's  House,  and  the 
Potomac,  is  about  to  be  converted  into  a  national  park,  upon  a  plan  proposed  by  the 
lamented  A.  J.  Downing.  The  area  contains  about  150  acres,  and  the  principal  entrance 
is  to  be  through  a  superb  marble  gateway,  in  the  form  of  a  triumphal  arcii,  which  is  to 
stand  at  the  western  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue.  From  this  gateway  a  series  of  carriage 
drives,  forty  feet  wide,  crossing  the  canal  by  a  suspension  bridge,  will  lead  in  gracefully 
curved  lines  beneath  lofty  shade-trees,  forming  a  carriage  drive  between  5  or  6  miles  in 
circuit.  The  grounds  will  include  the  Smithsonian  Institute  and  Washington's  monument. 
The  parks  round  the  President's  House  and  the  Capitol  iiave  already  been  mentioned. 
Lafayette  Park,  on  the  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  in  front  of  the  executive  mansion, 
is  laid  out  and  planted  with  shrubbery,  etc.,  and  contains,  as  we  have  elsewhere  stated,  a 
bronze  equestrian  statue  of  President  Jackson.  To  avoid  the  unpleasant  angularity,  caused 
by  the  peculiar  intersection  of  the  streets,  open  spaces  are  to  be  left  at  these  points,  which 
are  to  be  laid  out  and  planted  with  trees,  etc.  There  are  extensive  grounds  around  the 
City"  Hall,  called  Judiciary  Square." 

"Objects  of  Interest  in  the  Vicinity. — Fifteen  miles  south  of  Washington,  on  the  Poto- 
mac, is  Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  and  now  the  tomb  of  Washington.  Thirteen  miles 
above  Georgetown  are  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  tliought  by  many  to  equal,  in  wild- 
ness  and  picturesque  interest,  any  in  the  country.  Tlie  Little  Falls,  which  descend  15  feet 
perpendicularly,  are  only  3  miles  above  Georgetown.  Tlie  latter  was  a  favourite  fishing 
resort  of  Daniel  Webster.  Measures  are  being  taken  to  supply  Washington  with  water 
from  one  of  these  falls. 


48 


THE   CAPITOL   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


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CITY  OF  "WASHINGTON.  49 

somely  laid  out,  and  planted  with  trees  and  shrubbery,  presenting,  during  the  spring  and 
summer,  a  scene  of  exquisite  beaut}'.  The  extensions  will  comprehend  two  wings,  238  by 
140  feet,  which  are  to  be  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  colonnades,  and  to  communicate  on 
the  fourth  bj' corridors  44  feet  long,  and  50  wide,  with  the  main  building.  The  whole  will 
be  751  feet  long,  and  cover  an  area  of  3^  acres.  The  grounds  around  the  Capitol  embrace 
from  23  to  30  acres,  forming  an  oblong  on  three  sides,  and  a  semicircle  on  the  west. 
'•The  President's  Mansion  has  a  front  of  170  feet  b}-  86  feet  deep,  is  2  stories  high,  and 
built  of  freestone,  painted  white,  hence,  we  presume,  it  is  named  the  "  White  House."  The 
north  front  has  a  portico  ornamented  with  4  Ionic  columns  facing  Pennsylvania  avenue, 
and  3  at  the  sides;  under  tllis,  carriages  drive  to  deposit  their  visitors.  The  Potomac 
front  has  a  circular  colonnade  of  6  Ionic  columns.  In  the  same  enclosure  with  the  Exe- 
cutive Mansion  are  the  edifices  appropriated  to  the  State,  Treasury,  War,  and  Navy  De- 
partments. The  State  and  Treasury  buildings  are  directly  east  of  the  President's  House, 
and  those  of  War  and  Navy  west  of  it. 

"The  State  Department  is  a  plain,  brick  structure,  160  feet  long,  55  wide,  and  2  stories 
high,  in  which  are  emploj-ed  19  clerks,  2  messengers,  and  5  watchmen.  The  department 
contains  a  large  library  of  books,  maps,  charts,  etc.,  and  in  the  copyright  bureau  are  de- 
posited from  10,000  to  12,000  volumes  of  works  copyrighted  in  the  United  States.  Imme- 
diately south  of  the  State  Department  is 

"The  Treasury  Department,  occupying  an  imposing  edifice  of  stone,  340  feet  long,  and 
170  wide,  and,  when  completed,  will  be  457  in  length.  The  east  front  (on  the  north  bend 
of  Pennsj-lvania  avenue,  caused  bj'  the  interruption  from  the  park  around  the  President's 
House)  has  a  colonnade  of  Ionic  columns,  300  feet  long,  and,  when  the  north  and  south 
wings  are  added,  will  number  42  columns.  The  north  and  south  ends  of  the  building  will 
also  have  projecting  porticos.  This  edifice  has  about  150  apartments,  in  which  are  em- 
ploj-ed,  besides  the  secretary'  and  his  assistant,  3  auditors,  2  treasurers,  1  register,  1  com- 
missioner of  customs,  about  300  clerks,  and  perhaps  30  other  employees.  The  building  of 
"  The  War  Department  is  precisel}'  similar  to  that  of  the  State,  and  is  the  headquarters 
of  the  array  officers.  In  it  are  employed,  besides  officers,  92  clerks,  and  other  employees, 
"  The  Navy  Department,  in  the  rear  of  the  War,  employs  more  than  40  clerks,  besides 
messengers,  etc.     The  Indian  Bureau  is  also  in  this  building. 

"The  Pension  Office  is  a  very  large  but  plain  structure,  immediately  west  of  the  Navy 
Department.  About  halfway  between  the  Capitol  and  President's  House,  north  from  Penn- 
sylvania avenue,  fronting  E  street,  is  the  structure  occupied  by 

"The  General  Post-office,  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in  Washington.  It  is  of  white  mar- 
ble, 204  feet  long,  and  102  deep,  contains  over  80  rooms,  and  employs,  besides  the  postmas- 
ter-general. Ills  3  assistants,  more  than  60  clerks,  and  the  sixth  auditor,  with  over  100 
clerks.  Occupying  the  square  between  8th,  9th,  and  F  and  G  streets,  is  the  building  of 
the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or  Home  Department,  generally  called  (from  one  of  its 
bureaus)  the  Patent  Office.     (See  Engraving.) 

"South  from  Pennsylvania  avenue,  west  of  the  Capitol,  and  south-east  from  the  Presi- 
dent's House,  on  a  gently  rising  ground,  in  the  midst  of  the  new  park  now  being  laid  out, 
stands 

"The  Smithsonian  Instttute,  one  of  the  noblest  institutions  and  finest  structures  in  Wash- 
ington. The  edifice  is  450  feet  long  by  140  wide,  is  built  of  red  sandstone,  in  the  Roman- 
esque or  Norman  style,  embellished  by  9  towers  of  from  75- to  150  feet  in  height,  and  when 
viewed  from  Capitol  Hill,  has  an  imposing  effect.  In  the  building  will  be  provided  a  lec- 
ture room,  sufficiently  capacious  to  seat  from  1200  to  2000  persons,  a  museum  for  objects  of 
natural  history,  200  feet  long,  one  of  the  best  supplied  laboratories  in  the  United  States, 
a  gallery,  for  paintings  and  statuary,  120  feet  long,  and  a  room  capable  of  containing  a  lib- 
rary of  100,000  volumes,  and  actually  numbering  21,701,  in  1853;  of  which  4539  were 
copyright  works.  This  institution  was  endowed  by  James  Smithson,  Esq.,  an  Englishman, 
who  left  to  the  United  States  $515,169,  (according  to  the  words  of  the  will,)  "  to  found  at 
Washington  an  establishment  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 


50  WASHINGTON   AND   MOUNT   VERNON. 

Smithson  died  in  1829,  and  in  1846  was  commenced  the  structure  which  has  been  built  by 
the  interest  accumulated  up  to  that  time,  viz.,  $242,129.  The  fund  yields  an  annual  in- 
come of  more  than  $30,000.  The  will  makes  no  restriction  as  to  the  kind  of  knowledge  to 
be  promulgated.  Works  on  ethnology  and  antiquities  have  already  been  published  by  the 
institution. 

"The  National  Observatory,  qne  of  the  institutions  most  creditable  to  the  government, 
occupies  a  commanding  site  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  south-west  from  the  President's 
House.  The  Observatory  is  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant  Maurj^,  of  the  Navy.  Be- 
sides the  astronomical  observations  constantly  made  here,  chronometers,  for  the  use  of  the 
navy,  are  thoroughly  tested,  researches  made  as  to  tides,  currents,  etc.,  and  longitudes  de- 
termined with  greater  accuracy  by  the  aid  of  the  electric  telegraph.   ■ 

"The  Arsenal,  on  Greenleafs  Point,  at  the  junction  of  the  Eastern  Branch  with  the  Poto- 
mac, is  one  of  the  principal  arsenals  of  construction  in  the  United  States. 

"  About  li  miles  north-east  from  the  arsenal,  aud  the  same  distance  south-east  of  the  cap- 
itol,  on  the  East  Branch,  is 

"The  Navy  Yard,  which  covers  about  20  acres,  enclosed  by  a  wall.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  yards  in  the  Union,  and  employs  more  than  400  hands  in  the  manufacture 
of  anchors,  chain-cables,  steam-engines,  and  boilers,  pyrotechnics,  in  brass  and  iron  foun- 
dries, etc.,  etc. 

"The  National  Cemetery,  or  Congressional  Burying-ground,  is  situated  about  1  mile  east 
of  the  capitol,  on  an  elevation  commanding  fine  views  of  the  surrounding  country,  which 
is  beautified  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  Here  have  been  deposited,  for  a  short  time  at 
least,  the  remains  of  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  nation,  and  here  are  erected 
cenotaphs  to  all  members  of  Congress  dying  while  in  office. 

"The  buildings  of  the  Coast  Survey  do  not,  in  themselves,  deserve  any  notice,  but  the 
operations  carried  on  here,  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  A.  D.  Bache,  a  name 
well  known  to  science,  are  of  the  most  important  nature. 

"The  resident  population  of  the  city  is  about  55,000,  but  much  more  when  Congress  is  sit- 
ting, by  a  large  influx  of  strangers  and  others  connected  with  the  national  affairs." 

FROM  THE  EAST  TO  WASHINGTON  AND  MOUNT  VERNON. 

Passengers  destined  for  the  tomb  of  the  immortal  hero  of  Independence — Washington — 
take  the  cars  at  the  Camden  Station  at  Baltimore,  and  proceed  direct  to  Washington  City. 
Next,  proceed  in  a  steamer  bound  for  Mount  Vernon,  passing  on  the  way  the  Washington 
Navy  Yard :  in  about  an  hour  and  a  half  reaching  the  wharf  of  Mount  Vernon.  From 
there  any  one  will  point  out  the  road  to  the  tomb,  which  is  close  at  hand. 

Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  but  now  the  tomb,  of  Washington,  is  15  miles  south  from 
the  City  of  AVashington,  on  the  River  Potomac. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  a  branch  from  the  city  to  Baltimore,  and  connect- 
ing with  all  points  north  and  east. 


J 


PATENT   OFFICE,   WASHINGTON. 


51 


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52  PHILADELPHIA. 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

TiiE  city  of  Philadelphia  ranks  second  in  importance  as  a  city,  in  the  United  States.  But 
as  a  mining  and  manufacturing  centre,  probably  holds  the  first  position. 

It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  something  like  ■what  New  York  is,  but  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Schuj'lkill  Rivers.  The  former  extending  its  course  of  100  miles,  to  the  sea,  and 
all  the  way  affords  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  float  the  largest  ships  at  its  wharves ;  the 
Schuylkill,  on  the  other  hand,  affording  excellent  water  communication  with  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  population  of  the  city  by  the  last  census,  was  423,000,  being  an  increase  of  83,055 
over  that  of  1850 — showing  a  population  of  261,4:71  greater  than  that  of  Boston,  and  of 
206,904  less  than  that  of  Xew  York.  In  the  latter  estimate,  however,  it  ought  to  be  borne 
in  mind,  that  the  population  of  Jfew  York  is  much  more  of  a  migratory  and  unsettled — 
therefore,  unproductive  character,  than  that  of  probably  any  city  in  the  States — but  par- 
ticularlj'  so  in  comparison  with  the  character  of  the  population  of  Philadelphia,  wliich  is 
of  a  much  more  permanent  and  productive  character.  The  number  of  Irish  alone  in  Xew 
York,  engaged  in  domestic  employment — consequently,  unproductive  labour — is  175,375. 
Since  the  last  census  was  taken,  the  population  of  Philadelphia  has  increased  to  nearly 
600,000. 

Approaching  Philadelphia  from  New  York,  you  amve  most  probably  per  rail  from  Am- 
boy,  at  Camden  station.  From  there  you  cross  the  River  Delaware  in  the  ferry  steamer 
which  lands  you  at  Walnut  Street  Wharf.  Approaching  the  city  from  the  west  or  north 
j'ou  arrive  at  the  station  on  the  western  side  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  where  the  locomotive 
will  leave  the  train.  Your  carriage  will  be  drawn  by  six  or  seven  mules  for  about  1^  miles 
into  the  centre  of  the  city,  at  which  you  will  find  the  carriages  of  the  principal  hotels 
waiting,  as  well  as  cabs,  and  plenty  of  coloured  porters. 

The  stranger,  on  visiting  Philadelphia,  cannot  but  be  struck  with  the  vast  dimensions  of 
the  cit}- — its  immense  manufacturing  productive  powers — its  spacious  streets,  laid  out  with 
the  mathematical  precision  of  the  foot-rule — its  public  and  private  palatial  buildings — its 
vast  wholesale  and  magnificent  retaU  stores — its  gaily  dressed  ladies — ^all  combining  to  up- 
set our  previous  conceptions  of  a  "  Quaker  city" — not  presenting  in  its  external  character, 
almost  any  thing  akin  to  the  quiet  staidness  of  the  worthy  representatives  of  its  founder, 
Quaker  William  Penn. 

Friends  in  the  east  would  have  us  to  believe  that  Philadelphia  was  a  city,  nowhere — that 
as  much  business  was  done  in  New  York  in  one  day,  as  was  done  in  Philadelphia  in  one 
year— that  the  people  of  Philadelphia  were  asleep — behind  the  age — and,  as  Londoners 
would  say,  (when  they  talk  of  such  cities  as  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  Glasgow)  a  place 
"  in  the  countrj-" — conveying  the  idea  of  some  suburban  town. 

Our  visit  to  Philadelphia,  then,  was  an  agreeable  surprise  in  every  respect. 

We  visited  some  of  the  streets  where  the  stores  are  located,  and  found  in  them,  every 
one  busier  than  another— nailing  up  boxes,  hauling  them  out  on  trucks,  and  into  wagons 
at  the  doors.  Dry  goods  salesmen  we  found  neck  deep  in  mazes  of  prints  and  calicoes, 
displaying  them  to  western  customers,  and  these  markmg  their  purchases ;  hardware  men 
quoting  the  lowest  for  some  of  Sheffield's  best  productions ;  grocers  and  their  customers, 
buried  behind  huge  piles  of  boxes  of  tea,  whilst  tasting  their  samples ;  publishing  houses 
crammed  full  of  books  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  from  "  Jack  the  Giant  Killer"  to  Lippen- 
cott's  ponderous  "  Gazetteer," — with  their  floors  jammed  full  of  cases  being  packed  to  send 
off  to  enlighten  the  natives  as  well  as  foreigners,  in  all  quarters  of  this  mighty  continent. 
Young  men  would  be  seen  labelling  immense  cases  of  goods  for  the  chief  cities  in  the 
west  and  south,  and  even  east,  as  far  as  Boston ;  carters  loading  and  unloading  every  con- 
ceivable kind  of  package,  all  betokening  an  amount  of  business,  despatch,  and  bustle,  which 
made  us  begin  to  consider  whether  we  were  in  New  York  or  Philadelphia. 

Entering  some  of  the  immense  factories  iu  iron  work,  the  large  letter-press  printing  ea- 


PHILADELPHIA.  53 

tablishments,  both  book  and  newspaper — seeing  thera  throwing  oflf  their  dailies  by  their 
tens  of  thousands,  as  fast  and  as  cheap  as  human  skill  can  accomplish — the  immense  bind- 
eries, and  many  other  large  and  busy  hives  of  industry — we  found  the  same  magnitude  of 
operations  going  on,  all  clearly  letting  us  know  that  we  were  in  one  of  the  largest  manu- 
facturing cities  in  this  country — questioning  if  it  was  not  likely  some  day  to  rival  its  more 
populous  neighbour — Xew  York — in  manufacturing  enterprise.  If  the  stranger  should 
happen  to  visit  Philadelphia  about  the  time  we  did,  (August)  or,  in  fact,  at  any  time  du- 
ring the  summer  months,  he  will  find  the  scene  we  have  endeavoured  to  portraj-. 

Where  there  are  so  many  spacious  streets  in  the  city,  filled  with  elegant  stores  of  all 
kinds,  it  is  difficult  to  mention  any  one  in  particular ;  but  Chestnut  street  appears  to  be  the 
principal  main  street,  and  forms  the  "  Broadway"  of  the  city — in  which  some  retail  storea 
are  situated,  which,  for  size  and  elegance,  are  not,  we  believe,  excelled  by  any  city  in  the 
world.  The  streets  generally  are  clean  and  in  good  order,  and  in  that  respect  forms  a 
pleasing  contrast  to  those  cesspools  of  filth  which  characterize  the  streets  of  the  "  Empire 
City."  The  houses  in  nianj'  of  the  streets  in  the  city  are  neat,  compact,  brick  houses,  re- 
sembling very  much  those  to  be  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London  and  Manchester — but 
instead  of  being  built  in  rows  all  joined  together,  many  in  Philadelphia  are  detached  along 
with  a  piece  of  ground,  and  all  particularly  clean  and  tidy  in  appearance. 

The  suburbs  of  Philadelphia  are  studded  with  neat  cottages,  villas  and  stately  mansions, 
beautifull}^  situated,  surrounded  by  pleasure-grounds,  and  inhabited,  for  the  most  part,  by 
the  manufacturers,  merchants,  and  commercial  classes  who  are  engaged  in  business  in  the  city. 

From  "  Lippencott's  Gazeteer"  we  quote  the  following  information. 

"  There  is  but  one  park  (Independence  Square,  in  the  rear  of  the  State  House)  or  public 
square  in  the  dense  part  of  the  city  (besides  the  five  enumerated  in  the  general  plan)  of 
much  importance.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fairmount  water-works  (themselves  form- 
ing a  fine  promenade,  with  an  extensive  view  from  the  basin)  is  Lemon  Hill,  formerly 
Pratt's  Garden,  and  once  the  residence  of  Robert  Morris,  of  Revolutionary  fame.  Tliese 
grounds  are  very  extensive,  covered  with  fine  old  trees,  possess  great  varietj'  of  surface,  and 
descend  on  the  west  and  south-west  by  steep  banks  to  the  Schuj^lkill  River.  Tiie  squares 
within  the  city  cover  each  an  extent  of  from  5  to  7  acres,  are  enclosed  by  tasteful  iron  rail- 
ings, are  beautifully  laid  out,  and  planted  with  a  great  variety  of  trees.  Squirrels,  pea- 
fowls, and  deer  are  domesticated  in  them.  Five  of  these  squares  are  named  Washington, 
Rittenhouse,  Penn,  Logan,  and  Franklin.  The  latter  has  a  fine  fountain  and  basin,  with 
40  jets  of  water." 

In  public  buildings,  the  city  can  boast  of  some  unsurpassed  in  elegance  and  in  historical 
interest. 

IxDErEXDEXCE  H.\LL,  Chcstnut  street,  should  be  visited  by  every  stranger.  In  that  vener- 
able edifice  was  held  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
also  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States — the  veritable  desk  and  chair  of  Washington 
and  Franklin  standing  as  they  did  on  those  memorable  days ;  the  old  bell,  with  its  procla- 
mation of  liberty  upon  it — "  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  this  land,  to  all  the  inhal)itants 
thereof,"  and  the  steps  from  which  the  Declaration  was  signed,  on  tiie  4tii  of  July,  1770,  from 
which  Washington  delivered  his  ",  Farewell  Address,"  on  his  retirement  from  public  life. 
From  the  top  of  the  steeple,  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the  citj-  is  obtained,  giving  a 
stranger  the  most  adequate  conception  of  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  citj'. 

GiEARD  College. — Philadelphia  possesses  in  Girard  College,  situated  about  2  miles  north- 
west from  the  State  House,  the  finest  specimen  of  Grecian  architecture  in  the  United  States, 
if  not  of  modern  times.  It  is  in  the  Corinthian  style  of  architecture.  Tlie  entire  cost  of 
buildings,  wall,  and  embellishments  of  the  grounds  was  f  1,9?.3,821.78,  or  $66,000  less  than 
was  donated  by  Stephen  Girard  for  the  erection  and  endowment  of  the  institution.  Mr. 
Girard,  who  made  this  magnificent  bequest,  was  a  native  of  France,  who  came  poor  and 
friendless  to  Philadelphia  in  boyhood,  and  by  industry  and  good  management  accumulated 
a  fortune  of  several  millions,  tlie  greater  portion  of  whicli  lie  left  to  the  city  for  the  erection 
and  endowment  of  Girard  College  for  Orphans,  and  for  improving  the  city  in  various  waj-s. 


94  PHILADELPHIA. 

The  Custom  House,  on  Chestnut  street,  is  a  magnificent  marble  building,  in  imitation  of 
the  Parthenon  of  Athens,  and  a  splendid  sample  of  the  Doric  style  of  architecture. 

The  Mekchants'  Exchange,  fronting  Walnut,  Dock,  and  Third  streets,  is  also  a  marble 
building,  of  fine  proportions,  with  a  semi-circular  portico  of  Corinthian  columns. 

TuE  United  States  Mint,  in  Chestnut  street,  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  brick  faced  with 
marble,  in  imitation  of  a  Grecian  temple  of  the  Ionic  order. 

Our  space  prevents  us  from  noticing  more  of  the  many  other  magnificent  buildings  in 
the  city. 

Philadelphia  appears  to  be  well  supplied  with  churches — there  being  upwards  of  230  iu 
the  city — embracing  all  denominations.  The  city  long  preserved  great  simplicity  in  her 
cluircli  architecture ;  but  of  late  a  gradual  change  has  taken  place  in  the  style  of  the  relig- 
ious as  well  as  of  the  private  edifices  of  the  cit}'.  Recently,  a  number  of  costly  and  highly 
ornamented  churches  have  been,  and  are  now  being,  erected. 

Cemeteries. — The  environs  of  Philadelphia  abound  in  places  of  sepulture,  among  which, 
for  beauty  of  position,  are  the  two  principal  cemeteries  of  Isorth  and  South  Laurel  Hill, 
situated  on  the  Schuylkill  river,  4  miles  noi'th-west  from  the  State  House. 

Water  Works. — Fairmount  Water  Works,  situated  in  the  district  of  Spring  Garden,  on 
the  Schuylkill  River,  about  2  miles  north-west  of  the  State  House,  were,  previous  to  the 
erection  of  the  Croton  Works  in  New  York,  the  envy  of  the  other  cities  of  the  Union — Phil- 
adelphia having  been  for  a  long  time  the  only  city  in  the  United  States  supplied  with  water 
in  this  way — and  are  still  justly  the  pride  and  boast  of  Philadelphia,  not  more  for  their 
utility  than  for  the  picturesque  attractions  of  the  place.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  difficult  to 
point  out  anywhere  a  spot  concentrating  in  the  same  space  so  many  elements  of  the  beauti- 
ful and  picturesque. 

Libraries,  Colleges,  Schools,  and  Literary  Institutes. — Philadelphia  had  long  the  hon- 
our of  possessing  the  largest  library  in  the  United  States.  But  now  the  Philadelphia 
Library,  to  which  we  allude,  is  surpassed  in  this  respect  by  the  library  of  Harvard  College, 
and  the  Astor  Librarj'  in  Kew  York.  It  occupies  a  plain  brick  edifice  iu  Fifth  street  below 
Chestnut,  and  was  founded,  through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Franklin,  (whose  statue  adorns  a 
niche  in  front,)  in  1731.  The  Philadelphia  and  Loganian  Libraries  are  in  the  same  building, 
and  owned  by,  and  loaned  to,  the  same  stockholders.  They  have,  united,  about  70,000 
volumes.  The  income  of  the  library  is  $6,300.  Strangers  are  allowed  the  use  of  books 
while  iu  the  building,  but  they  are  not  to  be  taken  out  except  by  stockholders,  or  on  deposit 
of  their  value. 

Among  a  host  of  other  libraries,  may  be  mentioned  the  Athenteum  Library  and  Reading 
Room,  occupying  a  beautiful  building  of  light  sandstone,  in  the  Italian  style,  on  Sixth  street, 
opposite  Washington  square.  It  has  about  12,000  volumes  on  its  shelves,  and  is  extensively 
supplied  with  maps,  charts,  and  periodicals. 

The  Mercantile  Library,  situated  in  Fifth  street,  opposite  Independence  square,  was  es- 
tablished in  1821,  for  the  benefit  of  merchants'  clerks  and  other  young  men. 

The  Apprentices'  Library  has  over  14,000  volumes ;  loaned  in  1852  to  937  boys  and  670 
girls. 

Tiie  Friends  have  an  extensive  library  in  Arch  street  above  Third,  and  one  in  Race  below 
Fifth. 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  located  on  Bond  street,  near  Chestnut,  has  the  largest 
museum  of  natural  history  in  America.  Professor  Agassiz  pronounced  this  institution  the 
best  out  of  Europe  in  its  collections  of  subjects  of  natural  history. 

The  Franklin  Institute,  for  the  promotion  of  manufactures  and  the  useful  arts,  occupies  a 
large  building  with  a  marble  front,  in  Seventh  street,  above  Chestnut.  It  holds  an  annual 
exhibition  of  American  manufactures. 

The  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  located  in  Chestnut  street,  is  the  oldest  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  and  was  established  in  1807. 

The  Art  Union,  an  association  for  the  promotion  of  art,  has  rooms  open  to  the  public, 
where  are  exhibited  annually  about  1,000  paintings. 


PHILADELPHIA.  55 

In  medical  science,  Philadelphia  stands  first  of  the  cities  of  America,  and  her  medical 
schools  are  attended  by  students  from  not  only  ever}-  portion  of  the  Union,  but  even  from 
Canada,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  There  is  a  homoeopathic  hospital,  at  which  the  stu- 
dents attend  clinical  lectures.  The  Female  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1849,  has  had  a  very  prosperous  commencement — 52  students  attended  the  class  of  1851-2. 

Public  Schools. — The  number  of  buildings  occupied  for  schools — many  of  which  are  fine 
structures,  and  built  with  especial  reference  to  complete  adaptation  for  places  of  instruction 
— is  180,  of  which  73  belong  to  the  comptrollers,  and  107  are  rented. 

Philadelphia  abounds  also  in  private  schools  of  a  high  cliaracter. 

History. — Philadelphia  was  planned  and  settled  by  William  Penn  and  a  colony  of  English 
Friends,  or  Quakers,  in  1682,  after  a  regular  purchase  from  the  Indians,  ratified  by  treaty 
in  due  form  under  an  elm-tree  in  the  present  district  of  Kensington.  The  name  of  Phila- 
delphia (brotherly  love)  was  given  by  Penn,  both  in  reference  to  the  ancient  city  of  that 
name  in  Asia  Minor,  and  from  its  embodying  principles  he  had  so  much  at  heart. 

Philadelphia  supports  from  12  to  15  daily  newspapers — one  of  which,  we  believe,  has  the 
largest  circulation  of  any  newspaper  in  the  United  States. 

If  further  evidence  is  wanting  to  give  evidence  of  the  commercial  importance  of  this 
city,  we  append  a  list  of  the  railroads  centring  in  Philadelphia,  showing  also  the  cost  of 
these : — 

EMLROADS    CENTKING   IN   PHILADELPHIA. 

Miles  Cost.  Miles.  Cost. 


Readinsr 93 $19,004,180 

Baltimore 98 7,979,466 

Columbia 80 5,277,278 

Media 13 600,000 

Morristown 17 4,791,548 

Germantown 7 1,719,812 

North  Pennsylvania 64 5,106,342 

Rochester 33 $1,348,812 


Camden  and  Amboy 63 $5,950,592 

Pliiladelphia  and  Trenton  .30 1,000,000 

West  Jersey 0 200,000 

Campden  and  Atlantic  ...  60 1,738,171 


Total 567 $53,716,201 

Stg.  £10,743,200  4s. 


Whilst  New  York  constructed  only  34  miles  of  road  during  1856,  Philadelphia  shows  an 
increase  in  1856,  of  426  miles,  and  in  1857,  fully  500  miles.  The  cost  of  carriage  of  a  bar- 
rel of  flour  from  Elmira  to  Philadelphia  is  50  cts.,  whilst  it  is  69  cts.  from  Elmira  to  New 
York,  showing  a  large  margin  in  favour  of  Philadelphia  as  a  port  for  the  disposal  of  that 
article  from  the  lake  ports,  which  are  the  chief  feeders  of  such  as  New  York  and  other 
cities  on  the  seaboard.  The  canal  navigation  in  connection  with  Philadelphia  amounts  to 
336  miles,  in  different  directions,  and  was  formed  at  a  cost  of  $24,000,000.  (£6,000,000.) 

Every  year,  but  particularly  of  late,  have  the  capitalists  of  the  city  been  widening  the 
facilities  afforded  by  its  natural  position,  so  as  to  secure  a  much  greater  amount  of  traffic 
with  the  lake  cities  than  ever  it  has  enjoyed,  and  there  appears  great  probability,  from  the 
new  routes  opened  and  connections  formed  with  the  west,  that  they  will  succeed  in  accom- 
jilishing  their  object. 

The  banking  capital  of  Philadelphia  is  $12,000,000 — a  comparatively  small  amount  when 
compared  with  the  city  of  New  York,  with  its  capital  of  $56,000,000.  So  long  as  Phila- 
delphia is  thus  hampered  with  such  small  means  for  carrj-ing  on — far  less  enlarging — a 
trade,  for  which  she  forms  naturally  so  favourable  a  nucleus,  together  with  her  rate  of  in- 
terest being  one  per  cent,  lower  than  New  York — by  which  means  large  amounts  of  money 
find  their  way  thither  instead  of  to  Philadelphia — it  seems  reasonable  to  sujipose,  that  the 
Quaker  City  never  will  attain  that  commercial  position  for  wealth,  commerce,  and  every 
thing  that  conduces  to  the  greatness  or  prosperity  of  a  large  city,  till  she  adopts  a  different 
line  of  commercial  policj",  and  enlarges  the  sphere  of  her  banking  institutions.  Judging 
from  the  character  of  her  manufacturers  and  merchants,  we  shall  be  surprised  if  such  an 
alteration  is  not  effected  before  long. 

To  Philadelphia  belongs  the  credit  of  making  the  first  move  for  the  abolition  of  the  absurd 
and  hypocritical  working  usury  laws.  In  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  parties  can  borrow 
and  lend  money  upon  any  terms  or  rate  of  interest  agreed  upon  between  borrower  and 
lender,  and  certainly  the  only  rational  plan. 


56  BOSTON. 


CITY  OF  BOSTON. 

The  city  of  Boston  is  the  third  in  commercial  importance  amongst  the  leading  cities  of 
the  United  States. 

It  consists,  properly  speaking,  of  three  divisions — viz. :  Boston  Proper,  East  Boston,  and 
South  Boston. 

"  The  streets  of  Boston  were  originally  laid  out  upon  no  systematic  plan,  and  being  ac- 
commodated to  the  unevenness  of  the  surface,  nianj'  of  them  are  crooked  and  narrow  ;  but 
these  defects  have  of  late  been  remedied  to  a  considerable  extent,  so  that  now  the  princi- 
pal thoroughfares  are  convenient  and  spacious.  Washington  and  Tremont  streets  are  the 
fashionable  promenades.  Although  Boston  Proper  is  circumscribed  in  its  limits,  it  contains 
one  of  the  finest  public  parks — the  Common — that  is  to  be  found  in  any  city  of  America. 
Known  to  the  earliest  settlers  by  the  name  of  "  Tower  Fields,"  and  occupied  afterwards  as 
a  town  cow-pasture,  Boston  Common  has  since  been  set  apart,  ornamented,  and  carefully 
preserved  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  citizens  in  all  coming  time.  Nearly  50  acres  are 
included  within  its  boundaries,  embracing  almost  every  variety  of  surface,  from  the  level 
plat  to  the  gentle  slope  and  abrupt  ascent.  Towering  elms,  some  of  which  are  a  hundred 
years  old,  enclose  the  borders,  while  within,  graded  walks,  beautifully  shaded,  intersect 
each  other  in  every  direction.  Near  the  centre  is  a  small  pond,  where  a  fountain  of  Cochit- 
uate  sends  up  its  crystal  stream,  whirling  and  sparkling,  60  or  70  feet  into  the  air.  The  en- 
tire grounds  are  surrounded  by  a  costly  iron  fence,  1977  yards  in  length.  The  northern 
portion  of  the  Common,  occupying  the  southern  declivity  of  Beacon  Hill,  affords  a  fine 
view  of  Charles  River,  and  the  country  in  that  direction.  The  space  towards  the  west, 
between  the  Common  and  Charles  River,  is  occupied  by  a  botanic  garden,  covering  about 
25  acres.  Other  public  grounds  have  been  laid  out  in  the  newer  portions  of  the  city,  some 
of  which  are  beautifully  ornamented,  and  have  fountains  in  the  centre. 
"  Boston  harbour  opens  to  the  sea  between  two  points  nearly  4  miles  distant  from  each 
other — Point  Alderton  on  Nantasket,  and  I'oint  Shirley  in  Chelsea.  It  is  sheltered  from 
the  ocean  by  the  peninsulas  of  which  these  two  points  are  the  extremities,  and  a  large 
number  of  islands,  between  which  are  three  entrances.  The  main  passage,  which  is  about 
3  miles  S.  E.  from  the  navy  yard,  and  so  narrow  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  vessels  to  pass 
abreast,  lies  between  Castle  and  Governor's  islands,  and  is  defended  by  Fort  Independence 
and  Fort  Warren.  A  passage  north  of  Governor's  Island  is  also  protected  by  Fort  War- 
ren. A  new  fortress,  of  great  size  and  strength,  now  nearly  completed,  on  George's 
Island,  guards  the  entrance  to  the  outward  or  lower  harbour.  The  entire  surfoce 
included  within  Point  Alderton  and  Point  Shirley  is  estimated  at  75  square  miles,  about 
half  of  which  affords  good  anchorage  ground  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  It  is  easj^  of 
access,  free  from  sand-bars,  and  seldom  obstructed  with  ice.  The  whole  is  thickly  studded 
with  islands,  and  is  the  reservoir  of  several  small  streams,  among  which  are  the  Mystic, 
Charles,  Neponset,  and  the  Manaiiquot  Rivers. 

"Among  the  puV)lic  buildings,  the  State  House,  from  its  position,  is  the  most  conspicuous. 
It  stands  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill,  fronting  the  Common.  The  view  which  is  afforded 
from  the  cupola  is  unsurpassed  by  any  thing  in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world.  On 
the  north  towers  Bunker  Hill  monument,  marking  the  place  where  the  first  great  battle  of 
the  Revolution  was  fought.  On  the  entrance-floor  stands  a  fine  statue  of  Washington,  by 
Chantrey.  The  representatives'  hall  is  in  the  centre  on  the  principal  floor,  the  senate- 
chamber  in  the  east,  and  the  governor's  and  council  chamber  in  the  west  wing.  The  old 
State  House  is  still  standing  at  the  upper  end  of  State  street,  on  the  site  occupied  as  the 
seat  of  government  in  Massachusetts  140  years.  Faneuil  Hall,  the  "  Cradle  of  Liberty," 
as  it  is  called,  is  an  object  of  much  interest,  as  being  the  place  where  the  orators  in  the 
daj's  of  Hancock  and  Adams  roused  the  people  to  resistance  against  British  oppression. 
Faneuil  Hall  Market,  inmiediately  east  of  Faneuil  Hall,  on  Dock  street,  was  at  the  time 
of  its  erection  the  handsomest  market  house  in  the  United  States.     It  is  upwards  of  600 


CITY  OF   BOSTON.  57 

feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  dome.  The  second  story,  called 
Quincy  Hall,  is  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  occupied  as  several  apartments,  or  thrown 
into  one,  as  occasion-  may  require.  The  building  was  erected  in  1826,  at  a  cost  of  about 
^150,000.  There  are  several  other  markets  in  the  citj',  besides  those  at  East  Boston  and 
South  Boston.  The  Custom  House  is  near  the  head  of  Long  Wliarf,  fronting  both  on  Com- 
merce street  and  on  the  harbour.  It  is  built  of  granite,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome,  the  top  of  which  is  90  feet  from  the  ground.  The  foundation  rests 
upon  3000  piles.  Its  length  is  140  feet ;  width,  including  the  projections  of  the  cross,  95 
feet.  Each  front  has  a  portico  of  six  Doric  columns — each  a  single  stone,  costing  about 
$5,000.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building  was  upwards  of  $1,000,000.  The  Merchants'  Ex- 
change is  a  magnificent  fire-proof  building,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  State  street.  It 
has  76  feet  front,  and  extends  back  250  feet  to  Lindall  street,  covering  13,000  feet  of  ground. 
The  front  is  composed  of  Quincy  granite,  with  four  pilasters,  each  a  single  stone  45  feet 
high,  and  weighing  about  55  tons.  The  roof  is  of  wrought-iron,  covered  with  galvanized 
sheet-iron.  The  great  central  hall,  80  feet  by  58,  is  occupied  as  the  Merchants'  Exchange 
and  reading-room.  In  the  basement  is  the  city  post-oftice.  The  building  was  finished  in 
1842,  and  cost,  exclusive  of  the  ground,  $175,000.  The  City  Hall,  a  granite  building,  con- 
sisting of  an  octagon  centre  with  wings,  is  located  on  a  plat  of  ground  between  Conrt 
square  and  School  street.  The  Court  House,  also  of  granite,  is  in  Court  square  between 
the  City  Hall  and  Court  street.  It  contains  the  rooms  of  the  city,  county,  and  United 
States  courts.  The  City  Prison,  consisting  of  a  centre  building  in  the  form  of  an  octagon, 
with  four  wings  extending  in  opposite  directions,  is  near  the  foot  of  Cambridge  street. 
Masonic  Temple,  in  which  the  Freemasons  have  a  lodge,  is  on  Tremont  street,  fronting  the 
Common.  The  new  Tremont  Temple,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  one  burnt  in  1852,  is  on 
Tremont  street,  opposite  the  Tremont  House.  The  Boston  Music  Hall,  completed  in  1852, 
fronts  both  on  Winter  street  and  on  Bumstead  Place.  The  length  of  the  central  hall  is  130 
feet ;  width,  80  feet ;  height,  65  feet. 

"  In  Boston  there  are  nearly  a  hundred  churches  of  the  various  denominations. 
"The  wharves  and  warehouses  of  Boston  are  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  and  grandeur  sur- 
passed by  no  other  city  of  equal  population.     Tlie  north  and  east  sides  of  Old  Boston  are 
lined  with  wharves  and  docks,  which,  taken  together,  make  up  an  aggregate  length  of  over 
5  miles. 

"  Institutions. — Boston  contains  a  great  number  of  literary,  scientific,  and  educational  in- 
stitutions, among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Boston  Athena;um,  incorporated  in  1807, 
situated  on  Beacon  street.  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  organized  in  1790,  pos- 
sesses a  library  of  7000  bound  volumes,  and  about  460  volumes  of  manuscripts,  together 
with  an  extensive  collection  of  pamphlets,  maps,  charts,  coins,  and  other  relics.  The  Bos- 
ton Library  Society,  founded  in  1792,  have  a  hall  in  the  Tontine  buildings,  and  a  library 
of  over  12,000  volumes.  The  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  a  library  of 
8000  volumes.  E.\cepting  the  American  Philosophical  Society  at  Philadelphia,  this  is  the 
oldest  organization  of  the  kind  in  tlie  United  States,  having  been  founded  in  1780.  The 
Mercantile  Library  Association,  instituted  in  1820,  has  a  collection  of  upwards  of  13,600 
volumes.  The  first  Mechanics'  Apprentices'  Library  Association  ever  organized  was  estab- 
lished in  Boston  in  1820.  The  origin  of  this  class  of  institutions  is  traced  to  Dr.  Franklin. 
Efforts  are  now  being  made  to  establish  a  Free  City  Library,  towards  which  the  contribu- 
tions have  been  very  liberal.  The  Lowell  Institute  was  established  by  John  Lowell,  jun., 
who  bequeathed  to  it  a  legacy  of  $250,000.  The  bequest  provides  for  regular  courses  of 
free  lectures,  to  be  given  upon  natural  and  revealed  religion,  physics  and  chemistry  in  their 
application  to  the  arts,  and  numerous  other  important  subjects.  There  are  also  many  other 
similar  societies,  such  as  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  the  American  Oriental  Society,  the  American  Statistical  As- 
sociation, the  Boston  Lyceum,  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  the  Musical  Educational 
Society,  and  the  Boston  Academy  of  Music. 
"  Closely  identified  with  the  history  of  Boston  is  her  system  of  public  instruction.     Ever 


58  CITY  OF  BOSTON. 

cherished  with  maternal  care,  her  schools  have  long  been  ornaments  to  the  city,  and  the 
pride  of  New  England.  As  early  as  1035,  the  town  records  bear  evidence  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  "  free  school,"  and  from  that  hour  to  the  present,  no  interest  has  received 
more  earnest  attention  than  the  subject  of  education.  The  system  comprises  four  grades — 
primary,  grammar,  higli,  and  Latin  schools.  There  are  about  190  primary,  and  21  gram- 
mar schools.  The  high  and  Latin  schools  are  exclusively  for  boys.  The  school  committee 
consists  of  the  mayor  of  the  city,  the  president  of  the  common  council,  and  24  other  per- 
sons cliosen  for  the  purpose. 

"The  benevolent  institutions  of  Boston  are  numerous  and  well  endowed.  Tlie  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  occupies  a  plot  of  four  acres  of  ground  in  the  western  part  of  the 
city,  on  the  right  bank  of  Charles  River.  The  building  is  constructed  of  Clielmsford  gran- 
ite, 274  feet  long,  and  54  wide.  Thirty  thousand  dollars  have  been  contributed  since  1843 
for  the  support  of  this  institution,  by  a  single  individual,  the  Hon.  AVilliam  Appleton  of 
Boston.  The  McLean  Asylum  received  its  name  from  John  McLean,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  lib- 
eral benefactor  of  the  General  Hospital.  The  Perkins  Institution  and  Massachusetts  Asy- 
lum for  the  Blind  occupies  the  fine  building  formerly  known  as  the  Mount  Washington 
house,  in  South  Boston.  In  addition  to  other  contributions,  it  receives  $9000  annually  from 
the  State.  The  average  number  of  pupils  is  about  100.  There  are  also  located  in  South 
Boston,  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospital  and  the  Houses  of  Industry  and  Reformation.  In  the 
western  portion  of  the  city  is  the  Boston  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  iu  the  southern  part 
the  New  England  Female  Medical  College. 

"  There  are  issued  in  Boston  about  100  periodical  publications,  treating  of  almost  every 
subject,  whether  of  news,  art,  literature,  or  science.  Of  these,  more  than  twelve  are  dai- 
lies. Among  the  others,  are  comprised  several  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  and  sci- 
entific journals  in  the  United  States. 

"Commerce,  Finance,  etc. — In  commercial  importance,  Boston  is  among  the  first  cities  of 
America.     Her  foreign  commerce  has  always  been  great,  and  extends  to  almost  evei-y  na- 
tion on  the  globe.     Her  coast  trade  is  always  immense.     Along  tlie  wharves,  in  every  di 
rection,  and  at  all  times,  may  be  seen  forests  of  masts,  and  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

« There  Avere,  in  December,  1852,  30  banks  in  Boston,  with  an  aggregate  capita]  of 
$24,660,000.  Several  other  banks  have  since  gone  into  operation.  There  were,  also,  18 
insurance  companies. 

"The  want  of  river  advantages  is  supplied  to  Boston  by  railroads,  of  which  seven  great 
lines  terminate  in  this  city.  There  are  lines  of  railway,  recently  completed,  opening  com- 
munication with  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Ogdensburg  in  New  York,  and  La  Prairie  in 
Canada,  and  another  through  Maine,  to  Montreal. 

"The  i>eninsula  on  which  Boston  is  situated  furnishes  large  quantities  of  excellent  water. 

"The  first  blood  shed  in  defence  of  American  liberty  was  shed  in  Boston,  and  tliroughout 

the  entire  war  no  people  contributed  more  largely  towards  its  support.     Boston  continued 

a  town  until  its  population  had  increased  to  nearly  45i000.     In  1855,  the  population  was 

102,629." 


BALTIMORE.  59 


CITY   OF  BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore,  the  "  Monumental  City"  of  the  United  States,  ranks  amongst  the  most  im- 
portant commercial  cities  in  the  Union. 

"  The  city  is  admirably  situated  both  for  foreign  and  internal  commerce.  The  bay  around 
which  it  is  built,  affords  a  secure  and  spacious  harbour,  and  it  has  communication  by  rail- 
waj-  not  only  with  Philadelphia  and  Washington,  but  with  Winchester,  Annapolis,  Cum- 
berland, Frederick  Cit^-,  York,  Lancaster,  and  Harrisburg.  The  limits  of  the  city  comprise 
about  10,000  acres  of  land,  extending  about  four  miles  and  a  half  from  east  to  west,  and 
three  and  a  half  from  north  to  south.  It  consisted  originally  of  more  than  fifty  elevations 
or  liills,  separated  by  abrupt  valle3-s,  or  ravines,  and,  in  a  few  instances,  bj'  formidable 
marshes,  while,  nearly  in  the  centre,  it  is  divided  by  a  rapid  stream  of  water  known  as 
"  Jones's  Falls."  This  stream  has  several  times  oveiflowed  its  banks,  causing  loss  of  life,  as 
well  as  occasioning  a  great  damage  to  property.  The  city  authorities  have  in  consequence 
been  at  great  pains  to  remove  all  obstructions  from  its  bed,  and  have  taken  care  that  the 
numerous  bridges  by  which  the  stream  is  crossed,  should  be  constructed  with  a  single  arch, 
and  of  such  a.  height  as  to  remove  all  further  danger  from  this  source.  The  city  east  of 
Jones's  Falls  is  divided  into  two  parts — Fell's  Point  and  tlie  Old  Town.  The  Point  is  the 
most  easterly  portion  of  Baltimore,  and  has  the  advantage  of  greater  depth  of  water  at  the 
wharves  than  the  upper  harbour  contains.  It  is  the  resort  of  seamen  and  immigrants,  and 
the  place  where  the  greater  part  of  the  shipbuilding  and  manufactures  of  the  city  are  car- 
ried on.  Old  Town  lies  north  and  west  of  this,  and  is  principally  inhabited  by  mechanics 
and  labourers.  The  portion  west  of  "  the  Falls"  is  likewise  divided  into  two  parts,  the  Cit}' 
Proper  and  Spring  Garden  section.  Tlie  former  is  the  centre  of  trade,  and  contains  most 
of  the  residences  of  the  more  wealthy  citizens.  Spring  Garden  section  is  the  extreme 
south-western  quarter,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  bj-  mechanics  and  labourers.  From  the 
number  and  prominence  of  its  monuments,  Baltimore  has  been  denominated  the  Monu- 
mental city.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the  Washington  Monument,  which  stands  on 
an  eminence  at  the  intersection  of  Charles  and  Monument  streets,  about  150  feet  above  liigh 
water  mark.  Its  base,  20  feet  high  and  50  feet  square,  supports  a  Doric  column  1G7  feet  in 
height,  surmounted  by  a;  statue  of  Washington  13  feet  high.  The  shaft,  20  feet  square  at 
the  base  and  14  at  the  top,  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  winding  stairway  within.  The  whole 
is  composed  of  white  marble,  and  cost  $200,000.  Its  sumuiit  commands  a  beautiful  and 
varied  prospect. 

"  Battle  Monument,  at  the  corner  of  Calvert  and  Fayette  streets  was  erected  in  1815,  to 
the  memory  of  those  -v^io  fell  while  defending  the  city  from  the  attack  of  the  British,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1814. 

"The  Armistead  Monument,  a  beautiful  specimen  of  scul|iUire,  near  the  city  fountain,  was 
erected  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  George  Armistead,  tiie  commander  of  Fort  McIIenry, 
when  bombarded  by  a  British  fleet,  in  September,  1814. 

"  Among  tlie  pubhc  edifices  of  Baltimore,  may  be  named  the  City  Hall,  oi;  Holiday  street, 
occupied  by  the  city  council  and  public  offices.  The  Court  Hnuse,  a  cuminoiiious  edifice  at 
the  corner  of  Washington  and  Lexington  streets,  contains  the  rooms  of  the  city  and  county 
courts.  The  State  Penitentiary,  at  the  corner  of  Madison  and  Forrest  streets,  consists  of 
three  separate  buildings  besides  the  workshops.  A  short  distance  from  the  Peiiitentiar}' 
stands  the  County  Prison,  a  handsome  building,  surmounted  l>v  a  cupola,  and  ornamented 
with  a  tower  at  each  end  in  the  form  of  an  octagon.  The  Exchange,  in  Gay  strett,  near 
Water,  is  a  spacious  structure,  225  feet  in  front,  141  in  depth,  amt  tiiree  stories  high  above 
the  basement.  The  south  wing,  fronting  on  Lombard  street,  and  entered  from  Water  street, 
is  occupied  as  a  Custom  House.  Among  the  first  objects  'hat  strike  the  attention  of  one 
approaching  the  city,  are  the  shot  towers,  one  of  which — the  Merchants'  Shot  Tower,  is  the 
highest  in  the  world,  having  an  elevation  of  250  feet.  The  most  imposing  church  edifice 
in  Baltimore  is  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  on  Mulberry  street,  between  Charles  and 


H 


f^         § 


T%^1I.  ORAIVGE  &  CO., 

Shipping  &  Commission  Merchants, 

3  Exchange  Place,  Baltimore. 

Superior  Rye  Whisky,  French  and  Domestic 
Brandies,  Gins,  Wines,  Cider  and  White  Wine  Vine- 
gar, Cigars,  Bone  Dust,  superb  Phosphate  of  Lime, 
Guano,  Ac,  constantly  on  hand  at  lowest  prices. 


JAJTIES   H.   BOSLEir, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

124  &  126  North  St.,  Baltimore, 

Solicits  consignments  of  all  kinds  of  Country  Produce. 

CAPRON  &  CO., 

COMMISSION   MERCHANTS, 
68  South  Gay  St.,  Baltimore. 

ADAM   SNIVELT.  S.    W.   COOKE. 

SNIVEEY   &   COOKE, 

COMMISSION     MERCHANTS, 

5  Commerce  Street,  Baltimore. 

P.  SAUERWEIN  &  SON, 

Flour  and  General   Commission  Merchants, 

101  North  Howard  St.,  Baltimore. 


BROTHERS    BONINGER, 

OFFER  FOR  SALE   FOREIGN  EXCHANGES  ON 
all  the  Principal  Cities  of  Germany,  on  Paris, 
and  on  Amsterdam,  22  GERMAN  STREET,  upstairs. 

PIIII.IP  «0\  ER  A  CO., 

CORNER   OF 

Baltimore  &  Harrison  Sts.,  Baltimore. 

GEO.    M.   RCSSUM.  THOS.   H.    KEMP,  JR. 

KUSSUM    &    KEMP, 
ATTORNEYS    AT    LAW, 

DENTON,    MARYLAND, 

Will  practice  in  Caroline,  Talbot,  and  Queen  Anne 
Counties,  and  will  give  special  and  prompt  attention 
to  the  Collection  of  Claims. 

REFERENCES. 

Baltimore. 


Freeland,  Chase  &  Co., 
Whitely  Bros.  &  Stone, 
Mitchell,  Sears  &  Co., 

DCVALL  &   IgLEHABT, 

J.  C.  Sellman  &  Son. 


Dowell  &  Cochran, 
Picket  &  Son, 
Hl-RST  &  Co., 
T.  T.  Martin  &  Bro., 

E.  M.  BOSLET. 


HOWARD    FIRE     INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

OF     BALTIMORE,     MARYLAND, 

Make  Insurance  of  every  Description  of  Prop- 
erty vrithin  the  limits  of  the  City. 

OFFICE— SOUTHEAST  COR.   HOWARD   &  CLAY  STS. 
^jrnRE  Jt^   REESE,    President. 


DIRECTORS 


James  M.  Pouder, 
Charles  W.  George, 
Samuel  R.  Smith, 


William  Ortwine, 
Aaron  Fenton, 
George  P.  Thomas, 


Charles  Hoffman, 
H.  J.  Werdebaugh, 
Augustus  Shriver, 


Matthias  Benzinger, 
Wm.  G.  Power, 
Elisha  H.  Perkins. 


GEORGE  HARLAN  WILLIAMS,  Secretary. 


CHARLES     D.    DEFORD    &    CO., 

Tobacco  Commission  Merchants, 

And  Importers  of  Havana  Cigars  and  Leaf  Tobacco, 
37  South  Gay  Street,  Baltimore. 

JOSHUA    TFALKER^ 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

110  North  Howard  Street,  Baltimore. 

Dealer  in  Flour,  Feed,  Hay,  &c. 

BROTATN    BROTHERS     &     CO., 

152  Baltimore  St.,  Baltimore, 

ISSUE  CREDITS  FOR  COMMERCIAL  AND 

TRAVELLING  PURPOSES, 

^callable  fn  any  Part  of  the  World, 


WM.   W.    LAWKASON. 


CHAS.    F.   SMITH, 


LAWRASON  &  SMITH, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BROKERS,  No.  3  FRANKLIN 
Buildings,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 

J.  B.  m'ginn.  j.  e.  p.  BOCLDES' 

McGIWN    &    BOULDER, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BROKERS,  No.  6  FRANKLIN 
Buildings,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 


NOAH    WALKER    &    CO., 

CLOTHIERS,  WASHINGTON  BLnLDINGS,  BAL- 
timore  Street,  between  Light  &  Calvert  Streets, 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

ARMSTRONG,  CATOR  &  CO., 

237   BALTJMOKE   ST., 
BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND. 

RIBBONS, 
BONNET    MATERIALS, 

PLUMES,    Rl^CIIES, 
STRAW    BONNETS,   &c., 

Comprising  a  complete  stock  of  MILLINERY 
GOODS.  A  very  large  stock  of  New  Goods  now  on 
exhibition, 

F.  1¥.    BRUNE    &   SONS, 

MARYLAND   STEAM  SUGAR  REFINING  COM- 
pany,  O'Donnell's  Wharf,  Baltimore,  Manufac- 
ture all  kinds  of  Refined  Sugar  and  Syrup. 


WM.    B.   BLANET. 


TVSt.   C.    BORDLET,   JR. 


WM.    B.    BLANEY    &    CO., 
Commission   Merchants, 

BALTIMORE. 

REFERENCES : 

Messrs.  M.  Field,  P'owler  &  Co.,  Boston. 
Messrs.  Win.  Gulager  &  Bro.,  Philadel. 
B.  H.  Field,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Messrs.  W.  F.  Vredenburgli  &  Co.,  New 

Orleans. 
Messrs.  Eankin  <t  Martin,  Wilmington,  N.C. 
Messrs.  Penn  &  Mitchell,  Baltimore. 


J.    FRANK   WHEATLET.  D.    L.    MORKISdN. 

WHEATLEY  &  MORRISON, 
Commission   Merchants, 

59    C03I3IERCE    STREET, 

BALTIMORE,    MD. 

Refrr  to 

Chauncey  Brooks,  Esq.,  President  of  the  B.  k  0.  R.  R. 

Co.,  and  Western  Bank,  Baltimore. 
Daniel  Miller  &  Co.,  Dry  Goods  Merchant,  Baltimore. 
John  Coates,  Esq.,  Lumber  Merchant,  Baltimore. 
Godfrey   Koontz,   Esq.,   Cashier    of    Central    Bank, 

Frederick  City,  Md. 
A.  H.  Herr,  Esq.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia. 
Hon.  Edward  Ball,  Zanesville,  Ohio. 

Consignments  Solicited. 


EGiTJIT-AJBLE     EIHE     I]SrSXJI^-A.KrCE     CO^VCF-A.rsT'Y. 
Founaed  1794.     Charter  Perpetual.     OfHre,  »Vo.   19  South  Street. 

THE  BALTIMORE  EQlTlTABLE  SOCIETY  will  Insure  Houses  and  Furniture  from  Loss  or  Damage  by 
Fire,  at  very  cheap  rates,  on  the  Mutual  or  Beneficial  plan,  and  grant  Carpenters'  Risks,  on  pleasing 
terms.  Owners  of  property  insured  in  the  Equitable  Office,  (on  the  mutual  principle)  have  no  further  re- 
sponsibility than  the  amount  of  their  deposits,  and  on  the  expiration  of  policies,  they  are  entitled  to  receive 
a  cash  dividend  of  twenty-ei^ht  per  cent.  The  public  are  respectfully  invited  to  call  at  the  office,  No.  19 
South  Street,  where  the  principles  on  which  the  Company  insure  will  be  fully  explained. 

DIRECTORS. 


Thos.  Kelso, 
Wm.  Kennedy, 
Henry  Rieman, 


James  Frazier, 
Chas.  R.  Carroll, 
Austin  Jenkins, 


FRANCIS  A.  CROOK,  Treasurer. 


Benj.  Deford, 
Samuel  Kirby, 
Michael  Warner, 


Daniel  Dail, 
Robert  A.  Dobbin, 
Daniel  Warfleld. 


HUGH  B.  JONES,  Secretary. 


M.     ROBERTS, 

PRODUCE    AND    COMMISSION    MERCHANT, 

No.    63  CALVERT   STREET, 

(One  door  from  Pratt  street,) 

BALTIMORE. 

An  experience  of  20  years,  as  City  and  County 
Merchant,  offers  to  country  Dealers  and  Farmers  un- 
surpassed advantages  in  the  supply  of  their  wants. 


THURSTO]V     &    FRYE, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS,  FOR  THE  SALE 
of  Straw  Goods,  Wool  and  Fur  Hats,  Hat  Trim- 
mings, Artificial  Flowers,  &c.,  11  South  Charles  Street, 
Baltimore. 

OERISH   &  FRENCH, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS  and  Dealers  in  Mack- 
erel, Codfish,  Herring,  &c.,  22  Commerce  Street, 
Baltimore. 


BALTIMORE   STOVE   HOUSE. 

BIBB      <Sz>      CO., 
AT     THE     OL.D     STAI\D,     39     L.ICJHT    STREET, 

BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND. 

"VY/^E  are  now  prepared  to  present  greater  attractions  and  inducements  to 
'  ^  purchasers  than  this  establishment  ever  offered  before,  basing  the  as- 
sertion upon  the  following  facts  : 

1st.  The  variety,  beauty  and  excellence  of  our  patterns. 

2d.  The  unsurpassed  smoothness  of  our  castings. 

3d,  The  thorough  manner  in  which  our  Stoves  are  mounted. 

4th.  The  quality  of  metal  used  in  their  construction. 

5th.  Our  ability  to  supply  old  castings,  to  repair  any  stove  ever  made  in  this 
establishment. 

6th.  Our  determination  to  recommend  nothing  but  what  has  been  tested 
and  found  good. 

7th.  The  cheapness  of  our  goods  as  compared  with  their  quality. 

"We  name  in  part  our  various  excellent  and  handsome  patterns  : 

Re-Improved  Old  Dominion,  Gas  Cooking:  Sc  Heatings  Stoves, 

llsithaway's  and  otiier  Cook  Stoves. 

Also,  a  Earge  Assortment  of  Agrieultural  Boilers, 

Scott's  Eittle  Giant  Corn  &  Cob  Mills,  &  ^Villiams's  "Patent" 

Carriajfe  Check  Springes. 


BALTIMORE.  -61 

Cathedral  streets.  It  is  a  massive  grauite  structure,  190  feet  long,  177  broad,  and  127  from 
the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  cross  surmounting  the  dome.  The  Unitarian  Church,  at  the 
corner  of  Franklin  and  Charles  streets,  is  much  admired  for  its  architecture.  It  is  108  feet 
long  and  78  wide,  with  a  dome  55  feet  in  diameter,  supported  hy  4  arches,  each  33  feet 
span.  It  is  80  feet  frona  the  ground  to  tlie  summit  of  tlie  cupola.  St.  Paul's,  an  Episcopal 
churcli  on  the  corner  of  Sarotoga  and  Charles  streets,  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  corner 
of  North  and  Fayette  streets,  the  First  Baptist  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Lombard  and  Sliarp 
streets,  and  the  German  Reformed  Cliurch,  in  Second,  between  G.iy  and  Belvidere  streets, 
are  all  distinguished  either  for  elegance  or  their  style  of  architecture.  At  the  last  census, 
Baltimore  contained  99  churches  of  the  various  denominations. 

"Institutions. — The  educational,  literary,  and  benevolent  institutions  of  Baltimore  are  nu- 
merous. The  Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Maiyland  was  founded  in  1807.  Wash- 
ington Medical  College  was  founded  in  1827,  and  has  25  students  and  six  professors.  The 
Universitj'  of  Marj-land,  founded  in  1812,  is  situated  on  Lombard  street,  between  Green 
and  Paca  streets :  connected  with  it  is  the  Baltimore  Ej^e  and  Ear  Infirmary,  where  stu- 
dents have  an  opportunity  of  attending  lectures  and  witnessing  operations.  Tlie  Maryland 
Institute  occupies  a  suite  of  rooms  in  the  Athena;um,  at  the  corner  of  Lexington  and  St 
Paul  streets.  Its  object  is,  the  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  and  the  promotion  of  the  me- 
chanic arts.  It  possesses  an  extensive  chemical  laboratory,  and  a  very  complete  philosoph- 
ical apparatus.  The  building  is  a  noble  brick  edifice,  112  feet  by  50,  and  66  in  height.  It 
was  completed  in  1848,  at  a  cost  of  over  $28,000.  The  various  apartments,  besides  those 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  tlie  Institute,  are  occupied  by  the  Mercantile  Association,  who 
have  a  well-selected  library  of  8000  volumes,  and  an  ample  supply  of  the  choicest 
magazines  and  papers  of  the  day ;  the  Baltimore  Library  Ccmpanj-,  possessing  a  valuable 
library  of  14,000  volumes;  and  the  American  Historical  Society,  whose  library  numbers 
about  15,000  volumes,  consisting,  for  the  most  part,  of  statistical  and  historical  works.  The 
City  Library,  designed  for  the  use  of  the  stockholders,  the  Apprentices'  Library,  and  the 
Exchange  Reading-room,  are  all  important  institutions.  The  Exchange  Reading-i'oom  is 
sup]->ortod  by  subscription.  Strangers  and  masters  of  vessels,  however,  have  access  to  the 
periodicals  and  newspapers,  free  of  expense.  The  Baltimore  Hospital,  in  the  north-western 
suburb  of  the  city,  consists  of  a  centre  building,  four  stories  high,  flanked  with  wings  that 
connect  with  two  other  buildings,  which  form  the  ends  of  the  vast  pile.  The  entire  struc- 
ture cost  $150,000.  It  occupies  a  commanding  elevation,  overlooking  the  city,  the  bay, 
and  a  wide  extent  of  country.  The  interior  arrangements  are  upon  the  most  approved 
plan.  The  Almshouse  is  on  the  Franklin  road,  about  2  miles  N.  W.  from  the  city :  the 
building,  consisting  of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  has  375  feet  front,  and  is  surrounded  with 
spacious  grounds.  The  Baltimore  Manual  Labour  School  for  Indigent  Boys  has  connected 
•with  it  a  tract  of  land,  on  which,  between  the  hours  of  study,  the  pupils  are  occupied  in 
hibour,  thus  combining  useful  employment  with  healthful  exercise.  The  Baltimore  Associa- 
tion for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  is  under  the  direction  of  those  whose  duty  it 
is  to  visit  and  inquire  into  the  circumstances  and  character  of  the  persons  relieved,  with  a 
view  to  discourage  indiscriminate  and  injudicious  alms-giving.  The  other  prominent  ben- 
evolent institutions  are,  the  City  Dispensarj-,  corner  of  Holiday  street  and  Orange  alley, 
the  Eastern  Dispensary,  corner  of  Market  street  and  Hartford  Run  avenue,  two  Orphan 
Asylums,  and  the  Indigent  Sick  Society,  composed  of  ladies,  who  visit  the  poor  and  minis- 
ter to  their  comforts  in  sickness. 

"Education. — The  system  of  public  instruction  in  Baltimore  has,  within  a  few  years  past, 
been  much  improved,  and  is  now  rapid!}-  increasing  in  public  favour. 

"  Commerce,  Finances,  etc. — In  commercial  importance,  Baltimore  ranks  among  the  first 
cities  in  the  United  States.  Its  position  is  such  as  to  render  it  a  great  centre  of  trade.  Sit- 
uated near  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  it  enjoj-s  superior  advantages  for  foreign  commerce, 
while  the  numerous  lines  of  railway,  that  here  have  their  termination,  invite  to  it  the  ag- 
ricultural and  mineral  wealth  of  a  vast  interior.  The  recent  completion  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad  to  Wheeling,  is  a  most  important  event,  and  destined  to  exert  an  immense 


(52  BALTIMORE. 

influence  on  the  commercial  activity  of  this  great  emporium.  In  tlie  eloquent  language  of 
one  of  her  citizens,  "  We  have  reached  the  threshold  and  stepping-stone  of  our  true  com- 
mercial greatness,  and  there  is  nothing  now  that  can  turn  us  back.  The  wide  and  far  West 
has  opened  her  ample  arms  to  receive  us,  and  Lids  us  God-speed  in  our  efforts  to  secure  the 
prize  which  nature  lias  so  long  and  so  patiently  held  out  to  us."  There  were,  January  3d, 
1853,  12  banks  in  Baltimore,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $7,291,415,  and  a  circulation  of 
$2,074,587  ;  2  other  banks  have  since  been  chartered;  1  health  and  10  fire  and  marine  in- 
surance companies,  besides  many  insurance  agencies. 

"  Baltimore  enjoys  superior  advantages  for  manufactures.  Jones's  Falls  and  Patapsco 
River  aflford  immense  water-power,  which  is  extensively  employed  for  flouring-mills,  of 
which  there  are  over  60  within  20  miles  of  the  city.  Numerous  cotton  and  other  manu- 
factories are  also  in  operation. 

"  This  city  has  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water,  both  from  Springs  and  from  Jones's  Falls. 
These  springs,  or  fountains,  are  in  different  parts  of  the  citj%  and  enclosed  with  circular  iron 
railings.  Over  them  are  small  open  temples,  consisting  of  a  dome  supported  by  pillars. 
The  water  from  Jones's  Falls  is  brought  by  means  of  an  aqueduct,  about  half  a  mile  long, 
to  a  reservoir  in  Calvert  street,  and  from  thence  is  conducted  through  distributing  pipes  to 
the  various  parts  of  the  city.  The  more  elevated  portions,  however,  are  supplied  from  a 
reservoir  replenished  by  forcing-pumps  on  an  eminence  in  Charles  strtet,  near  Washington 
Monument.  On  Federal  Uill  is  an  observatory,  which  serves,  in  connection  with  another 
at  Bodkin  Point,  to  announce  the  approach  of  vessels.  In  this  way,  a  marine  telegraph  is 
established,  by  which  information  is  conveyed  in  a  few  minutes  from  the  mouth  of  the  Pa- 
tapsco to  an  observatory  in  the  Exchange. 

"  About  25  newspapers  are  issued  in  Baltimore,  of  which  6  or  7  are  dailies.  Population, 
about  200,000." 


XEW   ORLEANS.  63 


KEW   ORLEANS,   (THE   CRESCENT   CITY.) 

The  city  of  Xew  Orleans  forms  the  great  commercial  capital  of  the  southern  states,  and 
occupies  the  position  of  the  greatest  cotton  market  in  the  world. 

"  The  city  is  built  around  a  bend  in  the  river,  from  •which  circumstance  it  has  been  de- 
nominated the  '  Crescent  City.'  The  site  inclines  gently  from  the  margin  of  the  Mississippi 
towards  the  marshy  ground  in  the  rear,  and  is  from  2  to  6  feet  below  the  level  of  the  river 
at  the  usual  spring  freshets.  To  prevent  inundations,  an  embankment  or  levee,  about  15 
feet  wide  and  6  feet  high  has  been  raised,  extending  120  miles  above  the  city,  and  to  Port 
Plaquemine,  43  miles  below  it  This  forms  a  delightful  promenade.  In  consequence  of  the 
change  in  the  course  of  the  river  opposite  New  Orleans,  large  quantities  of  alluvium,  swept 
from  the  north  and  held  in  suspension  by  the  current,  are  here  deposited.  New  formations 
from  this  cause,  in  front  of  that  portion  of  the  quay  most  used  for  the  purposes  of  com- 
merce, have  been  so  rapid  that  it  has  been  necessary,  within  a  few  years,  to  build  piled 
wharves  jutting  out  from  50  to  100  feet  into  the  Mississippi.  The  levee  here  has  also  been 
gradually  widened,  so  that  an  additional  block  of  warehouses  has  been  erected  between 
the  cit\'  and  the  river  during  the  past  year. 

"  Here  may  be  seen  what  New  Orleans  was  before  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation. 
Hundreds  of  long,  narrow,  black,  dirty-looking,  crocadile-like  rafts  lie  sluggishly,  without 
moorings,  upon  the  soft  batture,  and  pour  out  their  contents  upon  the  quay — a  heterogeneous 
compound  of  the  products  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.     There  are  rafts,  or 
flat-boats,  as  they  are  technically  called,  each  frequently  carrying  cargoes  valued  at  from 
$3,000  to  $15,000.     Twenty  years  ago,  and  these  were  the  only  craft  on  the  river!  nor 
has  their  number  been  decreased  since  the  introduction  of  the  steamboat.     Not  less  charac- 
teristic of  New  Orleans  is  the  landing  of  the  latter  class  of  craft.     The  quay  is  here  all  ac- 
tion, and  the  very  water  is  covered  with  life.     Huge  vessels  float  upon  its  bosom,  which 
acknowledge  none  of  the  powers  of  air,  and  wait  no  tide.  One  is  weighed  down  to  the  guards 
with  cotton,  a  freight  of  3,000  bales — $180,000 !    Twenty  more  lie  side  by  side  laden  witli  the 
same  commodity.     Huge  piles,  bale  upon  bale,  story  above  story,  cover  the  levee.     Pork 
without  end,  as  if  the  Ohio  had  emptied  its  lap  at  the  door  of  New  Orleans ;  and  flour  by 
the  thousand  barrels  rolled  out  upon  the  quay  and  heaped  up — a  large  area  is  covered  with 
these  two  products  of  the  up-country,  and  still  appears  seemingly  undiminished,  although 
the  seller,  the  buyer,  and  drayman  are  busy  in  the  midst  of  it.     Here  is  a  boat  freighted 
with  lead  from  Galena,  and  another  brings  furs  and  peltry  from  the  head  waters  of  the 
Missouri,  3,000  miles  to  the  north-west!     The  Illinois,  the  Ohio,  the  Missouri,  the  Arkansas, 
and  Red  River,  all  are  tributaries  to  this  commercial  depot,  and  send  down  to  its  wharves 
merchantable  material  of  the  annual  value  of  $100,000,000,  more  or  less.     Nearly  20,000 
miles  of  inland  navigation  is  tributary  to  this  citj'.     The  quay  appropriated  to  the  foreign 
and  coastwise  shipping  presents  another  and  a  different  scene.     Here  the  cotton  bale, 
tobacco  hogshead,  pork  and  flour  barrel,  and  the  whisky  cask,  yield  to  bales  of  foreign  and 
domestic  manufactures,  pipes  of  wine,  and  crates  of  wares.     The  shipping  stretches  away 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  two  miles  or  more  in  extent,  three  tiers  deep,  with  their  heads 
to  the  current  curving  with  the  river— a  beautiful  crescent.     The  English,  the  French,  the 
Spanish,  the  Dane,  the  Russian,  the  Swede,  the  Hollander,  etc.,  are  here  commingled,  and 
compete  for  the  commerce  of  the  teeming  West.     The  old  city  proper,  originally  kid  out  by 
the  French,  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  1320  yards  long  and  700  yards  wide.    Above 
this  are  what  were  formerly  the  faubourgs  of  St.  Mary,  Annunciation,  and  La  Course ;  be- 
low, Marigny,  Dounois,  and  Declouet ;  and  in  the  rear,  Treme  and  St.  John's.     Lafayette, 
till  recently  under  a  separate  government,  is  immediately  above  the  city.     In  1836,  New 
Orleans  was  divided  into  three  municipalities  by  act  of  the  assembly,  each  with  distinct 
municipal  powers.     Agaiti  in  April,  1852,  these  and  Lafayette,  with  the  faubourgs  and 
other  dependencies,  extending  from  6  to  7  miles  along  the  river,  and  about  5  miles  back  to 
Lake  Pontchartrain,  were  consolidated  under  one  charter,  the  city  assuming  the  debts. 


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If  A  I 


THE  FREXCH  CATHEDRAL,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


65 


THE  FRENCH  CATHEDRAL,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


The  streets  of  New  Orleans  are  of  convenient  breadth,  well  paved,  and  usually  intersect 
each  otlier  at  right  angles.  Canal  street,  (of  wliich  we  give  an  illustration,)  is  tlic  broadest 
street  in  the  city,  being  over  100  feet  in  width,  with  a  grass  plot  in  the  centre  about 
25  feet  wide,  extending  throughout  its  entire  length.  Most  of  the  buildings  are  con- 
structed of  brick,  and  are  generally  low,  except  in  the  business  portion,  where  they 
are  usually  5  or  6  stories  high.  Many  of  tlie  dwellings  in  the  suburbs,  particu- 
larly in  Lafayette,  are  surrounded  with  spacious  yards,  beautifully  decorated  with 
the  orange,  lemon,  magnolia,  and  otlier  ornamental  trees.  A  basement  about  (>  feet  high 
constitutes  the  only  cellar,  as  none  are  sunk  below  the  surface  on  account  of  the  marshy 
character  of  tlic  groimd.  In  dilTerent  sections  of  the  city  are  several  public  squares, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  Jackson  Square,  formerlj^  Place  d'Armea,  occupying  the 
centre  of  the  river  front  of  the  old  town  plot,  now  tlie  First  District.  It  is  ornamented 
with  shell  walks,  shrubbery,  statuettes,  etc.,  and  is  much  frequented  for  recreation.  La- 
fayette Square,  in  the  Second  District,  is  finely  laid  out,  and  adorned  with  a  profusion  of 
shade  trees.     Congo  Square,  in  the  rear  of  the  city,  is  also  a  handsome  enclosure. 

"  Public  r>uiLi)iN(;s. — The  United  States  Custom  IIou«e,  now  in  process  of  erection  at  New 
Orleans,  when  completed,  will  be  the  largest  building  in  the  United  States,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  covering  an  area  of  8Y,2.3.S  superficial  feet.  The  mate- 
rial is  from  the  Quincy  quarries  of  Massachusetts.  The  United  States  Branch  Mint  iu  New 
Orleans,  is  at  the  corner  of  Esplanade  and  Now  Levee  streets,  near  the  river.  The  Muni- 
cipal Hall,  at  the  corner  of  St.  Charles  and  Ilevia  streets,  opposite  Lafoj-ette  Sipiare,  is  a 
beautiful  marble  edifice  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architecture.  It  is  principally  occupied 
with  public  offices,  among  which  are  several  of  the  city  government.  The  Odd  Fellows' 
Hall,  erected  in  1851,  on  Camp  street,  opposite  Lafayette  Scjuare,  and  the  Merchants'  Ex- 


66  NEW    ORLEANS. 

change,  on  Royal  street,  near  Canal,  are  both  extensive  buildings,  chiefly  devoted  to  public 
use.     The  latter  contains  the  City  Post-oflice  and  Mercliauts'  Reading  Room. 

"  jUany  of  the  churches  are  large  and  costly  structures.  The  Church  of  St.  Louis,  opposite 
Jackson  Square,  is  a  splendid  edifice,  adorned  with  a  lofty  tower  on  either  side  of  the  main 
entrance.  The  building  was  erected  in  1850,  on  the  site  of  the  old  church,  which  was 
pulled  down.  (See  engraving.)  It  was  originally  founded  in  1792,  by  Don  Audre,  on  the 
condition  that  masses  be  offered  every  Saturday  evening  for  the  repose  of  liis  soul,  and  the 
tolling  of  the  bell  at  sunset  on  that  day  still  proclaims  the  observance  of  the  custom.  On 
the  right  and  left  of  this  edifice  are  two  handsome  buildings  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders,  devoted  to  various  purposes  of  the  city  government.  The  Jewish  Synagogue, 
formerly  the  Canal  Street  Episcopal  Church,  is  ornamented  in  front  with  a  handsome  colon- 
nade. The  Presbyterian  Church,  o])posite  Lafayette  Square,  the  new  Episcopal  church, 
on  Canal  street,  and  St.  Patrick's  Church,  on  Camp  street,  are  elegant  edifices,  each 
adorned  with  a  graceful  spire.  The  latter  is  a  conspicuous  object  to  one  approaching  the 
city  from  the  river.  Of  the  38  churches  in  the  city,  in  1853,  12  are  Roman  Catholic,  T 
Episcopal,  6  Presbyterian,  5  Methodist,  3  Lutheran,  2  Baptist,  and  3  Jewish  synagogues. 

"  The  hotels  of  A ew  Orleans  are  conducted  upon  a  scale  of  magnitude  scarcely  equalled 
in  any  city  of  the  Union.  The  city  contains  4  or  5  theatres,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
St.  Charles,  the  Orleans,  or  Frt-neh  Tlieatre,  and  the  American.  At  the  Orleans  Tiieatre  the 
dramatic  representations  are  in  French.  Amoi.g  the  most  remarkable  bank  edifices  may  be 
mentioned  the  City  Bank,  on  Toulouse  street;  Canal  Bank,  on  Magazine  street;  and  the 
Bank  of  Louisiana.  Several  of  the  market-houses  are  deserving  of  notice.  St.  Mary's 
Market,  in  the  Second  District,  is  480  feet  long,  and  42  feet  wide.  The  Meat  Market,  on 
the  Levee,  and  Washington  Market,  in  the  Tliird  District,  are  also  extensive  buildings. 
The  cotton  presses  of  New  Orleans,  about  2^  in  number,  are  objects  of  much  interest,  each 
of  which  usually  occupies  an  entire  block.  The  centre  building  of  the  Xew  Orleans  cot- 
ton press  is  three  stories  high,  and  surmounted  by  a  dome,  the  summit  of  which  commands 
a  fine  view  of  the  citj-.  Not  less  than  150,000  bales  of.cotton,  on  an  average,  are  annually 
pressed  at  this  establishment. 

"  Institutions. — The  benevolent  institutions  of  New  Orleans  are  among  the  most  extensive 
and  best  conducted  in  the  United  States.  The  literary  and  educational  institutions,  many 
of  which   have   been   recently  established,  are  for  the  most  part  in  a  highly  prosperous 

condition. 

"  The  number  of  school-houses  in  the  city  (as  appears  from  the  mayor's  message)  is  40,  at- 
tended by  16,886  pupils.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  pupils  for  the  last  12  months  has 
been  2094,  ecpial  to  23.9  per  cent.  Number  of  teachers,  216.  Of  the  30  school-houses,  17 
belong  to  the  city,  and  23  are  rented.  The  amount  appropriated  for  school  purposes  the 
past  year  was  $188,n20. 

"  About  20  newspapers  are  published  in  the  city,  9  or  10  of  which  are  dailies.  Several  are 
printed  in  the  French  language. 

"  Commerce. — New  Orleans  possessses  unrivalled  natural  advantages  for  internal  trade. 
The  Mississippi- River  and  its  tributaries  afford  not  less  than  15,000  miles  of  navigable  wa- 
ters, communicatins  with  a  vast  extent  of  country,  illimitable  in  its  resources,  exhaustless 
in  fertility,  and  embracing  nearly  every  variety  of  climate.  Every  description  of  craft  is 
employed  in  transporting  the  rich  products  of  the  upper  regions  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters" 
to  this  great  southern  emporium.  At  one  portion  of  iis  levee  may  be  seen  hundreds  of 
flat-boats  grounded  on  the  "  batture,"  and  filled,  some  with  fat  cattle,  horses,  mules,  hogs, 
and  sheep  ;  others  with  hay,  corn,  potatoes,  butter,  cheese,  apples,  and  cider.  The  quay 
here  is  piled  with  lumber,  pork,  flour,  and  every  variety  of  agricultural  produce,  as  if  the 
Great  Valley  had  emptied  its  treasures  at  the  door  of  Xew  Orleans. 

"The  total  value  of  American  produce  exported  from  New  Orleans  during  the  year,  ac- 
cording to  the  custom-house  records,  was  $66,344,509,  of  which  amount,  $48,076,197  was 
to  foreign  countries,  and  $28,268,327  coastwise.  The  value  of  foreign  merchandise  ex- 
ported during  the  sjime  period,  was  $44,780,  making  a  sum  total  of  $76,389,349. 


CEMETERY,    NEW   ORLEANS. 


67 


AVENUE   IX   THE   CEMETERY,   NEW   ORLEANS, 

WITH  SEPULCHRES  ABOVE  GROCXD. 


"  Any  description  of  New  Orleans  would  be  incomplete  without  some  notice  of  its  ceme- 
teries, many  of  which  are  unique  in  plan  and  method  of  interment.  '  Each  is  enclosed 
with  a  brick  wall  of  arched  cavities,  (or  ovens,  as  they  are  here  called.")  made  just  large 
enough  to  admit  a  single  coffin,  and  raised  tier  upon  tier,  to  a  lieight  of  about  twelve  feet, 
with  a  thickness  of  ten.  The  whole  inclosure  is  divided  into  plats,  with  gravelled  paths, 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  is  densely  covered  with  tombs  built  wholly 
above  ground,  and  from  one  to  three  stories  high.  Tliis  method  of  sepulture  is  adopted 
from  necessity,  and  burial  luider  ground  is  never  attempted,  excepting  in  the  "  Potter's 
Field,"  where  the  stranger  without  friends  and  the  poor  without  money  find  an  uncertain 
rest;  the  water  with  whicli  the  soil  is  always  saturated,  often  forcing  the  coffin  and  its  con- 
tents out  of  its  narrow  and  shallow  cell,  to  rot  with  no  other  covering  than  the  arch  of 
heaven.' 

Above  we  give  an  illustration  of  one  of  the  avenues  in  the  Cemetery,  engraved  from  a 
photograph  taken  tlu-ro  last  j-ear,  showing  the  sepulchres  above  ground. 

"Algiers,  a  flourishing  village,  or  ratlur  suburb  of  New  Orleans,  is  situated  opposite  to 
the  city,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  ferry.  It  has  several  ship  yards  and  manufactur- 
ing establishments. 

"  Gas  was  first  employed  to  light  the  city  in  ISl'.-t ;  and  during  the  same  year,  water  was 
introduced  from  the  Mississippi.  It  is  raised  from  the  river  by  steam  to  an  elevated  res- 
ervoir, whence  five  or  six  millions  of  gallons  are  daily  distributed  to  various  parts  of  the 
city. 

"  From  its  low  situation  and  warm  climate.  New  Orleans  is  subject  to  annual  visitations 


68  NEW   ORLEANS. 

of  the  yellow  fever,  whicli  have  had  the  effect  of  greatly  retarding  the  growth  and  pros- 
perity of  the  place.  Statistical  tables  show  that  of  those  who  are  born  and  reared  in  the 
city,  as  large  a  proportion  live  to  old  age  as  of  the  inhabitants  of  other  places  that  are 
generally  deemed  healthy.  But  the  yellow  fever  is  particularly  fatal  to  the  unacclimated, 
and  especially  so  to  those  who  have  been  from  iniimcy  accustomed  to  a  northern  climate. 
This  circumstance  operates  as  a  formidable  check  on  the  influx  of  strangers,  to  which  our 
great  commercial  cities  owe  so  large  a  proportion  of  their  population  and  activity.  Du- 
ring the  winter  and  spring,  New  Orleans  may  be  regarded  as  a  healthful  residence  for  all, 
whether  natives  or  strangers ;  and  hopes  were  entertained  that  with  the  improvements  in 
the  sanitary  regulations,  there  would  be  a  gradual  and  steady  advance  in  the  health  of  the 
city  during  the  warm  months :  but  the  past  year  has  disappointed  those  hopes,  the  epi- 
demic having  appeared  in  a  form  as  malignant  as  it  is  in  general.  Its  introduction,  how- 
ever, it  is  said  can  be  traced  to  an  infected  vessel  from  South  America,  where  a  fever  of  an 
unusually  fatal  character  has  prevailed. 

"  Perhaps  uo  city  of  the  Union  is  so  diversified  in  its  population.  The  sunny  isles  of  the 
Antilles,  Mexico,  Central  America  and  South  America,  France,  and  Spain,  and  the  other 
States  of  Europe,  and  the  sister  States  northward,  have  each  i-epresentatives  among  the  in- 
habitants. The  colored  races,  however,  preponderate,  and  slave  or  free  make  up  one-half 
at  least.  Of  the  white  races,  the  American,  French,  and  Spanish  constitute  the  larger  por- 
tion, and  in  these  classes  are  found  what  may  be  denominated  the  aristocracy.  The  Irish 
here,  as  in  other  quarters,  though  forming  a  large  class,  are  but  "  the  hewers  of  Avood  and 
drawers  of  water" — the  laborers  and  levee-men,  respectable  only  on  election  day,  and 
among  themselves.  The  English  and  Scotch  are  few  in  proportion,  and  are  chiefly  con- 
nected with  the  foreign  commerce,  as  merchants  or  factors,  seldom  remaining  longer  in  the 
city  than  is  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  their  particular  business;  or  remaining  only 
during  the  healthy  months  of  spring  and  winter.  This  admixture  of  races  is  in  some  degree 
embarrassing ;  so  many  languages,  various  customs  and  manners,  and  in  habits  so  different, 
no  thorough  amalgamation  can  take  place  ;  and  it  is  even  necessary  to  support  newspapers 
and  periodicals  of  different  languages,  each  of  which,  in  its  opinions  and  ideas,  is  at  variance 
with  the  other. 

"  New  Orleans  is  famous  in  history  as  the  place  designated  to  become  the  seat  of  the  mon- 
archy intended  to  have  been  established  by  the  treason  of  Aaron  Burr.  During  the  month 
of  January,  1804,  the  citizens  were  in  a  state  of  continual  alarm:  volunteer  companies  and 
other  troops  constantly  patrolled  the  streets,  ready  to  suppress  the  first  attempt  at  insur- 
rection. That  year  it  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  next  (1805)  Xew  Orleans  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city.     The  population  is  estimated  at  175,000. 

"  Distance  from  New  Oi-leans  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  100  miles.  Southwest  from 
New  York,  1663  miles.  Southwest  from  Washington,  1437  miles.  Southwest  by  west  from 
Charleston,  779  miles.  South  southwest  from  Pittsburg,  2025  miles.  South  by  west  from 
Chicago,  1G28  miles.  South  from  St.  Louis,  1200  miles.  South  by  east  from  St.  Anthony's 
Falls,  Minnesota,  2000  miles." 


WESTRAY,  GIBBES  &  HARDCASTLE, 

COMMISSION'    MEIU'lIANTS,   New  York.     Refer- 
ences—Lumsden  Kendall  &  Co.,  New  Orleans. 

GUillA    &    MASICH, 

COMMISSION    IM^mCH.\NTS,   and   Importers   of 
Havana  Cigars  and  Produce,  19  Tchoupitoulas 
street,  corner  of  (jravier,  New  Orleans. 

J.    GUM.V.  F.    MASICH. 


CliA-S.    a--A.LL-A.GH3:EPl, 


c 


OTTON  FACTOR  and  Commission  Merchant, 
Carondelet  street.  New  Orleans. 


N 


A.    COMIflANDEUR, 

OTARY  PUBLIC  and  Commissioner  of  Deeds,  88 
Gravier  street.  New  Orleans. 


N 


J.  W.  BREEDLOVE, 

OTARY  PUBLIC   and   Commissioner   of  Deeds, 
101  Gravier  street,  New  Orleans. 


S.    TXJmSTEIl, 

(\n  CAMP  STREET,  upstairs.  Dealer  in  all  kinds 
»/0  of  TOBACCO,  both  in  hhds.  and  bales,  suitable 
for  the  Mexican  Market,  Plantation  use,  and  Cigar 
purposes. 

JOHN     WOOD, 

DEALER   IN 

GOLD  &  SILVER  BULLION, 

UNCURREINT  BAINK  NOTES, 

Land  Warrants,  Treasury  Notes,  Gold  Dust,  Ac, 
23  Camp  Street,  cor.  of  Common  St., 

NEW    OULE.\NS. 


E.  CHEVALIER. 


T.  O.   LAUGHLIN. 


CHEVALIER  &  LATJGHLIN, 
Florida  Yellow  Pine  Lumber  Yard, 

Cor.  of  Carondelet  Walk  &  Robertson  street, 

OLD    BASIN,     NEW    ORLEANS. 

Superior  Dressed,  Tongued  and  Grooved  Flooring 
and  Ceiling,  Shingles,  Laths,  Cypress  Deck-Plank, 
and  a  general  assortment  of  Building  Lumber,  well 
seasoned  and  always  on  hand. 

A.    W.    BOSWORTH    &    CO., 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

I  O  E. 

BUSINESS  OFFICE,  Nos.   71  and  72  Front  street; 
Depot,  between  Poydra  and  Lafayette  streets. 
Two  large  Ice  Depots  In   St.  Thomas  street.     Ice 
Houses,  head  of  New  Basin,  and  19(5  Gravier  street. 

And  Ice  Depot,  No.  'lb  Pontchartrain  Railroad, 
upper,  and  opposite  the  passenger  saloon,  N.  Orleans. 

A.   WHITlNt;.  A.    \V.    HUNTER. 

A.     WHITING     &     CO., 

GENERAL    EXPRESS   AGENTS, 

NKW    ORT.KANS, 

FOR  Receiving  and  Forwarding  Merchandise  and 
Produce,  by  the  quickest,  cheapest,  and  best 
routes  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  All  merchandise 
and  produce  consigned  to  our  care  will  receive  our 
personal  attention,  and  the  best  interests  of  owners 
and  shippers  consulted. 

JAMES  LEARY.  W.  J.  SANDERSON. 

LEARY  &  SANDERSON, 
Coppersmiths  &  Sheet  Iron  Workers, 

IVew  I.«vee  Street,  Xew  Orleans. 

BEING  both  practical  workmen,  we  are  prepared  to 
execute  every  thnis  u\  our  line  with  a  tacility  pos- 
sessed by  no  other  lirm  ill  the  city.  All  orders  tor  cliiin- 
neys,  .Tuice  Boxes,  Claritiers,  Breerlimss,  Stills,  Fire 
Beds,  Filterers,  Ash  Pans,  Heaters,  Copper,  Tin,  and 
Pewter  Worms  for  Distillers,  and  Sheet  Iron  Pipe,  will 
receive  immediate  attention. 


MOLONY,    BROTHER   &   CO., 

COMMISSION  MERCHANIS,  Dealers  in  Alcohol, 
Turpentine,  Oils,  Western  Produce  St  Naval  Stores. 
Particular  attention  bestowed  on  orders  for  purchasing 
Sugar,  Molasses.  Coffee,  Rice,  Salt,  etc. 

22  Poydras  Street,  New  Orleans. 
References. 
P.  Cusach,  Bro.  &  Co. ;  R.  B.  Sykes;  Martin,  Bobb  & 
Co.,  New  Orleans.  J.  ,1.  Aiuler.'^uu  &  Co.,  Patuni,  St. 
Louis.  V.  Barsalow,  Ralph  Mead  &  Co.,  New  York, 
.lohn  Duukley,  Boston.  Col.  E.  D.  Taylor;  Thomas 
Dyer,  Esq.,  Chicago;  B.  F.  Lawrence,  Elffin;  N.  Corinth 
Hi  Co. ;  B.  H.  Campbell,  Esq.,  Galena,  Illinois.  Straight, 
Deming  &  Co.,  Cincinnati. 

GEO.   W.   CRAIG    &  CO., 

Commission  and  Forwarding 

3  Front  Street,  JVeiv  Orleans, 

N.  B. — Persons  shipping;  goods,  merchandise,  &c.,  to  us, 
either  lor  sale  or  reshipineiit,  will  have  the  same  promptly 
and  faithfully  attended  to,  Beini;  situated  directly  iii 
front  of  the  principal  river  packets,  we  have  at  all  times 
the  means  of  shipping  direct  from  the  vessels,  thereby 
avoiding  the  delay  and  extra  expense  usually  charged  by 
others  m  trir  line  of  business;  and  we  wish  it  distinctly 
understood  by  all  who  may  feel  disposed  to  favour  us  wilfi 
their  business,  that  we  will  not,  under  any  circum.stances, 
vary  in  onrcliarges,  which  are  as  follows,  viz. ;  for  reshij)- 
ping  goods  in  boxes,  barrels,  hogsheads,  bundles,  &c.,  15 
cents  per  package,  large  or  small ;  commissions  for  selling 
produce,  merchuudise,  SiC,  two  and  a-half  per  cent.  Per- 
sons having  their  gciculs  shipped  to  our  address,  will  have 
the  same  forwarded  on  terms  not  excelled  by  any  other 
house  in  this  city.  Geo.  W.  Craig  &  Co. 

COl^VERS,  KE]^]\ETT    &   CO., 

GROCERS  and  Commission  Merchants,  No.  63  F'ront 
Street,  New  Orleans.    Particular  atteutioa  paid  to 
receiving  and  forwarding  goods. 


Marshall  J.  Smith,  >  w  r> 
Thos  R.  Foster,  Jr.  5  '^^  "* 


Cary  W.  Butt,  )  ^  j^j, 
Doughass  Vass.  J  Mo"""^- 


MARSHALL  ,T    SMITH  &  CO.,  New  Orleans.    Gen- 
eral Commission,  Receiving  and  F"'oivvarding  Mer- 
cliauts.  Butt,  Smith  &  Co.,  Mobile. 

Stephen  Price.       E.  K.  Converse.       Marshall  J.  Smith. 

PRICE,  CO;VVER§E  &  SITIITH, 

COMMISSION    and    Korwanliiig   Merchants,   No.    72 
Poydras  street.  New  Orleans. 


Thon.as  .1.  Dix. 

I>IX 


D.  L.  Raulctt. 

&    RANEETT, 

COMMISSION  &  FORWARDIING  MERCHANTS, 

WOOD,  MILTENBERGER  &  CO., 
SOUTHERN     ORNAMENTAL     IRON    WORKS, 

57    Camp  SIrefi,  jy'eio   Oflraiis. 

\  LL  STYLES  of  Railing,  for  Cemeteries,  Galleries, 
J\.  Balconies,  Offices,  Verandahs,  Ac,  from  the 
lightest  and  most  graceful,  to  the  heaviest  and  most 
elaborate  designs. 

Iron  Fountains,  Vases,  Statuary,  Lions,  Dogs,  Drag- 
ons, &c.  Iron  Settees,  Chairs,  Tables,  Stools,  Brack- 
ets, Lamp-Post,s,  Flow\;r  Stands,  Horse  Troughs,  Hay 
Racks,  Hitching  Posts,  Carriage  (Jates,  Tree  Boxes, 
&c.     Iron  Stairs,  straight  and  spiral. 

Cast-Iron  .Mausoleums,  of  beautiful  design  and 
finish.     Corinthian  Caps,  Columns,  Ac,  &c. 

Our  facilities  for  executing  orders  for  any  and  every 
article  in  the  Ornamental  Iron  way,  are  second  to 
none,  and  we  invite  the  attention  of  the  public  to  our 
list  of  Designs,  over  5(M)  in  number,  confident  that 
while  their  tastes  will  be  suited,  our  work  will  combine 
the  requisites  of  beauty  and  substantial  construction. 

[j^  Wiirernom,  jl  Ciimp  Street.  Foundry  and  Machine 
Shop,  No.  217  Trhnuintnulns  .Street. 

Wood,  .>UUenberKer  &  Co.,  IVew  Orleans. 
Wood  die  Perot,  PhUadelphia. 

Harrj-  T.  Havs.  Daniel  W.  Adams. 

HAYS    Jk    AOAilIS, 

1  3   'St,   VharltK    Street,  »»»c    Orteann, 

WILL  practice  in  the  Supreme  and  District  Courts, 
held  in  New  Orleans.  D.  W.  Adams  will  also  at- 
tend to  ca.ses  in  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  for  the  Southern 
District  of  Mississippi,  held  at  Jackson,  and  in  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Harrison  and  Hancock  Counties,  Mississippi. 


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70 


WHEELING,    VIRGINIA. 


WHEELING,   VIRGINIA. 


The  view  given  above  represents  one  of  tlie  numerous  busy  and  enterprising  towns  situ- 
ated in  tlie  heart  of  a  beautiful  country. 

Wlieeling  forms  an  important  junction  for  several  railways  diverging  to  and  from  it  in 
all  directions.  The  chief  object  of  attraction  about  the  town  is  the  magnificent  Suspension 
Bridge — the  largest  of  the  kind  in  tlie  United  States,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  ?i210,000:  length  of  span,  1010  feet;  height  above  low-water  mark, 
97  feet ;  height  of  towers  on  Wheeling  side,  153  feet :  supported  by  12  wire  cables  laid  in 
pairs — 3  pairs,  1  each  side  of  the  flooiing,  each  of  which  is  4  inches  in  diameter — composed 
of  550  strands  of  1380  feet  long.  It  has  a  carriage-way  of  17  feet  broad,  with  a  sidewalk 
of  oi  feet  on  each  side.     (See  engraving  on  ]U'eeeding  page.) 

Various  branches  of  manufacture  arc  carried  on — such  as  glass,  stones,  nails,  all  kinds  of 
iron  manufactures,  some  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  with  one  silk  mill. 

The  hills  in  the  immediate  vicinity  contain  inexliaustiblo  supplies  of  coal,  which  supply 
fuel  at  a  small  cost  to  the  various  manufacturing  estal)lishments  in  Wheeling. 

Tlie  city  is  approached  by  tlie  Oliio  River  from  Pittsburg  and  Cincinnati,  whilst  rail- 
way communication  is  to  be  had  from  all  points  to  it — from  the  west  as  well  as  seaboard 
— forming  as  it  does,  one  of  the  leading  junctions. 

Wheeling  is  one  of  the  termini  of  the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  Railroad,  380  miles  long, 
and  finished  in  1853.  Distant  from  Wheeling,  92  miles;  Cincinnati,  365  miles;  and  350 
miles  north-west  of  Richmond,  Va. 

Besides  the  county  building,  there  are  some  15  churches,  several  academies,  2  banks  and 
several  newspapers.  Population,  in  1850,  11,301.  Location — ca])ital  of  Ohio  County,  Va.  : 
Lit.  4<)°  1'  N;  Ion.  80^  42'  W.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  bank  of  the  River  Ohio,  along 
wliich  it  stretches  for  about  2  mili-s. 


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72  PITTSBUEG,    PENNSYLVAJ^TIA. 


CITY   OF  PITTSBURG. 

The  traveller  acquainted  with  the  neighbourhood  of  the  "  Black  Country,"  between 
Birmingham  and  Walsall  and  Dudley,  in  Staffordshire,  (England,)  will,  on  his  visit  to  the 
City  of  Pittsbui'g,  at  once  discover  the  sticking  resemblance,  in  many  respects,  to  the  dis- 
tricts alluded  to.  Tliere  are  the  same  red  brick  houses  and  workshops,  the  same  smoke, 
the  same  uneven  streets — from  the  heavy  weights  drawn  over  #hem — and  at  night,  the  glare 
of  the  iron  furnaces  at  work.  The  picture  is,  in  many  respects,  complete,  even  to  the  poor 
soil  of  the  hilly  country  around  each — a  peculiarity  observable  in  all  surfaces  where  un- 
derneath is  I'ich  in  minerals. 

On  the  stranger's  first  visit  to  Pittsburg,  therefore,  after  visiting  either  the  cities  on  the 
seaboard,  or,  perhaps,  the  "  Queen  City  of  the  West,"  "  the  Forest  City,"  or  the  "  City  of 
the  Lakes,"  where  not  a  vestige  of  smoke  scarcely  is  to  be  seen — he  may  be  disappointed 
at  the  first  sight  of  Pittsburg. 

Viewed  from  the  hill  opposite  Pittsburg  Proper — exactly  opposite  the  Monongahela 
House — the  city  is  seen  to  greatest  advantage — with  its  5  bridges  (and  new  one  building) 
stretching  across  the  Alleghany  and  ilonongahela — which  together  at  this  point  form  the 
Ohio — whilst  it  can  be  seen  wending  its  way  down  the  beautiful  valley  which  bears  its 
name.  Either  from  Alleghany  City,  or  the  point  mentioned,  an  excellent  view  is  obtained 
— being  far  higher  than  the  city  on  the  Pittsburg  side  of  the  river.  Tlie  houses  in  Pitts- 
burgand  Alleghany  City  are  built  close  up  to  the  very  tops  of  the  hill-sides,  and  presenting 
something  of  the  appearance  which  the  old  town  of  Edinburgh  does  when  viewed  from 
off  either  the  Calton  Hill  or  Arthur's  Seat  there. 

Three  of  the  most  important  suburbs  are,  Alleghany  City,  Birmingham,  and  Manchester. 
To  quote  from  a  notice  of  this  city,  the  writer  says : — 

"  The  site  of  the  city  is  a  natural  amphitheatre,  being  environed  on  all  sides  by  beauti- 
ful hills,  rising  from  400  to  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ohio,  and  filled  with  coal,  iron, 
and  limestone,  the  working  of  which  into  ai'ticles  of  utility  constitutes  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  inhabitants.  These  hills  are  not,  except  in  a  few  instances,  precipitous,  and 
from  their  slopes  and  peaks,  afford  a  series  of  rich  and  varied  landscapes. 

"Pittsburg  and  its  suburbs  contain  about  90  churches,  of  which  upwards  of  50  are  in 
the  city  proper.     Many  of  these  are  choice  specimens  of  architectural  beauty. 

"  The  manufactures  of  Pittsburg  are  immense,  and  capable  of  being  extended  almost  in- 
definitely. Indeed  there  is  no  known  limits  to  the  elements  necessary  to  their  augmenta- 
tion. Wood,  coal,  ores,  and  agricultural  resources,  all  abound  in  the  utmost  profusion  and 
at  the  greatest  possible  convenience. 

"  The  annual  produce  consists  of  bar,  rod,  hoop,  boiler,  and  sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  bar 
steel,  nails,  spikes,  rods,  shafts,  anchors,  and  axles.  All  the  works  for  these  are  operated 
by  steam  power." 

There  are  also  in  Pittsburg,  large  foundries,  manufactories  of  glassware,  white  lead  fac- 
tories, large  cotton  factories,  copper-rolling  mill,  copper-smelting  establishment,  vial  fur- 
naces, manufactories  of  locks,  coffee  mills,  scales,  etc.,  and  several  for  the  production  of 
various  articles  of  steel  manufacture,  such  as  springs,  saws,  axes,  anvils,  and  vices;  and 
others  for  making  gun-barrels  and  agricultural  utensils. 

Gas,  manufactured  from  bituminous  coal,  is  furnished  at  a  compaivitively  trifling  cost, 
for  lighting  the  city.  The  Alleghany  Cemetery,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  2  miles  above 
Pittsburg,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  places  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  comprises  110 
acres,  tastefully  adorned,  and  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  stone  masonry. 

As  may  be  well  known,  Pittsburg  was  named  in  honour  of  the  celebrated  British  prime 
minister,  William  Pitt.     It  was  founded  in  1765. 

Tlie  suburban  districts  of  Birmingham  together  with  Alleghany  City,  form  the  large 
and  rapidly-increasing  city  of  Pittsburg.  In  1853,  the  population  of  city  and  suburbs 
was  110,24:1,  althouch  it  must  be  considerably  increased  since  then. 


DOWDALL,  MARRHAM  &  CO., 
Washington    Foundry, 

ENGINE    8l    machine 
IS/I.A.IsrXJP'.A.OTOI^  -Y, 

Cor.  of  Second  &  Morgan  Straits, 

ST.     I.I'IIS,     MI>Siiini. 

MANUFACTCRKKS  nf  Steam  Engines  and  Boilers, 
Paw  and  Crist  Mill  Macliiner.v,  Tohacoo  Screws 
and  I'resses,  Lard  Kettles,  Lardtferews  and  I  \  linders. 
Wool-carding  Maclunes,  Young's  Patent  Puiut  Ma- 
chines, Building  Castings,  etc. 

DOUBLE   &  SI:\GLE   CIRCULAR  SAW  MILLS. 

Agents  for  the  sale  of  James  Smith  &  C'o.'s  superior 
Machine  Cards. 


UNITED     STATES 
GRxVDUATED    LANDS. 

TtiHlvc  and  ti  ISt'Jf  Cents 
JAMES   BAUER  &  CO., 

I  AND  AGENTS  for  Entering  Government  Lands 
J  in  the  State  of  Missouri,  have  now,  by  actual 
insi)ections,  selections  of  the  best  locations  of  vacant 
lands  in  Southeast  Missouri,  either  by  graduation, 
warrants,  or  oasli  ;  tljey  are  making  entries  daily. 

Selections  of  timbered,  fanning  and  mineral  lands 
made. 

Office,  7  North  Fourth  Street, 

(olTOSlli;   THE    coi'UT  HOUSE,) 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


MARKET-STREET     PLANING     MILL, 

Situated  b.twjen  Fiiteenth  and  Sixtsenth  Streets,  on  Market  Street,  St.  Louis,   Missouri. 

PHILIBERT     8l     BRANCONIER, 

MANrFACTir.E    AI.I.    KINDS    OF 

Doors,   Sasli   and   BBiiids,   Door    ivml    Vliiidow    Frames, 
J^Iantli'-picors,  Base  Boards  &  Ca^'iiijjs 

N.  B.— They  solicit  orders  for  working  FLOORING,  having  a  No.  1  Woodworth  Tonguing  and  Grooving 
Machine  in  op"eration.  Thev  also  do  to  order.  Sawing  and  Hipping,  of  Fencing  and  Joist,  Ke-splitting  for 
Panel  and  Box  Stuff,  and  Scroll  Sawitig,  for  all  of  whicli  they  ask  a  share  of  public  patronage. 

WM.   CL.4.RK.  R-    r    VOORHIES. 

PEOPLE'S    IRON    WOUKS. 
CLARK  8l  VOORHIES, 


HENRY  AMES. 


EDr.AR  AMES. 


HENRY    AMES    &    CO., 
PORK    AND    BEEF 


PACKERS  &  DEALERS, 


M.VNlF.\C"lliKHS   of   Steam    Eiiirnifs.    Saw    and 
Grist  Mill    Maclimerv,   Hydraulic   and    Tobacco 
Presses.  Steanilioal  Work,  and  repainiii,' m  Kcueral.    Also.  ,-»^,a    mr         ..m       tb»       -  c:<..^^« 

Whitley's  Patent  Circular  Saw  Mi!l,liavu]i;  the  exclusive  ,  2y§     &     2S0    NOrlll     iTlailft    SireCt, 

ri^'lit  to  niaiiu!'actiiri'  tlic  same.  I 


Cor.  of  Mala  &  Florida  Streets,  St.  Louis. 


ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI. 


AGRICULTURAL    MACHINERY. 


GEORGE  KINGSLAND. 


LE150Y   KINGSLAND. 


DAVID   K.  FERGUSON. 


KINGSLANDS    &  FERGUSON, 

COR.    OF    SECOND    &    CHERRY    STS., 
ST.   lo VMS,  jfiiss o uni. 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 

Page's  Patent  PortabI*'  SaAV  IVIills, 

Child's  Patent  Donble  Saw  Iflills  and  Horse  Powers, 

Cox  &  Roberts'  Patent   Thresher  and  Cleaner, 

Threshers,  with  and  without  Cleaners, 

L.ever  Powers,   Endless  Chain  or  Railroad  Powers, 

Manny's  Patent  Mower  and  Reaper,   Corn   Shellers,   Ploughs, 

Bark  Mills,  Mill  Machinery. 

Castings  of  every  description  made  to  order  on  the  shortest  notice. 


JOII\  J.  ANDERSON  &  tO., 

AND 

BANKING    HOUSE, 

COUNEH    OF 

Main  &  Olive  Sts.,  St.  Louis. 

Ben.iist,  Shaw  So  Co.,     I     L.  A.  Benoist  &  Co., 
Camp  Street,  New  Orleans.  |  03  Main  Street,  St.  Louis. 

L.   A.    BENOIST   k   CO., 
BANKERS, 

DEALERS     IN    EXCHANGE, 

Bullion  &  TJncurrent  Bank  Notes,  &c. 


JOSEPH  W.  CLARK, 
LUTHER  C.  CLARK, 


I 


EDWARD  DODGE, 
EDWARD  CUAS;. 

CLARK,    BROTHERS    &    CO., 
B  A  N  K  E  R  8, 

SOUTHWEST  CORNER  OP 

Main  &  Olive  Streets,  St.  Louis. 


SIMONDS   &   TAYLOR, 
BANKERS  &  EXCHANGE  DEALERS, 

EXCHANGE     BUILDINGS, 

Main  Street,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

BUY  AND  SELL  Sisht  Exchange  on  all  the  principal 
cities  of  the  Union,  at  current  rates  lor  cash.  Col- 
lections made  throughout  the  States  and  Territories  on 
favourable  terms. 

Havinffheen  unconnected  with  the  late  revulsion,  which 
has  demonstrated  the  impossibility  of  payin?  Deposi  s  and 
Interest,  and  redcemiu'r  the  issues  of  all  suspended  Stock 
Banks,  irredeemable  Free  Banks,  Wild  Cats  and  Shiu- 
pl.asters  ;  also,  that  wealth,  credit  and  capital  are  not 
safejuarJs  auainst  mismauaeement  of  business,  ai)d  real 
estate  unavailable  for  mercantile  purposes,  we  will  re- 
ceive the  deposits  of  our  customers  without  interest,  and 
pay  in  the  same  kind  of  funds  received,  or  at  their  option, 
convert  the  same  into  such  funds  as  they  require,  at  their 
value. 

Overdrafts  not  allowed. 

GILLMAN,  COLLIER  &  CO., 

(Successors  to  W.  Gillman,) 

"Wholesale   Grocers, 

FORWARDING  &  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 
186  North  Second,  cor.  of  Morgan  Sts., 

ST.    LOl'IS,    MO., 
Have  in   Store,  and  to  arrive,  a  well-selected   Stock. 

To  Country  MerchantSi 

TO  THEIR  FORMER  PATRONS  AM)  TO 
MERCHAXTS  GENERALLY, 

M'CLELLAND,    SCRUGGS    &    CO, 

OFFER    AN 

IMMENSE  STOCK  OF 

piioh:  o-ooids 


FOR    CASH, 

AT 

Eastern    Jobbers'   Prices. 


ATLANTIC  HOTEL, 
C.  McLAlGHLlN,  Proprietor, 

CORNER     OF 

THIRD  8l  market  STS., 

St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

THE  above  large  and  convenient  Hotel  has  been 
tlioroughly  refitted  and  furnished,  and  Is  now 
open  for  the  accnnimndation  of  guests.  Situated  in 
the  most  central  part  of  the  City,  it  is  one  of  the  best 
located  Hotels  for  travellers,  eltlier  by  liver  or  rail. 

®  c  r  m  s  : 

Per  Day $1.50. 

Per  Week $7.00  to  9.00. 

Day  Board,  per  Week  . . .    3.50. 

The  Hotel  linggage  Wagon  will  be  in  waiting  on  the 
arrival  of  the  lioats  and  Cars,  to  convey  baggage  to 
tlie  Hotel.     Night  Porter  always  in  attendance. 

FENTON  BROTHEKS, 

I^PIOIDXJOE 
COMiniSSION      MERCHANTS, 

78  Levee  &  156  Commercial  St., 

ST.    LOUIS,    MO. 


GEORGE   H.  REE  &  CO, 
HIDE     &     LEATHER 

D  E  A  L  K  R  S  , 

76  North  Levee  &  Commercial  St., 

ST.    LOUIS,    MO. 


CLARENCE   DELAFIELD, 

C  O  OS^lVtl  S  SI  O  IvT 

AND 

FORWARDING      MERCHANT, 
NORTH   MAIN    STREET, 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

MANDEVILLE  &  TRAYNOR, 

WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

COMMISSION  &  FORWARDING  MERCHANTS, 

75    South    Main    Street, 

ST.    LOi;iS,    MO. 

SWALES    &,    CO., 

Dealers  in 

HIDES,    LEATHER   &   WOOL, 

73    NORTH    LEVEE, 

AND   14G   COMMERCIAL    STREET, 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


F. 


H.     LUTTEKCORr), 

Commission  Merchant, 


AND  DEALER  IN 


HIDES,    LEATHER    &    HAIR, 

67   LEVEE,  ST.   LOUIS,   MO. 


LOUIS,   MISSOURI.  73 


ST.    ^v.^.^, 


CITY  OF  ST.   LOUIS. 

St.  Louis  occupies  the  first  place  amongst  the  -western  cities  situated  on  the  Mississippi — 
the  great  "  Father  of  Waters" — and  from  its  central  position,  the  inexhaustible  supply  of 
mineral  wealth  within  easy  distance,  the  important  railroad  connections  already  opened  up 
to  the  east,  and  the  last  greatest  transportation  triumph  achieved  only  last  October — viz. : 
opening  of  the  great  Pacific  mail  route  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco,  thus  joining  the 
Mississippi  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  overland  journej- — will  all  contribute  to  advance  the 
interests  and  commercial  importance  of  St.  Louis  to  an  incalculable  extent. 
"The  site  of  St.  Louis  rises  from  the  river  by  two  plateaux  of  limestone  formation,  the  first 
20  and  the  other  60  feet  above  the  floods  of  the  Mississippi.  The  ascent  to  the  first  plat- 
eau, or  bottom,  as  it  may  be  termed,  is  somewhat  abrupt ;  the  second  rises  more  gradu- 
ally, and  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain,  affording  fine  views  of  the  city  and  river.  St. 
Louis  extends,  in  all,  nearly  7  miles  by  the  curve  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about  3  miles  back ; 
the  thickly-settled  portion,  however,  is  only  2  or  2|-  miles  in  length,  following  the  river, 
and  about  IJ  miles  in  breadth.  The  city  is  well  laid  out,  the  streets  being,  for  the  most 
part,  60  feet  wide,  and,  with  but  few  exceptions,  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles.  Front 
street,  extending  along  the  levee,  is  upwards  of  100  feet  wide,  and  built  up  on  the  side  fac- 
ing the  river  with  a  range  of  massive  stone  warehouses,  which  make  an  imposing  appear- 
ance as  the  city  is  approached  by  water.  Front,  Main,  and  Second  streets,  parallel  to  each 
other  and  to  the  river,  are  the  seat  of  the  principal  wholesale  business.  The  latter  is  occu- 
pied with  heavy  grocery,  iron,  receiving  and  shipping  houses.  Fourth  street,  the  fashion- 
able promenade,  contains  the  finest  retail  stores.  The  streets  parallel  to  Front  and  Main 
streets  are  designated  Second  street,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  so  on  ;  and  those  on  the  right 
and  left  of  Market  street,  extending  at  right  angles  with  the  river,  are  mostly  named  from 
various  forest  trees,  similar  to  the  streets  of  Philadelphia.  Large  expenditures  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time  in  grading  and  otherwise  improving  the  streets  and  allej-s  of  St.  Louis. 
"  St.  Louis  is  handsomely  built,  especially  the  new  portion  of  the  city  :  the  principal  ma- 
terial is  brick,  though  limestone  is  employed  to  some  extent. 

"  It  may  be  doubted  whether  any  city  of  the  Union  has  improved  more  rapidly  than  this 
in  the  style  of  its  public  buildings. 

"  iNSTrrcTioNS. — Among  the  benevolent  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  City  Hospital, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  3  miles  below  St.  Louis,  the  Sisters'  Hospital,  the  Home  for  the  Friend- 
less, and  the  Orphan  Asylums.  The  Home  for  the  Friendless,  designed  for  the  benefit  of 
aged  indigent  females,  and  opened  October  4th,  1853,  is  situated  on  the  Carondelet  road, 
about  4  miles  from  the  court  house.  The  edifice,  formerly  "  Swiss  College,"  consists  of  a 
stone  centre,  75  feet  in  length,  and  two  frame  wings,  each  from  30  to  40  feet  in  length — the 
whole  two  stories  high.  The  premises  comprise  about  8  acres  of  ground,  variously  diversi- 
fied with  walks  and  shade-trees.  About  $40,000  have  been  raised  for  the  support  of  the 
institution.  The  City  Hospital  has  long  been  distinguished  for  the  excellent  accommoda- 
tions which  it  affords  to  the  sick,  but  of  late  has  been  found  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the 
rapidl}--increasing  population.  A  new  edifice,  intended  as  a  House  of  Refuge,  has  been 
completed.  The  building  formerly  occupied  as  the  "  Smallpox  Hospital,"  situated  on  land 
in  the  St.  Louis  Common,  known  as  the  Old  County  Farm,  has  been  fitted  up  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  juvenile  reform  school. 

"The  literary  and  educational  institutions  of  St.  Louis,  have,  considering  their  recent  ori- 
gin, attained  a  high  degree  of  excellence. 

"St.  Louis  has  about  25  publication  offices,  issuing  newspapers  and  other  periodicals. 
Seven  or  eight  newspapers  are  published  daily,  tri-weekly,  and  weeklj".  Four  or  five  are 
printed  in  the  German  language.  The  press  is  generally  characterized  by  ability,  and  sev- 
eral of  its  issues  have  a  wide  circulation. 

"The  water- works,  which  in  1529  were  of  very  inconsiderable  importance,  now  embrace 
35^  miles  of  pipe. 


74  ST.    LOUIS,    MISSOURI, 

"The  Levee,  wliicli,  twenty  years  ago,  was  a  mere  mud  bank,  with  transverse  ways  to  the 
water's  edsje,  has  since  undergone  very  important  changes.  Great  expenditures  have  been 
made  in  filling  iij)  and  otherwise  in)i)roving  it  directly  in  front  of  t)ie  city. 

"Biiippi.NG,  Commerce,  etc. — Each  stream  which  contributes  to  the  commerce  of  St.  Louis 
has  its  regular  packets,  and,  for  the  most  part,  a  separate  })lace  of  landing.  The  Missouri, 
the  Illinois,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi  liave  as  fine  craft  as  float  on  the  Western  waters, 
while  the  down-river,  or  New  Orleans  traders,  are  scarcely  excelled  in  size,  equipment, 
speed,  and  construction.  The  St.  Louis  boats  also  visit  the  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  the  Tennes- 
see, and  other  streams.  With  such  an  immense  inland  navigation,  the  commerce  of  the 
port  requires  a  large  number  of  steamers,  and  its  tonnage  in  this  respect  exceeds  that  of 
every  other  western  city. 

"  The  importations  of  dry  goods  for  the  year  were  estimated  at  $7,000,000,  (an  increase 
of  nearly  one  million  over  the  previous  year,)  and  the  sales  at  $8,500,000.  This,  however, 
only  has  reference  to  the  wholesale  business.  Including  the  retail  trade  of  the  city,  the 
entire  imports  were  estimated  at  $10,500,000,  and  the  sales  at  $13,000,000.  The  business 
of  the  heaviest  wholesale  houses  amounts  to  from  half  a  million  to  eight  hundred  thousand 
dollars  annually. 

"The  manufactures  of  St.  Louis,  though  in  their  infancy,  are  hardly  less  important  than 
her  commerce.  The  flouring  business  is  carried  on  here  more  extensively  than  in  anj-  city 
of  the  West.  The  manitfacture  of  different  kinds  of  chemicals  and  oils  is  extensively  car- 
ried on.  There  are  in  St.  Louis  10  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco,  several 
of  which  are  on  a  large  scale.  The  manufacture  of  hemp  into  bale-rope  and  bagging,  and 
the  distilling  of  whisky,  also  employ  a  large  amount  of  capital.  But  however  important 
these  several  interests  may  be  in  themselves,  the}-  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  the  most  im- 
portant to  St.  Louis.  Indeed,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  development  of  the  vast  min- 
eral resources  of  the  region  tributary  to  her,  is  destined  to  exert  a  controlling  influence 
upon  the  future  of  this  metropolis.  Her  manufactures  of  iron  already  exceed  those  of  any 
otlier  citv  on  the  Mississippi,  if  not  in  the  west.  Nunierous  fonndries  annually  turn  out 
stoves  and  other  castings  to  a  large  amount.  Eailing,  machinery,  and  steam-engines  are 
extensively  manufixctured.  Mining  operations  have  already  been  commenced  at  Iron  Moun- 
tain.   (See    Engraving.) 

"The  Bank  of  the  State  of  Missouri  is  the  only  chartered  banking  institution  in  St.  Louis 
or  in  Missouri.  It  has  five  branches,  viz. :  one  at  Fayette,  one  at  Jackson,  one  at  Lexing- 
ton, one  at  Palmyra,  and  one  at  Springfield. 

"The  natural  advantages  which  St.  Louis  enjoys,  as  a  commercial  emporium,  are  probably 
not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  inland  port  in  the  world.  Situated  midway  between  two 
oceans,  and  near  the  geographical  centre  of  the  finest  agricultural  region  on  the  globe,  al- 
most at  the  very  focus  towards  which  converge  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  and 
the  Illinois  Rivers,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  she  is  destined,  at  no  distant  period,  to  become 
the  great  receiving  and  distributing  depot  of  most  of  the  vast  region  drained  by  these 
streams.  Having  already  reached  an  enviable  position  among  her  sister  cities,  she  is  look- 
in"-  westward,  with  a  system  of  railways  intended  not  onlj-  to  bring  to  her  markets  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  treasures  of  the  :Missouri  basin,  but  eventually  to  extend  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  finally  to  the  golden  shores 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Her  connection  with  the  Atlantic  cities,  through  Cincinnati  and  Chi- 
cago, is  already  secured  beyond  contingency.  The  construction  of  railroads  penetrating 
various  sections  of  her  own  state,  designed  idtimatcly  to  communicate  with  New  Orleans, 
are  also  about  to  be  undertaken.  The  opening  of  these  various  railways,  and  others  pro- 
posed, will  give  St.  Louis  ready  access  to  immense  deposites  of  iron,  coal,  lead,  and  copper 
ores,  witliin  a  circuit  of  90  miles,  equal  to  the  wants  of  the  whole  Mississippi  valley  for 
centuries  to  come,  and  which  have  not  to  this  time  been  brought  into  use,  simply  because 
of  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  reaching  a  mai-ket. 

"  The  population  of  St.  Louis  is  upwards  of  100,000." 


CINCINNATI    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Architect — 

J.  W.  McLaughlin,  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Third  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Attorneys  at  Law — 

Walter  M.  Bateman,  30  West  Fourth  st. 

Abram  Brower,  Jr.,  Trust  Co.'s  Build- 
ing, Third  st. 

KiCHOLAS  Bird,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

CoRwisE  &  Hayes,  (R.  M.  Corwine  and 
R.  B.  Hayes,)  Selves'  Building,  south 
side  Third  st. 

Joseph  Cox  <fc  Wm.  H.  Kerr,  3  Apollo 
Building,  corner  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 

A.  R.  DuTTON,  8  East  Third  st. 

Fox  &  Fox,  corner  of  Third  and  Syca- 
more sts. 

John  A.  Jeffers,  3  Trust  Co.'s  Building, 
corner  of  Main  and  Third  sts. 

Johnston  &  Carroll,  Trust  Co.'s  Build- 
ing. 

Jones  <k  Burn-et,  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Parker  &  Parker,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

W.  B.  Probosco,  Fourth  st. 

Ch.\rles  Loomis,  1  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Snow  &  Bradstreet, Trust  Co.'sBuilding. 

Thompson  <fc  Is'esmith,  25  West  Third  st. 
[See  advertisement] 

Worthington  <fe  Matthews,  (V.  Worth- 
ington,  Jas.  T.  Worthington,  Stanley 
Matthews,)  Third  st.  between  Main 
and  Walnut  sts. 

Attorneys  at  Law  &  Notarys  Public— 

Flamen  Ball,  Jr.,  8  East  Third  st. 
Samuel  S.  Carpenter,  23  West  Third  st. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Ben.  J.  Horton,  6  Manchester  Building, 

corner  of  Third  and  Sj-camore  sts. 
Wm.  H.  Kelsey,  80  West  Third  st.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Attorneys  and  Counsellors  at  Law — 

Bates  <k  Scarborough,  Third  st.,  opposite 
Henrie  House. 

King  &  Thompson,  (Rufus  King,  Samuel 
J.  Thompson,)  Tliird  st.,  between  Main 
and  Walnut  sts. 

Walter  S.  Straub,  12  Manchester  Build- 
ing, corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

Bedding  Manufacturers— 

Wm.  Morehouse  &  Co.,  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Plum  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Bellows  Manufacturer — 

W.  G.  Hyndman,  41  Second  st  [See  ad- 
vertisement] 

Billiard  Table  Manufacturers— 

J.  M.  Brunswick  <fe  Brother,  8  Sixth  st. 
[See  advertisement] 


Blacksmiths — 

Charles  Graham  &  Brother,  211  West 
Front  st     [See  advertisement] 
Booksellers  and  Publishers— 

Anderson,  Gates  &  Wright,  112  Main  st 

[See  advertisement.] 
Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  55  West  Fourth  st 

[See  advertisement.] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Manufacturer — 

W.  G.  Rogers,  25  East  Pearl  st 

Brass  Works— 

Wm.  Powell  &  Co.,  247  and  249  Fifth  et 

[See  advertisement] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 

Walnut  St.     [See  advertisement] 

Car  Wheels— 

John  Xash,  243  and  245  East  Pearl  st 
[See  advertisement.] 
Clothing  and  Dry  Goods— 

Menderson  &  Prohman,  23  Pearl  st 
Amburgh  Brothers,  46  and  48  Pearl  st. 

Commercial  Colleges— 

R.  M.  Bartlett,  corner  of  Tliird  and 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

John  Gundry,  corner  of  Fifth  and  Wal- 
nut sts.     [See  advertisement] 

Cooper  Ware — 

Peter  jST.  Jonte,  484  Race  st  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Dry  Goods  Merchants— 

John  W.  Ellis  &  Co.,  11  Pearl  st 
Jones  Brothers  &  Co.,  19  Pearl  st 
Maynard  &  Sweetseb,  88  &  90  Pearl  st 

Exchange  Office— 

E.  N.  Sloccm,  97  Main  st  [See  adver- 
tisement.] 

Express  Company — 

Valentine's,  Third  st     [See  advertise- 
ment] 
Flour  Mill  Manufacturers— 

J.  H.  Burrows  <fe  Co.,  Second  st,  between 
Elm  and  Plum.     [See  advertisement] 

W.  W.  Hamer  <fc  Co.,  corner  of  Second 
st  and  Western  Row.  [See  adver 
tisement] 

Foundries  and  Machine  Shops — 

W.  R.  DuNLAP  <fc  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 
Lawrence  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

J.  &  E.  Greenwald,  190  East  Pearl  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 
Walnut  St.     [See  advertisement.] 

J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  &  John  sts. 

Gold  Pen  Manufacturer- 

Wm.  Lundy,  15  Apollo  Building,  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 


CINCINNATI  BUSINESS   DIRECTORY. 


Grist  Mill  Manufacturers— 

J.  II.  Bi'KRows  &  Co.,  Second  6t., between 
Elm  and  Plum  sts.     [See  advt.] 

"W.  W.  Hamer  &  Co.,  corner  of  Second 
St.  and  Western  Row.     [See   adver.] 

Grocers  and  Commission  Merchants — 

Clark  &  Carr,  29  Walnut  st. 

Wm.  Glenn  &  Sons,  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Columbia  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

Traber  &  Auberg,  7  Public  Landing. 

Tweed  <fe  Sibley,  (Produce  and  Commis- 
sion,) 40  Walnut  st. 

West  &  McDougall,  23  Walnut  st.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Hardware  Merchants— 

Hauser  &  Merna,  192  Main  st. 
Latemer,  Colburn  &  LuPTON,  74  Main  st. 
Tyler,    Davidson  &  Co.,  140  and   142 

Main  st. 
J.  L.  Wayne  &  Son,  124  Main  st.  and  23 

Hammond  st.     [See  advertisement.] 
Joseph  W.  Wayne  &  Co.,  196  Main  st. 

[See  advertisement.] 

Hotel— 

Madison  House,  Main  st.,  between  Co- 
lumbia and  Front  sts.      [See  adver.] 

Jewellery  Establishment- 

Duhme  &  Co.,  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Kitchen  Ranges— 

E.  B.  Blunt,  224  Main  st.     [See  adver.] 
Van  &  Barringer,  197  Main  st.     [See 
advertisement.] 

Lithographers — 

EiiRGOTT  &  FoEBRiGER,  Carlisle's  Block, 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  sts.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Machinery — 

W.  R.  Dunlap  &  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 

Laurence  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 
J.  &  E.  Greenwald,  190  East  Pearl  st. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 

"Walnut  St.,  corner  of  Canal  st.     [See 

advertisement.] 
J.  A.  Fay  <fe  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  &  John  sts. 
Thomas  Smith,  216  West  Second  st.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Oyster  Depot— 

A.  S.  Stewart,  166  Vine  st,  above  Post- 
office. 

Photographer — 

E.  C.  Hawkins,  106  Fourth  st.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Plough  Manufactory — 

(iARRETT   cfe    CoTTMAN,   9  ScVCnth   St. 

Railroad  Companies — 

Little  Miami  Railroad,  Cincinnati  to 
Columbus,  &  East.     [See  advor.] 

Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  Cincin- 
nati to  St.  Louis,  and  West.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 


Real  Estate  Broker— 

Samuel  A.  Sargent,  8  Apollo  Buildings. 
[See  advertisement.] 

Saw  Manufacturers— 

WooDROUGU  &  McPari.in,  15  Walnut  st. 
Works  at  Hamilton,  Ohio.    [See  adv.] 

Scale  Manufacturers — 

John  Kistner,  394  Vine  st.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

J.  W.  Wright  &  Co.,  10  West  Second  st. 
[See  advertisement] 

Shirt  Warehouse— 

James  Richardson,  100  West  Fourth  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Show  Cases — 

Sciimitt  &  Brothers,  77  West  Third  st 
[See  advertisement.] 

Stereotype  Foundries— 

Franklin  Foundry,  168  Vine  st,  R.  Al- 
lison.  Superintendent  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Hills,  O'Driscoll  &  Co.,  141  Main  st 
[See  advertisement] 

Stock  and  Note  Brokers— 

BiiADLEY  &  Kelsey,  80  West  Third  st. 
[See  advertisement] 

Stove  Manufacturers- 

Miles  Greenwood,  394  Walnut  st,  Eagle 
Iron  Works.     [See  advertisement] 

E.  B.  Blunt,  224  Main  st  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Dr.  Musgrave,  Gas  Cooking,  272  Sixth 
st.     [See  advertisement] 

Van  &  Barringer,  197  Main  st  [See 
advertisement] 

Theatre— 

National  Theatre,  John  Bates,  Proprie- 
tor ;  Louis  Baker,  Lessee;  Wm.  Rey- 
nolds, Acting  and  Stage  Manager ; 
Sycamore  st. 

Venetian  Blinds — 

W.  H.  Hessiler,  147  Sycamore  st  [See 
advertisement.] 

Watch  Cases — 

Francis  Doll,  Corner  of  Fourth  and 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

Wire  Cloth  Goods— 

a  G.  Burnett  &  Co.,  27  Walnut  st.    [See 

advertisement] 
Bromwell  &  Mellish,  181  Walnut  st. 

Writing  Fluid— 

James  J.  Butler,  39  Vine  st  corner  of 
Commerce  st.     [See  advertisement] 

J.  C.  Parr  &  Co.,  554  and  556  West 
Fifth  St. 

Wood  Engravers- 

Davenport  &  Thompson,  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Walnut  sts.    [See  advertisement] 
George  Stillman,  25  West  Fourth  st. 


GENERAL    FUENISHING    EMPORIUM. 
JAMES    RICHARDSON, 

MANUFACTURER    OF 

Sliirts,    Stocks    Sz>    XJnder     GreLrnieiits, 

FOR   LADIES,    GEXTLEMEX  &    CHILDREN, 

AND    DEALER    IN 

LACE,    E3IBROIDERIES,    TRIM3IINGS,    CORSETS,    AND 

FANCY     ARTICLES. 
READY-MADE    LINEN    AND    BABY    LINEN    WAREHOUSE. 

OUTPITTLVG  AND  WEDDING  ORDERS  EXECUTED  AT  SHORT  xVOTICE. 


E.  A.  THOMPSON 


JAITIES   RICHARDSO]\,    100  T*  est   Foiiitli   St., 

Opposite  the  J*ost-o(llce^  Cincianatt^  Ohio, 

T.  A.  XESMITH. 

L-A-W       -A-IsTID        COLLEOTIOIvr       OFFICE 

THOMPSON  '\     NESMITH, 

^A^  T  T  o  r?,Kr  E  Ys     Ji^rr     TuJ^^v^, 

25    West   Third   Street,   Cincinnati,    Ohio. 


REFEREACES : 

Chase,  McKinney  &  Co Eotton. 

Pierce  Bros.  6c  Flanders '* 

Aaron  Clatlii),  Esi) ** 

Hayward.    Burchslead    and 
Niebuiir. 


Welling,  Coffin  &  Co Philadelphia   E.  G.  Webster  &  Cc 


.  Fnssitt  &  Co Philadelphia 

j  Alex.  Mnniork  &  Co Baltimore 

>  Cushings  &  Bailey *' 

j  King:,  Corwin  &  Co Cincinnati 

!  Gideon  Burton,  Esq. 


J.  R.  JaffravA  Sons New  York 

I'llelps,  Bliss  &  Co " 

A.  Journeav,  Jr..&  Co ** 

Clapp,  Kent  &  Beckley " 

Carev,  Howard  &  Sanger " 

Fred;  Biitterfield,  Esq " 

Mason  Bros ** 

^mith  cjc  Pavne " 

F.  S.  Winstan,  E.<q " 

S.  f  lousnmn  &  Co '* 

J.  M.  Beebe&  Co Bottom. 

T.  i  E.  Batcheller  A  Co " 

Coi-hrane,  Kimball  i  Diiuiek '* 

Collections  made  throughout  the  tJ.  S.     Drafts  and  maturing  paper  collected  at  Bankers'  rates. 

E.  A.  'f .  is  Xotary  Public,  and  Comiuissioner  for  all  (he  princiral  States. 

CLAIMS      PROVED. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS     AND      DEPOSITIONS      CAREFULLY     TAKEN. 


Slorris  L.  Hallowell  &  Co. 

Wood,  Baeon  &  Co 

John  H.  Brown  k  Co 

Tillinjrhast  &  Duffield 

DeCoursey.  Lafoiireade  &  Co... 

Farnhani,  Kirkbaiu  k.  Co 

Mason  k  Co 


Jones  Bros,  k  Co. 
Jno.  Slmpkinson  k  Co. . 

3.  k  5.  Slevin 

Shaw,  Buell  &  Barbour. 

J.  W.  Ellis  &  Co 

Day  k  Alatlack 


W^l.   II.   KELSEY, 

gttonicn  :it  f  aiu  k  Uotirn  Public. 

^Faster  Commissioner  of  the  Superior  Court. 

COLLECTIONS  ATTENDED  TO  PROMPTLY. 

OFFICE,  SO  WEST  THIRD  STREET, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


CALVI.N  BRADLEY. 


w.  H.  KELSEY. 


BRADLEY  &  KELSEY, 

Stock  and  Note  Brokers  and  (jeneral  Agents 

REAL  ESTATE  BOUGHT  &  SOLD.  "" 
Money  Loaned  and  Collections  Made. 
80  AVEST  THIRD  STREET, 
CINCINNATI,    O. 


JOHN    KISTNER, 

Manufacturer 

OF     ALL     KI.NDS     OF 

SCALES, 

394  Vine  St., 

DET.    CANAL    &    1'2tH, 

Cincinnati,  O. 


SAMUEL  S.  CARPENTER, 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW  cV  NOTARY  PlT.Lir. 

Also,   COMMISSIONER   for   DEEDS,   DEPO- 
SITIONS, and  AFFIDAVITS  for  everj- 
STATE  in  the  UNION. 

N.  B. — Commissions  to  take  testimony  executed  with  promptness 
and  accuracy. 

Office,  23  West  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


SAMUEL  A.  SARGENT, 

REAL  ESTATE  &   STOCK   BROKER, 

8   APOLLO   BUILDINGS, 
Corner  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  Streets, 


CINCINNATI,    O. 


THOS.  W.  WRIGHT. 


Jt'LlL'S    TOSSO. 


T.W.WRIGHT  &,  CO., 

MANVF.VLTURERS    OF    ALL    KIND.S    OF 

SCALES, 

BEAMS,  TRUCKS   &  HOISTING  WHEELS. 
10  West  Second  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


I  TYPE,   STEREOTYPE,   &   ELECTROTYPE  FOUNDRY. 

AND    PRINTERS'    FURNISHING    "WAREHOUSE. 


We  desire  to  inform  Printers,  Booksellers,  and  others,  that  we  are  now  prepared  to 
furnish  every  thing  used  in,  or  in  any  way  connected  with  printing,  in  any  of  its 
branches :  our  Moulds,  Matrices,  and  Machinery,  are  all  duplicates  of  those  of  L.  John- 
son &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  the  most  extensive  Type  Founders  in  America ;  and  we  assure 
the  trade  that  the  quality  and  admixture  of  our  metals  will  at  all  times  be  of  the  best 
materials,  and  our  manufacture  of  them  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art.  It  will  be  our 
aim,  under  all  circumstances,  to  compete  with  the  very  best  Foundries  in  the  countiy, 
both  in  style  and  finish.  Having  recently  made  large  additions  to  our  stock  of  Moulds 
and  Matrices,  we  are  now  prepared  to  furnish,  in  any  quantity,  the  most  approved 
faces  of  Book,  News,  and  Job  Type,  and  fit  out  Printing  Offices  of  any  size  on  the 
shortest  notice.  Our  Composing  Rooms  are  well  stocked  with  the  latest  and  most  ap- 
proved styles  of  Book  and  Job  Type,  of  all  sizes,  and  we  Stereotype  or  Electrotype 
Books,  Music,  Jobs,  Medicine  Labels,  etc.,  etc.,  on  short  notice,  and  at  Eastern  Prices. 

Pattern  and  Brand  Letters  of  various  sizes  and  styles  always  on  hand.  Type  that 
has  been  used  in  Stereotyping  for  sale  at  Reduced  Prices.  Agents  for  Hoe  &  Co., 
Adams,  Gordon,  and  Ruggles'  Presses.  American  and  English  Inks  constantly  on 
hand.     Also,  Printers'  Glue  of  a  superior  quality. 

168   VINE   STREET,  (bet.  Fourth  &  Fifth  Sts.)  CINCINNATI,   0. 

il,  ^§Mjj4lSOJ\\    Superintendent . 

D     HILLS   A    CO.  *^*    '•    O'DBISCOLL. 

STEREOTYPE    AND    ELECTROTYPE    FOUNDRY, 

]SrO.     141     1VE-A.llsr      STREET,      CUSTCIISriSr^^TI,      OHIO. 

HILLS,  O'DRISCOLL    &    CO., 
STEREOTYPERS    &    ELECTROTYPERS, 

Also,  dealers  in  Type  and  Printins  Materials,  senerallv.  Leads,  Cases.  Galleys,  Brass  and  Metal  Rules,  Qtjoins, 
Funuture,  etc.,  always  on  hand.  Stereotvpinff  of  all  kinds,  Bnoks,  Music.  Pamphlets,  and  Jobs  of  everj^  description 
done  at  short  notice  and  in  the  best  manner.    Electrotyping  of  Cuts,  Jobs,  etc.,  done  on  short  notice. 

ROBERT    CLARKE.  R.    D.    BARN'ET.  J-    "^'-    DALE. 

ROBERT  CLARKE  &  CO.,  Successors  to  H.  W.  Derhy  &  Co., 

Law  Publishers  &  Booksellers,  Stationers,  Importers  &  Dealers  in  ThGological,  Scientific,  School 
and  Miscellaneous  Books,  No.  55  West  Fourth  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

The  attention  of  the  legal  profession  and  the  trade  is  invited  to  the  following  valuable  Law  Books,  pub- 
lished br  them : 

Ouio  Reports,  26  vols.  McDonald's  Treatise,  1  vol. 

McLean's  C.  C.  Reports,  6  vols.  Nash's  Pleading  and  Practice,  1  vol. 

Johnson's  Chancery  Reports,  7  vols,  in  .3.       Nash's  Digest  of  Ohio  Reports,  1  vol. 
Swan's  Statutes  of  Ohio,  1  vol.  Gwtnxe  on  Sheriffs  &  Coroners,  1  vol. 

Swan's  New  Tre.\tise,  1  vol.  Holcombe's  Equity  Jurisprudence,  1  vol. 

Barton's  Suit  in  Equity,  1  vol. 
Their  assortment  of  general  Law  Books  is  large  and  various,  and  their  facilities  for  procuring  the  publi- 
cations of  other  houses  are  such,  that  they  can  sell  at  the  lowest  Eastern  rates. 

The  Theological  and  Miscellaneous  Departments  will  be  found  supplied,  in  addition  \o  recent  English  and 

American  publications,  with  a  choice  stock  of  old,  rare  and  valuable  works,  seldom  met  witli  in  this  country. 

Foreign  Books,  old  and  new,  in  any  language,  imported  with  the  utmost  care  and  dispatch,  their  business 

connections  in  London  and  Edinburgh  being  such,  as  to  afford  great  facilities  for  the  collection  of  old  rare 

works,  and  such  modern  books  as  are  "  out  of  print."     Subscriptions  received  for  foreign  periodicals. 

The  publications  of  the  following  houses  kept  constantly  on  hand  :— Harper  &  Bros.,  Derby  &  Jack-son, 
Robert  Carter  &  Bro.,  New  York  ;  G.  Routledge  &  Co.,  T.  Nelson  &  .*on,  11.  Bailliere,  London  ;  Blackie  k 
Son,  Glasgow;  T.  &  T.  Clark,  Edinburgh,  &c.,  &c.     Trade  supplied  with  Harper's  Magazine  and  Meekly. 


VAI.ENTINE    FREIGHT    EXPRESS    COHIPAWY. 

CINCINN.\TI  OFFICE,  No.  5  EAST  THIRD  STREET.  John  S.  Dimlop,  Siipt.  E.  H.  Valentine.  Asst.  Supt. 
Gcci  B.  Cooper,  Pres  ,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Time  Contracts  given  for  Shipment  of  Frcisht  trom  New  York,  Boston. 
Philadclpliia  and  Baltimore  to  St.  Louis.  Cincinnati,  Chicaeo.  and  all  points  West.  Throudi  Receipts  civeu  to  all 
parts  i)f  liidiiina,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  to  all  points  on  the  :\Iissuiiri  Hivcr.  1  nr  (  ontracts  call 

at  our ofTue.  R.  L.  HULL,  Agent. 

jnark  Oooda  Valentine  JAne,  Ko.  5  East  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

WILLIAM     MOREHOUSE    &    CO.,  I  ^^'"^^^  «■=*""'  pbert  graham. 

xjraoLSTEREi^s,         I         CHAS.  GRAHAM  &  BRO., 

S.  E.  cor.  of  Fifth  &  Plum  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  0.  ~ 

Superior  Spiral-Srrins  and  Curled  Hair  Mattresses, 
Feather  Beds,  and  all  other  articles  in  the  line,  in  store 
and  made  to  o'der  at  short  notice. 

N.  B.— Curtams  and  Carpets  made  up.  Church  Pews 
lined,  etc. 


MACHINE     BLACKSMITHS, 

277  West  Front  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

Manu/aviurers  of  Bridge- Bolts  and  all  kinds  of 

Bla  ckitm  ithing. 


■4i 


E.    C.    HAWKINS, 

PHOTOGRAPHIST, 

106    WEST    FOURTH    STREET, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


PATENTEE    OF    THE   PATENT    HELIOGRAPHS. 


RIGHTS   FOR   SALE  &   INSTRUCTIONS    GIVEN. 

[Wj  J.   D.  DAVENPORT.  J.   THOMSON.         1^ 

DAVENPORT  &  THOJISOff, 


Sttccesso*'s  to  M.   C.   Grosvenor.  y  , 

N.  E.  CORNER  OF  FOURTH  &  WALNUT  STS,,    i^ 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO.  ^'^ 


m  — **• — 

W  ALL   ORDERS   EXECUTED   WITH  NEATNESS  AND   DISPATCH.  .   . 

ANDERSON,    GATES    &,    WRIGHT, 

FXJBLISHIEPIS, 

WHOLESALE    AND    EETAIL 

B00SS3LL3P.  S    AITD    STATIOITEP.  S, 

PRINTERS,    AND    3IANUFACTURERS    OF 

SUPERIOR     BLANK     BOOKS. 
112  Main  Street,  bet.  Third  and  Fourth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


W.   G.   HY.\D>IA.\, 

(Successor  to  S.  R.  Hamilton),  mnnufactmer  of  BIa<kstnith's  Bel- 
lows and  Improved  Portable  Force,  (Patented  November,  1857.) 
Manufactory,  41  Second  Street,  between  Sycamore  and  Broadway, 
Cincinnati. 


PETER    SMITH, 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALER  IN 

DAGUERREOTYPE, 

A3IBR0TYPE  &  MELAIXOTYPE  STOCK, 

JTcncl)    anb   '[American   pntcs, 

PLATE     GLASS, 

FRAMES,  CHEMICALS  AND  CASES, 
German  and  American  Cameras, 

General  Agent  for  the  supply  of 
Daguerreotype    and   Ambrotype    Apporatus, 

AND  MATERIAL  OF  EVERY   DESCRIPTION. 

No.  36  WEST  FIFTH  STREET, 

Second  Door  East  from  Walnut  Street. 

CINCINlSrATI,   O. 


APPARATUS. 


PETER   :\.   JO^TE, 


JPatentetl  Jfan^   8,    1858. 

This  represents  five  Stoves  nn  an  Extu\  Maho^hanv  Stand, 
capable  of  Iwhic  rlost-ii,  resi-mbluitr  »  I'oinrnon  Bureau.  Eacli  Stove 
beiiiff  independent  of  the  other,  as  many  iimy  be  used  at  one  time 
KS  wished.  This  nttparatiu  is  capaMe  of  eo<ikine  for  a  fKniily  of 
twenty  persons.  The  price  is  $:5,  inWiulinjf  aljout  $1"  wurlTi  of 
i*ookintf  utensils.  The  same  Mahc^^hauy  Stand  wilJi  tliree  Stoves, 
witltout  (wokinfj  utenM)«,  is  ?50.  The  common  Stove  ware  will  do. 
The  Bill  may  enable  persons  to  selei-t  mid  order  what  they  wish. 
For  further  intnrmation  Atldress  the  Patentee. 

A  sinjjle  Stove  will  do  every  variety  and  kind  of  <v)oking,  several 
will  tare  time,  two  or  three  Stoves  for  four  or  five  persons.  It  takes 
aluiit  ll»e  same  amount  of  gas  to  cook  on  three  or  lour  Stoves  as  one, 
it  being  in  proportion  to  the  amount  cooke.l;  and  not  &j  liable  to 
wssta;.'e,  as  wood  fuel.  Where  g-as  i#  if'^.oO  per  1,0II0  feet,  it  costs 
about  two  and  one-lia!f  cents  per  day  for  each  person.  A  iniin  and 
wife  can  cook  ft>r  five  cents  a  day,  and  five  cents  a  week  for  ironim;. 

The  Stove*  will  work  on  a  couimun  washstand,  table,  or  shelf  in 
any  tx>om  or  story. 

Dr.  H.  n.  >irSGBAVE,  ancinnali,  O. 

Or  Call  at  Xo.  272  Sixth  Street. 

BLl^T'S    ORIGINAL 


AU  s'oes,  from  3  feet  to  20  feet.  Steam  ami  liot  water  supplied 
Willi  anj-  size  if  required.  Maniifaclureil  bv  E.  li.  Blunt,  ■-'■.'4  Alain 
Street,  Cixcixxatj,  Ohio.    Warranted  to  ^ive  satisfaction. 

J.    W.    GARttlSOX,  F.    P.    CJ4.HILL. 

NEW 


MANUFACTURER   OF 


Cooper    TV^are 

OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  SIZES, 

484  RACE  ST.  &  154  POPLAR  ST., 

CINCINNATI,   0. 


Keeps  constantly  on  hand  a  variety  uf  Wood  and  Iron 
Bound  Kegs,  such  as  6,  10  and  20  pillons;  also,  will  till 
all  orders  for  Twis  Work  at  shortest  notice.  All  of  my 
work  is  warranted  to  be  of  the  best  quality. 

UNION     BRASS     WORKS. 

WM.  POWELL  t  CO.,  Manufacturers  of  Brass  Fau- 
cets. Steam  and  Gas  Corks.  Jcc.  Nos,  247  ii  249  Filth  St., 
between  Plum  and  Wn.  How,  Ci.minnati,  Ohio. 


Oil  Globes,  Oil  Cups.  Cmiplin;.'-  iin.l  Pluiiit.ii-'  l!rass  Work,  kept 
oonRtantly  on  hand  at  Kastcrn   Prices.     AUo,  Brass  Casting  and   [ 
anti-lViction  Metal  made  to  order. 


S.  G.  BURNET  &  CO., 

MANUPACTUP.ERS    OP 

"V^IPLE-CLOTKE, 
Sieves,  Riddles, 

WOODEN  k  J.\P.\NNED  BIRD  CAGES, 

CHEESE  &  MEAT   SAFES,   &c. 
27    Tl  AL^IJT    STREET. 

CINCINNATI,    O. 

BUTLER^ 

MERCANTILE,  RECORD  &  COPTHG 


MADISON  HOUSE,  Excelsior  Fluid  Inks! 


GARRISON  &  CAIIILL, 

PROPRIETORS. 

BETWEEN    COLUMBIA  <fe   FRONT    STREETS, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


MANTFACTtUEI)    BY 

JAMES   J.   BUTLEK, 

.VGE\T. 

39      -V  I  ISr  E      STIIEET, 

COR.    OF    COMMERCE,    CINCIXXATI,    O. 

In  Use  by  10,000  Merchants  and  Bankers  of  the 
East,  South  and  West.  For  sale  by  50il  leading  Sta- 
tioners and  Merchants  of  the  Soutli  and  West. 


JOSEPH  W.   i;VAYNE, 

DEAI.EU   IN 

TRUNK-MAKERS'    STOCK, 

SHEET   ZDi'C,  TINT    PLATE,  WIKE,  HOOP    IRON,  PUMP 
CHAIN    AND    FIXTURES,    AND 

GENERAL    HARDWARE. 

196   MAI\  ST.,  CIXClWiVATI,  O. 

^J.  L.  WAYNE  &  SON, 

DEALERS   IN 

Flush,  Hair  Cloth,  Sofa  Springs, 

LOOKING-GLASS    PLATES, 

MANUFACTURERS   OP 

PLANES  AND  EDGE  TOOLS. 

124  Main  &  23  Hammond  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


JOS.  WOODEOUGH. 


mich'l  M*FARL1N. 


BENGYC.  DUNS. 


WOODROUGH  &  MTARLIN, 
SAW    MANUFACTURERS, 

Patent  Ground  Circular  Saws. 

(works   at  HAMILTON,   O.) 

W^arehouse,  15  JW^alnut  Street, 

CINCINNATTI,  0. 


Castings  of  all  kinds  made  to  order. 

JOHN  NASH, 

MANUFACTURER  OF 

CAR      WHEEIiS, 

243  &  245  EAST  PEARL  STREET, 

CINCINNATI,     OHIO. 

WHEELS     WARRANTED. 


THOMAS  S.  SMITH, 

Iron  Perforating  Establishment, 

216   WEST  SECOND  STREET, 

BET.  PLUM   AND    WESTERN  ROW, 

Has  always  on  hand,  and  makes  to  order 

For  all  sort  of  Grain, 

Com  Shakers,  Smut  Machines,  Screens 
and  Window  Guards. 

Makes  to  order,  and  has  always  on  hand,  all  sizes  of  Wrouffht 
Iron  Washers,  Burrs  and  Riveting  Rin^s,  wholesale  and  retail. 
Tinned  Washers  ibr  Belts  and  Hose ;  Lathe  Chain  Links  of  all  sizes ; 
Stove  and  other  small  Nuts;  R.  R.,  S.  B.,  Bridge  and  Baj^t^age 
Checks  J  Perforated  Iron  Tree  Boxes,  and  Fancy  Flower  Fencing. 

Cincinnati^    Ohio* 


ISAAC  GREENWALD. 


KZKA  GEKKNWALD* 


I.  &  E.  GREENWALD, 

Fonndry  and  Machine  Shop, 

steam  Engines  &  Mill  Machinery. 

No.    190    EAST   PEARL  STREET, 

(Near  Miami  Canal,) 

CINCINNATI,     OHIO. 


JAMES  w.  McLaughlin, 

ARCHITECT, 

ODD      FEIiL<OT¥S'      B  IJ  I  I.  D  I  N  G  , 

Corner  of  Walnut  and  Third  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 
EHEGOTT    &    FORBEIGEE, 

PRACTICAL    LITHOGRAPHERS, 

Carlisle's  Block,  S.  W.  cor.  of  4th  &  Walnut  Sts., 

ROOM  No.  2,  THIRD  FLOOR. 
CINCINNATI,     OHIO. 

Every  kind  of  work  in  their  line,  such  as  Maps,  Bonds,  Drafts,  Notes, 
Checks,  Diplomas,  Landscapes,  Portraits,  Siiow  Cards,  etc.,  in  Black  and  in 
Colors,  will  be  executed  with  the  greatest  promptness,  and  in  the  very  best 
style. 


IlTTLE  MIAMI  &  COLUMBUS  &  XENIA  RAILROAD, 

Exclusively  a  Through  Route. 
THREE     DAILY     TRAINS. 

MUreet  Connectiona  are  niade^  tta 
CLEVELAND— With  Lake  Shore,  New  York  and  Erie  and  New  York  Central  Railroads,  to  and  from  Buffalo, 
Dunkirk,  Albany,  Boston,  New  York,  etc. 

CRESTLI!VE^-With  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Pittsburg,  to  and  from  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia,  New  York, 

STErBENVILLEi— With  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Pittsburg,  to  and  from  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia,  New  York, 

WHEELIXG— With  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroads  at  Wheeling  and  Pittsburg,  to  and  from 
Baltimore,  Washington  City,  Richmond.  Wilmington,  N.  C,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston,  etc.,  etc. 

Makes  close  connections  at  Xenia  for  all  points  West  and  Northwest ;  also  at  Cincinnati  for  all  points  West  and 
Southwest.    To  and  from  Cleveland,  Pittsburg,  and  Wheeling,  without  cliange  of  Cars. 

Tickets  for  Sale  at  all  tlie  Principal  Railroad  Offices  in  tlic  East  and  West. 

J.  DrRAIVD,  Siipt. 


CINCIimATI  MACHINE  WORKS. 

Manufacture  Stationary  and  Portable 

STEAM    ENQINES, 

OF  ALL   SIZES, 

CYLINDER,   FLUE    AIND   TUBULAR    BOILERS, 

All  Kinds  of  Mill  >Iachinery, 

Portable  Flouring  Mills,  witli  Bolts,  Elevators, 

AND   ALL  THE   MACHINERY  COMPLETE. 

Burrs,  Bolting  Cloths,  Smut  Mills,  Bran  Dusters,  Kinman  Cele- 
brated Flour  Packer,  Xlnlay,  Sash,  and  Circular  Saw  Mills,  Parker 
Water-Wheels,  Famham's  Double-Acting  Lift  and  Force  Pumps, 
Hydraulic  Rams,  Judson's  Patent  Governor  Valve. 

Ornamental    Cast-iron    Fountains, 

BRASS   &  IRON   CASTINGS   GENERALLY. 

"W.  R.   DUNLAP   &   CO., 

Cor.  Front  &  Lawrence  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  O. 


Maniniotli  Steampower  Billiard  Table  Manufactory 

OF  J.  M.  BEUNSWICK  &  BRO. 

Manufactory — Situated  on  N.  E.  corner  of  Elm  &  Cannl  Streets. 
Office  and  Warehouse — No.  8  Sixth  St.,  bet.  Main  and  Wahuit  Sts. 
Cincinnati,  O.  Best  Combination  Patent  Cushion  ever  invented. 
Patent  obtained  December  8,  1S57. 

All  the  modern  improvements  in  style  and  best  mathematical  ac- 
curacy of  workmansnip,  unequalled  by  any  other  house  either  in  the 
United  States  or  Europe.  Our  latest  Combination  Patent  Cushiiuis, 
which  are  unequalled  in  elasticity  and  correctness  in  angles,  have 
received  the  gT^atest  attention  of  all  the  scientific  Billiard  Players, 
and  gives  our  Tables  the  greatest  perfection  now  in  existence.  Relying 
upon  a  practical  knowledge  and  experience  of  many  years  in  this 
branch  of  business,  and  having  applied  all  the  beneficml  machineries 
for  steam-power,  we  call  especial  attention  of  Hotel  or  Saloon  Keep- 
ers, in  general,  to  furnish  their  rooms  with  our  first-class  Billiard 
Tables,  made  of  Rosewood  or  Mahogany,  either  with  Marble,  Slate, 
or  Wooden  Beds,  because  we  are  enabled  to  offer  our  goods  at  rv- 
duced  prices,  from  20  to  25  per  cent.,  and  as  we  possess  ample 
means,  we  offer  also  the  most  suitable  terms  for  any  number  or 
quality  of  Tables. 

Especial  attention  will  be  given  for  repairing  and  recushioning  old 
Tables  with  our  new  Combination  Patent  Cushions  of  superior  elas- 
ticity and  correctness  in  angles. 

Remember^  Twelve  Billiard  Tables  Manufactured  weehhj. 

Agents  for  tlie  above  are  Geo.  W.  Billings,  St.  Louis,  Mo. ; 
E.  Brunswick,  121  Randolph  Street,  Chicago,  HI.  -,  A.  W.  Merriara, 
New  Orleans.  La.  ;  J.  B.  Harper,  Louisville,  Ky. 


J.  H.  BURROWS 


J.    H.    BTJRRO^VS^ 


PATENT 


XJ 


A.  KIMBALL. 


AND 


PtABfTATIOW 


CORN    miLL, 


^lll  Orders  should  be  ^Iddresseil  to  J.  U.  BURROJf^S  if  Co., 
Second  Street  bet.   Elm  Sf  Plutn,   Chicintutti,   O. 

Proprietors  of  the  Columbia  Foundry,  and  Manufacturers  of  Steam  Engines   and   j 
Machinery,  for  Grist  and  Saw  Mills,  Distilleries,  Tanneries,  etc.     Also,  French  Burr 
Mill  Stones,  of  all  sizes ;  Montgomerie's  Double  Grinding  Bark  Mill  and  Corn  Crush- 
ers ;   Haviland  &  Tuttle's  Saw-Mill  Water-Wheels,  and  Castings  of  every  description. 
Also,  dealers  in  Bolting  Cloths,  Plaster  of  Paris,  etc. 


GUNDRFS    MERCANTILE    COLLEGE, 

N.   W.   COE.   OF  FIFTH    AIS^D    WALNUT   STREETS, 

CinciniiSLti,    Oliio. 

A    THOROUGH  AND  PRACTICAL  KNOWLEDGE   OF 
BOOK-KEEPING,  PENMANSHIP,   &c., 

May  be  obtained  during  the  Evening  Winter  Course,  the  same  facilities  for  instruc- 
tion Ijcing  afforded  as  in  the  day  time.  Those  wishing  to  attend  should  make  applica- 
tion without  delay. 

The  large  number  of  Students  of  this  Institution  occupying  the  first  positions  as 
Business  Men  and  Accountants  in  this  city,  is  deemed  sufficient  recommendation  of 
its  merits. 

ter:?is  for  FUI.I.  course  forty  dollars. 


JOHN  GUXDRY,  PRmciPAL. 


R.  M.  Bartlett's 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE, 

Corner  Third  and  Walnut,  Cincinnati,  0. 

[Cr  One  time  is  as  good  as  another  to  commence. 
ICr  For  particulars,  call,  or  address  the  College. 


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Court  of  the  United  .Suites  for  the  Southern  District  of  Ohio. 


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^^_  ,.^^^^^j^_jgj^^j^gg^^^^^^^  iiMMj^f^.  -iaix 


DTTHMES^CO. 


WATCHES  .JEWELRY  a  SILVER  WARE 


p|i  ';      j 


DcHME  &  Co.,  S.  W.  corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Importers, 
wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  fine  Watches  and  Jewelry  of  every  description,  Silver  and  Silver 
Plated  Ware. 

Watch  Tools  and  Materials  for  the  Trade. 


GOLD    PEN    MANUFACTURER, 

ROOM  15,  APOLLO  BUILDING, 
Car.  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  0. 

Mr.  Lundy  w.trrants  liis  Pens  to  lie  as  pooii,  if  not  superior  to  any 
others  niaile  East  or  West.  Clerks  nn<i  Book-keepers  who  have 
used,  and  are  still  using  hU  Pens,  can  testify  to  their  superiority  over 
all  others. 

Pens  Repaired  to  Order. 


W.  H.  HESSELER, 

VENETIAN  BLIND  MANUFACTURER, 

147  Sycamore  Street, 

BETWEEN    FOITRTH    AND    FIFTO,  WEST   SIDE. 
CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 

Keeps  always  on  Immi  and  makes  to  onler,  Venetian  Blinds  of 
every  desoriptibn,  at  low  prices  for  cash.    Old  Blinds  repainted  and 
■    >  lo< ' 


trinuned  to  look  equal  to  new. 


SHOW    CASES. 

A    LARGE   ASSORTMENT   OF 

Silver  Plated,  German  Silver,  Rose- 
wood, Mahogany,  Black  Walnnt, 
Satin,  and  Pinewood,  at 

SCHMITT    &    BROTHERS, 

77  WEST  THIRD  ST.,  CINCniNATI, 

AND 

5  North  William  Street,  New  York. 


FRAIVCII^  DOLL, 

Manufacturer  of  Gold  &  Silver  Watch  Cases.  Orders 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  attended  to  with  prompt- 
ness. Corner  of  4th  and  Walnut  Sts.,  over  Duhme's 
Jewelry  Store,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

WM.  GLENN.    JA8.  M.  GLENN.    B,  DYMOND,  JR.   O.  T.  GLENN. 

WM.  GLENN  &  SONS, 

Wholesale  Grocers, 

NORTU-EAST   CORN-EB   OF 

WALNUT   &  COLUMBIA  STS. 
CINCINNATI,   O. 


ISAAC   E.  WEST. 


CHAS.    H.  MCDOUOAL. 


WEST  8l  McDOUGAL, 

GROCERS 
AND    COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

No.  23  WALNUT  STREET, 

CINCINNATI,  OraO. 

QUEEN    CITY 

BANKING  AND   EXCHANGE  OFFICE, 

DEALS    IN 

UNCUERENT  BANK  NOTES,  GOLD  &  SILVER. 
97   MAIN  STREET, 

Trust   Company   Building-,    Cincinnati,   O, 

E.  N.  SLOCUM,  Agent. 


CINCINNATI.  75 


CINCINNATI,  THE   QUEEN   CITY  OF  THE  WEST. 

After  leavino;  the  seaboard,  no  citj'  in  the  United  States  is  likely  to  surprise  the  stranger 
so  much  as  Cincinnati.  From  an  account  of  Dr.  Charles  Mackay's  visit  to  it  last  year,  we 
expected  to  find  in  it  another  Pittsburg  (Pennsylvania)  or  Manchester  (England)  for 
smoke;  and  on  proceeding  from  the  "  Forest  City"  (.Cleveland)  -vve  looked  forward  to  liud- 
ing  Cincinnati  under  a  cloud,  with  the  anticipation  of  unpleasant  odours  from  its  famed 
pork-killing  establishments.  On  our  entering  the  city,  by  the  Little  Miami  Valley  railroad, 
the  beauty  of  that  line  was  only  excelled  by  the  charming  vieAV  presented  as  the  train  crept 
round  the  curves,  opening  to  view  tlie  exquisitely  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Ohin,  both  on 
the  Kentucky  and  Chio  side  of  the  river.  Our  visit  to  Cincinnati,  therefore,  in  July  last, 
was  one  of  unmingled  pleasurable  disappointment;  with  a  blazing  sun  overhead,  all 
vegetation  in  its  gayest  attire,  and  not  a  particle  of  smoke  to  be  seen,  excepting  from  a 
solitary  steamer,  perhaps,  getting  ready  for  its  voyage  to  Louisville  or  the  Mississippi. 

Ascending  to  the  top  of  Mount  Adams,  to  get  a  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country, 
we  looked  in  vain  for  smoke;  so  that  should  the  gifted  author  of  "Voices  from  the 
Crowd"  paj-  his  friend  Nicholas  Longworth  another  visit  at  Cincinnati,  and  that  any  time 
during  the  spring  or  summer  months,  he  will,  we  think,  leave  it  with  a  different  impres- 
sion, and  similar  to  what  he  experienced  in  the  cities  visited,  where  the  total  absence  from 
smoke  formed  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  American  city  life. 

As  may  be  well  known,  Cincinnati  is  the  most  populous  city  of  the  Western  States,  and 
the  fifth  in  size  and  importance  throughout  the  union.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in  a  valley 
of  about  13  miles  in  circumference,  with  tlie  Ohio  lUver  intersecting  it  from  the  State  of 
Kentucky,  environed  by  a  range  of  hills,  thus  forming  a  beautiful  basin  with  one  portion 
of  the  city  in  the  centre,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  rising  by  terraces,  on  which  Tiiird  and 
Fourth  streets  form  two  of  the  most  prominent.  For  3  miles,  at  least,  the  city  extends  along- 
side of  the  river,  that  portion  being  lined,  for  the  most  part,  with  stores  and  shipping- 
places  of  business,  aiul  where  from  30  to  40  steamers  may  be  seen  engaged  in  the  river 
traffic,  sailing  up  the  river  to  Pittsburg,  460  miles,  and  down  to  ports  on  the  Mississippi, 
650  miles  distant,  carrying,  for  the  most  part,  goods,  but  that  only  when  the  state  of  the 
river  permits,  and  business  affords  sufficient  traffic.  Both  in  the  city  and  in  the  vicinity 
some  elegant  private  residences  are  to  be  seen,  but  more  particularly  in  the  suburbs  of 
such  as  Mount  Auburn,  where  there  are  some  beautiful  country  seats,  with  vineries  in  the 
open  air  attached  to  each. 

One  of  the  finest  public  buildings  of  Cincinnati  is  the  Court  House,  an  immense  block  of 
buildings  built  of  white  marble,  but,  to  a  certain  extent,  obscured  from  being  seen  to  great 
advantage,  on  account  of  the  other  buildings  being  built  in  too  close  proximity  with  it. 

In  churches  Cincinnati  can  boast  of  having  as  fine  samples  as  are  to  be  found  in  the 
West. 

Its  literary,  educational,  scientific,  and  medical  colleges  and  institutions,  rank  with  any 
thing  in  the  United  States;  in  fact,  from  the  public  school  up  to  the  most  advanced  literary 
and  scientific  association,  Cincinnati  is  excelled,  we  believe,  by  no  other  city. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute,  for  example,  occupies  a  prominent  place  amongst  the  many  valu- 
able institutions  with  which  Cincinnati  has  great  cause  to  be  proud  of.  It  is  a  large,  square, 
massive  building,  built  in  the  Elizabethan  style,  on  the  corner  of  Sixth  and  Vine  streets. 
Its  library  contains  15,000  volumes,  besides  having,  in  an  adjoining  department,  an  excel- 
lent selection  of  newspapers  and  periodicals.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Central 
Board  of  the  Trustees  and  Visitors  of  Common  Schools,  two  delegates  from  eacli  ward  in 
the  citj'  being  part  of  the  management.  RufusKing,  Esq.,  a  name  well  known  in  America, 
is  president. 

At  present  it  numbers  4323  members.  Average  delivery  of  books  during  the  last  7 
months,  over  C500  volumes  per  month.  Total  circulation  for  T  months,  35,000  volumes. 
At  the  last  time  when  the  books  were  called  in  for  revision,  only  8  volumes  were  wanting 


76  mechanics'  institute  and  mercantile  library. 

out  of  a  total  circulation  of  37,000  volumes,  a  fact  which  speaks  well  for  both  members 
and  management.  Even  this  small  number  missing  was  made  up  by  the  parties  who  had 
become  security  for  those  who  had  got  out  the  books.  All  young  men  under  age,  and  not 
known,  are  required  to  get  a  guarantee  from  a  known  citizen,  who  becomes  responsible 
for  any  loss  the  institution  may  sustain,  by  giving  out  books  to  such  party  applying  for 
them. 

The  librarj'  is  made  up  of  the  books  formerly  belonging  to  the  Public  School  Library 
and  ileclianics'  Institution,  now  joined  into  one  library.  From  tlie  State,  it  now — from  its 
connection  with  the  Public  School  Library — receives  $8000  annually. 

The  terras  of  admission  to  all  are — free. 

It  may  appear  almost  invidious  to  mention  the  name  of  any  one  donor  to  this  noble  in- 
stitution, but  we  think  that  Mr.  Greenwood's  beneficence  should  be  well  known,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  than  that  others  in  different  parts,  may  imitate  his  example.  Besides  many 
subscriptions  to  the  institution,  and  all  along  taking  an  active  part  in  its  establishment  and 
welfare,  he  was,  we  believe,  the  principal  means  of  preventing  the  institution  from  going 
down.  Amongst  its  difficulties,  it  was  due  Mr.  Greenwood  no  less  a  sum  than  $18,000 
(£3,600  stg.)  for  material  he  had  supplied  to  the  building,  etc.,  from  his  foundry.  Tliat 
entire  sum  he  made  them  a  present  of,  from  which  date,  the  institution  has  spread  its  benefits 
all  around,  and  engraven  the  name  of  Miles  Greenwood  indeliblj-  in  connection  with  its 
history,  and  that  of  the  welfare  of  the  working  classes. 

Again,  we  may  notice  another  of  the  reading-rooms  and  libraries  in  the  city,  worthy  of 
all  commendation,  viz.:  the  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  and  Reading-room,  in  "Walnut 
street.  On  one  floor  of  a  building  140  feet  long,  by  100  wide,  there  will  be  found  a  library 
of  19,000  volumes,  in  all  the  depai-tments  of  literature,  occupying  fully  one-half  of  the 
apartment.  In  the  other  end  of  it  there  will  be  found  the  best  assortment  of  newspapers, 
magazines,  and  periodicals  we  have  seen  anywhere.  The  natives  of  almost  any  part  of  the 
world  will  there  find  the  paper  of  his  own  neighbourhood.  Of  course  the  Thunderer  of 
Printing-House  square  (London)  will  be  found  there  on  regular  file.  On  the  opposite  frames — 
the  Scotsman — the  worthy  representative  of  "Auld  Reekie,"  (Edinburgh,  Scot.,)  and  the 
Dublin  Evening  Post  and  Nation,  of  Ireland,  take  their  stand ;  tlie  Welshmen  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Carnarvon  Herald;  the  Frenchmen,  with  the  Journal  des  Debats,  La  Presse, 
Charivari,  L' Illustration,  and  Galif/7ia7ii ;  tlie  Germans,  with  Zeitiings  plenty ;  the  Austra- 
lian, with  the  Melbourne  Argus ;  whilst  the  United  States  is  represented  with  sheets  of  all 
sorts  and  sizes,  from  Maine  to  California,  and  not  forgetting  the  well-printed  sheet  of  the 
Pioneer  and  Democrat,  all  the  way  from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  Canada  papers  are  also  found 
in  abundance.  In  going  over  this  j-oom,  and  seeing  such  a  host  of  London  weekly  papers, 
and  monthly  magazines  and  quarterly  reviews  from  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  a 
stranger  from  Great  Britain  is  apt  to  fancy  himself  in  some  of  the  Exchange  reading  rooms 
of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  or  Glasgow,  or  the  Waterloo  jl^ews  Rooms  in  Edinburgh,  rather 
than  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

The  quarto  and  imperial  weekly  sheets  are  secured  to  tables  across  the  room,  at  which 
parties  may  sit  and  read,  some  of  the  most  popular  London  weekly  papers  showing  good 
evidence  of  being  well  perused.  The  tattered  and  torn  appearance  which  the  Ilhistrated 
London  News,  and  that  pliilosophic,  philanthropic,  and  stinging  little  sinner  Punch  pre- 
sented, showed  that  they  afford  as  great  a  treat  to  the  numerous  readers  there,  as  these 
two  publications  do  in  enriching  the  coffers  of  some  American  publishers,  who  depend  largely 
upon  them  for  their  excellent  illustrations,  as,  no  sooner  do  they  reach  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic, than  they  are  reproduced  without  the  sliglitest  acknowledgment  as  to  their  source, 
far  less  in  a  pecuniary  respect. 

The  magazines  are  all  numbered,  and  can  be  taken  and  read  in  any  part  of  the  building. 
After  perusal  they  are  returned  to  their  proper  pigeon-holes  in  the  desk,  wliere  they  re- 
main open  for  perusal. 

The  library  contains  19,000  volumes.  The  reading-room,  240  different  newspapers,  and 
120  magazines  and  reviews  are  received  as  soon  as  possible  after  publication. 


THIRD   STREET,    CINCINISrATI. 


77 


The  terms  of  entry  are  only  $3  (12s.  stg.),  with  $1  entry-money. 

At  present  it  numbers  3000  members. 

The  reading-room  is  most  comfortably  fitted  up.  On  the  floor,  for  example,  tiiere  is  a 
magnificent  tapestry  carpet,  and  the  newspapers  mounted  on  elegant  iron  frames  of  chaste 
design.  Altogether,  it  appears  a  model  institution  of  the  kind,  and  we  congratulate  the 
Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  Association  in  having  such  an  institute. 

We  had  forgot  to  mention,  that  the  library  is  adorned  with  a  beautiful  marble  statue  of 
"  Sabrina,"  and  another  of  "  Eve  listening  to  the  Voice,"  as  well  as  busts  of  some  of  Amer- 
ica's most  accomjilished  public  men. 

In  one  respect,  this  institution  differs  from  any  of  the  kind  we  have  seen  in  Britain,  viz., 
that  of  ladies  visiting  the  reading-room,  and  perusing  the  books,  newspapers,  and  periodi- 
cals, with  apparently  great  interest,  besides  forming  a  large  proportion  of  the  visitors  to 
the  Young  Men's  Library,  for  books. 


M 


n 


The  finest  wholesale  stores  in  the  city  are  situated  on  Pearl  street,  where  they  arrest  at- 
tention, from  their  solid  stone  built  appearance,  and  general  excellent  design.  The  other 
principal  streets  for  the  wholesale  trade,  are,  "Walnut  street,  Main  street,  and  Public  land- 
ing, from  which  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of.  goods  change  hands  weekly. 


78 


NEW    MASONIC   TEMPLE,   CINCINNATI. 


Tliird  street  forms  also  one  of  the  finest  streets  of  the  citj'.  At  the  corner  of  Third  and 
Walnut  street,  the  Masonic  Temple  will  stand,  when  completed  (see  our  engraving  of  the 
same).  In  Third  street,  are  situated  the  greater  proportion  of  the  hanking  houses  and 
oifiees  of  the  exchange  brokers  and  lawyers  in  the  city.  The  buildings  there  also  being 
characterized  by  that  solid  magnificence,  which  well  cut  and  tastefully  designed  architec- 
ture always  portrays.  Our  view  of  Tliird  street,  as  given  in  the  preceding  page,  repre- 
sents some  of  the  fine*t  buildings  in  the  street,  the  first  one  on  the  left  hand,  being  the 
premises  built  and  occupied  by  the  celebrated  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,  a  banking 
institution,  which  failed  in  1857. 


^H 


o 
z 


w 
^ 


EH 

o 

o 
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Tnis  splendid  structure,  an  engraving  of  which  we  present,  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
buildings  j-et  erected,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States,  and  will  show  more  strongly,  than  per- 
haps any  other  we  could  liave  selected,  the  amazing  rapidity  of  growth  of  the  western  cities 
of  America.  On  the  site  where  this  Masonic  temple  rears  its  commanding  form,  among  other 
costly  and  palatial  stone  edifices,  in  the  business  centre  of  the  "-queen  city"  of  the  West, 
men,  still  in  the  vigour  of  life,  assure  astonished  strangers  that  they  can  remember  when, 
on  the  very  spot  occupied  by  these  palaces,  the  primitive  log-huts  of  the  first  settlers  were 
emViedded  in  the  forest ! 

The  Nova  Cesaria  Harmony  Lodge,  No.  2,  under  whose  auspices  this  temple  is  being 
erected,  was  instituted  in  1794,  and  is  the  oldest  lodge  in  Cincinnati.     The  ground  was 


GRINDING  &  BOLTING  FLOUR  MILL, 


€ORIV     A:\D     feed     MIL.L.S     OF     AI.1^     SIZES, 
BOTH   UPPER  AND   UNDER  RUNNERS. 

A  complete  Mill  is  furnished  for  $700.  This  comprises  3  foot  French  Burr  Stones, 
Bolting  Chest  6  feet  high  and  20  feet  long,  with  an  improvement  for  adjusting  the  Reel, 
which  is  3  feet  in  diameter  and  20  feet  long,  with  genuine  Dutch  Anker  Bolting  Cloth  fitted  to 
it ;  two  pairs  of  Cooling  Conveyers ;  two  sets  of  Elevators,  with  gearing,  belting,  &c.,  all 
ready  to  attach  to  power.  The  Mill  is  so  arranged  that  any  portion  of  middlings  or  fine 
flour  can  be  returned  to  the  eye  of  the  Burrs,  and  reground,  or  can  be  rebolted,  without 
any  rehandling. 

We  also  build  smaller  sized  Flour  Mills,  Bolts,  &c.,  all  complete.  A  24  inch  Burr  and 
10  foot  Bolt,  $350  ;  30  inch  Burr  and  Bolt,  16  feet  long,  $550. 

The  $700  Mill  we  guarantee  to  grind  and  bolt  60  barrels  of  flour  per  day,  making  the 
best  extra  flour,  and  a  yield  equal  to  the  best  and  most  costly  Mills  in  use.  They  have 
been  gotten  up  with  a  view  of  meeting  the  wants  of  the  people.  As  to  economy  of 
expense,  power,  and  space,  and  in  durability,  simplicity,  efficiency,  they  are  unrivalled. 
They  can  be  set  to  running  in  any  kind  of  building  where  power  is  used,  or  in  Saw 
Mills. 

Our  Corn  and  Feed  Mills  are  also  put  up  in  strong  Iron  Frames,  (cast  solid).  A 
24  inch  Mill,  ready  to  attach  to  power,  costs  $130;  2^  feet,  $175  ;  3  feet,  $225. 

Smut  Machines,  Flour  Packers,  Corn  Shellers, 
W.  W.  HAMER  &,  CO., 

SOLE   MANUFACTURERS, 
W.  E.  cor.  of  Second  St.  and  Western  Row, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


w**;  .*£.«'o  rvBJX'isH  to   obuxr 


Portable  &  Stationary  Eiig^ines  &  Boilers  of  all  sizes,  Circular, 
Miiley  and  Sash  SaAVS  &  Mill  Oearing:  of  ail  kinds. 

CONSTANTLY    ON    HAND    MILL    PICKS,    HOISTING    SCREWS,    GRAIN    SCALES,    &C.,   &C. 
Genuine  Diitcli  Auler  Brand  Bolting  Clolli  at  lowest  Prices,  leatlier  k  India  Rnlilior  Belting. 

N.  B. — We  have  3  Mills  constantly  running  at  our  Factory,  grinding  flour,  com, 
meal  and  feed.  Persons  wishing  to  purchase  can  thus  determine  the  superiority  of  our 
Mills.     Circulars,  giving  particulars,  sent  upon  application  with  postage  stamp. 


MILES  GREENWOOD'S  WORKS, 


^^^  /  Jllll(-:■■^!•'('Kyl)&^:,;<^,..ll:l 


NEW   MASONIC   TEMPLE   AND   FOURTH   STREET,    CINCINNATI.         79 

donated  b}-  "VVni.  ^loMillaii — now  deceased.  As  a  building  designed  expressly  for  Masonic 
uses,  it  is  a  question,  if,  not  only  in  America  but  in  Europe,  any  temple  of  the  kind  lias 
heretofore  been  erected  more  complete  and  convenient  in  its  arrangements,  or  richer  in 
graceful  and  symbolic  architecture,  than  tlie  one  now  under  notice. 

It  is  being  erected  entirely  of  the  beautiful  freestone,  for  which  Cincinnati  is  so  celebrated, 
and  stands  on  the  north-east  corner  of  Third  and  Walnut  streets,  occui)ying  a  frontage  on 
Third  street  of  200  feet,  and  100  feet  on  Walnut  street.  The  style  is  Byzantine,  exhibiting 
strongly  those  bold  and  massive  features  so  characteristic  of  many  of  the  best  buildings  of 
northern  Italy.  It  will  be  4  stories  high,  with  a  basement,  and  flanked  by  three  lofty  tow- 
ers ;  the  one  at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Walnut  streets  being  32  feet  square  at  the  base,  and 
18.^  feet  from  the  base  to  the  vane.  In  the  centre  of  this  tower,  on  the  third  stor}-,  and  fac- 
ing Third  street,  is  a  niche  designed  to  receive  a  life-size  statue  of  W.  McMillan,  the  liberal 
donor  of  the  property.  The  upper  portion  of  the  tower  will  have  a  large  town  clock,  with 
4  illuminated  dials  7  feet  diameter,  which  will  be  visible  on  each  face  of  the  tower  from  a 
great  distance.  The  first  floor,  as  well  as  basement,  will  be  used  for  banking  houses  and 
exchange  brokers,  the  second  floor  for  business  oflices,  while  the  third  and  fourth  floors  are 
devoted  exclusively  to  Masons  and  JIasonic  meetings.  On  the  third  floor,  whicii  is  18 
feet  6  inches  high,  are  the  chapter  room,  the  library,  (lit  by  a  projecting  Oriel  window,) 
royal  and  select  council  room,  a  spacious  banquet  room,  an  encampment  asylum,  a  royal 
arch  chapter  room,  and  a  Persian  court,  all  for  the  use  of  the  knights  and  templars.  At 
the  western  portion  of  this  floor,  and  facing  Third  and  Walnut  streets,  a  commodious  suite 
of  rooms  form  the  residence  of  the  janitor,  isolated  from  tlie  remiinder  of  the  building,  but 
in  convenient  juxta])osition.  The  fourth  story,  which  is  22  feet  high,  is  subdivided  into  3 
splendid  lodge  rooms  for  the  entered  apprentices,  fellow-crafts,  and  master-masons  of  N. 
C.  Harmon}'  Lodge,  No.  2,  and  a  grand  lodge  room  designed  for  use  only  on  extraordinary 
occasions.  This  fine  room  is  70  feet  long,  42  feet  4  inehes  wide,  and  28  feet  in  height,  lit 
by  the  large  and  beautiful  rose  window  which  forms  so  conspieuou'S  a  feature  on  tlie  Wal- 
nut-street elevation.  The  attitude  of  the  temple  will  be  85  feet  from  the  pavement  to  tlie 
cornice,  105  feet  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof,  and  112  feet  to  the  cornice  of  tiie  great  tower. 
The  roof  is  a  Mansard  shape,  terminated  where  visible,  by  a  rich  iron  railing,  and  having 
its  surface  relieved  by  seven  picturesque  dormer  windows.  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at 
$150,000  (£30,000  stg.). 

The  architects  of  this  building — which  reflects  the  highest  credit  upon  their  artistic  taste 
and  skill — are  Messrs.  Hamilton  and  McLaughlin,  whose  cards  will  be  found  elsewhere. 
Mr.  McLaughlin  is  still  a  resident  of  Cincinnati,  but  Mr.  Hamilton  (formerly  of  London)  has 
recently  removed  to  New  York.  The  engraving,  given  in  another  page,  has  been  exe- 
cuted for  this  work,  by  two  young  and  very  promising  wood  engravers  in  Cincinnati, 
Messrs.  Davenport  and  Thompson,  and  we  have  only  to  refer  to  this  specimen  of  their 
work,  to  show  what  they  can  do,  for  them  to  be  entrusted  with  drawings  of  the  most 
intricate  eliaraeter,  as  the  foregoing  view  was  engraved  from  the  architect's  drawing,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  have  preserved  every  detail  correctly,  reflects  great  credit  upon 
their  abilitj-  as  first-class  engravers. 

In  our  engraving  of  Fourth  street,  will  be  seen  a  re|)resentation  of  some  of  the  finest  blocks 
in  the  city,  and  among  the  many  splendid  stores  with  whicii  it  abounds,  none  show  to  more 
advantage  than  the  magnificent  jewellery  establishment  of  Messrs.  Dulime  <fe  Co.,  situated 
in  Carlisle  Block,  corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  streets  (the  first  large  block  to  the  left  in 
the  engraving  on  the  next  page.)  This  establishment  rivals,  in  that  particular  depart- 
ment, any  thing  in  New  York,  or  any  where  else,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States,  and 
stands  pre-eminent  as  the  Hunt  <fe  Roskills  (London)  of  Western  America.  The  visitor  there 
will  be  struck  with  the  large  amount  of  valuable  stock  which  is  to  he  seen,  consisting  of 
the  manufactures  of  some  of  the  best  makers  in  England,  France,  and  Switzerland. 

In  the  same  block  stands,  also,  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  finest,  bookstore  in  the  citj', 
viz.,  Messrs.  Robert  Clarke  <fe  Co.'s  (late  Derby  &  Co).  This  store  is  handsomely  fitted  up, 
and  filled  with  a  large  stock  of  rare  and  valuable  works  in  all  departments  of  literature 


80 


FOURTH   STREET,    CINCINNATI. 


and  science.    Besides  being  publishers  of  several  works,  Messrs.  Clarke  &  Co.  import  direct 
from  the  publishing  houses  in  England  and  Scotland. 

In  the  same  street  (Fourth  street)  a  little  further  west,  is  now  completing  a  very  magni- 
ficent block,  intended  as  the  opera  house  for  the  queen  city.  When  finished,  it  wUl  form 
probably,  the  finest  block  in  the  street,  if  not  in  the  whole  city.  Its  proportions  and  de- 
sign are  elegant 


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Still  further  west,  in  Fourth  street,  stands  the  new  post-office,  custom  house,  and  other 
government  offices,  all  in  one  building,  of  a  \evy  chaste  design  and  classic  character.  Tlie 
only  regret  is,  that  so  fine  a  building  should  have  been  obscured  or  buried  in  appearance, 
alongside  of  the  high  towering  stores  built  close  to  the  westward  of  it.  Only  the  front 
portion  of  the  post-office  will  be  seen  in  the  above  engraving,  with  the  national  flag 
waving  from  the  toj>  of  it.  On  the  opposite  side  of  Fourth  street  stand  some  very  elegant 
stores  also,  and  a  visit  to  Mr.  Richardson's  outfitting  establishment,  opposite  the  post-office, 
will  give  an  idea  of  their  internal  extent  and  magnificence. 

We  should  say  that  Fourth  street  bids  fair  to  be  the  street  of  streets  in  this  beautiful  and 
wonderful  eitv,  and  that  a  few  years  will  see  it  lined,  from  end  to  end,  with  buildings  of 
the  same  palatial  character. 


NATIONAL  THEATKE,    CINCINNATI, 


81 


Amongst  the  manj-  handsome  buikiings  in  the  city,  few  show  a  finer  exterior  or  more 
substantial  appearance  than  the  National  Theatre,  on  Sycamore  street,  built  by  Mr.  John 
Bates.  It  presents,  as  will  be  seen  by  our  engraving  of  it,  a  very  handsome  exterior, 
ornamented  with  some  very  finely-executed  sculptor  work.  Whilst  tlie  exterior  shows  to 
such  great  advantage,  the  interior  is  tastefully  decorated  and  fitted  up.  After  the  old 
theatre  was  burned  down,  we  understand  a  company  was  formed  to  build  a  new  one,  but 


n  I  .i  ,,.m 


as  sometimes  "  too  many  cooks  spoil  the  broth,"  it  was  likely  to  prove  so  in  this  instance, 
when  Mr.  Bates  stepped  forward,  and  single-handed,  provided  the  citizens  with  as  comfort- 
able and  elegant  a  theatre  as  will  be  found  in  the  United  States.  The  house  is  built  in  tlie 
most  substantial  manner,  and  in  that  respect,  as  well  as  regards  ventilation,  is  every  thing 
tliat  is  possible  to  attain.  It  is  seated  for  3000  people,  and  stands  on  a  lot  100  feet  front 
and  206  feet  deep:  height  of  house  90  feet.     The  architect  is  Mr.  Hamilton,  who  is  also 


82  THE   PORK  TRADE — THE   EAGLE   IRON  WORKS. 

architect  of  the  Masonic  Temple,  a  view  of  which  will  be  found  on  another  page.  The  thea- 
tre was  built  under  the  personal  superintendence  of  Mr.  Bates,  who  watched  its  progress  from 
the  digging  of  the  foundation  to  lighting  up  the  gas  on  the  opening  night,  on  4th  July  last. 

Under  the  lesseesliip  of  Mr.  Baker,  the  house,  on  our  visit,  was  certainlj'  "  drawing"  well. 
Every  thing  was  put  on  the  stage  promptly  and  creditably,  making  the  stranger  forget,  al- 
most, that  he  was  witnessing  "  La  Traviata"  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

There  is  scarcely  any  branch  of  manufactures  but  what  is  carried  on,  more  or  less, 
extensively  in  Cincinnati.  Its  great  trade,  however,  consists  in  the  article  of  pork.  So 
much  so,  is  this  the  case,  that  the  city  is  pretty  well  known  as  the  porkopolis  of  Amer- 
ica. In  the  winter  season  droves  of  pigs  may  be  seen,  being  driven  along  the  streets  on 
their  way  to  the  killing  and  packing-houses,  where  they  are  killed,  plotted,  cut  up,  pickled, 
and  packed,  with  a  rapidity  that  is  scarcely  conceivable.  Along  the  roads,  the  animals 
are  to  be  seen  reaching  the  city  from  neighbouring  villages,  whilst  the  railroad  vans  are 
loaded  with  them  from  all  parts  of  the  west.  To  Cincinnati  the  pork  and  provision 
dealers  in  Belfast  (Ireland)  find  their  way  once  a  year,  to  make  purchases  and  contracts 
for  their  supplies,  and  to  there,  as  well  as  ports  in  England,  immense  shipments  are 
made  during  the  course  of  the  year.  Besides  what  is  killed  in  the  city,  Cincinnati  finds 
a  market  for  a  large  amount  of  pork  and  bacon — in  bulk.  Thus  we  find,  in  one  year,  the 
quantity  to  be  over  450,000  hogs,  17,000,000  bbls.  of  pork  in  bulk,  and  11,000  hogsheads  of 
bacon,  as  received  into  the  city.  The  total  amount  of  which  was  estimated  at  $5,500,000, 
or  £1,100,000  sterling.  In  connection  with  the  manufactures  of  the  city,  lard  and  oil  forms 
important  articles.  In  the  articles  shipped  from  the  city,  a  large  proportion  is  in  pork, 
bacon,  oil,  lard,  whiskey,  wine,  furniture,  and  machinery. 

Amongst  the  large  manufacturing  establishments  connected  with  the  city,  the  Eagle 
Foundry  of  Miles  Greenwood,  must  take  the  first  place.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  the  United  States,  and  an  establishment,  where,  probably,  a  greater  variety  of 
articles  are  manufactured  under  one  roof,  than  can  be  named  in  any  other  city.  There 
will  be  found  articles  varying  in  size  and  weight,  from  300  pieces  in  a  lb.,  to  10  tons 
for  one  piece,  verifying,  almost,  the  popular  saying,  of  every  tiling  from  "  a  needle,  to  an 
anchor."  In  the  manufacture  of  one  article  alone — that  of  stoves — no  less  than  2500  tons 
of  iron  are  used  annuallj-.  Butt  hinges  are  made  in  enormous  quantities,  and  with  a  stock 
on  hand,  apparentlj^  suificient  to  hinge  all  the  doors  in  the  States.  Until  the  manufacture 
of  tliis  article  by  Mr.  Greenwood,  America  was  dependent  upon  Great  Britain  for  them. 
There  is  scarcely  an  article  in  the  iron  or  hardware  trade  but  what  is,  or  can  be  manufac- 
tured at  this  establishment,  extending,  even,  to  music,  and  other  sorts  of  stools;  hat-stands, 
tables,  etc.,  of  tasteful  design  and  finish,  and  even  articles  of  delicate  manufacture — such  as 
planetariums — are  manufactured,  as  we  noticed.  The  establishment  is  divided  into  several 
departments — each  under  eflicient  superintendence — two  of  the  principal  departments  being 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Folger,  and  Mr.  Yates,  who  are  associated  as  partners  with 
Mr.  Greenwood  in  what  pertains  to  their  own  departments. 

Amongst  the  heavier  description  of  work  turned  out,  are  those  of  basement-fronts  for 
stores,  as  well  as  for  entire  fronts  of  stores  and  houses.  The  beautiful  front  with  Corin- 
thian pillars,  on  Carlisle's  block  in  4th  street,  are  from  Mr.  Greenwood's  establishment,  al- 
though now  that  they  are  painted  and  sanded  over,  it  is  impossible,  almost,  to  tell  the  dif- 
ference between  them  and  the  stone  of  which  the  upper  part  is  built.  Mr.  Greenwood  is 
an  excellent  example  of  the  many  self-made  men  with  which  this  country  abounds,  and  we 
are  only  paying  a  well-earned  tribute,  when  we  say,  tliat  for  public  spirit,  energy  of 
character,  and  large  heartedness,  we  question  if  the  queen  city  has  his  match.  The  read- 
er is  referred  to  our  notices  of  the  fire-engine  establishment,  and  mechanics'  institution  for  a 
few  practical  samples  of  Mr.  Greenwood's  character.  At  present,  when  trade  is  dull  every 
where,  there  are  only  about  400  men  employed  at  the  works.  In  ordinary  good  times, 
fully  bW  are  employed.  One  of  the  most  gratifying  facts  connected  with  this  establish- 
ment is  that  during  the  long  period  of  26  years,  it  has  never  stood  idle  for  a  single  day — 
although  nearly  the  whole  concern  was  burned  down  in  1845. 


WINE   GROWING   AND   TRADE   OF   CINCINNATI.  83 

Strangers  in  the  queen  city  will  be  much  gratified  with  a  visit  to  this  mammoth  estab- 
lishment, where  they  will  be  most  courteously  received,  and  shown  over  the  premises. 

In  the  single  article  of  grist  mills,  large  quantities  are  manufactured,  two  of  the  princi- 
pal houses  engaged  therein,  being  Messrs.  W.  W.  Hamer  &  Co.,  and  J.  H.  Burrows  «fc  Co. 

As  is  well  known,  Cincinnati  has  already  earned  a  world-wide  notoriety  for  its  wines — 
and  judging  from  the  rapid  increase  in  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  and  manufacture  of 
wine,  there  is  every  likelihood  of  its  becoming  a  rival  even  to  the  trade  in  pork,  in  its 
immensity. 

In  connection  with  the  wine  manufacture,  one  of  the  most  notable  things  connected  with 
this  city,  is  the  establishment  of  Mr.  N.  Longworth,  the  celebrated  wine-grower.  A  visit 
to  his  wine  cellars  will  astonish  the  stranger.  There  will  be  found  upwards  of  300,000 
dozens  of  bottles  of  the  Catawba  wine,  maturing  till  ready  to  be  sent  out.  The  cellars 
consist  of  two  vaults,  90  by  120  feet,  in  two  tiers,  the  lower  one  being  25  feet  below  ground. 
One  cask,  alone  there,  holds  4,575  gallons  of  wine.  Mr.  Longworth  has  spent  manj-  years 
and  a  large  amount  of  money,  in  bringing  the  Catawba  grape  to  its  present  state  of  per- 
fection. In  this  respect  he  may  be  considered  the  father  of  the  wine  trade,  there,  as  well  as 
one  of  the  "  City  Fathers."  His  wines  find  their  way  all  over  the  United  States,  to  Eng- 
land, Mexico,  Brazil,  Russia,  etc.  The  "  Sparkling  Catawba"  is  very  like  champagne,  and 
the  uninitiated  in  such  articles  would  scarcely  know  the  difference.  The  wine  made  there 
contains,  about  11  to  12  per  cent  of  alcohol. 

As  long  as  Cincinnati  lasts  the  name  of  Nicolas  Longworth  will  be  intimately  associated 
with  it,  and  hundreds  of  the  very  lowest  and  most  degraded  of  the  population  will,  some 
day,  miss  his  extraordinary  benevolence — which  reaches  in  one  form  alone,  in  seasons  of 
distress — the  free  distribution  of  from  300  to  500  loaves  of  bread  every  week  to  the  most 
necessitous  poor.  In  the  distribution  of  his  charity  he  is  peculiar,  if  not  eccentric.  Many 
stories  are  told  of  him  in  this  respect.  As  one  which  we  have  not  seen  published,  and  to 
give  an  idea  of  the  man,  we  may  mention,  that  when  lately  called  upon  by  a  deputation 
for  his  subscription  to  assist  the  "  Lord's  poor,"  his  reply  was,  that  he  had  enough  to  do  in 
taking  care  of,  and  looking  after,  the  "  Devil's  poor/'  it  being,  as  we  have  said,  the  most 
degraded  whom  Mr.  Longworth  makes  his  peculiar  choice.  He  not  only  gives  away 
largely  in  bread,  etc.,  but  provides  houses  actually  free  of  rent,  to  many  who  are  not  able 
to  pay  for  them,  and  yet  such  tenants  are  more  trouble  to  him  than  those  who  pay  rent. 
He  is,  altogether,  a  self-made  man.  He  commenced  his  career  in  a  very  humble  capacity, 
and  now,  although  said  to  be  the  millionare  of  the  city,  has,  apparently,  not  a  particle  of 
pride  about  him.  His  house  is  a  princelj-  dwelling,  adorned  with  some  gems  of  art  in 
sculpture  and  painting,  of  great  beauty  and  value.  For  example,  in  his  drawing-room  is 
to  be  seen  the  first  specimen  of  sculpture  ever  executed  by  the  celebrated  Hiram  Powers, 
and  a  gem  it  is. 

The  turn-out  of  wine  in  Mr.  Longworth's  establishment  is  about  150,000  bottles  per  an- 
num. 

Other  firms  in  the  city  are  now  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  wine.  A  large  German 
population,  now  inhabiting  the  hills  around  the  city,  as  well  as  parties  on  the  Kentucky 
side  of  the  river,  are  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  and  scarcely  an  inch  of  ground 
is  to  be  seen  on  the  hill-sides  but  what  is  covered  with  vines,  growing. 

The  population  of  Cincinnati  is  about  200,000. 

One  of  the  finest  views  of  Cincinnati  is  to  be  got  from  off  the  top  of  one  of  the  hills  on 
the  Kentucky  side  of  the  river,  especially  any  of  those  a  little  further  west  than  the  city. 


84  CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


Cleveland,  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  west,  is  situated  on  an  elevated 
plateau,  70  feet  ahove  the  level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  forms  one  of  the  cities  on  that  lake.  It 
is  decidedly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  States,  and  remarkable  for  its  fine  pub- 
lic and  private  buildings. 

It  is  built  upori  a  gravelly  plain,  and  from  it  a  magnificent  view  of  the  lake  is  seen. 

The  chief  business  streets  are  Superior  street,  Water  street.  Bank  street,  and  River  street. 
The  three  former  are  situated  on  the  higher  part  of  the  city,  whilst  River  street  is 
between  Cleveland  proper,  and  what  was  formerly  termed  Ohio  City,  (on  western  side  of 
the  River  Cuyahoga,)  but  which  is  now  incorporated  with  Cleveland. 

Next  to  Cincinnati,  it  is  the  most  important  commercial  town  in  Ohio,  and,  from  its  nat- 
ural position  on  the  lake,  forms  an  important  centre  for  business  to  all  points,  and  from  its 
manufacturing  and  commercial  enterprise  and  establishments,  it  seems  destined  always  to 
hold  a  high  position  amongst  the  cities  of  the  Union. 

From  the  quantity  of  trees  and  shrubbery  growing  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  giving  its 
streets  the  appearance  of  groves  rather  than  any  thing  else,  and  the  garden-plots  around 
the  private  dwellings,  it  has  been  very  appropriately  termed  the  "  Forest  City." 

To  the  stranger,  who  enters  it  for  the  first  time,  he  will  be  forcibly  struck  with  its  re- 
markable beauty,  and  spacious  streets,  averaging  as  they  do,  about  120  feet  wide. 

As  an  entrepot  of  commerce,  it  is  one  of  great  importance.  A  large  direct  trade  with  the 
western  cities  is  kept  up  by  railroad  and  steamers.  The  latter  ply,  during  the  summer  sea- 
son, up  as  far  as  Lake  Superior,  touching  at  the  most  northerly  ports  of  that  immense 
mining  region.  From  thence,  iron  and  copper  are  brought  in  great  abundance,  and  at 
Cleveland  these  meet  with  the  coal  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  and  transported  by  canal 
and  railroad  to  Pittsburg,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities  on  the  seaboard. 

Two  very  handsome  and  substantial  freestone  buildings  are  in  course  of  erection  at  the 
north  side  of  the  public  square,  one  of  them  the  United  States  Government  buildings,  is  in- 
tended for  custom  house,  post-office,  etc. — erecting  at  a  cost  of  about  $125,000  (£25,000), 
60  feet  by  100  feet,  62  feet  elevation  being  three  stories  high.  Builder,  Mr.  W.  J.  Warner. 
Government  architect,  Mr.  A.  B.  Young.  At  another  corner — on  same  side  of  square — is 
erecting  the  County  Court  House,  at  the  expense  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Builders,  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Pannell.  Arelutect,  Mr.  J.  J.  Husband.  When  finished,  these  will  form  two  of 
the  most  important  and  beautiful  buildings  in  the  city.  Freestone,  of  which  these  two 
public  buildings,  and  many  of  the  private  houses  are  built,  is  found  in  great  abundance  at 
Amherst,  Lorain  County,  Ohio,  and  also  at  Independence,  12  miles  from  Cleveland. 

The  chief  street,  for  handsome  mansions  and  villas,  is  named  Euclid  street,  and  contains 
many  equal,  in  magnificence,  to  those  in  the  suburbs  of  London,  Manchester  (Eng.),  or 
Edinburgh  or  Glasgow  (Scot.).  All  of  them  are  surrounded  by  beautifully  laid  out  gar- 
dens, with  the  houses  placed  from  30  to  40  yards  from  the  road-side,  and  altogether  form  a 
continuation  of  private  dwellings,  which,  for  beauty  of  design,  substantiality,  and  elegance, 
are  scarcely  to  be  surpassed. 

As  regards  health,  Cleveland  is  considered  remarkablj'  favourable.  Situated  as  it  is,  the 
atmosphere,  in  summer,  is  delightfully  cooled  by  the  breezes  from  Lake  Erie,  so  that,  even 
the  hottest  days  of  July  are  tempered  by  refreshing  winds,  experienced  in  few  other, 
excepting  lake,  cities. 

Altogether,  Cleveland  possesses  within  itself  all  the  elements,  not  only  of  progressing 
towards  being  a  much  greater  city,  but  all  the  conveniences,  comforts,  and  luxuries  of  life. 

In  educational  matters,  its  public  schools  are  large  and  airy — (and,  of  course,  all  free) — 
whilst  it  possesses  private  academies  and  high  schools  for  the  higher  branches  of  educa- 
tion. 

Of  colleges,  it  possesses  both  allopathic  and  homoeopathic — whilst  it  has  2  or  3  celebrated 
water-cure  establishments. 


CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


85 


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86  CLEVELAJ!iD,    OHIO. 

J.  Tait).  There  is  no  mechanics'  institution  in  the  city,  but  this  establishment  answers 
much  the  same  purpose.  Here,  for  $2.00  a  year,  young  men  can  enjoy  the  advantages  of 
a  library  of  5000  volumes,  (and  fast  increasing,)  besides  newspapers,  periodicals,  etc. 

The  public  square  occupies  about  10  acres  of  ground,  fenced  off  for  public  recreation. 
Foot-paths  cross  in  all  directions.  In  the  centre  a  graceful  fountain  plays  all  day,  forming 
a  beautiful  object.  On  certain  evenings  of  the  week,  a  very  first-rate  brass  band  plays  on 
a  raised  platform,  gratuitously,  for  several  hours,  during  which  time  (in  the  evening) 
a  large  turn  out  of  the  inhabitants  is  to  be  seen,  some  sitting  on  the  numerous  seats  pro- 
vided, and  some  promenading  about.  This  square,  and  its  appropriate  "  fixings,"  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  features  of  the  city,  and  reflects  no  small  credit  on  the  inhabitants  who 
secured  it  for  its  present  purpose. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  are  situated  a  most  efficient  system  of  water  works.  Two 
immense  stationary  engines  pump  the  water  up  from  the  lake  to  a  large  reservoir,  from 
which  the  city  is  plentifully  supplied. 

On  same  side  of  the  river,  a  very  large  population  is  scattered  over  a  great  surface  of 
ground,  consisting  in  part  of  several  very  neat  cottages.  A  large  proportion  of  the  work- 
ing-classes live  on  that  side  of  the  river ;  and  a  stranger  cannot  but  be  struck,  in  summer 
time,  with  the  neat  and  comfortable  appearance  of  the  dwellings,  the  most  of  them  being 
all  owned  by  the  inhabitants,  and  the  grapes  growing  in  profusion  in  the  open  air,  every 
one  being  living  proofs,  in  reality,  of  "  sitting  under  his  own  vine,  and  none  daring  to  make 
him  afraid." 

A  large  trade  is  done  in  wool,  bought  by  the  Cleveland  merchants,  and  sent  by  them  to 
all  parts  where  woollen  goods  are  made.  The  wholesale  and  retail  warehouses  (or  stores), 
are,  for  the  most  part,  spacious  buildings — running  100  to  200  feet  back ;  and  in  the  retail 
stores — in  every  description  of  trade  almost — goods  of  the  most  superb  and  costly  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  the  most  useful  and  plain,  are  to  be  seen. 

Property  now  rents  very  high  in  Cleveland,  so  much  so,  that  many  are  of  the  opinion 
that  but  for  the  high  rates  demanded  by  land-owners,  the  city  would  have  made  greater 
progress  than  it  has  done,  and  so  long  as  the  present  high  prices  are  demanded,  it  must 
materially  affect  the  progress  of  the  city  in  its  manufacturing  and  commercial  prosperity. 

Omnibus  Line. — An  excellent  line  of  omnibuses  is  established  at  Cleveland,  by  which 
passengers,  arriving  per  rail,  can  be  set  down  at  any  address  in  town,  including  luggage, 
for  25  cents  (Is.  stg.).  Mr.  Stevens,  the  proprietor,  has  upwards  of  50  horses  employed  on 
it,  and,  altogether,  conducts  it  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner.  His  "  busses"  call  at  the 
hotels  for  passengers,  before  the  departure  of  the  trains.  The  baggage  is  conveyed  in  a 
separate  conveyance,  thus  avoiding  all  trouble  and  annoyance  with  it. 

Previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  trains  at  Cleveland,  passengers  will  be  waited  upon  by 
the  baggage-agent,  who  passes  through  the  cars ;  by  giving  him  their  baggage  checks 
and  25  cents,  he,  in  return,  will  give  them  an  omnibus  ticket,  which  will  entitle  them  to 
one  seat  in  the  omnibus,  and  the  conveyance  of  one  or  two  trunks  to  any  part  of  the  city. 

This  line  of  omnibuses  ply  to  different  parts  of  the  city  as  a  city  line,  on  the  same  plan 
as  the  omnibuses  in  New  York.  By  purchasing  tickets  at  the  office,  residents  get  con- 
veyed, from  one  point  to  another,  for  about  6J  cents  each  trip. 

Present  population  of  Cleveland  is  estimated  at  about  60,000. 


CLEVELAND    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Banks  and  Bankers— 

Commercial  Branch,  State  Bank  of  Ohio- 

William  A.  Otis,  President ;  T.  P.  Handy. 
Cashier ;  E.  L.  Jones,  Assistant  Cashier. 

Herdman  &  Co.,  11  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Markland  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Whitman,  Standaet  &  Co.,  Superior  street. 


Booksellers — 

Cobb,  J.  C.  &  Co.,  Superior  street. 
Ingham   &   Bragg,  Superior   street.     [See 
advertisement.] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Store— 

Mashey,  Dole  &  Co.,  23  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Boiler  Manufacturer— 

McGarry,  T.  J.,  Centre  street. 

China  and  Glass  Store— 

Tagg,  Ensworth  &  Co.,  Importers  of  China, 
Glass  and  Earthenware,  corner  of  Su- 
perior and  Seneca  streets. 

Coffee  and  Spice  Merchants— 

Frisby  <fe  Stephens,  Manufacturers  and 
Wholesale  Dealers  in  Coffee,  Spices,  etc., 
Hewitt's  Steam  Block. 

Commission  Merchants— 

Gates,  H.  N.,  River  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

Roberts  &  Ensworth,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Scott,  M.  B.,  River  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

Spragce,  George,  Commission  Merchant 
and  Grocer,  4  and  5  Oviatt's  Exchange. 

Walton,  Thomas  A.,  River  street. 

Clothing  Stores— 

Davies,  G.  A.  &  Co.,  345  Water  street^ 
Isaacs,  J.  A.,  corner  Superior  and  Union 

streets.     [See  advertisement.] 
Robinson,  W.  S.,  88  Superior  street.     [See 

advertisement.] 
SoNNEBORN,  J.  &  Co.,  156  SupcrioF  street. 

[See  advertisement.] 

Coal  3Ierchants— 

Price,  Crawford  &  Morris,  Government 
pier.     [See  advertisement.] 

Dry  Goods  Store— 

Alcott  &  Horton,  21  Water  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Drug  Establishment — 

Mackenzie,  C.  S.,  34  Superior  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Foundries— 

Gardner,  G.  S.  &  Co.,  Union  Foundry, 
West  street. 

Hardware  Merchant— 

WoRTHiNGTON,  George  &  Co.,  corner  Su- 
perior and  Water  streets 


Hotels — 

American,  Superior  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

Angier  House.    [See  advertisement.] 

Commercial  Hotel,  Seneca  street. 

Johnson  House,  Superior  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Union  Hotel,  H.  L.  Coon,  corner  of  Water 
and  Johnson  streets. 

Insurance  Agents — 

Brayton  &  Mason.     [See  advertisement.] 
CoE,  S.  S.,  No.  1  Oviatt's  Exchange,  foot  of 
Superior  street. 

Iron  Works — 

Blish,  Garlick  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Loan  Office— 

Wagner,  W.,  No.  3  Water  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Machinist  and  Engineer— 

Manning,  Thomas,  West  street. 

Newspaper  Offices— 

Herald  Office,  Bank  street. 
Leader  Office.  Superior  street. 
Plaindealer  Office,  Building  foot  of  Su- 
perior street. 
Review  Office,  Water  street. 

Plumbing  Establishment— 

Born,  C.  P.,  41  Water  street.  [See  adver- 
tisement.] 

Photographers- 

C.  N.  Stimpson,  253  Superior  street. 
W.  C.  North,  Superior  street. 

Saddlers— 

Whitelaw  &  Marshall,  Superior  street- 

[See  advertisement.] 

Sash  and  Door  Manufacturers- 

Ransom,  Cobb  &  Co.,  Corner  Columbus  and 
Centre  streets.     [See  advertisement.] 

Stave  Dealer— 

Harbeck,  John  S. 

Stove  3Ianufacturers—  ro       j 

WooLsoN,  Hitchcock  &  Carter,  [bee  aa- 
vertisement.] 


Dentists  &  Teeth  Manufacturers — M.  L.  Wright  &  Co, 


Stove  Dealer— 

WniTAKER,  S.,  No.  33  Water  street.    [See 
advertisement.] 

Vinegar  Manufacturers— 

Roberts  &  Ensworth,  River  street.     [See 
advertisement.] 

Wool  Merchants— 

GooDALE  &  Co.,  Nos.  37  and  39  Bank  street. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Sexton,  D.  B.,  No.  43  Bank  street.     [See 

advertisement.] 

Wine  and  Liquor  Dealers— 

BuACKETT,  Remington  &  Co.,  No.  52  Water 
street.    [See  advertisement,] 


L.    ALCOTT.  B.    W.    HORTON. 

ALCOTT    &    HORTON, 

WHOLESALE    DEALERS    IN 

STAPLE    &    FANCY    DRY    GOODS, 

yankp:k  notions,  &c. 

21   WATER   STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Particular   attention   paid    to    Merchant    Tailors' 
Goods  and  Trimmings. 


JOSEPH  MASURY.        WM.  A.  DOLE.        L.  W.  PROUTT. 

MASURY,    DOLE    &    CO., 

Wholesale  Dealers  in 

BOOTS,  SHOES  &  RUBBERS, 

23    WATER    STREET. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

BRAYTON   &  MASON, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Agents  for   some  of  the  best  New 
York  and  New  England 

INSURANCE   COMPANIES. 

JiUo— 

Agents  for  Black  Star,  and  Black  Ball  Lines, 
Liverpool  Packets,  and  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool Screw  Steamship  Company. 

Sight  drafts  on  England,  Ireland,  Scotland 
and  Continental  Europe  sold,  and  Passage 
Tickets  from  Liverpool  to  Cleveland. 

Also,  General  Agents  for  the  Western  States 
of  responsible  Fire  and  Life  Insurance  Compa- 
nies. 

INGHAM  &  BRAGG, 

PUBLISHERS,  BOOKSELLERS, 

AND 

STATIONERS, 

67  SUPERIOR  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Wholesale  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of  School 
Books.  Special  Agents  for  Pelton's  Outline 
Maps,  and  the  Publications  of  Hickling,  Swan 
k  Brewer ;  Crosby,  Nichols  &  Co.  ]  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.,  Boston.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. ; 
Methodist  Book  Concern  ;  Sheldon,  Blakeman 
&  Co.,  New  York.  H.  Cowpertlivvait  k  Co. ; 
Sower  &  Barnes;  Sunday  School  Union,  Phila. 

Publishers  of  Hillard's  Readers,  Worcester's  Dic- 
tionaries, Payson  &  Dunton's  Writing  Books, 
and  Parley's  Histories. 


MARKHAM  <fc   CO., 

Successors  to  ITdrtness,  I/ill  <&  Co., 

B  ^A^  r<r  k:  E  R.  s , 

CLEVELLAJVD,    OHIO. 

PROMPT  ATTENTION  GrVEN  TO  COLLECTIONS. 

References  : 

J.  L.  Everitt,  Cashier  Broadway  Bank,  New  York;  T.  P.  Handy, 
Esq.,  Cashier  Com'l  British  Bank,  Cleveland;  Me^rs.  Carpenter  & 
VerniUye,  Bankers,  New  York;  Messrs.  Sandford  6l  Co.,  Bankers, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  Messrs.  Carey,  Howard  &  Sanger,  Merchants, 
N.Y.;  Messrs.  Green  it  Sewell,  Bankers,  N.  Y. ;  Messrs.  GwyiineA 
Day,  Bankers,  N.  Y. ;  Messrs.  H.  L.  &  J.  H.  Stevens,  N.  Y.; 
Messrs.  CV'ok  A  Snrtjent,  Bankers,  Davenport,  Iowa;  Messrs.  Mar- 
shall and  ll>ley.  Bankers,  Milwaukee,  Wis.;  Messrs.  Hoffman  & 
Gelpcke,  Bankers,  Chicago,  111. ;  Messrs.  Philips,  Sampson  &  Co., 
Boston. 

European  Exchange  for  sale,  on  London,  Paris,  etc.,  in  suina  of 
£5  and  upwards. 


J.  HERDMAN  &  CO., 

11  Water  Street,  near  Superior,  Cleveland,  0. 

Dealers  in  Gold  and  Silver  Com,  Exchange,  Uncurrent 
Money  and  Land  Warrants.  Collections  made  and  re- 
niitted  for  at  Current  rates  of  Exchanse.  Interest  allow- 
ed on  deposits.  Drafts  on  Germany,  France,  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  for  larjre  or  small  sums.  Passage  can  be 
secured  by  the  regular  Packet  Ships  and  Steamers  from 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany. 

CLEVELAND  WOOL  DEPOT, 
For  Receiving,  Grading,  and  Selling 

"W-  O  O  L- 

Our  grades  are  S,  XX,  X,  1,  2,  8,  4,  and  5.     S,  rep- 
resents finest ;  No.  5,  coarest. 
Liberal  Advances  made  on  Consignments. 

GOODALE   &   CO., 

37  &  39  BANK  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  O- 


C.  p.   BORIV, 

41  Water  Street,  (south  of  Post-oflBlce,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

PLUMBING    ESTABLISHMENT, 

Dearler  in  all  kinds  of  Stoves,  and  Manufacturer  of 
all  kinds  of  Tin,  Sheet  Iron,  and  Copper  work. 

WAGNER'S  LOAN  OFFICE, 

{E><tahUshed  1S51.) 
3  Water  Street,  (corner  Superior,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Money  loaned  on  Watches,  Diamonds,  Jewelry,  etc. 
Also,  on  Heal  Estate.  Watches  and  Jewelry  con- 
stantly on  hand  and  for  sale  at  great  Bargains. 

J.  C.  WAGNER,  Supt.  WM.  WAGNER,  Prop'r- 


H.  L.  WHITMAN. 


N.  M.  STANDART. 


C.  W,  STANDAET. 


WHITMAN,    STANDAET    &    CO., 

B^^  ISr  KEPIS, 

AND  DEALERS   IN   FOREIGN   &  DOMESTIC  EXCHANGE, 

No.   7  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  V.  S.  A. 

We  draw  direct  on  London,  and  can  give  sight  or  time  drafts  for  any  amount  that  may  be  desired,  paya- 
ble at  all  the  principal  points  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  France,  and  Germany. 

REFER    TO 

Commirrisl  Brnnrh  Bank,  Meri-hanl.i'  Bram-li  Bunk,  CitT  Biink  Rtid  Bankers,  (reneinlly,  Cleveland;  Van  Vleck,  Read  &  Prexel, 
Kissaiii  &  Taylor,  Read  k  I.allirop,  Clarke,  Dodge  A  Co.,  (irocers'  Bank,  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  R.  &  N.  Dart,  McCollnin,  BnnU.r- 
hoffnnd  Brewsler,  John  H.  Drake  A  Co.,  White,  Morris  &  Co.,  Kirtland  &  Co.,  New  York ;  Drejiel  &  Co.,  Philadelpliia ;  S.  A.  Fletilier, 
Esq.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  J.C.  Broekenliroush,  Esq.,  Cashier,  Spears,  Peiree  &  Co.,  Lafayette,  Ind. ;  Pitt.sbnrfr  Trnst  Co.,  Pitlsl.iir-, 
Pa.-    Clai.p,  Fuller  A  Browne,  Clark,  Chenev  A  Co.,  Speneer,  Villa  A  Co.,  O.  Dullon.  Esq.,  Boston;   Marine  Bank,  Geo.   B.  Jftslriiin, 


.,  Provideni't',  K.  I.  ;  tlonman  «  Ueipcke,  tliu-afro;    , 
Excbanj,'e  Bank,  Auburn,  N,  Y. ;    Manchfster  &  Kicli,  Di 


lomnan  A  Gelpcke/Cliifafro ;  Abrjihain  Bell's  Sons,  New  York:  Rochester  Bank,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  Auburn 
N.  Y. ;  Manchester  &  Kidi,  Dann  k  Burtis,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  J.  R.  Morion  &  Co.,  Geo.  S.  Wrijjht  A  Co.,  Cin- 
cinnati, O;  Durkee  &  Bullock,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Wright  &  Bro.,  I..  B.  Otis  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.;  Alex.  H.  Dey,  C.  &  A.  Ives,  Detroit, 
Mich.;  City  Bank,  Tofeiio,  f). ;  Michi^'an  Ins.  Co.,  Detroit j  Sweeny,  Riltenhouse,  Fant  &  Co.,  Waahington,  D.  C. ;  John  and  Edward 
Corderoy,  24  Tooley  Street,  London,  Knglaud. 


W.  W.  EOBEETS.  J.    ENSWOETH. 

ROBERTS  &  ENSWORTH, 
COMMISSION    MERCHANTS, 

AND    MANVFACTl  RERS    OF    PURE    VINEGAR, 

Cider  Vineffflr.  and  Pickles.  Every  variety  of  Piokles.  in  jars,  bar- 
rels, and  hiilf  barrels,  constantly  un  hand.  Our  I'acililies  are  un- 
equalled by  those  of  any  other  establishment  in  the  United  States. 
Capueity  of  vinegar  apparatus,  10,UUU  barrels  per  year. 

No.  176  (Merchants'  Block)  River  Street, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Refkkences.— T.  P.  Handy,  Cashier  Com.  British  Bank  ;  Mark- 
h.im  &  Co.,  Bankers;  Wni.  Bm-jham  &  Co.,  Geo  Worthin^ton  & 
Co.;  Gorham  &  Alpin  ;  Bradburn  &  Fisher;  Bisliop,  Ross  &  Co.; 
EdwardsA  Iddings;  L.  A.  Pierce,  Gen'l  Ag't  M.  C.  R.  R. ;  W.  W. 
Chandler,  Gen'l  Fr't  Ag't  C.  &  P.  R.  R.  ;  A.  Hills,  Gen'l  Fr't 
Ag't  C.  C.  &  C.  R.  R.;  Hussey  &  McBride;  A.  P.  Winslow, 
American  House ;  S.  Merchant,  Angier  House ;  Geo.  P.  Rosa, 
Weddell  House,  Cleveland,  Ohio;  Hinckley  &  Vilas,  Com.  Mer- 
chants, Chicago,  Illinois. 

Cleveland  Med.  College,  \st  Jub/,  1858. 

I  have  made  a  thorough  chemical  examination  of  vinegar,  manu- 
factured by  Messrs.  Roberts  &  Ensworth,  and  find  it  entirely  fi-ee 
from  mineral  acids  and  all  deleterious  matters — contnining  from  12 
to  15  per  cent,  acetic  acid,  being  9  to  10  per  cent,  more  than  Com- 
mercial Vinegar,  consequently  allowing  of  large  dilution  with 
water. 

Their  apparatus  planned  and  erected  by  E.  C.  Stephens,  operates 
on  scientific  principles,  and  is  well  adapted  for  obtaming  a  pure  and 
healthy  vinegar. 

J.  L.  CASSELS,  M.  D.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry. 


M.   B.   SCOIT, 

Dealer  in  Produce,  Salt,  Fish  Water  Lime,  etc.  Special 
attention  triven  to  Consisnments  and  purchase  of  Gram 
and  Produce  generally,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Fire-Proof  Warehouse  and  Steam  Elevators.  Insur- 
ance two-thirds  less  than  any  other  Grain  Warehouse  in 
the  city.    Liberal  cash  advances  on  produce  in  hand. 

HN.  GATES,  Storage,  Forwarding  and  Commission  Merchant, 
.     second  Warehouse  below  foot  of  SUPERIOR   STREET, 
fronting  on  River  and  River  Streets,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dealer  in  Farmers*  Produce  of  all  kinds,  Salt  Fish,  Sandusky 
Water  Lime,  White  Lime  in  barrels.  Plaster,  Berea,  Beres,  Jr.,  and 
Independence  Grindstones,  at  Wholesale  and  Retail. 


WOOLSON,  HITCHCOCK  &,  CARTER, 

Manufacturers  of  all  I'inds  of 

S  T  O  V^  E  S. 

office:    junction    of    VINEY.\UD    and    CHAM- 
PLAIN    STREETS, 

Cleveland,    Ohio. 

WILLIAM  I.  PRICE.  LKMCEL   CRAWFORD.        DAVID   MORRIS. 

PRICE,  CRAWFORD   &   MORRIS, 

(Successors  to  CRAWFORD,  PRICE  &   CO.,) 

dealep.s  in 

Briar  Hill,  Mineral  Ridge,  and  Chippewa  Coal, 

By  the  Cargo.    Office  :  Government  Pier. 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

».   B.   SEXTON, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

For  the  Purchase  and  Sale  of 

WOOL,  HIDES  AND  PELTS. 

Orders  for  the  purchase  of  the  above  articles  solic- 
ited.    Cash  advanced  on  consignments. 

43    BANK    STREET,    CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


ELISHA  C.  BLISH. 


EDWARD  C.  GARLICK. 


S.   AVHITAKER, 

DEALER   IN 

Cook,  Parlor,  8l  Plate  Stoves, 

Manufacturer  of  Copper,  Tin,  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware. 

Agent  for  the  sale  of  Cornelius  &  Baker's  Chande- 
liers, Pendants,  Brackets,  etc.,  etc.  Also,  Plain  and 
Ornamental  Gas  Fitters. 

33  Water  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


CLEVELAND  IRON  WORKS. 
BLI8H,  GARLICK  &  CO., 

Manufacturers  of  Marine,  Stationery,  and  Portable 
Engines  and  Boilers,  Stoves  and  Hollowware,  Gas  and 
Water  Pipe,  Building  and  General  Castings,  Tin, 
Copjier  and  Sheet  Ironware. 

Works — On  Meadow  Street,  opposite  Gas  Works. 

Office  and  Salk.sboo.m — Cor.  Kiver  and  Lighthouse 
Streets.  CLEVELuWI),  OHIO. 


THOMAS  MANNING, 
MACHINIST  &  ENGINEER, 

And  Manufiicturer  of  Stenni  Entwines  and  Machinery  of  every 
description ;  also  Jack  Screws,  Bolls  for  Bridges  and  "otlier  uses, 
Iron  Gratin;;  and  Iila<'iismitliiiig  generally. 

IVos.  5  and  6  Hewitt's  Block,  West  Street, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 
Second-hand  Engines  taken  in  Exchange  for  new  work,  or  sold 
on  commission.     Jobbing  and  Repairing  promptly  attended  to. 


BRACKETT,  REMINGTON  &  CO., 

(Successors  to  BISHOP,  REMINGTON  &  CO.,) 
Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealem  in 


52  Water  Street, 

CLEVKLAND,  0. 


69  Pearl  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


S.  G.  Remington,  II.   Rogers,  William  K.  Adams, 
Cleveland  ;  James  Brackett,  New  York. 

^llANSOM,  COBB  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 

PLANED  LUMBER,  WINDOW  SASH, 

Blinds,  Doors,  Fence  Pickets,  Lath,  and  Packing 

Boxes. 

Centre  Block,  corner  Columbus  and  Centre  Streets. 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

THOMAS  J.  McGARRY, 

(Successor  to  H.  C.  MORRIS,) 
Manufacturer  of  all  kinds  of 

STEAM    BOILERS, 

SHEET   IRON  WORK,  &c. 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 
Repairing  also  promptly  attended  to. 


C.  S.  MACKENZIE, 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 

DRUGS,     MEDICINES, 

FRENCH,  ENGLISH,  AND  AMERICAN  CHEMICALS, 

Perfumery,  Toilet  Articles,  etc. 
34  SUPERIOR  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

CLEVELAND  WHITE  LEAD  WORKS. 

HEWITT'S  BLOCK, 

G.    GARY    &    CO., 

CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


GEO.  WHITKLAW. 


GEO.  P.  MARSHALL. 


WIIITELAW  &  MARSHALL, 
SADDLES,  BRIDLES,    HARNESS,   TRUNKS, 

AND  SADDLERY  HARDWARE, 
30  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


YOUNG  AMERICA 


CLOTHING  HOUSE, 

J.  SOxN^^EBOR^  &  CO., 


Wholesale  Dealers  in 


Keady-Made  Clothing 


ETC.,    ETC., 

156   Superior  Street,    Cleveland,   O. 

W.   S.    ROBISOIV, 

Manitfacturer  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 

READY-MADE   CLOTHING 

And  Gents'  Furnishing  Goods. 

88    SUPERIOR    STREET, 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

ISAAC   A.    ISAACS^ 


GEO.  A.  DAVIS  &  CO., 

MAINUFACTURERS  &  JOBBERS  OF  CLOTHING, 
345  Water  St.,  &  22  &  24  Superior  St., 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

Established  in  1S47.  This  is  one  of  the  lar^st  Manufacturing  and 
Jobbing  Clothing  Houses  in  the  great  West,  its  business  being  largely 
extended  throughout  the  Western  States  and  Canada. 

GEO.    A.    DAVIS.  B.    F.  .PKtXOTTO.  K.   PKIXOTTO. 


^^^'^^'^  "^r-^^ 


^fltutufacturer  and  Dealer  in 

Reaily-llade    Clothing, 

AND  FURNISHING  GOODS, 

Importer  and  Jobber  of  Cloths,   Cassimeres, 

Vestings  &  Tailors'  TrimmiDgs, 

UNION     HALL, 

Cor.  of   Superior  and  Union  Streets, 

Ct-EVEI.ANI),     Oino. 


A.  P.  WINSLOW,  Proprietor. 

CLEVELAND,   O.       

ANGIER    HOUSE, 
SILAS     MERCHANT, 

PROPRIETOR, 

CLEVELAND,    O. 

JOHNSON    HOUSE, 

JOHN   R.    SURBRUG, 

PROPRIETOR, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO, 
Terms,  $1.50  per  day. 

COMMERCIAL    HOUSE, 

21,  26,  k  n  SENECA  ST.,  SOUTH, 

CXEYELAIND,  O. 

LEWIS  FRENCH,  Proprietor. 

Board,  One  Dollar  per  Day. 

The  best  Stables  and  Yard  in  the  City. 

FAIRBANKS,   BENEDICT   &  CO., 

10    BANK    STREET, 

(Opposite  Weddell  House,) 

Printers,   Bookbinders, 

AND     STATIONERS, 


AND    PEOPRIETORS    OF   THE 


CLEVELAND    DAILY    HERALD. 

Are  prepared,  with  evert  facility,  to  do  nil  kinds  of  rrinting  and 
Binding  used  by  Coimniercial  Men,  Railroad  and  Insuionce  Ceio- 
panies,  Jianhs,  etc.  ,  v  .  j 

We  are  running  seven  pressc«  by  Steani,  and  have  a  large  aseort- 
ment  of  Slofk  and  Materials.  .     -, .  ,  .      ,.     , 

The  Herald  is  one  of  the  oldest  papers  in  Ohio,  and  has  the  larg- 
est cinuhition  of  any  paper  in  this  section,  making  it  a  de-su-able 
medium  for  advertisers. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  July,  1858. 


1 


IMPROVEMENT   IN   DENTISTRY. 

M.    L.    WRIGHT    &    CO., 

ARE    MANUFACTURING 

Partial  Sets,  Half   Sets,  and  Whole  Sets  of 

OE3IL.-A.IPia"     T?E3E3TC"H. 


Saperiority  of  their  Melhod  of  Producing  Artificial  Teetli  over  any  otlier  known  Method. 

1st.  simplicity.— One  piece  chemically  united  m  all  its  parts,  and  of  the  same  quality  of  material. 

2d.  Solidity.— That  compels  nature  to  adapt  herself  to  the  model  of  her  own  impression.  Tliis  adaptation  once 
attained — comfort  and  utility  ever  after. 

3d.  Purity.— The  entire  Plate  and  Teeth  arc  impervious  to  the  action  of  any  known  acid  -and  hence,  in  disease 
or  health,  proof  against  the  corrosive  and  offensive  secretions  of  the  mouth,  common  to  Gold  Plate  work,  and  other 
known  methods. 

4th.  Color.— Brifrht,  lively,  and  a  food  imitation  of  nature. 

N.  B. — Anv  method  of  producing  Sets  of  Artificial  Teeth,  chemically  united  in  one  piece,  that  will  not  pass  the 
ordeal  of  this  digest,  is  a  counterfeit  of  true  Porcelain. 

Patronage.— Since  April,  18i5.we  have  inserted  Seven  Hundred  Cases.  Of  this  number.  One  Hundred  and 
Siitv-one  persons  who  have  used  grold  plate  sets,  have  laid  them  aside,  and  given  preference  to  the  porcelain. 

Terms. — According  to  the  nature  of  the  case,  and  given  after  examination. 

Payment.— Upon  receipt  of  the  order,  or  on  delivery.  Persons  having  Gold  Plate  can  apply  their  plate  in  part 
payment. 

Guaranty. — Satisfaction;  provided  the  terms  of  payment  and  special  instructions  have  been  complied  with. — 
Persons  wanting  information,  reference  will  be  given  to  those  in  constant  use  of  our  work. 

TESTIMONIALS  ANJi  BEFESENCES. 

I  have  observed  with  much  interest,  for  the  last  two  years,  the  above  method  of  producing  Artificial  Teeth,  and 
believe  the  statements  of  this  Circular  correct.  T.  GARLICK. 

I  have  investigated  with  care,  in  the  last  three  years,  the  above  method  of  making  and  applying  Artificial  Teeth 
in  the  Laboratory  of  Dr.  Wright,  and  also  in  use,  and  can  say.  with  confidence,  that  his  plan  is  the  best  one,  and  en- 
tirely successful  when  made  under  his  observation.  The  superiority  of  this  kind  of  dental  work  over  gold  or  any 
kind  of  metallic  plate,  cannot  be  questioned,  and  the  statement  in  Dr.  Wright's  Circular  of  the  number  of  cases  where 
his  work  has  taken  the  place  of  gold  plate,  is  true.  Much  of  this  gold  plate  has  been  furnished  by  the  best  dentists 
ia  the  country.    I  am  not  conversant  with  the  success  of  Porcelain  work  in  the  hands  of  others  than  Dr.  Wright. 

H.  A.  ACKI4EY,  late  Professor  of  Surgery,  Cleveland  Medical  College. 


Dan.  P.  Rhodes, 
Ex-Mavor  Castle, 

E.  T.  STURTEVA5T, 

Kev.  Mr.  McGiLL,  Cleveland, 
AXEX.  Clark,  "Ed.  Visitor," 
Cleveland 


M.  Jackson, 
H.  L.  Whitman, 

J.   K.  CURTISS, 

Prof.  Dascomb,  Oberlin, 

Prof  J.  P.  KiRTLAND, 

Prof.  Gatchell, 


Prof.  H.  CowLES,  Oberlin. 
Prof.  S.  B.  Hunt,  Ed.  Buff. 

Medical  journal, 
Thos.  Brown,  Ed.  of  Ohio 

Farmer, 
Wm.  W.  Richards. 


THE    SEMI-WEEKLY    REVIEW, 

AND 

Independent  Journal, 

PUBLISHED  EVERY  TUESDAY  &  FRIDAY, 

At  15  Water  St.,  Cleveland,  0. 

Containing — 

THE   NEWS,    THE   LATE.ST    TELEGRAPHIC    REPORTS, 

THE   MARKET    QUOTATIONS,    AND    OTHER 

INTERESTING    M.\TTER,    AT 

OJ\'E    BOL,LAR    PER     YEAR! 

And  in  Clnbs    of  25   at   80   Cents  per  Tear. 

The  Cheapest  Paper  puMished  in  the  West. 

Address  E.  A.  MTJNSON  &  CO., 

CLEVELAND,     O. 

STIMPSON'S 

SPHEREOTYPES. 

No.  253  SUPERIOR  STREET, 

CLEVELAND, 

Is  the  onlf  place  in  the  city  where  you  can 
obtain  these  beautiful  Pictures. 

From  the  Photographic  and  Fine  Art  Journal. 

"The  Sphereotype,  an  exquisite  style  of  collodium 
picture  on  glass,  is  gaining  ground  very  rapidly. 
There  is  an  serial  softness  and  delicacy  about  these 
pictures  that  is  exceedingly  pleasing  and  beautiful, 
and  must  claim  a  liberal  share  of  public  favour." 

Ambrotypes,  Papertypes,  and  all  other  Sun 
Pictures  taken  on  reasonable  terms. 

C.    W.    STIMPSON. 


PLAIN    DEALER, 

Published 

Daily,  Tri- Weekly  &  Weekly. 

THE      MOST     WIDELT-CIRCULATBD     AND     POPULAR 
NEWSPAPER  IN   THE    WEST, 

PtTBLISHED  AT  CLEVELAND,  O. 

J.  ISV.  GRAY,  Editor  &  Prop'r. 

Terms  :— Daily,   $6.00;    Tri-Weekly,  $3,00  5 
Weekly,  $2.00  per  annum. 


py*  The  most  extensive  Steam.  Job  Printing 
Office  in  the  Northxcest  is  attached  to  the  Plain 
Dealer  estahlishment. 

W.   C.   NORTH, 


PHOTOGRAPHER, 


SUPERIOR    ST., 


CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


BUFFALO.  87 


CITY  OF  BUFFALO. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities  -west  of  Xew  York.  It  is  situated  in  Erie  County, 
State  of  New  York,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  about  3  miles  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Niagara  River.     Latitude,  42°  53'  X.,  Longitude,  78°  55'  W. 

The  site  of  the  city  gradually  rises  from  the  water's  edge,  for  about  2  miles,  till  it  becomes 
about  50  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  thus  affording,  in  the  higher  portion  of  the  town, 
extensive  and  beautiful  views  all  around. 

The  lower  portion  of  the  town  is  occupied  with  merchants'  stores,  manufactories,  etc., 
and  is  intersected  in  different  parts  bj'  canals.  Possessed  of  a  harbour,  formed  bj'  Buffalo 
Creek,  as  it  is  called,  vessels  drawing  from  12  to  15  feet  of  water  can  lay  at  anchor  and 
discharge  and  load  cargoes,  which  is  done  with  astonishing  rapidity  by  the  steam  elevators 
in  operation  alongside  of  the  creek. 

The  chief  business  street  is  Main  street,  running  in  a  straight  line  for  about  2  miles,  and 
composed  for  the  most  part  of  spacious  and  lofty  business  stores,  of  ever}-  description. 
Looking  from  the  foot  of  the  street,  upward.  Main  street  presents  one  of  the  finest  com- 
mercial streets  we  have  ever  seen.  It  is  120  feet  wide,  and  there  being  a  gradual  ascent 
all  the  way  up,  it  is  seen  to  great  advantage.  Some  of  the  stores  in  Main  street,  such  as 
De  Wilt  C.  Weed  «fe  Co.'s  hardware  store,  AVoodward's  fiiuey  silk  war«house,  and  Barnum's 
variety  store,  are  equal  in  point  of  elegance  and  size  to  many  of  those  in  tlie  Strand  or  Re- 
gent street,  London,  Bold  street,  Liverpool,  (Eng).,  or  Buchanan  street,  Glasgow,  (Scot). 

The  streets  where  the  private  dwellings  of  the  upper  classes  are  situated,  are  of  a  palatial 
character,  more  particularl}-  those  of  Delaware  and  Niagara  streets.  Such  streets  as  these 
run  from  1  to  2  miles,  in  a  straight  line,  120  feet  wide,  with  pavement  15  to  20  feet  wide, 
with  trees  alongside,  forming  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  from  either  end,  whilst  a 
walk  along  such  as  Delaware  street  arrests  the  attention  of  the  stranger  in  the  magnificence 
of  tlie  dwellings  and  grounds  attached,  which  are  almost  all  owned  bytheir  occupants. 
There  are  3  public  squares — Niagara,  Franklin,  and  Washington.  At  Niagara  Square,  no 
less  than  eight  streets  all  meet,  forming  a  magnificeut  "  Eight  Dials,"  each  street  running 
off,  from  this  centre,  having  its  trees  on  each  side,  and  foruung  a  fine  vista  in  every 
direction. 

The  commerce  of  Buffalo  is  immense,  although  not  so  great  as  it  was  before  the  passenger 
steamboat  traffic,  on  the  lake,  ceased.  At  present,  it  is  the  greatest  grain  and  flour  entre- 
pot on  the  lake,  through  which  the  productions  of  the  great  west  pass.  Here  the  grain 
from  Detroit,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  etc.,  arrives  in  vessels  carrying  from  15,000  to  18,000 
busliels  each,  and  is  transhijiped,  by  means  of  the  elevators,  into  canal  boats  and  railroad 
cars,  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  States,  but  chiefl}'  to  New  York.  Consequently,  as  a 
grain  market,  Buffalo  stands  as  amongst  the  most  prominent  in  the  States. 

The  natural  position  which  Buffalo  occupies  must,  of  necessity,  render  it  an  important 
commercial  city.  About  25  miles  off.  per  rail,  is  Canada.  A  large  Canadian  trade  is  done, 
whilst  the  railways  from  Buffalo,  in  all  directions,  render  it  a  convenient  centre  for  business 
to  anj'  particular  section  of  the  country. 

The  manufactures  of  Buffalo  are  important ;  and  some  large  concerns  in  the  manufactur- 
ing of  stoves,  agricultural  implements,  machiner}'  of  every  description,  besides  foundries, 
tanneries,  etc.,  etc 

Several  daily  and  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  amongst  which  are  Tlie  Daily  Ex- 
press,  iJaily  Courier,  Daily  Republic  and  Times,  and  Advertiser,  all  having  job-printing 
offices  attached,  and  turning  out  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  tj-pographj-  we  have  seen 
in  the  States.  A  large  amount  of  printing  for  the  railway  companies  is  done  in  the  course 
of  the  year — whilst  the  specimens  of  wood  engraving,  executed  by  such  as  Mr.  Wightman, 
are  equal  to  any  thing  we  have  seen  anywhere. 

The  station  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  at  Buffalo,  contrasts  very  favourably  with 
those  of  New  York  and  other  large  cities — more  resembling  the  spacious  station  at  New 


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90  CITY  OF  BUFFALO. 

street,  Birmingham,  (Eng.,)  than  any  we  have  seen  elsewhere.     Waiting  rooms,  and  every 
convenience,  with  spacious  suites  of  offices,  are  attached. 

The  station  for  the  Falls,  Canada,  etc.,  is  situated  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  whilst 
that  for  New  York,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Road,  to  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  etc.,  is  situated 
in  Exchange  street,  off  Main  street. 

As  regards  health,  Buffalo  stands  pre-eminent,  on  account  of  the  general  good  sewerage 
throughout  the  town,  the  breezes  enjoyed  from  off  the  lake,  in  the  heat  of  summer,  gene- 
ral cleanliness  of  the  streets,  and  the  excellent  water  supplied  to  the  town. 

The  public  free  schools  of  Buffalo  have  long  been  distinguished  for  their  excellence  and 
efficiency,  and  from  a  visit  we  paid  to  one  of  them,  (No.  8,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Slade.)  we  can  bear  testimony  to  the  very  excellent  arrangements,  and  system,  and  the 
decorum  which  prevailed  throughout— specimens  of  writing,  etc.,  of  girls  and  boys  1  years 
of  ao-e,  we  saw,  and  difficult  questions  in  mental  arithmetic  we  heard  answered,  in  such  a 
manner,  as  showed  the  superiority  of  tlie  system  pursued,  and  the  adeptness  of  the  scholars, 
very  pleasing  to  a  stranger,  more  particularly  when  so  excellent  an  education  is  open  to 
all,  free  of  charge.  For  the  support  of  public  schools,  of  which  there  are  33,  Buffalo  spends 
$108,000  per  annum;  of  that,  $26,000  is  drawn  from  the  State;  the  remainder,  from  taxes 
imposed  for  that  purpose.  There  are  several  other  educational  establishments,  of  a  higher 
order,  besides  literary  and  benevolent  institutions,  and  excellent  public  libraries.  ^ 

The  transportation  trade  of  Buffalo  has  lately  suffered,  in  its  passenger  traffic  to  the 
west,  the  magnificent  line  of  steamers,  which  was  wont  to  run  to  the  ports  on  the  western 
lakes,  being  now  withdrawn.  A  few  emigrants  still  go  with  the  freight  propellers,  but  the 
majority  of  emigrants  and  others,  bound  west,  from  the  seaboard,  go  via  the  Suspension 
Bridge,  or  via  Dunkirk  and  Cleveland. 

The  establishment  of  railways,  therefore,  has  interfered  materially  with  the  passenger 
traffic  through  Buffalo,  as  formerly  it  was  the  route  through  which  most  passed  westward. 
The  convevance  of  grain  and  provisions,  which  forms  so  large  an  item  in  the  trade  of  Buf- 
ftilo,  from  the  west  to  the  east,  and  south-east  cities  and  towns,  was  also  in  danger,  from 
the  railways  being  likely  to  monopolize  the  trade,  by  carrying  it  from  Chicago  and  Detroit, 
via  Toledo",  Cleveland,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Pwiilroad,  direct  to  New  York  and  the  east. 

The  ingenuity  and  enterprise  of  the  "  Buffalo  boys,"  however,  was  at  once  set  to  work  to 
secure  and  maintain  their  city  as  tlie  chief  entrepot  for  grain,  in  its  passage  from  west  to 
east,  by  establishing  a  line  of  screw  propellers  on  tlie  stupendous  canal,  wliich  extends 
from  Buffalo  to  Albany,  getting  that  canal  deepened,  and  carrying  grain  and  provisions  at 
such  low  rates,  as  to  beat  the  railroads  out  of  the  field.  At  the  time  we  write,  the  first 
experiment  has  been  tried  on  the  canal  with  great  success.  In  a  future  edition,  we  shall 
chronicle  the  further  development  of  this  gitat  undertaking. 

DurintT  the  year  1858,  from  the  opening  of  the  trade  to  the  loth  of  June,  we  find  the 
imports  of  some  of  the  leading  articles  to  be  as  follows,  which  wiU  give  some  idea  of  the 
large  trade  done  at  this  port : — 

1857.              1858.  1857.  1858. 

Lake  opened,  Mav  13.        April  5.                          Lake  opened,  May  13.  April  5. 

Oats,  bushels.  218,381  834,.502 

Barlev,     "  252  87,420 

Rve,  ■       "  7,805  21,385 

Lumber,  feet.  11,104,591  9,402,814 

Staves,      "  4,490,436  3,908,469 

Wool,  bales.  484  615 

Hogs,  number.  14,453  43,250 

Sheep,       "  4,362  7,117 

Indian'Corn  "                      '78i;772          850,052      Cattle,      "  3,256  8,497 

Reducing  flour  to  its  equivalent  in  wlieat,  and  classing  all  kinds  of  grain  in  one.  we  find 
a  total,  rec'eived  to  June  15,  of  6,692,778  busliels  this  season,  against  2,619,000  last— being 
4,073,778  bushels  more  than  the  previous  season. 

In  tlie  other  articles,  a  corresponding  increase  will  be  observed. 

From  the  ports  on  Lake  Michigan,  the  receipts  were,  up  to  above  date:  flour,  166,436 
bbls. ;  wheat,  2,136,958  bushels;  Indian  corn,  421,700  bushels;  oats,  448,171  bushels;  bar- 
ley, 37,644  bushels. 

From  ports  on  Lake  Erie— flour,  259,193  bbls.;  wheat,  664,316  bushels;  Indian  corn, 
428,352  bushels;  oats,  386,331  bushels;  barley,  19,776  bushels;  rye,  21,385  bushels. 

From  Canada — lumber,  3,816,178  feet;  staves,  59,000. 

The  remainder  were  from  American  ports,  as  well  as  almost  the  whole  of  the  other  arti- 
cles enumerated. 

Population  of  Buffalo  was,  by  last  census,  74,214. 


Flour,  bbls.  118,948  425,629 

Pork,      "  12,149  15,760 

Beef,      "  16,514  14,936 

Ashes,  casks.  718  1,524 

Whiskv,  "  8,992  20,401 

Bacon,"  lbs.  3,468,465  3,302,360 

Lard,      "  213,200  2,492,100 

Wheat,    bushels.  1,016,650  2,801,274 


BUFFALO    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Mechanics'  Tools,  «&c. — 

L.  &  I.  J.  White,  32  Ohio  street, 
vertisement. 


Agricultural  Warehouse — 

Geo.  F.  Xeedham,  299  Main  st.     See  adv't. 

Bankers — 

Manchester   &   Rich,  corner  of  Main  and 
Seneca  streets.     See  advertisement. 

Booksellers  and  Publishers— 

Phixxey  &.  Co.,  Main  street. 

Brewer  and  Distiller — 

High  Boyle,  (Star  Brewery,)  St.  Paul  st. 

Chemist — 

Richard  Jexxer,  4-38  Main  street. 

City  Steam  Turning  Works— 

Joseph  Suor,  Mechanic  street.    See  adver. 

Civil  and  Submarine  Engineers— 

Parkinson'  <S:   Smith,  7  Brown's  Buildings. 
See  advertisement. 

Counsellor  at  Law — 

W.  B.  Meech,  corner  of  Pearl  &  Tuppersts. 

Engraver  on  Wood — 

G.  D.  Wightman,  15*3  Main  street.  See  ad't. 
We  have  much  pleasure  in  recommending  Mr. 
AYightman  to  the  notice  of  all  who  require  wood  en- 
graving done.  The  work  which  he  has  done  for  us — 
as  seen  in  the  views  of  the  City  of  Toronto— are  suffi- 
cient ])roof,  were  any  wanting,  of  liis  ability  in  his 

profession;  besides,  we  have  found  him  i)/'0»i/><.  'Oil  Manufacturer 

tJas  Fitters  and  Plumbers—  I        F.  S.  Pease,  61  Main  street. 

Haut,  Ball  &.  Hart,  '_'.:>7  Main  st.    See  ad't 
Uardiker  &  Tor,  corner  Eagle  and  Main 

streets.     See  advertisement. 
DoLAX   &   Selpert,  corner    of    Pearl   and 
Seneca  streets.     See  advertisement. 

Glasgow  House— 

RoxALD  McDoiGAL,  17  East  Seneca  street. 

Hams,  Shoulders,  Bacon,  &c. — 

Job  Albekger,  cor.  Terrace  and  Franklin 
streets.     See  advertisement. 


See  ad- 


Melodeous — 

G.  A.  Prixce  &  Co.,  Manufacturers  of  the 
Improved  Patent  Melodeous,  Butfalo,  New 
York,  and  Chicago. 

Native  M'ine  Manufacturers — 

Gibbons    &    Hager,   57    Exchange  street. 

See  advertisement. 
Turner   Brothers,  at  New  York,  BufiFalo, 

and  San  Francisco. 

New^spapers — 

Bujfak)  Courier,  192  Washington  street, 
James  H.  Saxdford,  Proprietor.  See  ad- 
vertisement. 

Buffalo  Eepuhlic  and  Titties,  182  Washing- 
ton street,  C.  C.  Bristol,  Editor  and 
Manager.    See  advertisement. 

Buffalo  Morning  Express,  Main  street,  A.  M. 
Clapp  k  Co.,  Proprietors.     See  adver. 

Land  Agent  8c  Intelligence  Office  — 
Johx  Adams,  25  East  Seneca  street. 

Lard,  Oil,  and  Candle  Factory — 

H.  V.  MoREY,  Caroline  street. 


Hair-cutting  Saloon — 

Ki cENE  W.  Smith,  -1  East  Seneca  st.  See  ad't 

HardTvare — 

De  Witt  C.  Weed  &  Co.,  222  Main  street. 
See  advertisement. 

Hotels — 

Beunet  Temperance  Hotel,  85  Main  street. 

See  advertisement. 
Clarendon  Hotel,  Main  street.     See  adver. 
Jlclntvre  House,  corner  of  Exchange  and 

Beak  streets.     See  advertisement. 
New   England   Hotel,  corner  of  Canal  and 

Michigan  streets.     Robert  Silly. 
Lovejoy  House,  cor.  of  Pearl  and  Terrace 

streets.     See  advertisement. 
Western  Hotel,  corner  of  Pearl  and  Terrace 

streets.     See  advertisement. 

Insurance  Agents — 

Pickerixg  <k  Otto.     See  advertisement. 
John  A.  Gardner,  Merchant's  Exchange. 
Harvey  Hitchixs,  4  West  Genesee  street. 
Davis  W.  Axdrus,    1     Harvey's  Building, 
corner  of  Swan  and  Main  streets. 

Iron  Railing  Works — 

(iEoRGE  JoxES,  cor.  of  Tcrrace  k  Henry  sts. 

Marble,  Slate,  &c. — 

Geo.  U.  Vail  k  Co.,  Wholesale  Dealers  in 
American  and  Italian  Marble  and  Rooting 
Slate,  Washington  Dock,  foot  of  Chicago  Woolen  and  Clothing  Store 
street.  I        Altm.\x  k  Co.,  40  Pearl  street. 


Oysters,  Fruits,  &c. — 

W.  RowE,  197  Main  street.  See  advertise- 
ment. 

Physician — 

Dr.  E.  B.  Mclntyre,  corner  of  Beak  and  Ex- 
change streets.  Cancers  successfully 
treated.     Cures  warranted. 

Produce  Commission  Merchants— 

Cobb  k  Co.,  (C.  Cobb  k  A.  Cobb,)  20  and 

21  Prime  street. 
Whiting  k  Axxix,  (D.  W.  Whiting  k  J.  V. 

W.  Annin,)  9  Central  Wharf. 

Shipping  and  Insurance  Agents— 

Pickerixg  k  Otto.     See  advertisement. 

Storage,  Produce,  and  Coals— 

Chas.  W.  Evaxs.     The  Evans'  Ship  Canal. 
See  advertisement. 

StraAV  Goods  and  Millinery— 

W.  H.  Woodward,  287  and  289  Main  street. 
See  advertisement. 

Tea  arid  Coffee  Dealers— 

Bradford  &  Chase,  271  Main  street. 

Tin,  Copper,  and  Iron  Ware— 

F.  C.  Hill,  2(!9  Main  street.     See  adver. 

Variety  Store,  Fancy  Goods— 

S.  0.  Barnum,  211  Main  street.  See  adver- 
tisement. 


Wholesale  Grocers— 

John  k  Thomas  Sully,  42  Main  street. 

■Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocer — 
Alexander  Sloan,  82  Main  street. 

Wines  and  Liquors — 

Murray  k  Brother,  7  Terrace  street.     See 
advertisement. 


i  BARNUM'S  GREAT  VARIETY  STORE, 

211  Main  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

Impiirtpr  and  Dealer  in  Koreisii  and  Domestic  Fancy 
Goods.  Fisliini?  Tackle.  Toys,  Berlin  WorsteJ,  Silks, 
Threads,  Needles,  Meershaum  Pipes,  Militar)-  and  Rega- 
lia Tnmininss,  Dress  Trimminirs,  Buttons,  Corsets,  skirts. 
Leather  Dressini?  Cases,  S:c.  Baskets,  Fans,  Indian 
GiMxls,  Crmes,  Willow  and  Wooden  Ware,  Cutlery,  Per- 
funitrv  Rubber  and  Gutta  Percha  Goods,  and  Yankee 
Notions.  &,c.  S.  O.  BARNUJI. 


WM.     H.     WOODWARD, 

Wholesale  A"   Helail  Jtealer  in 

Straw    Goods,   Artiflcial    Flowers, 

EIBBONS,  SILKS,   SATINS, 

VELVETS    &    MILLINERY    GOODS, 

287  &   289   3IAIN    ST.,    BUFFALO. 

Corner   of   Kag-U. 


OLD  HARDWARE  STORE, 

Established  in  1818. 

DE  WITT  C.  WEED  &  CO, 

222  Main  Street,  coriiei-  Swan, 

(At  the  Sign  of  the  Mill  Saw,) 

DEALERS  IN  EVERY  VARIETY  OF 

A:»IERIC\\,  GERMAN  &  ENGLISH 

HARDWARE. 

I    DE   WITT   C.    WEED,        GEO.    BEALS,        WM.    A.    ANDERSON. 

BUFFALO  llECMS^  TOOTWORKST 


GIBBONS  8l  HAGER, 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 

GINGER    WINE,  NATIVE    WINES, 

LEMON  SYRUP,  SARSAPAEILLA  SODA, 

M»o    a    tieneral   Assortment    of   Syrups^ 

57  Exchange  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Orders  respectfully  solicited  and  promptly  attended  to. 

T.   MURRAY.  n.    MURRAY. 

MURRAY     8l     BROTHER, 

Importers  <&  Wholesale  Dealers  in 

WrS^^  AIVD   I.«ilORS, 

3SrO.      7      TEIiH-A^OE, 

(Between  IMain  i:  Pearl  sts.) 

JiufTalo,  jy\   I^. 

A'so,  Aeents  for  Turner's  Gineer  Wine,  SjTups,  &c. 
I^"  Orders  promptly  attended  to. 


(FORMERLY  ROWE  AND  CO..) 

Wholesale  &,  Retail  Dealer  in 

OYSTERS, 

FOREIGN     FRUIT, 

Sardines,    Sauces,   Pickles, 
HERMETICALLY   SEALED    GOODS, 

&c.,   &c., 

197  Main  St.,  Buffalo,  N.Y. 


'EDGE 


TOOLS, 


JOB    ALBERGER, 

Wwlesale  &  lietail  Dealer  in 

HAMS,  SHOULDERS,   BACON, 

Dned  Beel".  I,aril.  Pork.  Beef.  Tallow  and  Greese;  also, 
all  kmds  of  Fresli  Meals, 

Cor.  Terrace  &  Franklin  Sts., 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 


CORNER  INDIANA, 


Manufacture  Warranted 

COOPERS',     CARPENTERS', 

SHH^-BTJII^IDEI^S' 

AND 

JOINERS'      TOOLS; 

.#/«« — 

Planing,  Tobaced,  Shingle,  and 
Machine  Knives, 

Wdli  a  practical  e-cperle/ice   of  over  32  years. 

LEONARD  WHITE.  I.  JEWETT  WHITE. 


BUFFALO  CITY  STEAl  TURNING  WORKS. 
JO!*iEPH    sroR, 

Turner  &  Manufacturer  of  all  kinds  of  Mahog- 
any, Eosawood,  Walnut  and  Cherry 

NEWEL     POSTS, 

MECHANIC     STREET, 

{Xear  the  corner  of  Ten-ace,) 

Newel  Posts,  Bannisters,  Ten-pin  Balls  and  Pins 
constantlv  on  hand,  or  made  to  order.  Also,  all  kinda 
of  heavy"  Turning,  Windlasses,  Ac,  for  Boat  work. 
AH  work  done  in  the  neatest  manner  and  warranted. 


EUGENE  W.  SNIITII, 

Shaving,  Hair  Cutting, 

AND 

BATHING     ROOMS; 

Alao^  tJenllemen^s  Furnishing^  eioods, 

4  EAST  SENECA  ST.,  BUFFALO. 


NEW   SEED    AND    AGRICULTURAL   HOUSE 

FIELD,   GARDEN   &   FLOWER   SEEDS 

Of  choice,   fresh  American  and  Imported  Varieties.     (S'l-e    Ciitalogues.) 
.A.GHiIOTJIjTXJI^^A.X.      ac     I3:OIia?ICTJIjTXJIi^A.L     TOOLS 

Of  the  latest  and  most  approved  styles.     {Gatahfiues  furnished.) 

Trees,  Plants,  Fertilizers,  Wire-Work,  Agricultural  Boots,  Drain  Tiles,  &c.. 
Every  thing  in  my  line  of  business,  in  any  quantity. 

25  Packet.<i  nf  choice  Flower  Seeds  for  81.00,  hij  mail  ])osi-2)aid. 

SCOVILL'S  ROTARY  SUB-SOIL  ATTACHMENT  TO   COMMON   PLOUGHS, 

By  the  use  of  which  one-third  is  added  to  the  crop.     The  great  invention  of  the  age. 

1^??°  Ganleners  and  /dealers  tviU  d-o  ivell  to  favour  me  with  their  orders.     Liberal  advancements 
md'It  en  consitjument-i  of  domestic  seeds. 

GEO.  F.  NEEDHAIfl,  Buflfalo,  N.  Y.,   299  ITIain  Street. 


G.    D.    WIGHTMAN, 

156  Main  St.,  (Up-stairs,) 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

i    e  Book  Illustrations,  Dj-awiiig  and 
Eng^ravingr  Portraits,  Landscapes, 
Views  of  Hotels,  Stores,  Steam- 
boats, Machinery,  Societies' 
Seals,    Business   Cards, 

ORNAMENTAL  BILL  HEADS,  CERTIFICATES, 

LARHE    OR   SMALL, 

Show  Bills,  in  Colours,  Engraved  to  order. 

STEREOTYPES    OR    ELECTROTYPES    FURNISHED,    IF    REQUIRED. 

,  a  Distance  mvst  be  acamipanied  hy  Drawings  or  a  Dajjuerreotype  of  the  ohjectrequired^ 


CLARENDON, 

MAIN     STREET, 

BUFFALO,    N.  Y. 

E.  RICKCORDS,  Proprietor, 

H  V  TV  TV  V  T 

TEMPERANCE  HOUSE, 

85    MAIN    STREET, 

BUFFALO,   NEW  YORK. 

The  Subscriber,  having  leased  the  above 
house  for  a  term  of  years,  and  newly  fitted 
and  furnished  the  same,  is  prepared  to  ac- 
commodate all  who  may  favour  him  with  a 
call  on  the  most  reasonable  terms. 

This  house  is  conveniently  located,  being 
between  the  Eastern  and  Western  depots,  and 
convenient  to  the  Steamboat  landing.  Our 
beds  are  of  the  best  quality.  Rooms  airy 
and  light.     Terms,  $1.00  per  day. 

N.  B.  THORP,  Proprietor. 

McINTYRE^IOUSE, 

Terms^  %  1  per  Itay^ 

Cor.  Exchange  &  Beak  Sts., 

Ten  rods  from  the  Great  Union  Railroad  Depot, 
BUFFALO,   N.  Y. 

J.  L.  BATES,  Peop'b. 

WESTERN    H0TEL7~ 
Cor.  Pearl  Street  &  Terrace, 

BUFFALO,    N.   Y. 

D.  B.  HULL,  Pkop'r. 
Tfrwis,  $1.25  i>fr  day. 

L  o  V  E  J  o  vn-rou  s  F, 

ISAAC  K.  PUTMAN,  Prop'r, 
Cor.  Pearl  &  Terrace  Streets, 

Near  the  Depot  and  Steamboat  Landing, 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 
Board,    One    Dollar    per    Day- 

GAS  &  water! 

TJie  Undersigned,  hnving  purchased  the  Interest 
of  T.  S.  HAMPTON,  in  the  old  established 

GAS  FITTING  AND  PLUMBING  BUSINESS, 

ON  THE   (■ORNF.n  OF 

Pearl  &  Seneca  Streets,  Buffalo, 

Bes  leave  to  call  the  attcntitm  of  their  fricnils  and 
patrons,  ami  the  public  ecnrrally.  to  their  splenilul  assort- 
ment of  (Jas  Fixtnres,  ol'lhe  latest  ami  must  appniveil 
styles  and  paltf^rns.  which  tliey  will  s(Ul  at  twtnity  per 
cent,  lower  tlian  any  other  eslalilisliment  in  town. 

We  would  also  hen  leave  to  call  attention  to  our  supe- 
rior advantai^es  for  doimr  Plunibimr  work,  in  all  its 
branches.  Beinfr  practical  mechanics  ourselves,  and 
employim;  some  of  the  best  workmen  in  town,  we  will 
warrant  all  work  done  by  us  ONE  VKAR.  We  would 
most  respectfully  solicit  a  share  nf  public  patrcmago. 

DOLAN  &  SELPERT, 

(i>itccessors  to  T.  jS'.  Hampton.) 


F.    C.    HILL, 

MANUFACTURER   OF 

TIN,  COPPER  &  SHEET  IRONWARE. 


DEALER    I.N 


Stoves,  Hollow  and  Britannia  Ware, 

CISTERN-PUMPS,  &c. 

AGENT  FOR 

Hot-Water,  IIot-Air,  k  Ventilating  Furnaces, 

Portahle  Ftirnnces,  TFedenhurg  Heaters,  Furnace 
Registers,  Ventilators,  Cooking  Ranges,  <&c. 
Parlicul.ir  atteution  paid  to  Warmuis  and  Ventilating 
Private  and  Public  BnildinRs.     Galvanized  Gutters,  Cor- 
nices, and  all  kinds  of  Job  work  made  to  order. 

OPPOSITE   THE   CHURCHES, 

Biiflfalo,  New  York. 

HART,  BALL  &,  HART, 

MANUFACTURERS   OF  PLUMBERS'  GOODS, 

Hot-Air  &  Hot-Water  Furnaces, 
257  Main  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

HARDIKER   &  TOY^ 

PLUMBERS,GAS&  STEAM  FITTERS, 

Furnaces  built  and  repaired,  Tin,  Copper,  and 
Shset  Iron  Work.     All  work  warranted, 

CORNER    EAGLE    AND    MAIN    STREETS, 

Under  St.  James's  Hotel, 

BUFFALO,    N.    Y. 

BANKING  HOUSE 

OF 

MANCHESTER  &  RICH, 

Cor.  Main  &  Seneca  Sts., 

BROWN'S  BUILDINGS,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

Stocks,  Bonds,  City  and  Countp  Orders,  Notes, 
Land  Warrants,  and  other  securities  negotiated. 

Drafts  for  sale  on  the  principal  Cities  of  the 
United  States  and  Europe. 

Correspondents. 

London — The  General  Bank  of  Switzerland. 
Paris — The  General  Bank  of  Switzerland. 
Duhlin — Messrs.  David  La  Touche  &  Co. 
Belfast— 'Slv.  Hei-bert  Dale. 

BEN.   D.   PARKINSON.  LT.   W.   S.   SMITH. 

PARKINSON  &  SMITH, 
CIVIL   &   SUBMARINE   ENGINEERS, 

No.  7  Brown's  Buildings,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

We  hold  ourselves  in  re:idiness  at  all  times  to  pive  im- 
mediate attention  to  all  kinds  of  Railroad  and  Canal  En- 
ffineeriii?,  and  to  the  removal  of  sunken  vessels  and  rocks 
hy  tlie  latest  and  most  approved  methods. 


CHARLES  W.  EVANS, 
Storage,  Produce,  &  Coal  Merchant, 

Grain  Elevator,  and  Warehouses  on  the 
Evan^s  Ship  Canal, 

BUFFALO,   N.  Y. 

Attention  iriven  tn  the  pnirhase  and  shipment  of  eraiii, 
and  to  keepmi;  dilferent  ()iialiti('S  thercot  sep.arate  ;  and 
to  the  dryiiiK  of  wet  or  damp  frrain  ;  also  to  screoiihig  and 
cleanms  gram. 


PICKERING    &,    OTTO, 

Shipping,  Insurance  &  General  Commission  Agents, 

Brokers  for  the  Purchase  and  Sale  of  Bonds  and  Mortgages,  Stocks,  Land  Warrants,  and  Real 
Estate,  in  this  and  in  all  the  Western  States.  Houses  rented,  Money  securely  invested,  Loans, 
and  Foreign  and  Domestic  Exchange  negotiated.     Gold  and  Silver  bought  and  sold. 

Remittances  made  to  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

Agents  for  the  "Glasgow  and  New  York  Steamship  Company." 

Collections  made  throughout  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas.  All  business  entrusted  to 
our  care  shall  receive  prompt  attention. 

EDGAR  P.  PICKERING  &  JOHN  OTTO,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

REFERENCES  : 


JASPER  CORNING  &  SON,  Bankers,  New  York. 
EDWARD    CORNING  &   CO..   Importers,  New  York. 
THOS.   OTIS  LEROY  &  CO.,  Merchants.  New  York. 
ANDREW  J.   RICH,  President  Bank  of  Attica,  Buffalo. 


JOHN  S.  GANSON,  Pres.  New  York  &  Erie  Bk.  Buffalo. 
JOHN  L.  KIMBERLY,  Pres.  Buffalo  City  Bk.,  Buffalo. 
H.  HOWARD,  Esq.,  Sec'y  Buffalo  Savings  Bk.,  Buffalo. 
ROBINSON   &  CO.,  Bankers,  Buffalo. 


THE  BUFFALO  DAILY  REPUBLIC  &  TIMES 

PRINTING    ESTABLISHMENT 

Invite  the  attention  of  Railroad  Superintendents,  Steamboat  and  Vessel  Owners,  Express 
Companies,  Forwarders,  Bankers,  Lawyers,  Mechanics,  Business  Men,  to  the  facilities  offered 
in  the  line  of  Printing,  Ruling,  Binding,  and  every  thing  pertaining  to  the  Printing  and  Pub- 
lishing business.     It  has  one  of  the 

LARGEST   JOB    OFFICES 

In  the  State,  superintended  by  competent  mechanics,  and  is  enabled  to  execute  all  manner  of 

PLAIN,     FAl^CY,     &    ORNAMENTAL,    PRINTING, 

Railroad  Circulars,  Cards,  Posters,  Coupon  and  Local  Tickets,  Trip  Sheets,  Embellished  and 
Embossed  Show  Bills,  Programmes,  Bills  of  Fare,  and  all  and  every  manner  of  Printing,  in  a 
style  equal  to  any  establishment  in  the  State. 

The  Daily  "  Republic  and  Times,"  is  published  at  the  same  oflBce,  and  delivered  to  mail  sub- 
scribers, at  Six  Dollars  per  year,  (24«.  stg.)  payment  in  advance. 

C.  C.  BRISTOL,  Editor  and  Manager, 
BepuMc  Buildings,  182  Washington  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

A.  M.  CLAPP    &   CO.,  PUBLISHERS    &    PROPRIETORS 

Of  the  following  leading  Newspapers  in  Western  New  York  : 

BUFFALO  MORNINO  EXPRESS; 

Daily,  at  $6.00  per  annum.     Having  the  largest  circulation  of  any  Daily  West  of  New  York, 
it  offers  the  best  medium  for  advertising  of  any  Paper  in  the  city. 

BUFFALO    TRI-WEEKLY     EXPRESS; 

$3.00  per  annum.  Gives  all  the  Reading  matter  of  the  Daily,  and  has  a  large  country  circula- 
tion.   All  New  Advertisei7ienti  puhlislied  in  the  iJaily  are  inserted  in  the  Tri-  Weekly  without  charge. 

BXJFF-A.LO     'WEEKIL'Y     EXII^PIESS, 

$1.00  per  annum.  This  Paper  has  a  very  large  and  increasing  circulation  in  this  and  adjoin- 
ing counties,  and  in  the  Western  States. 

TH]E        BXJF'F'u^LO       OOUPtlEPt, 

JAMES   H.   SANDFORD,  Proprietor, 

Office,  192  Washington  St.,  Buflfalo,  N.  Y. 

The  Daily  Courier,  .     .     $6.00  per  annum,  in  advance. 
The  Tri-  Weekly  Courier,  $3.00  " 

The  Weekly  Courier,    .     $1.00  " 

There  is  connected  with  the  Publishing  Office,  an  extensive  BOOK  AND 
JOB  PBI1^TI]¥G  OFFICE.  All  orders  addressed  to  the  Proprietor 
will  receive  immediate  attention. 

JAMES  H.   SANDFORD,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


PORTLAND,    MAINE.  91 

CITY  OF  PORTLAND,  (MAINE.) 

[Distant  from  Montreal,  292 ;  Boston,  107  ;  Quebec,  316 ;  Toronto,  625  miles.] 

DuEiNG  the  winter  season,  when  the  ice  in  the  St.  Lawrence  prevents  access  to  Quebec 
and  Montreal,  via  that  route,  Portland  then  forms  the  link  in  the  chain  of  communication 
between  Great  Britain  and  Canada  for  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  as  at  Portland  passen- 
gers and  cargo  are  landed,  and  forwarded,  per  rail,  to  their  destination. 

It  having  been  decided  that  the  Great  Eastern  Steamship  will  sail  between  Portland  and 
England,  we  annex  the  following  particulars  which  may  prove  interesting: — 

Portland — although  not  the  capital — is  the  principal  town  in  the  State  of  Maine — the 
most  easterly  State  in  the  Union,  and  adjoining  the  British  Possessions.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  upon  a  peninsula,  rising  at  the  northern  and  southern  extremities  into  eminences 
about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  surrounded  by  Casco  Bay,  which  forms  a 
natural,  safe,  and  spacious  harbour  for  the  largest  shipping,  completely  land-locked,  except 
at  the  entrance,  which  has  been  "  scooped  out  by  the  hand  of  the  Almighty,"  but  is  only 
defended  by  two  artificial  fortifications,  called  Preble  and  Scammel.  Promenades  150  feet 
in  width,  two  for  walking,  and  another  for  riding,  run  round  the  extremities  of  JMount  Joy 
and  Bramhall  Hill,  furnishing  splendid  opportunities  for  "  constitutionals"  as  well  as  mag- 
nificent views,  especially  from  the  Observatory  of  the  town,  harbour,  shipping,  islands,  and 
surrounding  country — on  the  one  hand,  stretching  right  away  towards  the  blue  peaks  of  the 
"White  Mountains  in  the  west,  and  carrying  the  eye  of  the  spectator  right  onwards  into  the 
azure  depths  of  the  blue  sea  of  immensity  in  the  east.  When  we  state  that  24  churches  and 
16  schools,  in  addition  to  numerous  edifices  belonging  to  public  associations  and  private 
parties,  have  been  erected  in  the  town,  the  tourist  must  be  prepared  to  anticipate  no  ordin- 
ary amount  of  architectural  decoration,  most  prominent  amongst  which,  is  a  magnificent, 
marble-fronted  hotel  in  course  of  erection ;  the  post-office,  constructed  of  blue  granite,  and 
several  other  elegant  structures.  The  wharfage  is  extensive  and  commodious.  The  Mon- 
treal Ocean  Steamship  Company's  vessels,  as  well  as  others  bound  in  a  northerly  and  south- 
erly direction,  are  easily  found,  during  the  winter,  at  their  respective  wharves.  The  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  Depot  stands  convenient  for  the  reception  and  transportation  both  of  pas- 
sengers and  freight  to  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  while  another  line  of  railroad  carries  the 
traffic  southwards  to  Boston  and  New  York.  Wharves  have  already  been  appropriated  to 
the  "  Leviathan,"  or,  as  it  has  been  lately  designated,  the  "  Great  Eastern,"  which  is  ex- 
pected to  sail  between  some  port  in  England  and  Portland,  and  the  arrival  of  which  will 
undoubtedly  constitute  an  epoch  in  commercial  enterprise.  The  population  of  Portland  lias 
nearly  doubled  itself  within  the  last  thirty  years ;  consequently,  the  number  of  deaths,  which 
was  only  1  in  70  fifteen  years  ago,  has  increased  to  1  in  44 — a  fact  which  is  generally  at- 
tributed to  the  great  influx  of  foreigners  since  the  establishment  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way ;  for  the  site  of  a  town  more  conducive  to  the  health  of  its  inhabitants  could  scarcely 
be  found  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Continent,  in  evidence  of  which,  we  must  not 
omit  to  add  that  it  forms  most  suitable  sea-bathing  quarters  (access  to  which  may  be  had  at 
a  reduction  of  fare  by  the  G.  T.  R.)  in  summer,  to  Americans  as  well  as  Canadians,  who  can 
extend  their  trip  with  the  greatest  facility  to  Lake  Champlain,  the  White  Mountains,  etc. 
Population  28,000.     Fare  to  Boston,  $2.50  (10s.  stg.);  to  Montreal,  $6  (24s.  stg.). 


92 


DETROIT,    MICHIGAN. 


CITY  OF  DETROIT,  (MICHIGAN.) 

[Distant  from  Quebec,  724 ;  New  York,  680 ;  Suspension  Bridge,  229  j  MUwaokee,  232 ;  Chioago,  284  miles.] 

"  Detroit,  a  flourishing  city  and  port  of  entry  of  the  State  of  Michi<ian,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Wayne  County,  on  Detroit  River,  18  miles  above  the  head  of  Lake  Erie.  It  is 
beautifully 'situated  on  the  "W.  bank  of  the  river,  which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  wide, 
and  forms  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  United  States.  The  part  of  the  city  contigu- 
ous to  the  river  is  built  on  a  rectangular  plan,  extending  1200  feet  back  from  the  shore ; 
the  space  beyond  this  is  divided  into  triangiilar  sections  by  a  numV>er  of  avenues,  which 
converge  to  an  open  area  called  the  Grand  Circus.  These  avenues  vary  in  width  from  120 
to  200  feet.  The  principal  buildings  and  public  offices  are  situated  on  Jefferson  and  "Wood- 
ward avenues.  The  city  is  adorned  with  several  public  squares,  one  of  which  is  named 
the  Campus  Martins.  Jefferson  avenue,  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the  city,  is  well  paved, 
with  brick  and  stone  sidewalks.  "\\  oodward  avenue,  crossing  the  first  at  right  angles, 
is  the  principal  business  street.  Congress  street  is  also  distingui>-hed  for  its  fine  apy.ear- 
ance.  Among  the  remarkable  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the  old  State  House,  a  commodi- 
ous brick  building,  90  feet  by  60,  with  a  dome  and  steeple  140  feet  high,  which  commands 
an  extensive  view,  embracing  the  city  "with  its  environs.  Lake  St.  Clair  and  the, Canadian 
shore;  the  City  Hall,  which  is  a  brick'building  100  feet  by  50,  and  the  Bank  of  Michigan, 
a  substantial  structure  of  stone,  in  the  Grecian  style,  which  cost  a1  out  ^-lO.OOO.  Detroit 
has  a  well-organized  system  of  public  schools.  It  contains  23  churches,  4  1  anks,  a  muse- 
um, theatre,  and  two  orphan  asylums.  The  railroad  company  have  a  large  1  rick  fieight 
house,  about  600  feet  lomj  by  100  feet  wide.  Ten  or  eleven  newspapers  are  published  in 
Detroit,  three  of  them  daily,'  and  the  others  tri-weekly,  or  weekly.  Tiie  city  is  lighted 
with  gas,  and  also  supplied'with  water  of  the  purest  quality  from  Detroit  River. 

"Detroit  is  admirably  situated  for  commerce,  and  its  importance  is  greatly  enhanced  by 
its  intimate  and  extensive  relations  with  a  region  towards  which  a  prodigious  tide  of  emi- 
gration is  flowin£j.  By  its  position  on  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  by  means  of  the  con- 
necting rivers  and  canals,  it  has  a  ready  communication  with  the  principal  centres  of  trade. 

"Tire  manufactures  of  the  city  are  extensive  and  important,  consisting  of  steam-engines 
and  various  other  kinds  of  machinery,  mill-irons,  stoves,  ploughs,  cabinet  ware,  <fec. 
Brewing  and  tanning  are  also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  At  the  different  steam 
saw  mills  here  in  operation,  about  10,000,000  feet  of  lumVier  are  annually  turned  out. 

"  The  trade  of  Detroit  is  immense.     Population  about  60,000." 


J.  B.  NICHOLS. 


EDW.   LE  FAVOUR. 


NICHOLS  &  LEFAYOUR, 

Manufacturers  &  Dealers  in 

BOOTS    &    SHOES, 

166  JEFFERSON  AVENUE, 

4th  Door  West  of  Woodward,  Detroit,  Blich. 

OLIYER   BOUKKE, 

Importer  of 

TEAS,    COFFEES,    SEGARS, 
BrandieS)  Wines  &  LiquorS) 

132    JEFFERSON   AVENUE, 

•       WM.  T.  WHEELER  &  CO., 
Commission   Merchants. 

stone  and  Glass  Ware  at  wliolesale.  Yellow  Ware  in 
orieinal  packases.  Also,  Aients  for  Knapp's  Patent  and 
Kerosine  Lamps.  Kfrosint  and  Carbon  Oils.  4cr. 

96  JEFFERSON   AVENUE, 

DETROIT,  MICH. 

B.   G.   STIMSON, 

PRODUCE,  COMMISSION  &  SHIPPING 

Warehouse  on  Dock  foot  of  Bates  St., 

DETROIT,   MICH. 

Liberal  Advances  made  on  produce  for  Sale  in  this  or 
!   Eastern  Markets. 


BIDDLE  HOUSE, 

COR.    OF    JEFFERSON    AVENUE, 

AND    RANDOLPH    STREET, 

By    ORVILLE    B.    DIBBLE    &    SON. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

WESTERN    HOTEL, 

178  &  182  WOODBRIDGE  STREET, 

Cor.  of  Third  at  Michisan  Central  R.  Depot. 
ALEX-llV'DER    LEADBEATER,   Proprietor. 

This  old-established  Hotel  is  immediately  near  the 
Steamboat  Landing^s.  It  is  furnished  with  all  accommo- 
dations necessary  to  the  comfort  of  the  traveller.  Tliere 
is  no  better  stabling  than  that  in  connection  with  this 
Hotel.  All  the  city  omnibuses  and  stage  coaches  call 
daily  for  passengers.  The  porters  of  this  house  will  al- 
ways be  found  attentive  and  trustworthy. 


FKAN^CIS  CRAWFOED, 

LAND  AND    TAX  AGENT, 

Office  over  168  Jefferson  Av.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Will  buy  and  sell  Lands,  City  Lots,  Copper  Stocks,  Pay 
Taxes,  Examine  Titles,  Loan  Money,  &c.  Particular  at- 
tention paid  to  Buying  and  Selling  Copper  Stocks  of  Com- 
panies located  in  Detroit,  and  of  Wild  Lands  throughout 
the  State,  and  will  dp  a  General  Commission  and  Collect- 
ing Business. 

DETROIT    WIRE    WORKS, 

103  IrVoodM'ard  Avenue. 

WILLIAM  SNOW,  Manufacturer  and  Dealer  in  Brass 
and  Iron  Wire  Cloth,  French  Burr  Mill  Stones,  Dutch 
Anchor  Bolting  Cloths,  Copper.  Brass,  Steel  and  Iron 
Wire,  Riddles,  Sieves,  Wood  and  Tin  Cages,  Sand  Screens 
and  Cheese  Safes.  Window  Guards  and  Wire  Work  of  all 
descriptions,  made  to  order. 


DAVID    PRESTON    &   CO.,   BANKERS   &    BROKERS, 

1S7    JErrEPtsonsr    -A."VEKrcrE,    detpioit,   i^ich. 

EstabUihta^  ^Jlay,  1852.     Office  Hours  from  8  »#.  .W.  to  5  JP,  M. 

All  classes  of  Bank  Notes.  American  and  Foreign  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  purchased  at  our  quoted  rates. 
COLLECTIONS.— We  are  prepared  to  make  collections  in  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Canadas, 
at  best  rates.  

THE  U.  S.  bank-note  AND  COMMEKCIAL  KEPORTEB, 

Is  published  semi-monthly  by  David  Preston  Si  Co.,  at  ONE  DOLLAR  per  year,  in  advance,  Coin  Chart  included. 

Established  in  June,  1§35. 

Detroit  Daily,  Weekly  8l  Semi-Weekly 
212    JEFFERSON    AVENUE,  DETROIT,  MICH. 

THE    OLDEST    .\XD    LAIUiEST 

PRINTING     ESTABLISHMENT 

IN    THE     NORTH-WEST. 

EVERY    VABIETY    OF 

BOOK     AND     JOB     PRINTING 
Done    on   the   Shortest   .Notice. 

T  :e:  Ti,  IS/L  S  : 

Daily  Advertiser,  to  Mail  Suhscribers, $G. 00  per  annum. 

Daily  Advertiser,  to  City  Subscribers,  12ic.  per  week,  or    6.00    "        " 

Semi-  WeeMy  Advertiser, 2.00    "         " 

WeeMy  Advertiser, 1.00    "         " 


AKERS  &  WARNER, 
Produce    Commission    Merchants, 

161  KENZIE  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


MUNJSr,  SCOTT  &  CO., 
Commission    Merchants 

AND  GRAIN  ELEVATORS, 
280  loafer  Street,  Chicag:o,  III. 

W.  W.  McLEAN  &,  CO., 

PRODUCE  AND  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 

234  SOUTH  WATER  STREET, 
Chicago,  111, 
Particular  attention  given  to  the  purchase  of  Grain, 
Flour,  &c. 

REFER   TO 

Messrs.  Gray  &  Glassell,  New  York. 

"       Harvev,  Scudder  &  Co.,  Boston. 

"       Gibbs,"Griffin  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

"        Munger  &  Armour,  Chicago,  111. 

"       Cannon  &  Matthews,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

"       Buchanan,  Jolins  &  Church,  Davenport,  Iowa. 
J.  J.  Newcomb,  Boston. 
AVm.  St.  John,  Muscatine,  Iowa. 
H.  G.  Vickery,  Esq.,  (firm  Jos.  Carson  &  Co.)  Bait.,  Md. 
E.  K.  Rodgers,  Esq.,  Chicago,  111. 
H.  W.  Zimmerman,  Esq.,  Chicago,  111. 

R.    McCHESNEY, 

I>I^03DXJCE 

Commission  Merchant, 

184  SOUTH  WATER  STREET, 
(in  steel's  block,) 

CHICAGO,   ILL., 

Will  give  personal  attention  to  the  purchase  and 
shipment  of  all  kinds  of  Produce.  AVill  also  attend 
to  procuring  Freight  for  Vessels. 

Cash  advances  made  on  produce  for  sale  in  Eastern 
Markets. 

GEO.  STEEL  &  CO^ 

General  Commission  Merchants, 

PROVISION    CORNERS, 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 


Itefer  to 

Messrs.  Geo.  Smith  &  Co.,  Bankers,  Chicago,  III. 

"       Richard  Irvin  &  Co.,  New  York. 
Hon.  John  Young,  Montreal. 

BLACK   BALL  LINE, 

LIVERPOOL    PACKETS. 

MASOiST     &     CO.,    Agents, 

Sell  Sight  Drafts  on 

ENGLAND,  IRELAND, 
AND     SCOTLAIVD, 

And  Passage  Tickets  from  Liverjiool  to  Chicago. 

OFFICE, 

150  SOUTH  WATER   ST.,  CHICAGO. 


A.  T.  SHERMAN  &  CO., 
BANKERS  &  EXCHANGE  BROKERS, 

46  CLARK  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

WM.   C.    &  SAML.   J.   KIMBALL, 

FLOUR    MERCHANTS, 
191   South   Water   St.,   Chicago,  111. 

ALONZO  RICHMOND, 

182  South  Water  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
E-    a-.    H^A^IiL    Sa    OO., 

IRON,  NAILS,  STEEL,  k  HEAVY  HARDWARE, 

WASHINGTON   STREET, 

(Bet.  Wells  &  Franklin,) 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 


CHARLES  STARRETT, 
PATENT    RIGHT    OFFICE, 

311  «fe  213  South  Water  Street, 

CHIC.\GO,    ILLINOIS. 


GEO.  A.  PRINCE  &  CO., 

Manufacturers  of  the 
I'.A.TElNrT    I^ELODEOnsr, 

110  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111.  ;  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  and 
New  York  City. 

BARKER    HOUSE, 

(formerly   DOTy's   HOTEL,) 

Capt.  CHAS.  W.  BARKER,  Prop'r, 

80  RANDOLPH  STREET, 

(Bet.  State  &  Dearborn,) 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 

This  House,  having  been  newly  fitted  up  and  fur- 
nished, is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  Guests. 
Being  centrally  located,  the  Proprietor  hopes,  by 
every  attention  being  shown  to  Guests,  to  receive 
from  the  public  his  share  of  patronage. 

Board,  $1.50  per  Day. 

POST-OFFICE    BOX,  4464. 

THOMAS   p.  JACK, 

ENaLISH    HOTEL, 

201  Kenzie  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


A.  WRIGHT  TURNER, 

Sole  Agent  for 
NEW  YORK  OIL  COMPANY, 

Manufacturers  of 

LUBRICATING    &    LARD    OIL 

For  all  kind  of  Machinery.  Warranted  not  to  con- 
geal in  cold  weather.  Also,  Dealers  in  Sperm,  Whale, 
Fish,  Linseed  &  Tanners'  Oil,  4S  Water  Street,  N.  Y. 

Office,  No.  241  South  "Water  Street, 

(Corner  Franklin  Street,) 
CHICAGO,     ILLINOIS. 


rf. 


I-* 


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CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS.  93 


CITY  OF  CHICAGO,  (ILLINOIS.) 

Pistant  from  St.  Paul,  468 ;  New  York,  955 ;  Montreal,  839  ;  Milwaukee,  85  miles.] 

Previous  to  1831,  this  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  north-west,  was  a  mere  trad- 
ing post  amidst  the  wigwams  of  the  Indians,  since  which  time  it  has  reached  a  population 
of  upwards  of  130,000,  having  doubled  itself  every  4  years.  The  city  is  situated  on  the 
south-western  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  intersected  into  8  divisions,  by  the  River  Chi- 
cago, up  which  trading  vessels  ascend  for  nearly  5  miles. 

To  its  central  position,  with  the  most  extensive  means  of  communication  by  land  and 
water — having  been  continued  all  the  waj-  to  Liverpool,  (Eng.,)  without  transhipment,  via 
the  Welland  Canal  and  River  St.  Lawrence — may  be  attributed  one  great  cause  for  its 
rapid  rise  and  progress. 

The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands  is  an  extremely  level  plain,  sufficiently  elevated  to 
prevent  inundation,  and  extending  many  miles  towards  the  south  and  west.  The  adjacent 
country  consists  of  beautiful  and  fei-tile  prairies,  interspersed  with  groves,  and  diversified 
by  gentle  slopes.     From  a  recent  published  account  of  this  city  we  quote : — 

"  The  city  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  with  streets  extending  nearly  north  and  south, 
and  east  and  west.  The  sliore  of  the  lake,  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  city,  are  occupied 
with  the  finest  residences,  but  the  principal  business  is  transacted  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river,  the  banks  of  the  south  branch  being  lined  with  docks  and  large  warehouses.  Many 
of  the  streets  are  paved  with  planks  and  lighted  with  gas.  Micliigan  avenue,  which  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  beautiful  street  in  the  city,  extends  along  tlie  shore  of  the  lake,  and  is 
bordered  with  shade-trees.  Next  to,  and  parallel  with  this,  is  Wabash  avenue,  adorned 
with  double  rows  of  trees. 

"  The  most  remarkable  public  buildings  are  the  new  Court  House,  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  tlie  Medical  College,  and  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church.  The 
Court  House  is  a  splendid  edifice  of  Loekport  limestone,  having  a  prison  on  the  first  floor, 
the  county  offices  on  the  second,  and  a  court  room  and  town  hall  on  the  third,  with  a  cu- 
pola and  roof  of  galvanized  iron.  The  Marine  Hospital  is  a  spacious  and  handsome  build- 
ing, of  Milwaukee  brick.  The  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Wabash  and 
Washington  streets,  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  a  steeple  about  200  feet  high,  is  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  edifice  of  its  class  west  of  New  York.  It  is  built  of  a  kind  of  pitchy  stone, 
in  which  black  and  white  are  mingled,  and  presents  a  singular  and  striking  appearance. 
Chicago  contains  several  banks,  and  about  30  printing  offices,  from  which  numerous  daily 
and  weekly  journals  are  issued.  The  public  schools  are  well  organized,  and  are  accommo- 
dated with  excellent  buildings." 

Regarding  the  population  and  valuation  of  property  in  the  city,  during  the  last  5  years, 
we  annex  the  following  table : — 

POPULATION    AND    VALUATION    OF   CinCAGO. 

Real  Estate,  Personal  Property, 

Years                            .  Valuation  of.  Valuation  of.  Total. 

1853 60,6.52  13,130,677  3,711,154  16,841,831 

1854 65,872  18,790,744  5,401,495  24,394,239 

185.5 83,509  21,901,204  5,521,000  27,422,204 

18.56 110,000  25,771,181  5,717,959  31,489,140 

1857 130,000  29,013,196  7,243,053  36,256,249 

To  quote  from  a  writer  on  the  commercial  progress  of  Chicago : — 

"  The  influence  of  railroads  upon  the  development  of  business,  has  been  direct  and  im- 
portant. The  amount  of  money  expended  in  Illinois,  and  the  neighbouring  States,  has 
been  about  $180,000,000,  the  disbursement  of  which  has  aided  in  settling,  stocking,  and 
working  a  vast  extent  of  country,  the  products  of  which  are  carried  over  these  roads,  more 
or  less  directly,  to  Chicago. 

"  There  has  been  put  in  operation  1,500  miles  of  roads,  which  have  extended  the  area  of 
country  that  pours  its  wealth  into  Chicago.  The  pi'ojected  connections  of  these  roads  ex- 
tend over  four  thousand  miles  more,  making  8,000,  and  their  ultimate  ramifications  em- 


94  CHICAGO. 

brace  every  section  of  the  Union.     Every  extension  of  railroads  forms  a  centre,  embracing 

the  breadth  of  land  which  feeds  that  centre,  as  the  square  of  the  distance 

From  every  point  of  the  compass  these  lengthening  roads  run  from  Chicago  over  the  most 
fertile  country.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  Chicago  is  the  gi-eatest  grain 
depot  in  the  world." 

In  the  year  1838,  only  78  bushels  of  wheat  was  exported  from  Chicago.     The  following 
table  will  give  some  idea  of  its  extent  during  the  last  5  years : — 

SHIPMENTS    OF   GRAIN   FROM   CHICAGO   FOR   FIVE   YEARS. 


Wheat. 

Com, 

Oats, 

Barley, 

bushels. 

Eye. 

Total, 

Years. 

bushels. 

bushels. 

bushels. 

bushels. 

bushels. 

1853  . . . 

1,680,998 

2,780,253 

1,748,493 

120,275 

82,162 

6,412,181 

1854  . . . 

2,644,860 

6,837,899 

3,239,987 

148,421 

41,153 

12,932,320 

1855  . . . 

7,115,270 

7,517,678 

1,888,533 

92,032 

20,132 

16,6.33,700 

1856  . . . 

9,419,365 

11,129,668 

1,014,547 

19,051 

590 

21,583,221 

1857  . . . 

.       10,783,292 

6,814,615 

416,778 

17,993 



18,032,678 

Regarding  the  prices  of  grain  and  flour  for  the  same  periods,  we  find  them  to  be  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Years. 

1853 

1854 

AVERAGE   PRICES 

Winter 

Wheat, 

Per  Bushel.  1 

0  85 

1  30i 

OF   GRAIN 

Spring 
Wheat, 
Per  Bushel. 

0  60 

1  09 
1  31 
1  05i 
0  93 

AND   FLOUR. 

Com. 
Flour  per  Barrel.  Per  Bushel. 

3  75    a    5  25          0  47 

6  98    a    7  48          0  48^ 

7  12i  a    8  14i        0  62 

4  91    a    6  26          0  36 

5  05i        0  53 

Oats. 
Per  Bushel. 
0  33 
0  30 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1  55 

1  27i 

1  17i 

0  33J 
0  2.8i 
0  39i 

"With  the  year  ISS^  commenced  not  only  a  marked  revival  in  the  foreign  trade  for 
grain,  mostly  wheat,  but  a  large  expenditure  of  money,  amounting  since  to  $180,000,000 
for  the  construction  of  those  railroads  which  have  drained  the  surrounding  grain  country 
into  Chicago,  and  have  also  aided  its  sales.  In  Chicago,  during  the  last  five  years  ending 
with  1850,  when  there  were  no  railroads  to  bring  wheat  into  the  city,  wheat  averaged  75 
cents  per  bushel.  In  the  last  five  years  it  has  averaged  $1.23  per  bushel.  Corn  has  aver- 
aged 50  cents,  against  33  cents  at  former  periods.  The  effect  of  these  prices  has  been  the 
immense  increase  in  the  grain  supplies,  particularly  corn.  The  $180,000,000  which  has 
been  spent  in  the  last-named  period  for  the  construction  of  railroads  has,  to  a  large  extent, 
become  capital  in  the  hands  of  cultivators  who  have  produced  the  grain.  The  value  of 
the  wheat  and  corn  brought  to  market  at  these  two  periods  was  as  follows : — 


-Fire  years  to  1851. >         , Five  years  to  1858.- 


Bushels.  Price.  Value.  Bushels.  Price.  Value. 

Wheat 9,703,611        75      $7,278,709      31,643,785      $123    $.39,554,731 

Corn 1,524,936        33  508,212      35,080,113  50       17,540,056 

Total 11,228,247         ..       $7,786,921      67,72.3,808  ..     $57,094,787 

"  Thus  the  value  of  these  two  grains  alone,  received  at  Chicago,  has  been  equal  to  an  in- 
crease of  nearly  $50,000,000,  or  $10,000,000  per  annum.  This  trade  has  been  developed 
during  the  season  of  high  prices  abroad,  and  while  the  railroads  have  not  operated  fully. 
The  corn  has  been  received  one-half  by  the  canal,  and  the  remainder  by  the  raih-oads 
The  wheat  has  come  to  hand  nearly  altogether  by  railroads.  The  teams  in  the  last  year 
brought  in  about  200,000  bushels,  and  the  canal  880,000  bushels,  together  10  per  cent  of 
the  whole. 

"  It  is  obvious  that  the  business  of  Chicago  has  been  based  on  a  solid  foundation ;  that 
the  natural  products  of  an  area  of  at  least  200  miles  diameter,  intersected  at  every 
point  by  railroads,  has  been  drawn  into  her  warehouses,  and  the  fast-settling  country 
has  required  merchandise  in  return.  The  operations  for  a  moment  has  encountered  a 
check,  but  cannot  be  lasting.  Prices  of  grain  may  decline  for  the  moment,  but  the  general 
trade  cannot  but  increase.     The  whole  machinery  is  now  in  operation.    If  railroad  expen- 


CHICAGO.  95 

diture  is  less,  the  attractions  of  the  land  are  greater,  and  vast  tracts  still  invite  settlers  to 
add  to  the  future  resources  of  Chicago. 

"  At  this  moment,  the  machinery  of  production  and  transportation,  in  and  around  Chi- 
cago, indicates  that  it  is  just  now  entering  upon  its  career.  The  prices  for  grain  for  the 
moment  are  dull,  owing  to  good  harvests  abroad,  but  the  Western  country  can  now  sell 
and  deliver  cheaper  than  ever.  The  railroad  expenditure  is  to  be  run  down  for  the  present ; 
but  it  follows  that  the  local  demand  for  food  is  also  less  in  proportion  ;  that  while  the  whole 
industry  of  the  section  is  turned  to  production,  it  depends  upon  the  foreign  market  only  for 
the  sale  of  its  surplus.  The  earnings  of  the  railroads  indicate  the  immense  development 
of  business  they  have  occasioned." 

The  number  of  vessels  which  arrived  at  Chicago  during  1857  was  7,557,  with  a  tonnage 
of  1,753,413. 

"  Chicago,  as  a  lumber  market,  has  for  many  years  stood  pre-eminent.  Its  rise  and  pro- 
gress is  only  equalled  by  the  rapid  development  of  the  city  as  a  centre  of  the  territory 
west  of  the  great  lakes;  and,  in  importance,  this  branch  of  its  commerce  is  second  perhaps 
to  no  other.  The  river  banks  are  lined  for  miles  and  miles  with  the  immense  piles  of  lum- 
ber which  is  shipped  to  Chicago  from  the  pineries  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Canada, 
and  it  is  perhaps  the  best  criterion  that  could  be  adopted  to  comprehend  the  magnitude  of 
the  trade.  The  capital  invested  in  the  lumber  business  is  immense.  Not  to  speak  of  the 
property  owned  by  merchants  in  mills  and  woodlands,  the  wealth  which  is  invested  in 
stock,  in  docks,  and  in  real  estate  in  that  city,  cannot  be  less  than  ten  or  a  dozen  million 
dollars.  The  fleet  of  lumber  vessels  alone  did  not  cost  less  than  a  million  and  a  half  of 
dollars;  and  the  number  of  hands  employed  in  the  business,  one  way  and  another,  cannot 
fall  short  of  ten  thousand. 

"  With  these  leading  features  of  the  large  commerce  which  is  carried  on  in  Chicago,  in 
receiving  the  produce  of  the  fast-settling  prairies,  and  supplj-ing  them  with  lumber  and 
goods,  a  large  manufacturing  business  has  grown  up  in  the  city.  The  capital  and  hands 
employed  are  as  follows : — 

MANUFACTURBS   OF   CmCAGO. 

Value  of 

Capital.  Hands.              Manufactures. 

Iron  works,  steam-engines,  &c §1,763,000  2,866  §3,887,084: 

Stoves 185,000  70  238,000 

Agricultural  implements 597,000  675  1,134,300 

Brass  and  tin  ware,  &c 257,000  351  471,000 

Carriages,  wagons,  &c 806,000  881  948,160 

High  wines,  beer,  ale,  &c 497,000  165  1,150,320 

Soap,  candles,  lard,  &c 296,000  100  528,021 

Furniture 354,000  504  543,000 

Stone,  marble,  &c 617,950  843  896,775 

Planing  mills,  sashes,  doors,  &c 445,000  554  1,092,397 

MusicaT  instruments 13,200  31  37,000 

Leather 832,000  126  432,000 

Barrels,  wooden  ware,  <fcc 178,700  171  857,250 

Bi-ick                                                     300,000  500  712,000 

Flour 325,000  73  636,569 

Chemicals 15,000  15  32,000 

Harness,  saddles,  &c 82,900  220  2. 1,000 

Sheet  and  bar  lead 25,000  75  100,000 

Glue  and  neat's-foot  oil 20,000  15  25,000 

Starch  (estimated) 15,000  25  75,000 

Daguerreotvpes,  ambrotvpes 75,000  75  100,000 

En^raving,'&c ." 11,000  30  29,500 

Ci<?ars         S,000  26  16,800 

Wiiitelead 50,000  10  7,200 

Tvpes,  &c 20  ^  ••• 
Bbots,  shoes,  clothing,  Aothermanuf's,  est.  500,000  1,7.50  750,000 
Miscellaneous  (reported) 439,700  502  1,044,697 

Total       §7,759,400         10,573  $15,515,063 

£1,551,880  stg.  £3,103,012  stg. 


96  MILWAUKEE,   STATE   OF  WISCONSIN. 


CITY   OF   MILWAUKEE,  (WISCONSIN.) 

[Distant  from  Montreal,  787 ;  New  York,  IMO  ;  Chicago,  85 ;  St.  Paul,  431  mUea.] 

"  MiLWATOES,  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  State,  and,  after  Chicago,  the 
most  flourishing  on  the  lakes,  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  both 
sides" of  Milwaukee  River.  It  is  pleasantlj-  located,  partly  on  the  flats  bordering  the  river, 
and  on  the  bluffs  rising  abruptly  from  the  lake  to  the  height  of  some  100  feet.  The  river, 
running  nearly  parallel  to  the  lake  in  a  southerly  direction,  is  navigable  for  the  largest 
steamboats  over  two  miles  from  its  mouth. 

"  As  the  commercial  capital  of  Wisconsin,  its  situation  demands  particular  attention. 
The  laws  which  govern  trade  and  travel  are,  by  the  improvements  and  spirit  of  the  age, 
reduced  to  two:— 1st.  The  shortest  route  to  market ;  2d.  The  quickest  and  clieapest  mode 
of  transportation.  The  products  of  the  Northwest  seek  a  market  upon  the  Atlantic  coast 
Heretofore,  New  York  and  Boston  have  monopolized  the  trade  of  this  region.  They  will 
always  retain  a  large  share  of  it ;  but  the  recent  improvements  in  the  Canadas,  and  those 
projected,  are  rapidly  diverting  trade  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Business  rela- 
tions are  being  established  between  the  cities  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Hamilton, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Western  Lake  ports  on  the  other.  As  regards  New  York  and 
Boston,  Milwaukee  holds  the  most  favourable  position  of  any  port  on  the  western  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan.  Taking  Buffalo  as  a  common  point  on  all  the  lines  of  trade  between  these 
ports  and  those  markets,  it  will  be  seen:  1st.  That  Milwaukee,  by  water  communication, 
has  the  advantage  for  time  and  distance  over  any  place  at  the  south.  2d.  For  the  most 
direct  route  to  Buffalo,  either  by  land  or  water  carriage,  Milwaukee  (so  soon  as  the  direct 
communication  by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  is  opened)  presents  the  most  natu- 
ral centre  for  all  the  trade  and  travel  between  the  Northwest  and  the  East. 

"  As  the  general  direction  of  Northwestern  trade  and  travel  is  coincident  with  the  pa 
rallels  of  latitude  instead  of  those  of  longitude,  and  as  Milwaukee  is  in  the  same  degree  as 
the  great  Eastern  markets,  it  can  be  easily  seen  that  all  the  contemplated  and  pi-ogressing 
improvements  must  make  it  the  natural  centre  or  most  available  common  point  in  the 
Northwest,  whether  by  the  semi-inland  route,  through  Michigan  and  Canada,  or  around 
the  Lakes.  The  advantages  of  this  position  will  be  very  strongly  developed,  so  soon  as 
the  direct  route  east,  via  Grand  Haven  and  Detroit  or  Port  Huron,  is  opened,  and  our  sys- 
tem of  railroads  to  the  Mississippi  completed.  Its  business  radius  will  then  extend  from 
below  Savanna,  111.,  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  to  the  extreme  Northwest,  sweeping  in  the 
trade  of  Northwestern  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  in  addition  to  that  of  our  own  State. 
"The  harbour  of  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Great  Lakes.  The  river  widens 
at  its  mouth  into  a  semi-circular  bay,  6  2-33  miles  from  point  to  point,  and  2  1-32  miles 
across.  At  the  point  of  approach  to  the  lake,  an  artificial  channel  is  in  progress  of  con- 
struction. 

"  This  new  harbour  entrance  is  260  feet  in  width,  and  will  soon  be  excavated  to  a  suffi- 
cient depth  to  accommodate  the  heaviest  tonnage  of  the  Lakes,  and, -when. completed,  will 
make  it  the  most  accessible  and  capacious  on  Lake  Michigan.  The  facilities  presented  by 
the  old  harbour — in  improving  which  the  United  States  expended,  in  18-14-5,  §50,000 — 
will  still  be  preserved.  For  over  five-eighths  of  a  mile  between  these  two  entrances,  the 
river  is  both  wide  and  deep.  Nothing  but  the  grossest  and  most  ruinous  neglect,  on  the 
part  of  the  city  and  of  the  United  States  Government,  will  ever  permit  this  old  harbour  to 
fill  up  or  become  useless.  . 

"  ^klilwaukee  contains  7  public  schools — and  for  educational  purposes,  spent  about  |15,000 
last  year ;  in  addition  to  which  it  has  a  University  and  Female  College  in  successful  opera- 
tion,   

"  Built  upon  the  high  bluffs  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  picturesque  slopes  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  this  city  is  unrivalled  in  beauty  of  location  by  any  other  in  the  Northwest. 
It  is  a  rare  circumstance  to  hear  of  a  person  of  delicate  health  leaving  it  on  account  of 


BRIDGE   BROTHERS, 

Exchange  and  Banking  Office, 

166  EAST  WATER  STREET, 
Cor.  of  Michigan,  (under  State  Bank,) 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

PRICE,  FARMER  &  CO., 
BANKERS, 

AND 

DEALERS    IIV    EXCHANGE, 

No.   10  MICHIGAN  STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 

C.    SCHLEY, 

Land  &  Money  Agent, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN, 

Dealer  in  City  Property,  Farms,  Wild  Land,  Land  War- 
rants, Bonds,  Mortgages.  Railroad  Slocks,  Bonds  and 
Farm  Mortgages,  &c.  "Taxes  paid  for  non-residents,  and 
their  interests  protected.  City  Property  and  Lands  ex- 
changed for  Railroad  Securities. 

CHARLES    S.   BELL, 
Civil  Engineer,  Surveyor 

AND 

REAL    ESTATE   AGENT, 
ROOM    No.    8,    LAND'S   BLOCK, 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

CHARLES     LORENZEN, 
GENERAL    LAND    AGENT 

AND 

COMMISSIONER, 

Notary  Public,  &c., 

MADISON,  WISCONSIN. 

LAW    &    LAND    OFFICE 

OF 

AVILLIAM  McXAIR, 

STEVENS'S  POINT,  WISCONSIN, 

Will  Practice  in  the  Courts  of  the  7th  Judicial  Circuit, 
make  Collections  and  secure  Claims.  Will  give  prompt 
attention  to  the  sale  of  Real  Estate,  Investment  of  money 
in  Goveniinent  Lands  or  otherwise ;  will  locate  I^and 
Warrants  on  selected  lands,  Pay  Taxes,  attend  to  Pre- 
emption Claims  and  all  other  business  with  the  United 
States  Land  Office.  Also,  Land  Warrants  for  sale  for 
cash  or  on  time. 

References. 

Gen.  A.  ELLIS.  Receiver,  Stevens's  Point  Land  Office. 

Hon.  A.  BRAWLEY,  Register, 

Messrs.  HUYSSEN  &SCHEFFER,  Bankers,  Stevens's 
Point. 

Hon.  M.  M.  STRONG,  Milwaukee. 

F.H.BENSON  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

Eagle  Steam  Foundry, 

Nos.  294,  296,  298,  300,  302,  &  304 
WEST   WATER   STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

The  Oldest  Establishment  in  the  City 


AMERICAN  HOUSE, 

P.  KANE  &  SON,  Prop'rs, 
MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

This  House  having  been  lately  rebuilt  and  refurnished 
throughout,  the  public  may  be  assured  that  the  accom- 
modations of  the  American  shall  not  be  surpassed  by  any 
house  in  the  city.  This  is  the  most  convenient  House  to 
the  Post-offices,  Business  Houses,  and  Railroad  Depots. 


KEAN  &  RICE,  Proprietors. 

The  Largest  and  most  elegant  House  in  the  Northwest. 

Transient  Guests,  $2.00  per  day. 

JOHN  W.   LED  YARD, 

G-Ii  O  O  E  I^, 
161     EAST    WATER    STREET. 

I  am  daily  in  receipt  from  New  York,  of  every  thing  in 
the  way  of  fine  Family  Groceries,  which  will  alwaj-s  bo 
offered  at  Wholesale  and  Retail,  at  reasonable  prices,  and 
sent  to  any  part  of  the-  city  free  of  charge. 


WM.  H.  PAHMALKE  &  CO., 

DEALERS  IN   CHOICE 

Family  Groceries, 

31    WISCONSIN    STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,   WISCONSIN. 

JOHN  PLANKINTON  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURERS   OP 

SOAP   &   CANDLES, 

WEST      WATER     STREET, 

(Near  the  JI.  &  M.  K.  R.  Depot,) 
MILWAUKEE. 


JOHN    OGDEN, 

Mdiuifaciurer  and  Dealer  in 

CARRIAGES 

OF     ALL     K  I  NDS, 
Repository    on    Sprm^    Street, 

(Between  2d  and  3d  streets,) 

MILWAUKEE,      WISCONSIN. 

J.   O'BRIEN.  C.   LB  DROIT. 

JAMES    O'BRIEN, 
ORGAN      BUII.DER, 

CORNER  OF 

Milwaiikee  &  Michigan  Sts., 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


o 

I— 

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o 


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a: 


98  MILWAUKEE. 

difficulty  of  acclimation.  On  the  other  hand,  instances  are  numerous  of  people  coming 
here  with  tendency  to  diseases  of  various  kinds,  who  have,  after  a  few  years'  residence,  en- 
tirely recovered.  In  summer  it  is  not  subject  to  the  excessively  hot  and  sultry  weather  of 
low  towns,  and  in  winter  there  is  not  the  same  intensity  of  cold — the  lake  being  colder 
than  the  atmosphere  in  summer  and  warmer  in  winter. 

"The  population  in  1853  was  25,000  ;  1855,  32,000  ;  and  in  185Y,  45,000. 
"During   the   year    1857,  buildings  to  the  value  of  $500,000,  (£100,000,  stg.,)  were 
erected. 

"  Milwaukee  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  a  peculiar  kind  of  brick,  of  a  delicate 
cream  or  straw  colour,  agreeable  to  the  eye,  and  unaffected  by  the  action  of  the  elements. 
The  appearance  of  the  houses,  chief!}-  built  of  this  material,  is  verj-  striking,  and  to  a 
stranger  visiting  the  place  for  the  first  time,  presents  an  admirable  and  remarkable  sight. 
Few  cities  in  the  country  (if,  indeed,  there  are  any)  have  the  materials  for  building  more 
at  hand,  or  of  finer  quality,  than  this.  Not  only  quarries  of  beautiful,  light-coloured 
stone,  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and  adjacent  to  the  railroads,  but  also  lime  in  abun- 
dance for  home  consumption  and  exportation. 

"  As  to  lumber,  the  pineries  of  the  north  supply  the  city  with  100,000,000  feet  annually. 

"  From  the  same  authority  we  find  it  stated  that  the  receipts  and  exports  at  this  place, 
the  present  season,  exceed  those  of  Chicago,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  show  why  they  may 
not  for  the  future. 

"  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  largest  grain-markets  in  the  world.  Probably  nine-tenths  of 
the  surplus  wheat  (the  staple)  of  the  State,  is  shipped  from  her  port.  So  high  has  Wis- 
consin wheat  stood  at  the  Eastern  and  Eurfjiean  markets,  that  its  merchants  have  been 
able  to  seU  it  for  eight  to  ten  cents  per  bushel  above  the  prices  for  Illinois  and  more  south- 
ern States.  This  fact  has  turned  the  attention  of  farmers  to  raising  it,  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  grains;  and,  while  the  wheat  crop,  since  1850, has  increased  at  the  ratio  of  fifty  per 
cent,  per  annum,  the  crops  of  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  corn,  have  remained  stationary,  or  ad- 
vanced only  with  the  home  demand." 

The  number  of  arrivals  and  departures  of  vessels  during  the  year  1857  were  4,720, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  2,009,826.  The  tonnage  of  Milwaukee  in  1856,  was 
21,497.50. 

The  manufactures  of  Milwaukee,  are,  comparatively  speaking,  in  their  infancy — although 
it  shows  signs  of  great  extension  in  several  departments. 

In  1856,  there  were  26  breweries  in  operation,  brewing  chiefly  lager  beer — to  supply  the 
German  population  in  the  city  and  conntrj-.  Of  the  75,000  barrels  manufactured,  aibout 
30,000  were  sent  out  of  the  city. 

In  the  manufacture  of  its  celebrated  bricks,  fully  300  are  employed  regularly. 

Flour  mills,  beef-packing  establishments,  boot  and  shoe  making,  clothing  and  ship-build- 
ing, make  up,  for  the  most,  the  list  of  manufactures  at  present. 

"  ililwaukee  is  connected  by  railroads  with  every  section  of  the  Union.  Tlie  Milwaukee 
and  Mississippi,  the  Milwaukee  and  Watertown,  east  and  west,  connecting  tlie  lakes  and 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee,  and  the  Ciiicago,  St.  Paul,  and  Fond 
du  Lac  Railroads,  each  connecting  her  with  Lake  Superior.  The  railroad  from  Green  Bay, 
through  Milwaukee,  to  Chicago,  commonlj-  called  the  (Michigan)  Lake  Shore  Road,  is  to  her 
what  the  Hudson  River  railway  is  to  Troy  and  Albanj^  in  the  State  of  Kew  York." 

Tlie  foregoing  notice  of  Milwaukee  is  copied,  for  the  most  part,  from  "Wisconsin  as  it  is," 
by  F.  Gerhard. 


m 
1  ill  fell. 


100  MADISON. — CAPITAL   OF  STATE   OF  WISCONSIN. 


MADISON.— CAPITAL  OF  WISCONSIN. 

"Madison,  the  capital  ofWisconsin,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Dane,  the  largest  and  most 
productive  county  in  the  State,  is  situated  on  a  rising  ground,  between  two  lovely  lakes, 
and  is  the  most  magnificent  site  of  any  inland  town  in  the  United  States.  On  the  north- 
west is  Lake  Mendota,  nine  miles  long  and  six  wide ;  on  the  east  Monona,  five  miles  long 
and  three  wide.  The  city  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty,  health,  and  pleasantness  of  its  loca- 
tion ;  commanding,  as  it  does,  a  view  of  nearly  every  characteristic  of  country  peculiar  to 
the  West — the  prairie,  oak  opening,  mound,  lake  and  woodland.  The  surface  of  the 
ground  is  somewhat  uneven,  but  in  no  place  too  abrupt  for  building  purposes.  The  space 
between  these  lakes  is  a  mile  in  width,  rising  gently  as  it  leaves  their  banks  to  an  altitude 
of  about  seventy  feet,  and  is  then  alternately  depressed  and  elevated,  making  the  site  of 
the  city  a  series  of  gently  undulating  swells.  On  the  most  elevated  ground  is  the  State 
House,  in  the  centre  of  one  of  Nature's  Parks  of  fifteen  acres,  overlooking  the  '  Four  Lakes' 
and  the  surrounding  city.  From  this  the  streets  diverge  in  every  direction,  with  a  gradu- 
al descent  on  all  sides. 

"  To  the  west,  about  a  mile  distant,  is  the  State  University,  in  the  midst  of  a  park  of  40 
acres,  crowning  a  beautiful  eminence.  On  the  south  side  of  Lake  Monona  is  a  spacious 
Water-Cure  establishment,  surrounded  by  an  extensive  grove,  and  presenting  a  very  strik- 
ing appearance  on  approaching  the  city.  Around  Madison,  in  every  direction,  is  a  well- 
cultivated,  undulating  country,  which  is  fast  being  occupied  by  pleasant  homes." 

Bayard  Taylor,  in  an  account  of  a  visit  to  the  west,  thus  writes,  regarding  Madison  : — 

"  For  natural  beauty  of  situation,  Madison  surpasses  any  Western  town  I  have  seen.  It 
is  built  on  a  narrow  isthmus,  between  the  Third  and  Fourth  Lakes.  On  the  summit  of  a 
mound  stands  the  State  House,  in  the  centre  of  a  handsome  square  of  fourteen  acres,  from 
which  broad,  smooth  streets  diverge,  with  a  gradual  descent  on  all  sides.  To  the  west, 
and  about  a  mile  distant,  stands  the  University,  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  or  mound,  of 
about  equal  height.  The  Madisonians  count  seven  hills,  but  I  could  not  make  them  all  out 
distinctly,  nor  do  I  think  it  necessary  to  the  beauty  of  the  place  that  it  should  have  a 
forced  resemblance  to  Rome.  In  one  respect  it  is  equal — in  a  soft,  beautiful,  cream-colour- 
ed stone,  which  furnishes  the  noblest  building  material.  Many  of  the  business  blocks  and 
private  houses  display  architectural  taste." 

The  real  estate  and  personal  property  is  estimated  at  $8,000,000. 

"  There  are  twenty-five  wagon-roads,  seventeen  different  mail  stage  routes,  diverging  in 
every  direction  from  Madison.  Over  seven  hundred  loaded  teams  have  arrived  here  in  a 
single  day,  bringing  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  to  market,  with  large 
quantities  of  other  produce.     Nearly  700,000  bushels  of  wheat  alone  were  marketed  here 

in  a  single  year. 

"  It  is,  pre-eminently,  the  great  railroad  centre  of  Wisconsin,  and  enjoys,  in  an  enviable 
degree,  all  those  peculiariy  favourable  advantages.  Four  great  lines  diverge  here :  the 
MUwaukee  and  Mississippi ;  the  Milwaukee,  Watertown,  and  Madison ;  East  and  West,  con- 
necting the  lakes  with  the  Mississippi  River ;  and  the  La  Crosse  and  Land-Grand  Roads, 
running  from  Madison  to  Lake  St.  Croix  and  the  City  of  Superior,  at  the  head  of  the  lake. 

"  Tlie  system  connects  with  the  Chicago,  Fond  du  Lac,  and  Superior  Road,  on  the  east 
and  north,  and  the  Beloit  and  Madison  Road  on  the  south. 

"  An  abundant  supply  of  building-material  is  found  here.  The  most  beautiful  stone,  easi- 
ly quarried  and  cut,  abounds  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Bricks  may  be  had  to  an  unlimit- 
ed extent,  and  timl)cr  of  all  kinds  can  be  commanded  whenever  needed  for  use." 

In  the  public  libraries  of  Madison,  there  are  18,000  volumes. 

A  sum  of  $400,000  was  estimated  to  be  ex-pended  on  public  buildings  last  year.  At  pre- 
sent it  possesses  a  university  endowed  with  an  income  of  $30,000,  besides  fully  organized 
colleges,  schools,  and  literary  institutions. 

Population  about  13,000. 


GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICHIGAN. 


Business 

Accountant  and  General  Agent  for  Grand 
River  Steamboat  Co. — Zena3  G.  Winsor, 
corner  "Washington  and  Jefferson  streets. 

Attorneys-at-Law  and  Land  Agents. — Ball  & 
McKee,  Monroe  street. 

Attornej's  and  Counsellors-at-Law,  and  Sol- 
icitors in  Chancery. — Holmes  &  Robinson, 
Monroe  street. 

Attorneys-at-Law  and  Solicitors  in  Chancery. 
— Patterson  &  Snow,  Canal  street. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law. — Francis  D. 
Boardman,  Monroe  street. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law,  and  Solici- 
tor in  Chancery. — E.  S.  Eggleston,  Canal 
street. 

Attorney,  Notary  Public,  General  Land  and 
Insurance  Agent. — Peter  Roch,  Canal  st. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law.  —  James 
Miller,  Canal  street. 


Directory. 

Attorney  and  Counsellor-at-Law. — Solomon 

L.  Withey,  20  Canal  street. 
Attorney-at-Law  and  Ileal  Estate  Agent. — 

Thomas  D.  Worrall,  Canal  street. 
Bookseller   and   Stationer. — John  Terhune, 

Jr.,  Lucas  Block,  Monroe  street. 
Bridge  Street  House,  (German  Hotel,)  Gott- 
lieb Christ,  proprietor,  Bridge  street. 
Enquirer  and  Herald. — A.  E.  Gordon,  Editor, 

Canal  street. 
Grand  Bapids  Eagle,  (Daily  and  Weekly.) — 

Aaron  B.  Turner,  Editor  and  Publisher, 

Canal  street. 
Land  Tax  and  Loan  Agent. — John  C.  Tryon, 

19  Canal  street. 
Real  Estate  and  Insurance  Agents. — Baxter 

&  Van  Buren,  Monroe  street. 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocers. — Randall  & 

Co.,  20  Canal  street. 


KAL^VMAZOO,  MICHIGAN. 


Business 

Attorney-at-Law,  Insurance  and  Land  Agent. 
— C.  Clement  Webb,  corner  Main  and  Bur- 
dick  streets. 

Burdick  House. — T.  L.  Acker  &  Son,  Proprie- 
tors, Main  street     (See  card.) 

Homoeopathic  Physician  and  Surgeon. — Geo. 
W.  Park,  M.  D.,  cor.  Main  &  Burdick  sts. 


Directory. 

Kalamazoo  Gazette. — V.  Hascall,  Editor  and 
Proprietor,  Main  street. 

Kalamazoo  Telegraph. — H.  G.  Hascall,  Editor 
and  Publisher,  Main  street. 

Real  Estate  Agent  and  Conveyancer. — Fred- 
erick Booher,  Wolverine  Exchange,  Main 
street. 


BURDICK      HOUSE, 

KALAMAZOO,    MICHIGAN. 

T.     L.     ACKER     &     SON,    Proprietors. 


NILES,  MICHIGAN. 


Niles  Enquirer. — Bryant  Dewey,  Editor  and 
Proprietor. 


Physician  and  Surgeon. — R.  D.  Reynolds. 


B.  W.  BRUNSON.  A.   C.   LBWIS.  DANA  WHITE. 

BRUNSON,  LEWIS  &  WHITE, 

(Successors  to  J.  W.  Bass  &  Co.,) 

STORAGE,  FORWARDING   AND  COMMISSION 
MERCHANTS, 

SAINT  PAUL,  MINNESOTA. 

Steamboat  Agents.    Agents  for  Manny's  Reapers 
and  Mowers. 

Mark  Packages  "Care  o/B.,  L.  &  TK,  St.  Paul." 


CHAS.   W.    WOOLLEY. 


A.  C.  nuiNB. 


CHAS.  W.  WOOLLEY  &  CO., 

(Successors  to  ('has.  W.  Woolley,) 

COMMISSION,    STORAGE,    RECEIVING    AND 

FORWARDING   MERCHANTS, 
LOWEE  LEVEE,  ST.  PATH,  MINNESOTA. 

Goods  Stored  at  reasonable  rates,  and  forwarded 
with  despatch. 
Liberal  advances  made  on  consignments. 
Mark  packages      "  CHAS.  W.  WOOLLEY  &  CO., 
For St.  Paul." 


eoR. 


F"  XJ  L  L  E  R.       HIOXJSE, 

S.    I.O^VG,    Superintendent, 
OF     SEVEl^TH    &    JACKSON     STS.,     ST.   PAUL, 


MIIV. 


MON^DELL      HOUSE, 

E.  W.  MONDELL,  Proprietor, 
PRAIRIE     DU     CH  lEN,    WISCONSIN. 

THIS  HOUSE  has  been  newly  erected  and  furnished  complete,  and  offers,  to  the  traveller  or  resident,  a 
quiet  house,  with  every  convenience  and  luxury  to  be  found  at  any  first-class  house  in  the  west. 
^g^  This  House  has  accommodation  for  2'>0  guests.     The  Bar,  Billiard-Rooms,  and  general  appurtenances 
to  a  first-class  house,  will  be  found  complete.     Attendance,  supervision,  and  information  at  all  times  readily 
given  concerning  all  points  West. 


STATE   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ILLINOIS. 


101 


Illinois,  one  of  the  Western  United  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Wisconsin ;  E.  by  Lake 
Michigan  and  Indiana,  from  the  last  of  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Wabash  River ; 
S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky ;  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Missouri 
and  Iowa,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi  River.  It  lies  between  37°  and 
42°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  87°  30'  and  91°  40'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  380  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  200  in  its  greatest,  and  about  140  miles  in  its  average 
breadth,  including  55,405  square  miles,  or  35,469,200  acres,  of  which  only  5,175,173  acres 
were  improved  in  1850,  showing  an  immense  capacity  for  increase  of  population  in  this  ex- 
uberantly fertile  State,  which  has  scarcely  any  soil  uncultivable. 

PoPL-L.^TioN.— There  were  in  Illinois  12,282  inhabitants  in  1810;  55,211  in  1820;  157,445 
in  1830 ;  476,183  in  1840,  and  851,470  in  1850,  of  whom  445,644  were  white  males,  400,460 
females;  2756  colored  males,  and  2610  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Illinois  has  a  number  of  thriving  towns,  and  so  rapidly  do  they  in- 
crease, that  the  census  of  1850  will  be  in  many  cases  far  below  the  truth;  but,  for  want  of 
other  reliable  information,  we  must  adhere  to  it.  Chicago  is  the  largest  city,  population 
130,000;  Quincy,  6901  ;  Galena,  6004;  Peoria,  5562;  Springfield,  4533,  and  Alton,  3875; 
besides  Peru,  Rock  Island,  Bridge  Prairie,  Waukegan,  Belleville,  Jacksonville,  Joliet,  Elgin, 
St.  Charles,  and  many  other  flourishing  villages. 

Face  of  the  Country. — Illinois  is  generally  a  table-land,  elevated  from  350  to  800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  a  general  inclination  from  N.  to  S.,  as  indicated 
by  the  course  of  the  rivers.  This  state,  generally  speaking,  may  be  characterized  as  level, 
though  there  are  elevated  bluffs  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  still  higher  ones  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. There  is  a  small  tract  of  hilly  country  in  the  S.,  and  in  the  N.  W.  is  a  good  deal  of 
broken  land.  Many  of  the  prairies  are  quite  small,  but  others  are  very  large ;  among  the 
latter  is  Grand  Prairie,  extending  from  Jackson  County,  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  to  Iroquois 
County,  and  varying  in  width  from  1  to  12  miles,  and  even  more.  This  is  probably  the 
highest  land  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wabash.  The  prairie  is  everywhere  skirted 
with  wood,  and  on  its  border  is  a  circle  of  settlements,  which  have  been  here  located  on 
account  of  the  timber.  The  prairies  are  interspersed  with  groups  of  trees,  but  the  timber 
is  generally  sparse  on  them,  which,  however,  seems  not  to  arise  from  any  thing  unfavour- 
able in  the  soil,  but  from  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairie  grass ;  for  where  this  is  pre- 
vented, a  forest  of  young  trees  speedily  springs  up,  and  farmers  are  thus  enabled  to  proceed 
inward  with  settlements,  as  it  were,  tier  after  tier.  The  prairies  are  not  generally  flat,  but 
gracefully  undulating,  and  profusely  decked  with  the  greatest  variety  of  beautiful  wild 
flowers  of  every  hue,  which  ravish  the  beholder  with  delight. 

Minerals. — Illinois  has  within  her  limits  a  large  portion  of  the  great  lead  region,  which 
she  shares  with  Iowa  and  Wisconsin.  Galena^  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  is  almost 
wholly  supported  by  trade  in  this  mineral.  Bituminous  coal  occurs  in  almost  every 
county,  and  may  be  often  obtained  without  excavation.  Vast  beds  are  found  in  the  bluff's 
adjacent  to  the  American  Bottom.  Copper  abounds  in  the  N.  part  on  Plum  Creek,  and  on 
the  Peckatonica  River.  It  has  also  been  found  in  Jackson  and  Monroe  Counties.  Iron  is 
found  in  the  southern  part,  and  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  north.  Lime,  zinc,  some 
silver,  marble  of  a  fine  quality,  freestone,  gypsum,  and  quartz  crystals  are  the  other  min- 
erals. There  are  salt  springs  in  Gallatin,  Jackson,  and  Vermilion  Counties,  leased  by  the 
State.  Medicinal  springs,  chiefly  sulphur  and  chalybeate,  are  found  in  various  parts,  and 
one  especially,  in  Jeff'erson  County,  is  much  resorted  to.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
is  one  strongly  impregnated  with  Epsom  salts.  Others  of  medicinal  properties  are  found 
between  Ottawa  and  Peru. 

Though  Illinois  presents  but  few  bold  or  very  striking  features  to  the  view  of  the 
traveller,  she  is  not  without  her  objects  of  interest  to  the  lover  of  nature. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — Illinois,  extending  through  more  than  5°  of  longitude. 


102  STATE   OF   ILLINOIS. 

has  considerable  variety  of  climate.  Though  somewhat  milder  than  the  Atlantic  States  in 
the  same  parallels  of  latitude,  there  is  great  irregularity  in  the  seasons.  Generally  there 
will  not  fall  six  inches  of  snow  at  one  time,  which  does  not  lie  more  than  a  few  da)'s,  but  at 
distant  intervals  the  rivers  are  frozen  for  two  or  three  months,  and  the  snow  lies  for  as  long 
a  period.  The  summers  are  hot,  but  mitigated  by  the  fresh  breezes  from  the  prairies. 
During  15  years,  peach-trees  blossomed  from  March  25th  to  April  20th,  and  apple-trees 
from  April  1st  to  May  .3d.  In  the  same  period  the  earliest  frost  was.  September  17th,  but 
sometimes  there  is  none  till  near  the  end  of  Octobei'.  The  southern  part,  of  course,  has  a 
milder  climate  than  the  northern.     Cattle  often  are  unhoused  during  the  whole  winter. 

In  agricultural  capabilities  Illinois  is  unsurpassed,  if  equalled,  by  any  state  in  the 
American  confederacy.  In  some  of  her  river  bottoms  the  soil  is  25  feet  deep,  and  the  up- 
land j)rairies  are  but  little  inferior  in  fertility.  The  Great  American  Bottom,  lying  on  the 
Mississippi,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Kaskaskia  and  the  Missouri  Rivers,  is  of  exceeding 
fertility,  and  has  been  cultivated  for  100  years  without  apparent  deterioration.  This  bot- 
bom  is  about  80  miles  in  length,  covering  an  area  of  288,000  acres.  On  the  river  side  is  a 
strip  of  heavy  timber,  with  dense  underwood,  which  extends  for  2  or  3  miles.  The  rest  is 
mostly  prairie  to  the  eastern  limit,  which  is  terminated  by  a  chain  of  sandy  or  rocky  bluffs 
from  50  to  200  feet  high.  This  fine  region  is,  however,  not  healthy,  though  probably 
capable  of  being  made  so  by  drainage.  The  Rock  River  country  is  another  highly  fertile 
district  on  the  Rock  River  and  its  branches.  Of  the  same  character  are  the  regions  about 
the  Sangamon,  Kaskaskia,  and  other  rivers.  Other  regions  of  Illinois  are  fertile;  but  those 
mentioned  pre-eminently  so,  producing  not  unfrequently  40  bushels  of  wheat  and  100  of 
Indian  corn  to  the  acre.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  narrow  river  bottoms  immediately 
adjacent  to  their  banks.  The  prairies  of  this  State  are  peculiarly  favourable  to  the  raising 
of  stock  and  the  productions  of  the  dairy.  Illinois  stands  third  in  the  absolute  amount  of 
Indian  corn  raised  in  the  states  of  the  Union ;  but,  first,  if  we  regard  population  and  the 
number  of  acres  under  cultivation.  The  other  agricultural  staples  are  wheat,  oats,  Irish 
potatoes,  hay,  butter,  and  cheese.  Besides  these,  large  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans, 
peas,  barley,  buckwheat,  fruits,  garden  vegetables,  and  some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine, 
grass-seeds,  hops,  hemp,  flax,  silk,  maple  sugar,  and  molasses,  beeswax  and  honey,  and  the 
castor  bean  are  produced.  Of  indigenous  fruits  there  are  a  variety  of  berries,  plums, 
grapes,  crabapples,  wild  cherries,  persimmons,  and  the  papaw  (a  sweet  pulpy  fruit,  some- 
what like  the  banana.)  Of  orchard  fruits,  the  apple  and  peach  flourish  best,  but  pears  and 
quinces  are  cultivated  with  facility.  Of  nuts,  the  shellbark  or  hickory,  walnut,  butternut, 
a  white  walnut,  and  pecan,  abound. 

Forest  Trees. — Illinois  would  not  be  wanting  in  timber  if  it  were  more  equally  diffused. 
The  occupation  of  the  country  will,  however,  remedy  this  deficiency  (even  in  parts  where 
there  is  now  a  scarcity)  by  protecting  the  young  trees  from  the  ravages  of  the  prairie  fires. 
The  bottom  lands  have  a  rich  growth  of  black  and  white  walnut,  ash,  liackberry,  elm, 
sugar-maple,  honey-locust,  buckeye,  catalpa,  sycamore,  (of  a  size  unknown  in  the  Atlantic 
States,)  Cottonwood,  pecan,  hickory,  and  oak  of  various  species ;  and  of  underwood,  red- 
bud,  papaw,  grape-vine,  eglantine,  dogwood,  spicebush,  hazel,  green-brier,  etc.  On  the 
Uplands  are  post-oak  (very  valuable  for  fencing)  and  other  species  of  oak,  blackjack,  (use- 
less except  for  fuel,)  hickory,  black  and  white  walnut,  linn  or  basswood,  cherry,  etc.  The 
white  and  yellow  pophir  are  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  the  cypress  on 
the  Ohio  bottoma. 

CoMMEUCE. — Illinois  is  most  favourably  situated  for  internal  commerce,  being  able  to  com- 
municate with  the  western,  southern,  and  central  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  by  means 
of  the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and  with  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States  by 
way  of  the  great  lakes. 

Education. — On  the  formation  of  the  State,  one  section  in  each  township  was  appro- 
priated for  the  support  of  schools,  and  afterwards  an  additional  income  of  8  per  cent,  on 
the  actual  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  within  the  Unfit  of  the  State.  One-sixth 
of  these  proceeds  is  appropriated  to  colleges. 


STATE   OF   IOWA.  103 


IOWA. 

Iowa,  a  recently-formed  State,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  is  bounded  north  by  Minnesota 
Territory,  east  by  the  Mississippi,  which  separates  it  from  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Illi- 
nois, south  by  Missouri,  and  west  by  the  Indian  Territory  and  Minnesota,  from  the  former  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  latter  by  the  Great  Sioux  River.  It 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projection  in  the  south-east,  between  the  Des  Moines  and 
Mississippi  Rivers)  between  40°  30'  and  43°  30'  north  latitude,  and  between  90°  and  97° 
west  longitude,  being  about  300  miles  in  extreme  length  from  east  to  west,  and  about  208 
in  breadth,  including  an  area  of  50,914  square  miles,  or  32,584,960  acres,  of  which  only 
824,682  were  improved  in  1850. 

PopuLATTox. — Iowa  had  43,112  inhabitants  in  1840,  and  192,214  in  1850,  of  whom  100,- 
885  were  white  males,  90,994  white  females,  168  coloured  males,  and  167  coloured  females. 
By  a  State  census  in  1852,  the  population  was  230,000. 

Cities  and  Towns. — At  the  census  of  1850,  Burlington  was  the  largest  town  in  the  State ; 
population,  4081.  Dubuque,  Keokuk,  Muscatine,  and  Davenport  have  populations  varying 
from  2000  to  5000.     Iowa  City  had  a  population  of  1250. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  surface  of  Iowa  is  generally  composed  of  rolling  prairies, 
having  nothing  within  its  limits  which  approaches  a  mountain  in  elevation.  The  highest 
ground  in  the  State  is  a  plateau  in  the  north-west,  called  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  which  en- 
ters the  State  from  Minnesota.  A  small  portion  in  the  north-east,  on  the  Mississippi,  is 
rugged  and  rocky,  and  Table  Mound,  a  conical  elevation  with  a  flat  summit,  3  or  4  miles 
from  Dubuque,  is,  perhaps,  500  feet  high.  The  State,  however,  may  be  generally  described 
as  a  rolling  prairie,  crossed  by  rivers  whose  banks  are  skii'ted  with  wood.  There  are  said 
to  be  some  swamps  in  the  north-west  portion  of  the  State.  The  prairies,  though  sometimes 
20  miles  across,  are  rarely  more  than  5  or  10. 

Minerals. — Iowa  is  rich  in  mineral  resources.  A  portion  of  the  great  lead  region  of  Illi- 
nois and  Wisconsin  extends  into  this  State.  The  ore  is  abundant,  but  lies  deeper  than  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river.  Lead  mines  have  been  opened  in  Dubuque  and  Clayton  Coun- 
ties. Zinc  and  copper  are  also  found  in  the  same  localities,  and  in  connection  with  the  lead. 
The  great  bituminous  coal-field  of  Iowa  and  Missouri  has  an  extent  of  near  200  miles  from 
east  to  west,  and  140  from  north  to  south,  within  the  former  State,  and  occupying  most  of 
the  central  and  southern  portions.  Copper  has  been  recently  discovered  in  Cedar  County 
in  considerable  quantities. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — The  principal  claim  of  this  new,  and  as  yet  scarcely 
explored  State,  on  the  attention  of  travellers,  must  chiefly  rest  upon  the  beauty  of  its  un- 
dulating prairies,  or  its  picturesque  landscapes.  There  are,  however,  a  few  objects  which 
may  be  classed  among  natural  curiosities,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  prominent. 
Numerous  sinks  or  circular  depressions  in  the  surface  of  the  ground,  from  10  to  20  feet 
across,  are  found  in  different  places,  and  particularly  on  Turkey  River,  in  the  north  part  of 
the  State.  Small  mounds,  from  3  to  6  feet  high,  and  sometimes  10  or  12  in  a  row,  are 
found  on  the  same  stream,  within  10  or  15  miles  of  its  mouth.  A  cave,  several  rods  in  ex- 
tent, exists  in  Jackson  County,  from  which  flows  a  stream  large  enough  to  turn  a  mill. 
The  Upper  Iowa  and  Makoqueta  Rivers  have  worn  their  channels  through  magnesian  lime- 
stone rocks,  leaving,  on  their  southern  banks,  cliffs  worn  by  the  rain,  frost,  and  winds  into 
resemblances  of  castles,  forts,  etc. 

Climate,  Son,,  and  Peoductions. — The  peach-tree  blossoms  in  April,  fall  wheat  ripens  in 
July,  spring  wheat  in  August,  and  Indian  corn  in  October.  The  rivers  are  frozen  over 
from  2  to  3  months  on  an  average  each  winter.  The  soil  of  Iowa  is  generally  excellent, 
and  of  easy  cultivation,  with  prairie  and  woodland  intermingled.  The  valleys  of  the  Red 
Cedar,  Iowa,  and  Des  Moines  (we  quote  Owen's  Geological  Report),  as  high  as  lat.  42°  or 
42°  31',  presents  a  body  of  arable  land,  which,  taken  as  a  whole,  for  richness  in  organic 
elements,  for  amount  of  saline  matter,  and  due  admixture  of  earthy  silicates,  affords  a  com- 


104  STATES  OF  IOWA  AND  WISCONSIN. 

bination  that  belongs  only  to  the  most  fertile  upland  plains.  After  passing  lat.  42°  30' 
north,  near  the  confines  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  a  desolate,  knobby  country  commences, 
the  highlands  being  covered  with  gravel,  and  supporting  a  scanty  vegetation,  while  the 
low  grounds  are  either  wet  or  marshy,  or  filled  with  numerous  ponds  or  lakes,  and  where 
the  eye  roves  in  vain  in  search  of  timber.  North  of  41°  30',  and  between  the  head  waters 
of  the  Grand,  Nodaway,  and  Nishnabotona  Rivers,  the  soil  is  inferior  in  quality  to  that 
south  of  the  same  parallel.  The  staples  of  this  State  are  Indian  com,  wheat,  and  live  stock, 
besides  considerable  quantities  of  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  Irish  potatoes,  butter,  cheese, 
hay,  wool,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and  some  rice,  tobacco,  beans,  peas,  sweet 
potatoes,  orchard  fruits,  wine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  silk  are  produced. 

Forest  Trees,  Fruft,  etc. — Iowa  is,  in  many  places,  destitute  of  timber ;  along  the  rivers, 
however,  it  is  well  wooded,  except  near  their  sources.  On  the  intervals  between  the 
rivers  there  are  often  prairies  of  from  15  to  20  miles,  without  so  much  as  a  bush  higher 
than  the  wild  indigo  and  compass  plant.  The  greatest  scarcity  of  trees  is  north  of  42°. 
Ash,  elm,  sugar,  and  white  maple  grow  in  alluvion  belts  of  from  one-fourth  to  one  mile  in 
width,  on  the  river  banks.  The  other  forest  trees  are  poplar,  various  species  of  oak,  black 
and  white  walnut,  hickory,  locust,  ironwood,  cottonwood,  lime  or  basswood,  and  some  pine 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  State.  Oak  constitutes  the  larger  part  of  the  timber  of  the 
State.  The  peach  grows  too  luxuriantly,  and  blooms  too  soon  to  admit  of  its  being  culti- 
vated to  advantage.     Tlie  grape,  gooseberry,  and  wild  plum  are  indigenous. 

Manufactures.— As  a  newly-settled  State,  Iowa  can,  of  course,  have  made  as  yet  but  lit- 
tle progress  in  manufactures ;  though  she  has  within  her  limits  two  important  elements  of 
manufacturing  industry,  viz.,  abundance  of  coal  and  water-power. 

Commerce. — Iowa  has  no  foreign  trade,  but  is  very  favourably  located  for  internal  trafiic, 
washed  as  it  is  by  the  Missouri  on  the  west,  the  Mississippi  on  the  east,  and  its  interior 
traversed  by  the  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Cedar,  and  other  rivers.  The  principal  articles  of  ex- 
port are  grain,  flour,  lead,  and  pork. 

Education. — All  lands  granted  by  Congress,  all  escheated  estates,  and  whatever  percen- 
tage Congress  may  allow  on  the  public  lands  sold  within  the  State,  are  to  constitute  a  fund, 
the  interest  of  which,  and  the  rent  of  unsold  lands,  together  with  military  and  court  fines, 
are  to  form  an  appropriation  for  the  support  of  public  schools  in  Iowa. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin,  one  of  the  recently-settled  states  of  the  American  confederacy,  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Minnesota,  Lake  Superior,  and  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  (from 
which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  rivers,)  on  the  E.  by  Lake 
Michigan,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Iowa  and  Minnesota  Territory,  from  the  former  of  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  latter  (in  part)  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  It 
lies  between  42°  30'  and  46°  55'  N.  lat.,  (if  we  exclude  some  small  islands  belonging  to  the 
State  in  Lake  Superior,)  and  between  87°  and  92°  50'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  ex- 
treme length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  255  in  its  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  W.,  includ- 
ing an  area  of  about  53,924  square  miles,  or  34,511,360  acres,  of  which  1,045,499  were  im- 
proved in  1850. 

Population.— This  flourishing  scion  of  the  West  has  had  a  growth  unexampled  even  in 
that  thriving  region,  having  increased  from  30,945  in  1840,  to  a  population  of  805,391  in 
1850 ;  of  whom  164,221  were  white  males;  140,344  white  females ;  365  free  coloured  males; 
and  216  free  coloured  females. 

CmES  AND  Towns.— Towns  are  springing  up  in  Wisconsin  as  if  by  magic,  and  a  region 
that  but  a  few  years  ago  was  mostly  an  Indian  hunting  ground,  is  now  dotted  over  with 
them.  The  principal  of  these  are  Milwaukee,  population,  20,061 ;  Racine,  5111 ;  Kenosha, 
3455 ;  Janesville,  3451 ;  Waukesha,  2313  ;  Platteville,  2197,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  2014.  Be- 
sides these  there  are  Beloit,  Madison,  Green  Bay,  Ozaukee,  Mineral  Point,  Oshkosh,  Water- 
town,  Sheboygan,  and  Manitoowoc,  having  populations  of  from  2000  to  4000  each. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIX. 


105 


Face  of  the  Country. — Wisconsin  may  be  described  generally  as  an  elevated  rolling 
prairie,  from  600  to  1200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  State  has  no  mountains, 
properly  so  called. 

Minerals. — Part  of  the  great  lead  region  extending  from  Illinois  and  Iowa  is  included  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  and  is  no  less  rich  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  ore  than 
in  the  other  states  where  it  lies.  The  lead  is  here  intermingled  with  copper  and  zinc  in 
considerable  quantities,  together  with  some  silver.  In  Lapointe,  Chippewa,  St.  Croix,  and 
Iowa  Counties,  copper  is  found ;  in  Dodge  County,  and  on  the  Black  River  and  other  branches 
of  the  Mississippi,  good  iron  ore  occurs.  The  other  metallic  substances  are  magnetic  iron, 
iron  pyrites,  and  graphite  or  plumbago.  Facts  do  not  justify  any  expectation  of  great  de- 
posits of  copper  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  State.  A  great  bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  lies  south 
of  Lake  Superior,  near  Tyler's  Fork  of  the  Bad  River,  in  strata  of  metamorphic  slate.  In 
1850,  569,921  pigs  of  lead  were  shipped  from  Dubuque  and  Mineral  Point;  but  778,460  in 
1845.  Beautiful  varieties  of  marble  have  been  recently  discovered,  or  made  known  to  the 
public  in  the  N.  part  of  Wisconsin.  Others  are  blue  and  dove-coloured,  beautifully  veined. 
These  are  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  some  on  the  Menomonee  are  within  navigable 
distance  from  New  York. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — This  State  abounds  in  picturesque  objects,  in  water- 
falls, rapids,  bluffs,  and  beautiful  lakes,  with  clear  water  and  gravelly  bottoms. 

Climate — This  thriving  State,  which  has  surpassed  every  other,  except  California,  in  the 
unexampled  rapidity  of  its  growth,  is  the  theme  of  almost  unmingled  praise  of  the  tourist 
and  the  emigrant  from  every  part  of  Europe  and  America.  Its  beautiful  lakes,  rolling  prai- 
ries, swelling  uplands,  and  "  oak  openings,"  {i.  e.  lands  covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of 
oak,)  fertile  soil,  its  fine  angling,  abundance  of  game,  and  healthy  climate,  tempt  thither 
alike  the  permanent  settler,  the  sportsman,  and  the  lover  of  the  picturesque.  The  climate, 
though  severe,  and  the  winters  long,  is  more  regular  and  more  free  from  those  frequent  and 
unhealthy  changes  that  prevail  farther  south.  The  lakes,  too,  exert  a  mitigating  influence, 
the  temperature  being  6^°  higher  on  the  lake  than  on  the  Mississippi  side.  The  lake  shore 
is  also  more  moist,  but  the  State  generally  is  drier  than  in  the  same  parallels  forther  east. 
The  diseases  consequent  upon  clearing  lands  are  less  frequent,  it  is  said,  in  this  than  other 
new  states,  owing  to  the  open  nature  of  the  country  in  the  oak  openings. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  country  south  of  the  middle  is  a  fine  agricultural  region.  In 
the  mineral  district,  W.  of  the  Pekatonica,  the  country  is  broken,  but,  what  is  unusual  in 
mining  tracts,  generally  well  adapted  to  farming,  and  especially  grazing.  But  probably 
the  best  agricultural  section  is  that  E.  of  the  Pekatonica,  which  has  more  prairie  land, 
though  even  here  is  a  considerable  portion  of  timbered  land  on  the  rivers  and  streams. 
Tlie  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  around  the  head  waters  of 
the  Black  and  Chippewa  Rivers,  and  the  sources  of  the  rivers  emptying  into  Lake  Superior, 
are  small,  the  surface  in  part  being  covered  with  drift  and  boulders,  and  partly  with  ponds 
and  marshes.  The  agricultural  staples  of  this  State  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  po- 
tatoes, butter,  and  live  stock,  besides  considerable  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans,  peas,  bar- 
ley, buckwheat,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  honey,  cheese,  and  hay,  with  some  sweet  potatoes, 
tobacco,  fruits,  wine,  grass-seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  hemp. 

Forest  Trees. — Tliere  are  vast  forests  of  pine  on  the  Upper  Wisconsin,  the  Wolf  river,  and 
the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  N.  of  the  Wisconsin.  The  other  forest  trees  are  spruce, 
tamarac,  cedar,  oak  of  different  species,  birch,  aspen,  basswood,  hickory,  elm,  ash,  hemlock, 
poplar,  sycamore,  and  sugar-maple.  The  oak  openings  already  described,  form  a  pleasing 
feature  in  the  landscapes  of  Wisconsin. 

Manufactures. — The  numerous  rivers  and  streams  of  Wisconsin,  with  their  frequent 
rapids  and  falls,  afford  great  facilities  for  mill  sites  of  every  sort,  and  her  forests  and  iron 
for  ship  and  steamboat  building.  Mr.  Hunt,  in  his  Gazetteer,  estimates  the  manufacture  of 
pine  lumber  at  400,000,000  feet,  besides  which,  large  quantities  of  oak  and  basswood  are 
sawed  into  scantling,  plank,  lath,  etc.     He  also  gives  the  number  of  ban-els  of  flour  manu- 


106  STATES   OF  WISCONSIN   AND   MICHIGAN. 

factured  at  100,000,  (independent  of  kinds  of  mill  stuffs  in  abundance,)  of  paper,  300,000 
pounds,  and  of  shot,  100,000  pounds  annually. 

Education. — There  were  in  August,  1852,  in  the  State,  2*763  school  districts,  in  which 
were  ICC-i  school  houses,  mostly  frame  or  log,  and  valued  at  $201,986.32.  The  capital  of 
the  school  fund  in  December,  1852,  was  $819,200.50.  It  is  expected  that  ere  long  the  lands 
appropriated  for  the  support  of  schools  will  form  a  fund  of  about  $3,000,000.  Public  in- 
struction is  under  the  charge  of  a  State  superintendent,  receiving  $1000  per  annum.  There 
have  been  granted  for  the  support  of  a  State  university,  46,080  acres  of  land.  There  are 
also  other  colleges  and  academies  supported  by  private  subscriptions,  which  are  promising 
institutions. 

History. — Wisconsin  was  formed  into  a  territory  in  1836,  and  admitted  into  the  Union 
as  an  independent  State  in  1848. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan,  one  of  the  more  recently  settled  of  the  north-western  States,  occupies  two 
peninsulas,  the  southern  one  lying  between  Lakes  Erie,  St.  Clair,  and  Huron  on  the  east, 
and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west ;  and  the  northern  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron  on 
the  south,  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  north.  The  whole  is  bounded  north  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior, east  by  the  Straits  of  St.  Mary,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Clair  River  and  Lake,  Detroit  River, 
and  Lake  Erie  (all  which  separate  it  from  Canada  West),  on  the  south  by  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
and  on  the  west  by  Lakes  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  partly 
separated  by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  Rivers.  Michigan  lies  between  41°  40'  and 
47°  30'  north  latitude  (if  we  exclude  Isle  Royale,  a  dependency  of  this  State),  and  between 
82°  12'  and  90°  30'  west  longitude.  The  northern  peninsula  is  about  320  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  south-east  to  north-west,  and  130  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  the  southern 
about  283  from  north  to  south,  and  210  from  east  to  west,  in  its  greatest  width.  Tlie  joint 
area  of  the  two  peninsulas  is  56,243  square  miles,  or  35,595,520  acres,  of  which  only  1,923,- 
582  were  improved  in  1850.  About  two-fifths  of  the  area  is  included  in  the  northern  pe- 
ninsula. 

Population. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  the  great  bulk  of  the  population 
is  from  the  New  England  and  Middle  States.  A  large  portion  of  the  latter  is  of  New  Eng- 
land descent.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Michigan,  in  1810,  was  4762;  8896  in  1820; 
31,639  in  1830;  212,267  in  1840;  and  397,654  in  18-50,  of  whom  208,471  were  white  males, 
186,626  white  females;  1412  coloured  males,  and  1145  coloured  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  towns  of  this  State  exliibit  the  same  rapid  growth  which  is  so 
wonderful  a  characteristic  of  the  Western  States  generally.  Detroit,  the  largest  town  in 
the  State,  had,  in  1850,  a  population  of  21,019.  The  other  principal  towns  are  Ann  Ar- 
bor, population,  4868;  Jackson,  4147;  Flint,  3304;  Grand  Rapids,  3147;  Ypsilante, 
3051;  Adrian,  3006;  Marshall,  2822;  Pontiac,  2820;  Monroe  City,  2813;  Tecumseh, 
2679;  Kalamazoo,  2507  ;  Coldwater,  2166  ;  and  Clinton,  2130.  These  populations,  as  in 
New  England,  sometimes  include  the  townships. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Geology,  and  Minerals. — The  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  so 
interesting  in  its  agricultural  and  economical  aspects,  is  rather  tame  in  its  topographical 
features,  as  there  is  no  considerable  elevation  (compared  with  the  country  immediately, 
around  it)  within  its  whole  extent,  though  the  ridge  which  divides  the  waters  flowing  into 
Lakes  Huron  and  Erie  from  those  flowing  into  Lake  Michigan,  is  300  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lakes,  and  about  1000  above  the  sea.  The  country,  however,  may  be  generally  char- 
acterized as  a  vast  undulating  plain,  seldom  becoming  rough  or  broken.  There  are  occa- 
sional conical  elevations  of  from  150  to  200  feet  in  height,  but  generally  much  less.  The 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  are  often  steep,  forming  bluffs ;  while  those  of  Lake  Michigan  are 
coasted  by  shifting  sand-hills  of  from  100  to  200  feet  in  height.  In  the  southern  part  are 
those  natural  parks,  thinly  scattered  over  with  trees,, called,  in  the  parlance  of  the  country, 
"oak  openings;"   and  in  the  south-west  are  rich  prairie  lands.     The  northern  peninsula 


STATE   OF   MICHIGAN.  107 

exhibits  a  striking  contrast,  both  in  soil  and  surface,  to  the  southern.  While  the  latter  is 
level  or  moderately  undulating,  and  luxuriantlj-  fei'tile,  the  former  is  picturesque,  rugged, 
and  even  mountainous,  with  streams  abounding  in  rapids  and  water-falls — rich  in  minerals, 
but  rigourous  in  climate,  and  sterile  in  soil.  The  Wisconsin  or  Porcupine  Mountains  wluch 
form  the  water-shed  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  are  much  nearer  the  latter 
than  the  former,  and  attain  an  elevation  of  about  2000  feet  in  the  north-west  portion  of  the 
peninsula.  The  east  part  of  this  division  of  the  State  is  undulating  and  picturesque,  but 
the  central  hill^-,  and  composed  of  table-laud.  The  shores  of  Lake  Superior  are  composed 
of  a  sandstone  rock,  which,  in  many  places,  is.  worn  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  waves 
into  fancied  resemblances  of  castles,  etc.,  forming  the  celebrated  Pictured  Rocks ;  while  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan  are  composed  of  a  limestone  rock.  The  streams  on  the  northern 
slope  of  tlie  Porcupine  Mountain  have  a  rapid  descent,  and  abound  in  picturesque  falls  and 
rapids.  The  north  peninsula  is  primitive,  and  tlie  southern  secondary;  but  primitive 
rocks  are  scattered  over  the  plains  of  the  latter  of  more  than  100  tons  weight,  most  abund- 
ant on  the  borders  of  the  great  lakes,  on  the  flanks  of  valleys,  and  where  traces  of  recent 
floods  are  apparent. 

Michigan,  in  its  northern  peninsula,  possesses,  probably,  the  richest  copper  mines  in  the 
world.  A  block  of  almost  pure  copper,  weighing  some  tons,  and  bearing  the  arms  of  the 
State,  rests  imbedded  in  the  walls  of  the  National  Monument  at  Washington.  The  region 
from  which  this  block  was  taken  lies  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ontonagon  River.  The  same  mineral  abounds  in  Isle  Royale,  near  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior.  Iron,  said  to  be  of  a  very  superior  quality,  is  found  in  a  district  about  60 
miles  south-east  of  the  great  copper  region,  as  well  as  in  some  other  parts  of  Michigan. 
The  other  minerals  known  to  eidst  in  this  State,  whose  mineral  resources  are  very  imper- 
fectly developed  as  yet,  are  lead,  gypsum,  peat,  limestone,  marl,  and  some  coal.  An  ex- 
cellent sand  for  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  kinds  of  glass-ware  is  found  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  ilichigan,  as  well  as  Lake  Erie.  The  copper  mines  in  the  northern  peninsula  are  es- 
timated to  have  produced  witliin  the  past  year  (March,  1853)  nearly  4000  tons  of  copper, 
worth,  on  the  seaboard,  §1,500,000.  Great  activity  prevails  in  the  mining  region  this 
year ;  new  discoveries  are  being  made,  an  increased  number  of  hands  employed,  and  addi- 
tional machinery  erected.  A  mass  of  copper,  weighing  5072  pounds,  sent  from  Michigan, 
was  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair  in  New  York. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — The  Island  of  Mackinaw,  in  the  straits  of  the  same 
name,  already  visited  for  its.  picturesque  beauty,  maj',  probably,  become  the  future  New- 
port of  the  north-western  States.  In  addition  to  its  bold  shores,  rising  to  a  height  of  near- 
ly 200  feet  perpendicularly  above  the  water,  and  the  charm  of  its  picturesque  views  and 
cool  breezes,  it  has  tlie  accompaniment  of  fine  fishing  in  its  vicinity ;  and  the  pleasant  ex- 
cursions to  Sault  St.  Mary,  to  angle  for  the  far-famed  white  fish,  to  tempt  the  sportsman 
and  epicure  to  while  away  a  summer  vacation  in  this  vicinity.  About  60  miles  west  of  the 
entrance  of  the  Strait  St.  Marie,  are  the  celebrated  "  Pictured  Rocks,"  composed  of  sand- 
stone of  various  colours,  and  worn  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  waves  into  resemblances 
of  ruined  temples,  castles,  etc.  One  peculiarly  striking  object,  called  the  Doric  Rock,  is  a 
colonnade  of  i  round  pillars,  of  from  about  3  to  7  feet  in  diameter,  and  40  feet  in  height, 
supporting  an  entablature  8  feet  thick,  and  30  feet  across.  These  rocks  extend  for  about 
12  miles,  and  rise  about  300  feet  above  the  water.  Sometimes  cascades  shoot  over  the 
precipice,  so  that  vessels  can  sail  between  them  and  the  natural  wall  of  rock.  On  laying 
out  the  track  for  a  railway  across  the  State  from  Detroit,  the  engineers  encountered  a  sin- 
gular lake,  covered  witii  an  accumulation  of  vegetable  matter — the  growth  of  ages — but 
concealing  beneath  a  deep  and  dangerous,  though  not  extensive  lake,  which  made  it  neces- 
sary to  make  a  detour  from  the  road. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — Notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate  in  Michi- 
gan, it  is  moderated  by  its  proximity  to  the  lakes ;  yet  the  temperature  of  the  northern 
peninsula  is  quite  rigourous.  Tlie  northern  peninsula  is  favourable  to  winter  grains,  but 
not  to  Indian  corn  ;  while  the  southern  produces  maize,  as  well  as  the  winter  grains,  abund- 


108  STATE   OF   MICHIGAN. 

antly.     The  prevailing  diseases  are  bilious  fevers,  ague,  and  dysentery:  consumption  is 
rare. 

Great  fertility  is  the  characteristic  of  most  of  the  soil  in  the  middle  and  south  of  the 
lower  peninsula  ;  mostly  free  from  stone,  and  of  a  deep,  dark  sandy  loam,  often  mingled 
with  gravel  and  clay.  The  northern  peninsula  has  a  large  portion  of  rugged  and  poor  soil, 
but  its  agricultural  capabilities  are  not  yet  well  developed.  Portions  of  it  are  well  tim- 
bered with  white  pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  birch,  oak,  aspen,  maple,  ash,  and  elm.  As  the 
wants  of  the  advancing  settlements  increase  the  demand,  this  region  can  furnish  large  sup- 
plies of  lumber  from  its  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  etc.,  manufactured  at  the  fine  mill-sites  af- 
forded by  the  rapid  streams  on  the  Superior  slope  of  the  Porcupine  Mountain.  Much 
of  southern  Michigan  is  occupied  by  those  beautiful  and  fertile  natural  lawns,  called  oak 
openings,  covered  with  scattered  trees,  and  free  from  underwood.  Another  portion  is 
prairie,  and  yet  another  timbered  land,  covered  with  black  and  white  walnut,  sugar  maple, 
dififerent  species  of  oaks,  hickory,  ash,  basswood,  soft  maple,  elm,  linden,  locust,  dogwood, 
poplar,  beech,  aspen,  sycamore,  cottonwood,  cherry,  pine,  hemlock,  spruce,  tamarack,  cy- 
press, cedar,  chestnut,  papaw,  etc.  The  prairies  are  small,  and  divided  into  wet  and  dry— 
the  latter,  of  course,  being  somewhat  elevated.  The  north-west  of  the  lower  peninsula  is 
but  little  known,  but  recent  letters  from  that  region  represent  it  as  well  timbered,  well 
watered,  and  fertile ;  it,  however,  has  an  uninviting  aspect  from  the  lakes.  On  the  shores 
of  Lake  Huron,  near  Saginaw  Bay,  is  a  marshy  district.  Michigan  is  eminently  an  agri- 
cultural State ;  the  staple  products  being  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  potatoes  (for 
which  it  is  especiallj'  favourable),  butter,  hay,  maple  sugar,  wool,  and  live  stock,  with  large 
quantities  of  buckwheat,  rye,  peas,  beans,  barley,  fruits,  cheese,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and 
some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  silk,  and  molasses. 

Manufactures. — In  common  with  the  other  "more  recently-settled  States,  Michigan  has 
not  yet  had  leisure  to  give  much  attention  to  the  development  of  her  manufacturing  re- 
sources. In  1850,  there  were  in  the  State  1979  manufacturing  establishments,  each  pro- 
ducing $500  and  upwards  annually,  of  which  15  were  engaged  in  woollen  manufactures, 
employing  $94,000  capital,  and  78  male  and  51  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $43,402,  and  producing  141,570  yards  of  stuffs  worth  $90,242  ;  64  forges,  furnaces, 
etc.,  employing  $210,450  capital,  and  362  male  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$105,865,  and  producing  5430  tons  of  castings,  pig  iron,  etc.,  valued  at  0300,697;  $139,425 
capital  and  98  hands  were  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  10,320  barrels  of  ale,  porter, 
etc.,  and  890,900  gallons  of  whisky,  wine,  etc. ;  and  60  tanneries,  employing  $286,000 
capital,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $203,450,  and  producing  manufactured  leather 
valued  at  $363,980;  domestic  manufactures  were  fabricated  worth  $354,936. 

Commerce. — Michigan,  surrounded  as  it  is  by  inland  seas,  is  most  favourably  situated  for 
internal  trade,  and  trade  with  British  America.  Her  foreign  commerce  is,  however,  small, 
and  only  amounted,  in  1851-2,  in  imports,  to  $191,976,  and  exports,  $145,152;  tonnage 
entered  for  the  same  year,  66,041 ;  cleared,  69,981  ;  owned,  46,318.12,  of  which  24,681.73 
WBs  steam  tonnage ;  number  of  vessels  built,  16,  with  a  tonnage  of  2639.00.  In  the  spring 
of  1853,  there  were  owned  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw,  56  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of  17,925. 
The  lake  trade  of  1851  has  been  stated  at,  imports,  $5,330,609,  and  exports,  $5,790,860. 
Wheat  and  other  grain,  flour,  pork,  live  stock,  wool,  and  copper  are  among  the  leading  ar- 
ticles of  export 

Education. — On  the  subject  of  education,  Michigan  is  largely  imbued  with  the  opinion  of 
New  England  (from  whence  so  many  of  her  sons  derive  their  origin),  that  republican  gov- 
ernment and  common-school  education  must  proceed  or  fall  together.  Her  school  fund, 
in  1852,  was  $575,668 ;  in  addition  to  which,  is  a  fund  called  the  University  Fund,  of 
$100,000. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI.  109 


MISSOUKI. 

Missouri,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  United  States,  and  the  first  formed  wholly  W.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Iowa,  (from  which  it  is  separated  for  about  30 
miles  on  the  N.  R  by  the  Des  Moines  River,)  on  the  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee ;  on  the  S.  by  the  Arkansas,  and  on  the  W. 
b}-  the  Indian  Territory,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Missouri  River.  This  State 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projection  between  the  St.  Francis  and  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  extends  to  36°)  between  36°  30',  and  40°  36'  N.  lat.,  and  89°  10'  and  96°  W. 
Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  280  in  width  from  N. 
to  S.,  including  an  area  of  67,380  square  miles,  or  43,123,200  acres,  only  2,938,425  acres 
of  which  were  improved  in  1850, 

PopuLATiox. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  less  than  one-third  of  one  per 
cent,  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  Missouri  are  of  that  extraction.  The  population  amounted 
to  66,586  in  1820;  140,145  in  1830;  383,702  in  1840,  and  682,244  in  1850;  of  whom 
312,987  were  white  males,  and  279,017  females;  1361  free  coloured  males,  and  1257  fe- 
males ;  43,484  male  slaves,  and  43,938  female. 

CrriES  AND  Towns. — St.  Louis  is  the  largest  city  in  Missouri,  population,  77,860,  (by  a  local 
census  in  1853,  88,(300;)  the  other  principal  towns  are  Hannibal,  population  in  1850,  2557  ; 
Lexington,  2459;  Castor,  2084;  "Weston,  1915;  Palmyra,  1284;  and  St.  Genevieve,  958. 
Capital,  Jefferson  City. 

Face  of  the  Country. — This  great  State  is  mostly  level  or  undulating  N.  of  the  Missouri 
River,  while  S.  of  this  river  (much  the  larger  portion  of  the  State)  exhibits  a  much  greater 
variet}-.  In  the  S.  E.  part,  near  the  Mississippi  River,  and  S.  of  Cape  Girardeau,  is  an  ex- 
tensive marsh,  reaching  beyond  the  State  into  Arkansas,  and  occupying  an  area  of  about  3000 
square  miles.  The  remainder  of  this  portion,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Osage  Rivers, 
is  rolling,  gradually  rising  into  a  hilly  and  mountainous  district,  forming  the  outskirts  of 
the  Ozark  Mountains.  Beyond  the  Osage  River,  at  some  distance,  commences  a  vast  ex- 
panse of  prairie  land,  which  stretches  away  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  ridges  forming 
the  Ozark  chain,  which  probably-  in  no  place  reach  an  elevation  of  2000  feet,  extends  in  a 
N.  E.  and  S.  W.  direction,  separating  the  waters  that  flow  N.  R  into  Missouri  River  from 
those  that  flow  S.  R  into  the  Mississippi  River.  The  geological  features  of  this  State  are 
very  interesting.  One  of  the  richest  coal  fields  perhaps  in  the  world  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  Missouri  N.  of  the  Osage  River,  and  extends  nearly  to  the  N.  boundary  of  Iowa.  A 
carboniferous  limestone,  which  comes  to  the  surface  on  the  R  and  W.  borders  of  the  State, 
forms  a  rim  from  5  to  40  miles  in  breadth.  The  lower  magnesian  limestone  crops  out  on 
the  Missouri  River,  from  25  miles  above  Jefferson  City  to  within  35  miles  of  its  mouth,  with 
occasional  obtrusions  of  sandstone.  Schoolcraft  thus  speaks  of  the  Ozark  Mountains :  "  The 
Ozark  is  a  term  applied  to  a  broad,  elevated  district  of  highlands,  running  from  N.  to  S. 
centrally  through  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  It  has  on  the  E.  the  striking  and 
deep  alluvial  tract  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  its  W.  the  woodless  plains  or  deserts 
which  stretch  below  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Minerals. — Missouri  is  particularly  rich  in  minerals,  and  a  vast  region  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Iron  Mountain  is,  perhaps,  unsurpassed  in  the  globe  for  productiveness  in  iron  of 
the  best  qualitj'.  Though  existing  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  purity  in  this  locality, 
this  mineral  is  found  scattered  throughout  the  State.  In  the  eastern  counties  S.  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  large  quantities  of  lead,  sometimes  mixed  with  zinc,  are  found.  Copper  exists 
throughout  the  mineral  region,  (a  tract  of  17,000,000  or  18,000,000  acres,)  but  is  most  abun- 
dant near  the  La  Motte  mines.  It  is  found  combined  with  nickel,  manganese,  iron,  cobalt, 
and  lead,  and  these  often  yield  34  per  cent,  of  the  pure  metal.  Of  the  other  metals  named, 
all  except  nickel  are  found  in  considerable  quantities.  Silver  exists  in  the  lead  ore,  350 
pounds  of  pure  silver  having  been  obtained  from  1,000,000  pounds  of  lead.  Tin  has  been 
found  in  small  quantitie.s.     Of  the  non-metallic  minerals,  limestone  abounds  2s'.  of  the  Mis- 


"LIO  STATE   OF  MISSOURI. 

souri  River,  and  forms  a  good  building  stone.  Marbles  beautifully  veined  and  crystalline 
are  found  in  parts  of  the  State ;  also  gypsum,  sandstones,  red  and  white,  porphyries,  sienite, 
saltpetre,  sulphate  of  baryta,  kaolin,  and  inferior  clays.  The  red  sandstone  is  of  too  coarse 
and  loose  a  texture  for  architectural  purposes,  but  the  white,  found  near  St.  Genevieve, 
makes  superior  glass.  Porphyries  of  a  red  ground  interspersed  with  crystals,  admitting  of 
a  high  polish,  are  found  S.  of  the  Missouri  River. 

Coal. — Bituminous  coal,  much  of  it  cannel  coal,  exists  in  vast  beds  in  the  N.  of  the  State, 
and  has  also  been  found  40  miles  up  the  Osage  River.  The  great  cannel  coal-bed  in  Cal- 
laway County  consists,  in  one  place,  of  a  solid  stratum  24  feet,  and  in  another  75  feet  in 
thickness,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  largest  bodj-  of  cannel  coal  known. 

Rivers. — Missouri  enjoys  the  navigation  of  the  two  greatest  rivers  in  the  United  States, 
if  not  in  the  world.  By  means  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which  coasts  her  entire  eastern 
boundary,  she  can  hold  commercial  intercourse  with  the  most  northern  territory  of  the 
Union,  with  the  whole  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  with  some  of  the  Atlantic  States,  and 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  By  means  of  the  Missouri,  her  other  great  river,  she  may  ex- 
tend her  internal  commerce  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  besides  receiving  the  products  that 
may  be  furnished  in  future  times  by  its  multitude  of  tributaries.  The  Missouri  River  coasts 
the  N.  W.  of  tlie  State  for  about  200  miles,  (following  its  windings,)  and  then  darts  across 
the  State  in  a  direction  a  little  S.  of  E.,  dividing  it  into  two  portions,  of  which  about  a 
third  is  K,  and  the  remainder  S.  of  that  river. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — We  shall  hardly  be  able  to  do  justice  to  Missouri  in  this 
respect,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  interior,  as  there  are  doubtless,  in  her 
mountain  recesses,  gorges,  waterfalls,  and  caves  whose  fame  has  not  yet  reached  us.  To 
the  geologist  the  State  already  possesses  ample  inducements  for  a  visit;  while  the  lover  of 
fine  scenery  will  find  much  to  interest  him  in  the  wild  bluffs  both  of  the  Missouri  and  Mis- 
sissippi Rivers,  which  rise  to  an  elevation  varying  from  50  to  300  feet. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Missouri  is  very  variable :  iu  the  winter  the  thermometer  sinks 
below  zero,  and  the  rivers  are  frozen  so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  heavily-laden  vehicles. 
The  summers  are  excessively  hot,  but  the  air  drj-  and  pure.  In  the  autumns,  bilious  and 
remittent  fevers  are  common  ou  the  river  bottoms.  Pulmonary  complaints,  however,  to 
euch  a  degree  as  to  terminate  iu  consumption,  are  infrequent. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  Missouri,  speaking  generallj',  is  good,  and  of  great 
agricultural  capabilities;  but  the  most  fertile  portions  are  in  the  river  bottoms,  which  are 
a  rich  alluvion,  (in  some  cases,  however,  mixed  with  sand,)  and  in  that  portion  N.  of  the 
Missouri  River,  except  in  the  E.,  where  a  sandy  soil  prevails.  South  of  the  Missouri  there 
is  a  greater  variety  in  the  soil,  but  much  of  it  is  fertile,  and  even  in  the  mountains  and 
mineral  districts  there  are  rich  valleys,  and  about  the  sources  of  the  White,  Eleven  Points, 
Current,  and  Big  Black  Rivers,  the  soil,  though  unproductive,  furnishes  a  valuable  growth 
of  yellow  pine.  The  marshy  district  of  the  S.  E.  part  will,  when  the  population  shall  have 
become  sufficiently  dense  to  justify  the  expense  of  drainage,  be  probably  one  of  the  most 
fertile  portions  of  the  State.  The  great  staple  of  Missouri  is  Indian  corn,  and  more  hemp 
is  produced  than  in  any  State  except  Kentucky :  the  other  great  products  are  wheat,  oats, 
tobacco,  wool,  peas,  beans,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  fruits,  butter,  cheese,  pork,  hay,  flax, 
honey,  and  beeswax ;  considerable  rje,  buckwheat,  market  products,  grass-seeds,  maple 
sugar ;  and  some  rice,  barley,  wine,  hops,  silk,  and  molasses. 

Forest  and  Fruit  Trees. — "The  river  bottoms  are  covered  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of 
oak,  elm,  ash,  hickory,  cottonwood,  linn,  and  white  and  black  walnut.  In  tlie  more  barren 
districts  are  found  white  and  pin  oak,  and  sometimes  forests  of  yellow  pine.  The  crab- 
apple,  papaw,  and  persimmon  are  abundant;  as  also  the  hazel  and  pecan."  There  are 
three  species  of  wild  grape;  and  apples,  pears,  peaches,  apricots,  and  nectarines  yield  well. 

Commerce. — St.  Louis  is  the  great  centre  of  internal  commerce  of  the  Mississippi  and  its 
tributaries,  which  must  greatly  increase  as  the  settlements  on  those  great  rivers  extend 
themselves.     The  exports  of  this  State  consist  mainly  of  lead,  pork,  flour,  wheat,  tobacco, 


MISSOURI,    OR  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY.  Ill 

and  live  stock.     Missouri  has  long  been  the  principal  seat  of  an  active  caravan  trade  with 
Santa  Fe. 

Education. — Missouri  has  a  school  fund  (in  1852)  of  $575,668,  and  another  fund  of 
$100,000,  called  the  seminary  fund.  The  interest  of  the  former  is  distributed  among  the 
counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  scholars  in  each.  In  1850  there  were  59,927  chil- 
dren in  the  State,  of  whom  39,983  were  in  the  schools.  Annual  expenditure  for  school  pur- 
poses, $88,124;  number  of  volumes  in  school  libraries,  6200.  Every  sixteenth  section  of 
public  lands  is  devoted  to  common  schools. 


MISSOURI,  OR  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY. 

Missouri,  or  North-West  Territory,  an  unorganized  territory  occupying  the  vast  region 
lying  between  the  White  Earth  and  Missouri  Rivers  on  the  E.,  and  the  Rocky  IMountains 
on  the  W.,  and  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  tract  in  the  S.  E.,  belonging  to  the  Indian 
Territory)  between  the  Platte  River  on  the  S.,  and  British  America  on  the  N.  It  lies  be- 
tween about  40°  30'  and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  about  97°  45'  and  113°  AV.  Ion.,  covering 
an  estimated  area  of  about  587,564  square  miles,  or  space  enough  for  five  States  larger  than 
Illinois.     This  vast  tract  would  include  the  proposed  territory  of  Nebraska. 

PopuLATiox. — We  have  no  census  returns  from  this  wild  region,  which  has  been  appro- 
priated as  the  abode  of  different  Indian  tribes,  among  .which  may  be  mentioned  the  Crows, 
Blackfeet,  (a  very  warlike  and  cruel  tribe,)  Minnetarees,  Riccarees,  Puncahs,  and  Pawnees. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  greater  part  of  this  territory,  as  far  as  is  known,  seems  to 
consist  of  a  high  prairie  land.  A  chain  of  highlands,  called  the  Black  Hills,  runs  from 
near  the  Platte  River  in  a  N.  E.  direction  to  the  Missouri  River,  which  they  approach  in 
about  102°  of  W.  longitude,  dividing  the  .waters  running  into  the  Yellowstone  from  those 
flowing  into  the  Missouri  below  its  great  south-eastern  bend.  On  the  W.,  the  Rocky 
Mountains  rear  their  lofty  summits,  in  some  instances  above  the  snow  line,  and  send  out 
spurs  into  Missouri.  Fremont's  Peak,  the  loftiest  known  in  this  chain  in  the  United  States, 
is  on  the  S.  W.  border  of  this  tcrritorj'. 

Rivers  and  L.\kes. — This  extensive  tract  is  traversed  by  the  Missouri,  one  of  the  most 
important  rivers  in  the  world,  which  rises  near  its  south-western  border,  runs  for  about 
1000  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  to  48°  20'  N".  latitude,  receiving  a  large  number  of  afflu- 
ents from  the  N.,  one  of  which,  the  Yellowstone,  is  980  miles  in  length,  and  a  multitude  of 
sub-tributaries  from  the  S.  From  the  latitude  named  above,  it  flows  off  to  the  S.  E.,  form- 
ing the  eastern  boundary  for  perhaps  1000  miles.  In  about  latitude  43°  30'  the  Missouri 
makes  a  grand  detour,  called  the  Great  Bend,  "  where  the  river  makes  a  circuit  of  30 
miles  in  advancing  2000  yards  in  a  direct  course."  A  number  of  important  streams  flow 
into  the  Missouri,  within  this  territory,  below  the  bend  alluded  to,  so  that  this  region  is 
well  watered,  and  gives  promise  of  being  more  suitable  for  settlement  than  the  country 
below  Platte  River.  There  are  some  small  lakes  in  the  S.  W.,  and  perhaps  others  yet  to 
be  diseoivered  and  described. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — ^The  Great  Falls  of  the  Missouri,  and  the  gorge  below, 
'enclosed  with  perpendicular  rocks  1200  feet  high,  claim  the  first  place  among  the  striking 
natural  objects  of  this  territory. 

Animals. — This  country  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter  and  trapper.  Yast  herds  of  buffa- 
lo roam  over  its  prairies,  though  now  rapidly  diminishing  in  numbers.  Lewis  and  Clark 
have  stated  that  at  times  the  jNlissouri  was  backed  up  as  by  a  dam,  by  the  multitude  of 
these  animals  crossing.  The  grizzly  bear.  Rocky  Mountain  goat,  sheep,  and  antelope  in- 
fest the  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  and  tlic  beaver  in  former  times  existed  in  great 
numbers,  though  the  trappers  are  now  fast  thinning  them  out.  Panthers  were  met  with 
by  Lewis  and  Clark ;  also  black  bears,  elks,  and  wolves. 

CoxniERCE. — ^The  fur  and  peltry  trade  constitute  the  commerce  of  this  vast  region. 
Steamboats  ascend  the  Missouri  above  the  Yellowstone,  and  up  the  latter  river  300  miles. 


112  MINNESOTA. 


MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota,  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British  America,  E. 
by  Lake  Superior  and  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  S.  by  Iowa  and  Missouri  Territory,  and  "W.  by 
Missouri  Territory.  The  Lake  of  the  Woods,  with  a  chain  of  small  lakes  and  their  outlets, 
form  a  part  of  the  Northern  boundary ;  the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  a  part  of  the  eastern, 
and  the  Missouri  and  AVhite  Earth  Rivers  the  western  boundary.  It  lies  between  42°  SO' 
and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  about  89°  30'  and  103°  30'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  650  miles  in 
extreme  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  430  from  N.  to  S.,  including  an  area  of  nearly  166,000 
square  miles,  or  106,240,000  acres. 

Face  of  the  Cottntry. — Though  there  are  no  mountains  in  Minnesota,  it  is  the  most 
elevated  tract  of  land  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Hudson's  Bay,  and  from  its  central 
heights  sends  its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass,  but  mostly  to  the  N.  and  S.  The 
position  from  which  the  Red  River  of  the  North  and  the  St.  Peter's  take  their  opposite 
courses  is  almost  exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  territory,  and  elevated  about  2000  feet  above 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  plateau,  called  the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  or  "  Prairie  Heights," 
about  200  miles  in  length,  and  from  15  to  40  in  breadth,  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
southern  part  of  Minnesota.  Its  greatest  elevation  is  about  1916  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  its  average  height  about  1450  feet.  The  northern  portion,  which  is  the  highest,  is 
about  890  feet  above  Bigstone  Lake,  which  lies  in  its  vicinity.  Passing  the  St.  Peter's  or 
Minnesota  River,  we  come  upon  another  range  of  heights,  known  as  the  "  Coteau  du  Grand 
Bois,"  or  the  Wooded  Heights,  which  extend  for  more  than  100  miles  nearly  parallel  with 
the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies."  This  ridge  is  mostly  covered  with  an  extensive  forest  of  hard 
wood.  Through  the  middle  of  the  triangle  which  occupies  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  ter- 
ritory, runs  a  third  range  of  heights,  called  the  "  Hauteurs  de  Terre,"  or  "  Highlands," 
which  extend  W.  by  S.  about  300  miles,  and  form  a  dividing  ridge,  whence  flow  the  waters 
that  seek  Lake  Superior  and  the  Mississippi  in  one  direction,  and  Hudson's  Bay  in  the 
other.  A  range  of  less  altitude  than  tlie  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  but  continuing  in  the  same 
direction,  forms  the  watershed  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  ]Missouri  on  the  W.,  and  those 
flowing  into  the  Red  River  on  the  E.  The  rest  of  the  country  generally  alternates  between 
sandhills  and  swamps,  and  river  bottoms  and  prairies.  In  the  N.,  on  the  Red  River,  are 
extensive  Savannas,  level  as  a  floor,  while  the  centr.al  region  and  the  portion  between  that 
and  Lake  Superior  is  much  of  it  occupied  with  marshes,  separated  by  hills  of  drift.  West 
of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  and  Red  River,  the  country  has  been  but  little  explored ;  but 
that  portion  of  it  between  the  Riviere  a  Jacques  and  the  Missouri  is  represented  as  com- 
posed of  high  rolling  prairies. 

Minerals.— The  indications,  from  geological  surveys  of  Minnesota,  do  not  favour  the  hopes 
of  great  metallic  wealth  within  its  borders.  Copper  has  been  found,  but  in  most  instances 
it  is  not  "  in  place,"  but  appears  to  have  been  carried  thither  by  the  drift  and  boulders. 
The  probability  is  that,  of  richer  metallic  ores  than  iron,  tliis  territory  will  not  afford  (ex- 
cept near  Lake  Superior)  suflicient  quantity  to  repay  the  labours  of  the  miner;  for  if  they 
exist  at  all,  they  probably  lie  at  great  depths.  Tlie  indications  are  equally  unfavourable  to 
there  being  any  large  deposits  of  coal.  A  lead  vein,  4  inches  in  thickness,  was  discovered 
on  the  Waraju  River,  by  the  geological  corps  of  Professor  Owen.  The  most  remarkable 
mineral  in  this  territory  is  the  red  pipestone,  of  which  the  Indians  make  their  pipes,  and 
which  is  believed  to  be  peculiar  to  the  region  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  Salt  is  reported 
to  exist  in  vast  quantities  between  47°  and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  97°  and  99°  W.  lon.^ 

Lakes  and  Rivers.— Minnesota  is,  perhaps,  even  more  deserving  than  Michigan  of  the 
appellation  of  the  "  Lake  State,"  as  it  abounds  in  lacustrine  waters  of  every  size,  from  lakes 
of  40  miles  in  extent,  to  small  ponds  of  less  than  a  mile  in  circuit.  These  beautiful  sheets 
of  water  give  origin  to  rivers  flowing  K,  S.,  and  E. ;  some  finding  their  way  to  the  Atlantic 
through  the  mighty  Mississippi  and  the  GiUf  of  Mexico ;  others  through  the  great  lakes, 
Niagara,  and  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  others,  again,  pass  off  to  the  N.,  and  seek  the  ocean 


MINNESOTA.  113 

through  Hudson's  Bay  and  Straits.  The  largest  of  these  lakes,  with  the  exception  of  Lake 
Superior,  are  the  Lake  of  the  "Woods,  Rainy  Lake,  Red,  Minni-Wakan  or  Devil  Lake, 
Leech,  and  Mille  Lac,  or  Spirit  Lake.  These  generally  have  clear,  pebbly  bottoms,  and  are 
well  stocked  with  fish,  among  which  are  the  white  fish,  pike,  pickerel,  niaskelonge,  sucker, 
perch  and  trout.  Wild  rice  grows  on  the  borders  of  many  of  them,  especially  at  the  North. 
Devil  Lake,  which  is  on  the  48th  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Minnesota,  is  about  40 
miles  in  Icnt^th,  by  15  in  breadth,  and  its  waters,  which  arc  brackish,  have  no  visible 
outlet.  Red  Lake,  on  the  same  parallel,  E.  of  Red  River,  with  which  it  communicates,  is 
divided  into  two  portions,  united  by  a  strait  of  2  miles  in  width,  and  covers  about  the  same 
area  as  Devil  Lake.  Lake  of  the  "Woods,  and  Rainy  Lake,  (the  former  a  large  sheet  of 
water,  perliaps  100  miles  in  circuit,)  are  botli  on  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  the  territory. 
Lake  Pepin,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  is  a  mere  expansion  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  S.  E. 
of  this  territory.  The  rivers  and  large  streams  of  Minnesota  are  almost  as  numerous  as  its 
lakes.  The  far-famed  Mississippi  takes  its  humble  origin  from  Itasca  Lake,  from  whose 
pellucid  waters  it  issues  a  rivulet  uf  but  a  few  feet  in  width,  and  first  meandering  in  a  N.  E. 
direction  through  a  number  of  small  lakes,  to  receive  their  tribute,  it  turns  to  the  S.,  and 
pursues  its  lordly  way  to  its  far  distant  exit  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  laving  in  its  course  the 
shores  of  nine  States  and  one  territory.  About  800  miles  of  its  length  are  included  within 
Minnesota,  of  which  500  are  navigable,  200  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthonj^  and  300  above. 
The  Rum  and  St.  Croix,  tributaries  of  the  IMississippi,  drain  the  S.  E.  portion  of  the  terri 
tory,  and  the  Red  River  the  northern,  passing  oflf  into  Hudson's  Bay.  It  is  the  outlet  of 
Traverse,  Ottertail,  Red,  and  several  smaller  lakes.  It  has  a  course  of  about  500  miles 
within  Minnesota,  though  it  does  not  flow  directlj*  north  more  than  200  miles  in  that  dis- 
tance. The  Lake  Superior  slope  is  principally  drained  by  the  St.  Louis  and  its  branches, 
and  by  the  outlets  of  that  series  of  small  lakes  that  form  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  Minnesota. 
The  great  valley  formed  by  the  slopes  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Coteau  du  Bois 
is  drained  by  the  St.  Peter's  and  its  tributaries.  Tliis  river  runs  first  in  a  S.  E.,  and  then 
in  a  N.  E.  course,  with  a  total  length  of  from  400  to  500  miles,  and  is  navigable  for 
steamers,  during  high  water,  50  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Mississippi,  and  CO  farther 
for  keel-boats.  Its  principal  branch  is  the  Blue  Earth  or  Mankota  River.  The  St.  Peter's, 
with  the  Crow  "Wing  and  Crow  Rivers,  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  from 
the  West.  The  Riviere  d  Jacques  (ree  ve-air'  ah  zhak)  and  the  Sioux  are  the  principal 
affluents  of  the  Missouri  from  this  territory.  They  both  have  an  almost  directly  S.  course, 
the  former  being  about  600,  and  the  latter  350  miles  long.  Nearly  the  whole  western 
boundary  is  washed  by  the  ^Missouri,  which  opens  the  western  part  of  the  territory  to  the 
commerce  of  the  great  Mississippi  vallej-.  The  rivers  of  Minnesota  abound  in  small  falls 
and  rapids,  which,  while  they  interrupt  navigation,  furnish  extensive  water-power. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — If  we  except  cataracts  of  the  first  magnitude  and  high 
mountains,  Minnesota  presents  as  great  a  variety  of  natural  objects  of  interest  as  any  por- 
tion of  our  widelj-  extended  domain. 

Minnesota  shares  with  "V\'isconsin  in  the  falls  and  rapids  of  the  St.  Louis  River,  another 
picturesque  and  romantic  display  of  nature's  works.  The  rivers  of  Minnesota  are  filled 
with  picturesque  rapids  and  small  falls,  and  often  bordered  with  perpendicular  bluffs  of 
lime  and  sandstone,  or  gentl\-  sloping  hills  that  gracefully  recede  from  the  water.  This 
region  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter:  its  prairies  and  forests  are  the  home  of  many  wild 
animals,  and  in  its  rivers  and  lakes  swim  great  varieties  offish. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  this  territ(>r\-  is  severe,  especially  in  the  northern  part.  At  the 
Pembina  settlement,  under  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  the  cold  is  frequently  so  great  as 
to  freeze  quicksilver.  Minnesota,  in  some  parts,  is  too  severe  for  Indian  corn,  but  the  dry- 
ness and  steadiness  of  the  cold  favour  wheat  and  other  winter  grains. 

Soil  and  PRonucrioxs. — The  soil  of  Minnesota  varies  greatlj-.  In  the  valleys  of  the 
rivers  it  is  mostly  excellent,  esi)ecially  in  those  of  the  St.  Peter's,  and  of  the  Mississippi  and 
its  tributaries  in  the  south-east  of  the  territory.  Above  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  with  the 
exception  of  the  river  alluvions  and  some  prairie  land,  the  country  is  generally  covered 


114  MINNESOTA. 

with  drift,  interspersed  with  marshes,  too  wet  for  cultivation ;  but  the  elevated  portion  is 
often  much  of  it  of  tolerable  fertilitj%  though  inferior  to  the  calcareous  lands  of  the  river 
bottoms,  and  not  unfrequently  covered  with  dwarf  timber. 

Forest  Trees. — Parts  of  Minnesota  are  densely  timbered  with  pine  forests,  and  the  ridges 
of  the  drift  districts  with  small  pine,  birch,  aspen,  maple,  ash,  elm,  hemlock,  firs,  poplar, 
and  basswood.  In  the  swamps  between  the  ridges,  the  tamarack,  cedar,  and  cypress  are 
found ;  while  the  river  bottoms  furnish  a  good  growth  of  oak,  aspen,  soft  maple,  basswood, 
ash,  birch,  white  walnut,  linden,  and  elm.  Much  of  this  timber  on  the  poorer  ridges,  and 
in  some  of  the  marshes,  is  rather  of  a  dwarf  character.  On  the  Rum,  St.  Croix,  and  Pine 
Rivers  there  are  extensive  forests  of  pine,  of  good,  but  not  of  the  largest  growth.  Accord- 
ing to  Professor  Owen,  "  a  belt  of  forest  crosses  Minnesota  in  lat.  44°  30',  which  is  remark- 
able for  its  unusual  body  of  timber,  in  a  country  otherwise  but  scantily  timbered."  Taken 
as  a  whole,  therefore,  Minnesota  can  scarcely  be  called  a  well-wooded  countrj-.  But  here, 
as  in  other  parts  of  the  West,  when  the  prairies  are  protected  from  fire,  a  growth  of  young 
timber  soon  springs  up. 

Animals. — Minnesota  has  always  been  a  favourite  hunting-ground  of  the  Indians,  and 
vast  herds  of  buffiilo,  elk,  deer,  antelope,  and  other  game  still  roam  over  the  plains  west 
of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Red  River.  Deer,  black  bear,  antelope,  wolverine,  otter, 
muskrat,  mink,  martin,  wolf,  and  raccoon  abound,  and  the  moose  and  grizzly  bear  are 
occasionallj'  met  with.  The  prairies  are  frequented  by  grouse,  pheasants,  and  partridges, 
and  the  streams  by  wild  ducks  and  geese.  The  other  birds  are  hawks,  buzzards,  harriers, 
owls,  quails,  plovers,  larks,  and  a  great  variety  of  small  birds.  Among  the  water  fowl  are 
the  pelican,  tern,  hooded  sheldrake,  bustard,  broadbill,  ruffle-headed  duck,  wood  duck, 
teal,  wild  goose,  and  loon.  Both  the  golden  and  bald  eagle  are  occasionally  met  with. 
The  rivers  and  lakes  abound  in  fine  fish,  among  which  are  the  bass,  cap,  sunfish,  pickerel, 
pike,  catfish,  whitefish,  sucker,  maskelonge,  and  trout. 

Manufactures. — There  are  great  capabilities  in  the  innumerable  rivers  of  Minnesota,  with 
their  falls  and  rapids,  for  manufacturing  establishments.  At  present  the  conversion  of  her 
pine  forests  into  boards,  scantling,  etc.,  constitutes  the  principal  manufacture  of  this  new 
and  flourishing  territory. 

The  best  lands  of  Minnesota  are  on  her  two  great  navigable  rivers,  the  Mississippi  and 
St.  Peter's ;  and  the  first  acts  of  internal  improvement  needed  by  this  territory  will  be  the 
removal  of  some  obstructions  in  these  streams.  It  is  among  the  probabilities  that  the  great 
Pacific  railway  may  traverse  this  region,  as  engineers  are  now  examining  the  feasibilities 
of  a  northern  route. 

Commerce. — Minnesota  has  the  advantage  of  two  outlets  for  her  productions;  one  by 
way  of  the  Mississippi,  to  every  portion  of  the  Mississippi  valley;  and  the  other  by  way  of 
Lake  Superior,  with  the  Lake  States  and  with  the  East.  The  great  export  of  this  territory 
is  her  lumber. 

Educatiox. — Minnesota  has  a  public  system  of  free  schools,  which  are  under  the  general 
direction  of  a  superintendent  of  common  schools,  and  the  local  supervision  of  trustees. 
Every  township  containing  not  less  than  five  families  is  considered  a  school  district.  "  An 
act  to  incorporate  the  University  of  Miimcsota,"  was  passed  February  25,  1S51.  This  insti- 
tution consists  of  five  departments,  namely,  of  science,  literature,  and  art;  of  laws;  of 
medicine;  of  agriculture;  and  of  elementary  instruction.  Twelve  regents,  appointed  by 
the  legislature,  manage  its  affairs.  It  is  located  at  St.  Anthony.  The  proceeds  of  all 
lands  granted  by  the  United  States  go  to  form  a  perpetual  fund  for  the  support  of  the 
university. 

The  information  contained  in  the  notice  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  is  copied  from  "  Wis- 
consin as  it  is,"  by  F.  Gerhard,  and  that  pertaining  to  the  other  States,  from  "  Lippincott's 
Gazetteer.  In  a  future  edition  the  information  will  be  brought  down  to  a  later  period,  in 
articles  now  preparing  speciallj'  for  this  work. 


CM 


mi  JfoiirtI]. 


THINGS    AS    THEY    ARE 


IN 


18  5  9 


CONTEXTS    OF    PART    IV. 


PAGE 

American  Auction  Rooms 30 

American  Bank  Notes 23 

American  Banks  and  Banking 19 

American  Hotels 11 

American  Houses 66 

American  People,  Degeneracy  of  the  ...  62 

American  Railroad  Cars 41 

American  Railroad  Conductor 45 

American  Railroad  Locomotive 43 

American  Railroads 40 

Amusements  and  Sports 59 

Attendance  at  Church 49 

Auctioneer,  The  American 31 

Auction  Rooms  in  Xew  York 30 

Automaton  Oven 33 

Bakeries,  Mechanical 33 

Ballot  Voting  in  America 76 

Bank-Xote  Reporters 24 

Bank  Notes  of  America 23 

Banking  Literature,  Curiosities  of 25 

Banking,  Wild-Cat 21 

Banks  and  Banking 19 

Billiards  and  Chess 61 

Bookseller,  The  Railroad 45 

Booksellers'  Trade  Sales 31 

Broken  Banks 28 

Canada,  Trade  with 32 

Cars  on  American  Railroads 41 

Cars.  Railroad  Sleeping 48 

Church  Attendance 49 

Churches  in  America 49 

Church  Psalmody  .  .  , 50 

Citizenship 64 

Clergymen  in  America 72 

Clotliing  and  Dress 49 

Conuuercuil  Agencies. 17 

Commercial  Colleges 29 

Comparative  Time  Indicator 85 

Consumption  of  Ice 40 

Curiosities  in  Banking  Literature 25 

Cutting  Ice  on  Rockland  Lake 38 

Debt  Collecting 19 

Declaration  of  Intentions 64 

Degeneracy  of  the  American  People. ...  62 


PAOB 

Difference  in  Time  in  Canada 86 

Difference  in  Time  in  United  States  ....  85 

Domestic  Servants 71 

Dress  and  Clothing 49 

Drinking  Customs 36 

Drinking.     Water 36 

Drinks,  Refreshing 38 

Educational  Institutions  of  America. ...  74 

Elections  in  America 76 

Exchange  and  Exchange  Offices. 22 

Exemption  Laws  of  the  United  States  . .   SS 

Express ! 55 

Express  Companies 66 

Extracts  from  Bank-Xote  Reporters ....  24 

Farmers  in  Winter  Time 58 

Fire  Engine  Establishment 53 

Fire  Engine,  Steam 55 

Fruit,  Prices  of 70 

Furniture  Manufacturing 82 

Hoe  &  Co.'s  Printing  Machine 7 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Affairs 67 

Housekeeping,  Expenses  of. 08 

Ice  Trade 38 

Indicator,  Time 86 

Intentions,  Declaration  of 64 

Interest,  Legal 28 

Laws,  Exemption,  of  the  United  States. .  83 

Laws,  Usury 28 

Leviathan  Printing  Machine 7 

Locomotive,  The  American 43 

Lumber  and  Lumbermen 51 

Meat,  Prices  of 70 

Mechanical  Bakeries 33 

Mercantile  Agencies 18 

Xewsman,  The  Railroad 45 

New  York  Auction  Rooms 30 

Peter  Funk  Auction  Rooms 32 

Printing  ilachine  of  R.  Hoe  <fe  Co 7 

Professional  Men  in  America 71 

Protection  to  Trade 17 

Psalmody  in  Churches 50 

Pushing  Trade  on  the  Cars 46 

Quaker  Settlement,  New  Lebanon 79 


CONTENTS   OF   PART  IV. 


PACK 

Railroad  (American)  Locomotive 43 

Railroad  Cars 41 

Railroad  Conductor , 45 

Railroad  Refreshment  Stations 47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars 48 

Railroads  iu  America 40 

Railroad  Travelling  Newsman 45 

Rapids,  Rafts  running  the 51 

Refreshing  Drinks 38 

Refreshment  Stations  in  America 47 

Reporters,  Bank  Note 24 

Shakers,  The 79 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Railroads 48 

Sleighing  in  Winter  Time 57 

Sports  and  Amusements 59 

Steam  Fire  Engine 55 

The  Shakers 79 

Time  Indicator 86 


Time  in  Europe  and  America 85 

Trade  Sales 31 

Trade  with  Canada 32 

Trade  Protection  Societies 18 

Trotting  Matches 59 

"  Two-Forty" 60 

Usury  Laws  of  America 28 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

Voting  by  Ballot 76 

Water  and  Water  Drinking 36 

Wayside  Refreshment  Station 48 

Who  are  Yankees  ? 35 

Wild  Cat  Banking 21 

Winter  Evenings 58 

Winter  Time  in  America 57 

Worthy  of  Credit 18 

Yankees,  Who  are  ? 35 


JfUuBtrations. 


PAGE 

American  Locomotive 44 

American  "  Packer"  at  fully  "  Two-Forty"  60 

American  Railroad  Car 42 

Hoe  &  Co.'s  Leviathan  Printing  Machine     6 
Ice-cutting  at  Rockland  Lake 39 


PAGE 

Running  the  Rapids  of  St.  Lawrence  ...  62 

Shaker  Costume 80 

Shakers  Dancing 81 

Steam  Engines 55 

Time  Indicator. 8tJ 


THINGS    AS    THEY    ARE 

IlSr     1859. 


In  the  preceding  parts  we  have  endeavoured  to  present  some  of  the  physical  features  of 
America,  and  with  the  engravings  illustrative  of  such,  trust,  that  to  some  extent  we  have 
done  so  successfully. 

The  articles  contained  in  the  following  pages  refer  to  the  social  habits,  commerce,  man- 
ners, customs,  and,  in  fact,  to  the  every-day  life  of  the  Americans,  noticing,  at  the  same 
time,  a  few  of  the  more  remarkable  inventions  which  illustrate  the  prosperity,  comfort,  and 
genius  of  the  people. 

Some  of  the  subjects  noticed,  have  already  been  treated  by  others  Avith  greater  ability 
than  we  lay  claim  to,  and,  although  perhaps  known  to  many,  we  notice  them  here  as  the 
record  of  our  own  observations,  to  render  the  work  as  complete  as  possible,  and  by  the  in- 
troduction of  articles  on  subjects  not  generally  noticed  by  writers  on  America,  we  trust, 
that,  taken  as  a  whole,  they  may  prove  worthy  of  perusal.  No  particular  arrangement 
has  been  studied  as  to  the  order  in  which  they  appear,  but  on  reference  to  the  index  pre- 
fixed, any  one  of  the  subjects  noticed  will  be  found  at  once. 


HOE  &  CO.'S  LEVIATHAN  PRINTING  IL^CHINE. 

Onb  of  the  greatest  sights,  in  our  estimation,  for  the  strangei-  who  has  never  seen  a 
printing  machine  throwing  oft'  sheets  at  the  rate  of  20,000  per  hour,  is  for  him  to  visit  a 
machine  room  in  one  of  the  Daily  Newspaper  offices,  where  they  are  to  be  found  work- 
ing. There  are  generally  elevated  points  in  the  machine  rooms  of  such,  from  which  you 
can  command  an  excellent  view  of  this  wonderful  mammoth  of  engineering  skill,  busy  at 
work;  throwing  off,  and  laying  down  of  itself  with  mathematical  nicety,  the  sheets  as  they 
come  from  off  the  cylinder,  at  the  rate  of  20,000  copies  per  hour.  On  this  machine  there 
are  ten  men  feeding  the  sheets  on,  whilst,  as  we  have  said,  the  "  flyers"  lay  down  the 
sheets,  ready  for  folding — the  machine  working  with  less  noise  than  some  single  cylinder 
machines  we  have  seen,  when  they  were  laboring  away  at  1200  to  2000  per  hour. 

To  describe  this  machine  so  as  to  convey  a  proper  idea  of  it  to  parties  not  versed  in 
printing  machinery,  is  not,  we  fear,  very  easy,  and  after  all  it  must  be  seen  at  work  to  be 
appreciated.  We  shall,  however,  as  far  as  possible,  describe  its  construction  and  operation, 
and,  with  the  engraving  which  we  give  in  another  page,  the  reader  may  have  some  idea  of 
it  You  will,  therefore,  try  to  conceive  before  you,  a  horizontal  cylinder,  of  about  four 
and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  mounted  on  a  shaft,  with  appropriate  bearings ;  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  circumference  of  this  cylinder  constitutes  the  "  bed"  of  the  press,  which  is 
adapted  to  receive  the  "  form"  of  types,  the  remainder  is  used  as  a  cylindrical  "  distribut- 
ing table."  On  this  table  is  distributed  the  printing  ink,  by  means  of  rollers  passing  over 
it.  The  diameter  of  this  portion  of  the  cylinder  is  less  than  that  of  the  form  of  types,  in 
order  that  the  distributing  portion  of  it  may  pass  the  impression  cylinders  without  touch- 
ing. The  ink  is  contained  in  a  fountain,  placed  beneath  the  large  cylinder,  from  which 
it  is  taken  by  a  "ductor"  roller,  and  transferred,  by  a  vibrating  distributing  roller,  to  the 
cylindrical  distributing  table  before  alluded  to.  The  fountain  roller  receives  a  slow  and 
continuous  rotary  motion,  to  caiTy  up  the  ink  from  the  fountain. 

The  large  cj'linder  being  put  in  motion,  the  form  of  types  thereon  is,  in  succession,  car- 
ried to  ten  corresponding,  horizontal,  impression  cylinders,  arranged  at  proper  distances 
around  it,  which  give  the  impression  to  ten  sheets,  introduced,  one  at  each  impression 
cj-linder,  by  men  who  are  termed  "  feeders."  (See  our  engraving  for  the  position  they 
occupy.)    These  ten  men  "  feed"  the  machine  with  the  sheets  to  be  printed. 

For  each  impression  cylinder  there  are  two  inking  rollers,  which  vibrate  on  the  distrib- 
uting surface  while  taking  a  supply  of  ink,  and  at  the  proper  time  pass  over  the  form, 
when  they  again  fall  to  the  distributing  surface.  Each  page  is  "  locked  up"  upon  a 
detached  segment  of  the  large  cjlinder,  called  by  the  compositors  a  "turtle,"  and  this  con- 
stitutes the  "  bed"  and  "  chase."  The  rules  seen  on  newspaper  pages  between  the  columns, 
are  termed  " column  rules."  These  "column  rules"  run  parallel  with  the  shafts  of  the 
cylinder,  and  are  consequently  straight ;  while  the  "  head,"  that  is,  the  title  of  the  paper, 
advertising,  and  dash  rules,  are  in  the  form  of  segments  of  a  circle.  A  cross-section  of 
the  column  rules  would  present  the  form  of  a  wedge,  with  the  small  end  pointing  to  the 
centre  of  the  cylinder,  so  as  to  bind  the  types  near  the  top.  These  wedge-shaped  column 
rules  are  held  down  to  the  bed  or  "  turtle"  by  tongues,  projecting  at  intervals  along  their 
length,  and  sliding  in  rebated  grooves  cut  crosswise  in  the  face  of  the  bed,  the  space  in  the 
grooves,  between  the  column  rules,  being  filled  with  sliding  blocks  of  metal,  accurately 
fitted,  the  outer  surface  level  with  the  surface  of  the  bed,  the  ends  next  the  column  rules 
being  cut  away  underneath  to  receive  a  projection  on  the  sides  of  the  tongues,  and  screws 
at  the  end  and  side  of  each  page  to  "  lock"  them  together,  the  tj'pes  are  as  secure  on  this 
cylinder  as  they  can  be  on  the  old  flat  bed,  or,  in  other  words,  are  so  tightly  fixed  on  to 
the  cylinder  with  which  they  revolve  en  masse,  that  they  are  as  little  liable  to  shifting  from 
their  position,  as  if  they  formed  a  part  of  the  cylinder  itself. 

The  stranger,  on  seeing  this  monster  of  printing  power,  yet  exquisite  in  execution,  at 
work,  is  at  once  almost  appalled,  as  he  catches  the  first  glimpse  of  it  in  operation.  The 
great  whir  of  wheels  at  work — rollers  inking — men  feeding  on  with  clock-work  exact- 


8  LEVIATHAN  PRINTING   MACHINE. 

ness — the  pure  white  sheets  being  nipped  into  the  embraces  of  its  internal  machinery — and 
before  you  can  count  one,  a  sheet  has  received  the  impression  of  thousands  of  letters 
and  afterwards  unbosomed,  as  it  were,  and  laid  down  with  mathematical  exactness; 
all  together,  riveting  the  attention  of  the  beholder  as  it  flies  along,  whilst  he  stands 
transfixed  almost,  in  amazement  and  delight. 

Look  at  it  as  it  "  goes  a-head,"  throwing  off  its  three  hundred  to  four  hundred  sheets 
every  minute,  continuously  for  days  and  nights  in  the  large  cities  of  this  country,  and  in 
mighty  London  and  Manchester,  in  England.  What  is  it,  when  we  think  of  its  perform- 
ance every  day  in  the  civilized  world,  carrying,  by  its  means — to  millions  of  hearts  and 
homes,  in  the  mansion  as  well  as  the  cottage,  daily  intelligence — to  the  gay  as  well  as 
to  the  mourner — a  giant  jmiUum  in  a  miniature  parvo — the  collected  essence  of  the  states- 
man, philosopher,  merchant,  and  schoolmaster,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  one  !  But  who 
can  calculate  its  powers  ?  "We  pay  it  a  humble  tribute,  if  we  say  it  is  a  machine  which  is 
one  of  the  most  glorious  triumphs  of  modern  mechanical  skill,  which  is  as  yet  the  crowning 
glory  of  the  printing  profession  all  over  the  world  and — of  the  "  fourth  estate"  of  Britain — 
a  machine  of  which  every  printer  ought  to  feel  proud,  and  fire  him  with  ambition  to  be 
possessed  of — that  machine  which  renders  still  more  sacred  the  power  it  reposes  in  the 
hands  of  those,  who,  by  wielding  it,  control  and  guide — on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic — the 
destinies  of  the  world.  All  honor  to  the  noble  craft,  towering  above  all  other  professions, 
which  wields  that  power.  All  honor  to  the  men  who  have  placed  such  a  machine  in  their 
hands.  If  Richard  M.  Hoe  and  his  brothers  had  never  invented  another  machine  but  that 
one,  it  of  itself  would  entitle  their  names  to  be  engraved  on  the  pages  of  history  as 
amongst  the  greatest  benefactors  of  their  race. 

The  fact  of  these  machines  having  free  scope  to  scatter  their  millions  of  sheets  weekly 
broadcast  over  the  world,  from  the  presses  of  Britain  and  America,  is  of  itself  a  powerful 
standing  rebuke  to  that  power  whicli  has  trampled  upon  its  liberty  and  gagged  its  power, 
in  one  of  the  most  refined  cities  of  continental  Europe.  It  will  be  a  glorious  day  for 
France  when  she  is  once  more  at  liberty  to  erect  such  a  machine  as  that,  and  regain  tlie 
footing  it  was  about  to  plant  on  her  soil,  when  its  progress  was  arrested  by  a  questionable 
power.  Had  Louis  Philippe  been  on  the  throne  of  France  to  day,  these  presses  would,  in 
all  probability,  have  been  sowing  there  also,  seeds,  the  fruits  of  which  must  follow 
wherever  the  printing  press  has  free  liberty  to  work. 

Our  previous  conception  of  this  machine,  before  seeing  it  in  operation,  was,  that  from 
the  great  increase  of  printing  power  and  speed,  it  must  be  very  complicated  in  its  con- 
struction, after  seeing  the  old  presses  of  Applegarths  at  work,  with  some  of  the  sheets 
placed  in  at  the  ceiling,  wending  their  way  down  through  tapes  to  the  very  bed  of  the 
machine,  and  there  receiving  their  impressions,  and  from  that,  traveling  up  another  set 
of  tapes  to  be  emitted  above,  and  there  taken  off  1)y  a  "  flyer,''  or  person  to  take  the 
sheets  off.  This  machine  of  Hoe's,  in  construction,  is  totallj'  different,  and  exceedingly 
simple.  Instead  of  the  "  forms"  and  types  being  placed  upon  a  flat  bed,  and  made  to 
traverse  from  one  end  of  the  machine  to  the  other,  in  all  about  15  feet,  as  referred  to  above, 
they  revolve  round  along  with  the  cylinder,  and  the  machine,  as  a  whole,  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  single  cylinder  machine  with  ten  feeders.  Tlie  reader  will  observe  in  our 
engraving,  at  each  end  of  the  machine,  the  sheets  in  the  act  of  being  laid  down  by  the 
self-acting  "  flying,"  or  taking  off,  process. 

The  engi-aving  represents  a  press,  with  ten  impression  cj'linders,  capable  of  printing  25,000 
impressions  per  hour.  Ten  persons  are  required  to  feed  on  the  sheets,  which  are  thrown 
out  and  laid  in  heaps  by  self-acting  flyers,  instead  of  a  man  to  take  off  for  every  one 
feeding, — in  that  process  alone,  saving  ten  men  in  taking  off  the  sheets.  Similar  machines, 
with  six  cylinders,  capable  of  printing  15,000  impressions  per  hour,  also  with  four  cylin- 
ders, capable  of  printing  10,000  impressions  per  hour,  are  made  by  Hoe  &  Co. 

We  may  mention,  that  the  principal  daily  papers  in  America,  are  printed  with  these 
machines.  Without  them,  the  publishers  could  no  more  print  their  papers,  and  supply 
their  tliousands  of  impatient  readers,  many  miles  distant,  every  morning  before  breakfast. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   MESSRS.   HOE'S  ESTABLISHMENT.  9 

than  they  could  fly  to  the  moon.  Great  as  the  Americans  are  in  many  things,  in  nothing 
are  they  so  great,  we  think,  as  in  their  printing  machinery,  compared  with  that  of  Britain. 
The  mighty  Thunderer  of  Printing-IIouse  Square,  has  been  obliged  to  invite  the  co-operation 
of  Messrs.  Hoe,  to  produce,  under  the  workmanship  of  Messrs.  Whitworth,  of  Manchester, 
two  of  these  20,000  per  hour  marvels  for  the  Times — which  firm  have  made  one  also  for  the 
Manchester  Examiner  and  Times — whilst  machines  have  been  shipped  from  here  direct, 
and  fitted  up  by  American  workmen,  in  the  establishments  of  tlie  Illustrated  London  News. 
Lloyd's  Weekly  News,  and  Manchester  Guardian,  to  enable  these  newspapers  to  print 
their  large  impi-essions  in  time  for  delivery. 

One  is  apt  to  think,  what  the  consequence  would  be,  now-a  days,  if  any  potentate  was  to 
follow  the  bigoted  King  James  the  Second's  example,  in  either  Britain  or  America,  and  de- 
cree to  stop  the  working  of  these  mighty  civilizers  of  the  world.  Happily,  we  live  in  days 
more  liberal — but  only  because,  in  a  great  measure,  such  machines  as  these  have  rendered 
them  so.  Again,  what  if  old  Caxton,  or  Ben  Franklin,  could  look  up  and  see  a  ten-cylin- 
der machine  at  work,  would  they  believe  their  own  eyesight !  Readers  in  England  may 
see  the  large  machines  at  work  at  the  offices  in  London  and  Manchester,  as  before  stated ; 
and  in  America,  in  several  of  the  offices  of  the  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Cin- 
cinnati, Baltimore,  St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  daily  papers.  Thfere  they  form  one  of  the 
most  interesting  sights  in  these  cities. 

Having  seen  this  wonderful  machine  working  in  London,  and  after  seeing  it  again  in 
'  operation  in  New  York,  curiosity  prompted  us  to  visit  the  establishment  from  wlience  this 
Leviathan  in  the  printing  world,  and  the  world  of  mind,  drew  breath ;  consequently, 
we  found  our  way  to  Messrs.  R.  Hoe  &.  Co.'s  works  in  Gold  street,  New  York — such  an- 
other street  as  a  person  gropes  his  way  through  when  he  wishes  to  reach  the  Times  office, 
in  Printing-House  Square,  London ;  so  that  one  bent  on  such  an  excursion  must  not  be  too 
delicate  either  in  his  sense  of  smell,  or  sight ;  and  must  not  turn  back  because  he  has  not 
the  broad  pavement  of  Regent  street  or  Broadway,  to  walk  upon. 

Arrived  at  Messrs.  Hoe's  establishment,  we  find  a  large  counting-house,  which,  with  its 
spacious  and  comfortable  appliances,  stands  out  in  strong  relief  to  Gold  street  outside,  just 
passed  through.  On  expressing  our  desire  to  see  their  establishment,  and,  if  possible,  some 
of  their  machinery  at  work,  we  were  informed  that  they  would  have  pleasure  in  showing 
us  around — as  they  will  all  strangers,  and  particularly  from  Great  Britain  ;  but  infoi-med 
us  that  we  would  have  to  go  to  the  work^^  in  Broome  street.  We  thought  that  the  works 
we  saw  in  the  court-yard  behind,  were  the  works ;  but  we  were  politely  told,  these  were 
only  the  "jobbing"  works,  and  where  the  printers  "furniture"  was  manufactured.  Re- 
ceiving a  card  with  the  address,  we  soon  found  our  way  to  the  works  in  Broome  street. 
We  may  here  notice,  that  the  works  are  about  a  mile  off;  but  there  is  telegraphic  commu- 
nication between  the  two  establishments — rather  a  novelty  in  its  way,  in  a  private  manufac- 
turing establishment — so  that  any  stranger  going  from  Gold  street  to  Broome-street  works, 
it  is  known  at  the  latter  works  as  soon  as  he  has  left  the  counting-house  in  Gold  street. 

The  works  are  situated  on  Broome,  Sheriff,  and  Columbia  streets.  Before  entering  the 
works,  however,  we  had  to  go  to  the  office,  where  we  were  furnished  with  a  ticket  of 
admission — a  safeguard  perfectly  necessary,  when  one  recollects  what  was  said  of  a  certain 
Scotch  machinist,  who  once  got  admittance  into  the  printing  office  of  the  London  Times, 
and  brought  away  such  drawings — said  to  be  on  his  finger  nails,  and  his  memory  together, 
as  enabled  him  to  produce  similar  machines  as  the  Times  was  printed  upon,  for  another 
celebrated  printing  establishment  in  Scotland.  With  the  variety  of  patterns  laying  about, 
in  Messrs  Hoes'  establishment,  the  precaution  is  not  an  unnecessary  or  unreasonable  one. 

To  describe  all  we  saw  and  felt,  would  take  up  too  much  of  pur  space.  We  may,  there- 
fore, briefly  state,  that  the  two  principal  articles  manufactured  here,  are,  hand  printing 
presses  and  steam  cylinder  printing  machines,  from  the  smallest  card  jobbing  press  to  the 
large  ten-cylinder  machine,  and  also  hand  and  circular  saws,  of  all  sizes. 

In  addition,  however,  to  these,  they  also  make  lithographic  and  copperplate  presses, 
stereotype  planing  machines,  vertical  steam-engines,  hydrostatic  presses,  screw  presses, 


10  SAWS — RAILROAD-TICKET  PRINTING  PRESS. 

ruling  machines,  arming  presses  for  bookbinders,  paper-cutting  machines,  letter-copying 
presses,  etc.  The  two  great  departments,  however,  are  the  Printing  Press  and  Saw 
manufacturing  departments. 

In  the  saw-making  department,  we  saw  the  "toothing"  process,  by  which  the  large 
teeth  are  cut  out  of  the  plates  of  steel  by  machinery,  as  easily  as  if  the  knife  was  cutting 
through  a  piece  of  cheese.  Thej'  are  afterwards  taken  to  the  ground  floor,  where  we  saw  some 
twelve  or  fifteen  grindstones  at  work,  grinding  and  tempering  the  plates,  as  well  as  polish- 
ing the  surface. 

In  the  toothing-room,  the  saws,  whether  long  or  square,  are  all  rendered  true  by  care- 
ful hammering  and  the  use  of  the  level.  These  saws  are  made  in  great  quantities,  and  as 
large  as  six  feet  in  diameter  in  circular  saws ;  and  the  long  saws  as  much  as  ten  feet  in 
length.  It  is  by  the  use  of  these  immense  saws  cutting  through  a  log  of  wood,  with  the 
circular  ones  flying  round  at  the  rate  of  1000  revolutions  a  minute,  that  the  trees  in  the 
vast  forests  of  America  are  cut  up,  and  constructed  into  "  sawn  lumber,"  fit  for  its  various 
uses  afterwards.  We  wondered,  to  the  heart  of  what  solitary  forest  those  we  observed 
making  would  ere  long  be  transported,  to  perform  their  daily  work,  regardless  of  winter's 
frost  or  summer's  scorching  sun.  One  of  these  ten  feet  long  saws  will  cut  up  12,000  feet 
of  timber  in  one  day.  To  see  them,  however,  in  all  their  fearful  grandeur,  is  when  two 
and  twenty  of  them  are  fixed  in  one  frame,  about  one  inch  or  so  apart,  working  up  and 
down  with  great  rapidity,  and  walking  through  a  log  of  24  inches  in  diameter,  with  all 
the  ease  in  the  world — reducing  the  mighty  "  monarch  of  the  forest"  into  twenty-four 
striplings  of  deal  boards  at  one  operation.  In  a  lumber  establishment  on  the  River 
Ottawa,  Canada  West,  we  saw  this  done  at  a  rate,  in  which,  by  the  united  action  of  these 
twenty -two  saws  in  one  frame,  no  less  than  635  feet  of  timber  was  cut  up  in  one  minute ! 
.  In  another  part  of  the  saw-room  may  be  seen  the  beautiful  smooth  surface  put  upon 
them  bj'  means  of  machinery,  altogether  making  one  feel  the  extent  of  what  that  timber 
trade  must  be,  when  one  establishment  alone  turns  out  such  quantities  of  saws.  In  this 
article  of  large,  long  and  circular  saws,  we  understand  the  makers  of  Great  Britain 
have  no  chance  in  competing  with  the  American  makers,  such  as  Messrs.  Hoes,  whilst  in 
small  hand-saws  again,  the  English-made  article  maintains  its  ground.  When  Messrs. 
Hoes  first  started  saw  making,  they  had  men  from  Sheffield — who  went  on  in  the  way 
they  had  been  accustomed  to  do — till  they  found  out,  that  it  did  not  compete  successfully 
with  Sheffield,  and  so  continued  until  machinery  was  brought  to  assist  them,  and  now,  as 
we  have  said,  the  English-made  article  in  large  saws  has  no  chance  with  the  American. 

It  is  in  the  construction  of  their  wonderful  steam-printing  machinery,  however,  which  is 
most  interesting,  and  here  in  another  department  will  be  seen  printing  machines  in  all 
stages,  from  the  rough-cast  cj'linder,  or  malleable  iron,  or  brass  fittings,  to  the  completely 
erected  machine  ready  for  delivery.  Having  given  a  description  of  their  latest  improve- 
ment and  greatest  achievement  in  this  department,  we  need  not  allude  to  printing  presses 
further  than  to  say,  that  in  one  of  their  newly-invented  card  printing  presses,  a  marvel  of 
ingenuity  is  there  presented.  This  little  machine  not  only  cuts  cards  for  itself,  but  prints 
them  at  the  rate  of  from  15,000  to  20,000  per  hour!  We  actually  did  not  believe  it,  till 
we  saw  it  in  operation.  It  not  only  does  that,  but  counts  them  oflf  in  quantities  of  20,  40, 
60  or  100,  or  any  quantity  in  fact,  and  prints  consecutive  numbers  on  them,  same  as  the 
paging  of  a  ledger,  up  as  high  as  number  999,000.  These  are  valuable  machines,  where 
railroad  passenger-tickets,  or  such,  are  wanted.  One  of  the  great  diflSculties  for  some 
time  was,  how  to  print  these  tickets  and  number  them  at  the  same  time,  and  yet  every 
ticket  to  have  a  different  number.  In  this  press  (railroad-ticket  pi-inting  press)  that  is 
accomplished,  with  the  cards  worked  on  to  this  little  automaton  machine  in  the  shape 
of  a  roll  of  card-board.  It  thus  enters  at  one  end,  and  appears  next,  cut,  printed,  counted, 
and  every  one  numbered  differently.  What  will  machinery  be  doing  next  for  us !  This 
even  beats  the  automaton  oven  and  baking  machine  described  elsewhere. 

We  had  almost  forgot  to  say,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  works  are  connected  with  manu- 
facturing from  Spanish  cedar  and  cherry  wood — the  type  cases,  and  the  other  wood  work 


HOTELS   IN   AMERICA.  11 

required  by  the  printing  profession.  In  fact,  the  Messrs.  Hoe  manufacture  every  thing 
for  a  printer,  excepting  types  and  ink. 

We  take  pleasure  here  in  stating,  that  Messrs.  Hoe  emplpy  nothing  but  picked,  first- 
class  workmen  in  every  department,  to  whom  they  pay  the  highest  wages  given  by  any 
in  similar  worl^.  Even  the  very  laborers  must  be  good  at  what  they  have  to  do,  and  each 
and  all  men  of  undoubted  steadiness,  and  respectability  of  character.  They  have  first- 
class  workmen  from  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Germany,  and  at  one  time  we  have 
heard,  they  had  actually  Turks  and  Armenians  working. 

When  the  works  are  as  busy  as  they  can  be,  fully  five  hundred  men  are  employed.  At 
the  time  of  our  visit,  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  were  employed. 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 

Hotels  in  America  are  generally  immense  blocks  of  buildings — sometimes  a  square 
brick  or  stone  block — resembling  a  warehouse  in  London  or  Manchester  (Eng.) ;  at  otlier 
times  rivalling,  in  exterior  splendor,  that  of  Buckingham  palace.  They  vary  in  size,  and 
are  fitted  up  to  accommodate  from  one  hundred  to  nearly  one  thousand  guests,  and  are 
conducted  upon  different  sj-stems.  Some  are  exclusively  upon  the  American  plan,  others 
upon  the  European ;  others,  on  the  American  and  European  combined — so  that  guests 
may  please  themselves  which  to  adopt.  There  are  hotels  almost  exclusively  frequented  by 
Germans,  others  by  Frenchmen,  whilst  the  principal  hotels  are  all  patronized  by  Ameri- 
cans, British,  and  natives  of  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Regarding  the  hotel  conducted  on  the  American  plan,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  a 
large  hall,  used  exclusively  for  taking  meals.  All  the  guests  sit  at  the  same  table,  unless 
when  two  or  three  tables  are  necessary.  These  halls  range  from  one  hundred  to  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  long,  by  about  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  broad.  There  will  be 
seen,  say  a  magnificent  set-out  dinner-table  for  one  hundred  or  more  guests,  with  a  line  of 
table-napkins,  in  upright  fantastic  form,  stuck  into  every  tumbler,  which  range  along  each 
side  of  the  table  from  end  to  end.  The  meals — all  previously  prepared  and  brought  up — 
are  placed  on  side  tables,  and  there  delivered  to  the  white  or  colored  waiters,  each  one  of 
whom  has  four  or  six  guests  only  to  wait  upon. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  novel  sights  for  a  stranger  to  see  in  one  of  those  immense  dining-halls, 
a  whole  regiment  of  Sambos  waiting  for  the  signal  to  uncover  such  of  the  dishes  as  are 
placed  on  the  tables  before  the  guests.  After  all  the  company  are  seated,  say  twenty  to 
thirty  of  these  waiters  are  ranged,  one  half  on  each  side  of  the  table,  behind  the  guests, 
in  military  line.  At  a  given  signal,  each  one  reaches  over  his  arm  and  takes  hold  of  the 
handle  of  a  dish.  That  is  the  first  movement.  There  they  all  hold  for  a  second  or  two, 
when,  at  another  signal,  they  all  at  the  same  moment  lift  the  cover,  all  as  if  flying  off  at 
one  whoop,  and  with  as  great  exactness  as  soldiers  are  expected  to  "  shouldei;  arms."  This 
is  the  case  in  the  $2.00  or  $2.50  houses  in  the  large  cities.  In  the  smaller  or  cheaper 
houses,  the  same  formality  or  order  is  not  to  be  seen  in  that  respect,  nor  are  the  dining- 
halls,  of  course,  so  splendid.  In  almost  all  hotels,  there  are  no  carpets  in  the  dining- 
saloons,  which  rather  detracts  from  the  apparent  comfort  in  the  minds  of  those  who  have 
always  been  accustomed  to  dine  in  rooms  nicely  carpeted. 

In  this  large  hall,  all  meals  are  taken  ;  breakfast,  dinner,  and  tea — or  supper,  as  it  is  called. 
Tlie  hours  vary  in  different  hotels.  Generally,  breakfast  is  at  7  or  8,  a.m.;  dinner,  12  or  l,p.  m.  ; 
tea,  or  supper,  at  5  to  7,  p.  m.  Some  of  the  large  and  most  fashionable  houses  have  second 
dinners,  set  out  at  5  or  6,  p.  m.  The  meals,  one  and  all,  may  be  said  to  be  "  royal,"  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  that  word.  Even  in  hotels,  where  the  charge  is  only  $1  per  day,  or  $3  or  $4  per 
week,  the  set-out  is  not  to  be  despised.  For  the  curious  in  such  matters,  we  may  state  what 
the  meals  consist  of,  at  a  house  of  that  description — which  will  be  found  quite  common  all 
over  the  States. 

For  breakfast,  excellent  tea,  cofiFee,  or  cocoa ;  beefsteaks,  mutton  chops,  ham,  fish,  pota- 


12  .  HOTELS   IX  AMERICA. 

toes,  (roasted,  boiled  and  fried) ;  buck-wheat  cakes,  Indian  corn  cakes,  (like  pancakes,) 
Indian  corn  bread,  wheaten  and  brown  bread,  butter,  and  eggs ;  the  latter,  by  the  way, 
broken  and  emptied  into  glasses,  and  supped  with  a  spoon. 

Dinner  is  regulated  by,  of  course,  what  is  in  season.  What  is  provided,  may  be  said  to 
contain  "  all  the  delicacies  of  the  season,"  and  even  a  few  which  are  unknown  at  the  hotel 
dinner  tables  in  Great  Britain. 

In  July  last,  we  found  at  a  $1  per  day  house,  in  a  northern  State,  the  following  bill  of 
fare: — 

Soup. — Maccaroni  and  vermicelli. 

Fish. — Mackerel,  trout,  and  white  fish. 

Boiled  Dishes. — Ham,  tongue,  and  chickens. 

Roast  Dishes. — Beef  and  lamb. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes,  (boiled  and  roasted,)  turnips,  green  peas,  cabbage,  beetroot,  let- 
tuce, onions,  French  beans,  squash,  pickles,  etc. 

Pastry. — Apple  pie,  rhubarb  pie,  Indian  corn  pudding,  (like  ground  rice,)  wheaten 
bread  pudding,  floating  island,  sponge  cake,  cheese,  biscuit,  etc. 

Tea — or  supper,  as  it  is  called — consists  of  the  same  as  at  breakfast  time,  with  an  addition 
of  sponge  cake,  jellies,  jams  and  pastry,  sufficient  for  the  sweetest  of  teeth. 

At  every  meal,  there  is  universally  set  down  a  tumbler  of  cold  water.  In  fact,  that 
accompanies  every  sort  of  meal  in  America. 

Considering  that  the  foregoing  fare  is  provided  in  hotels  where  you  are  boarded  and 
lodged  for  $1  per  daj^,  you  ask  yourself  the  question,  How  is  it  done,  and  where  in  Great 
Britain  could  you  get  such  fare,  for  any  thing  like  double  the  amount  of  money  ? 

In  the  $2  50  (or  10s,  stg.)  per  day  houses,  of  course  the  meals  are  more  sumptuous 
still,  there  being  magnificent  desserts  placed  on  the  table  after  dinner,  consisting  of  the 
most  tempting  of  home,  as  well  as  tropically  grown,  fruits. 

In  connection  with  the  meals  at  American  hotels,  we  confess  we  have  failed,  like  Mr.  W. 
Chambers,  to  see  much  of  that  fast  eating  attributed  to  Americans.  We  have  seen  quite 
as  much  of  that  in  England,  as  at  any  hotel  in  America.  At  first-class  houses,  in  the  large 
cities,  we  have  many  times  considered  them  decidedly  slow  at  meat.  We  have  seen 
instances  of  some  finishing  their  meals  quickly — but  we  have  seen  that  excelled  many  a 
score  of  times,  in  "  coffee  rooms"  and  "  commercial  rooms"  of  hotels  in  England,  where 
either  not  being  called  in  time — meals  not  ready  when  wanted  or  ordered — the  unfortunate 
traveler  was  often  obliged  to  "  bolt"  them  at  a  rate  about  as  fast  as  the  approaching  loco- 
motive he  was  anxious  to  be  in  time  for. 

As  a  general  rule,  people  here  do  not  sit  so  long  at  their  meals  as  they  do  at  the  tables 
in  the  hotels  in  Great  Britain,  greatly  owing,  we  think,  because  the  drinking  customs  are 
not  indulged  in  so  much  here.  At  table,  there  is  not  so  much  ceremony  and  formality,  and 
dining  does  not  generally  occupy  so  long  time — whilst  at  some  tables,  a  proportion  of  the 
guests  may  be  men  in  business,  who  allow  themselves  only  a  certain  time  for  meals,  and  as 
soon  as  done,  are  desirous  of  perusing  a  newspaper,  in  the  reading  room,  before  returning 
to  business. 

The  bedrooms  of  all  hotels  almost,  in  America,  have  one  great  advantage — they  are  lofty 
and  clean,  as  a  general  rule ;  the  first-class  houses  scrupulously  clean.  The  most  gorgeous 
apartments  of  first-class  hotels — or,  as  we  may  call  them,  the  §2  or  $2.50  (8s.  to  IDs.)  per  da}', 
houses — are  the  ladies'  parlors,  drawing-rooms,  and  reception-rooms. 

Visitors,  on  calling,  are  received  in  the  reception-rooms,  which  are  little  drawing-rooms 
of  themselves. 

The  public  sitting-rooms  are  really  gorgeous  apartments,  and  such,  we  fancy,  as  many  on 
the  British  side  of  the  Atlantic  have  little  idea  of.  Let  the  stranger  enter  one  of  these 
magnificent,  lofty  rooms,  even  although  he  has  been  accustomed  to  the  Great  Western  at 
Paddington,  the  Euston,  or  any  of  the  fashionable  hotels  in  St.  James  or  Albemarle  street, 
London,  (Eng.,)  or  Douglas's  in  Edinburgh,  he  will  be  met  with  splendor  he  scarcely 
reckoned  on.     On  whatever  point  the  eye  rests,  it  is  only  to  be  dazzled  or  pleased.     If  the 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA.  13 

dining-halls  -were  banqueting-halls,  truly  these  are  elysiums  of  ease  and  grandeur.  Look 
at  the  walls,  and  they  are  touched  off  with  excellent  taste,  in  white  and  gold,  perhaps ; 
the  cornices — the  richest  and  most  intricate  efforts  of  the  plasterer ;  the  windows — hung  with 
the  rarest  and  most  costly  draperies  of  Tournay  or  Bradford  ;  the  floors — covered  with  the 
softest  and  most  beautiful  velvet-pile  carpets  of  Bright,  of  Rochdale,  or  Crossley,  of  Halifax, 
(Eng.,)  which  have  found  their  way  here,  to  add  comfort  and  splendor  to  the  apartment; 
the  exquisitely-carved  rosewood  furniture — sofas  and  easy  chairs  of  all  imaginable  shapes, 
for  luxurious  ease  and  elegance — and  the  superb  grand  pianos,  of  America's  best  manufac- 
ture ;  whilst  the  splendor  of  the  mirrors,  and  the  gas-fittings,  and  chandeliers — by  their 
intricate  workmanship  and  beauty,  finish  off  the  gorgeous  apartment.  "We  are  in  sober 
earnest  in  our  remarks,  as  all  will  know  who  have  seen  these  palatial  residences.  If  the 
Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  should  visit  those  shores,  neither  Her  Majesty  nor  guardians 
need  fear  the  want  of  queenly  accommodation,  even  in  the  every-day  life  of  a  first-class 
American  hotel. 

The  ladies'  drawing-room  is  appropriated  for  single  ladies,  or  married  ladies  and  children, 
and  for  gentlemen  who  accompany  their  wives,  or  sisters,  and  families. 

Single  gentlemen,  travelling  alone,  will  find  a  gentlemen's  parlor  for  sitting  in.  Such, 
however,  are  not  much  frequented  in  summer,  generally.  In  fine  weather,  the  gentlemen 
prefer  to  sit  about  the  doors,  in  the  cool  of  the  summer  evening,  or  in  the-  reading-room, 
where  the  newspapers  are. 

Single  gentlemen  are  frequently  invited  into  the  ladies'  drawing-room  by  the  proper 
inmates  of  it,  and  sometimes  strangers  go  in  uninvited,  by  mistake.  In  such  cases,  full 
allowance  is  made  for  the  error,  and,  most  probabl}',  some  of  the  ladies  will  open  up  a  con- 
versation, and  thereby  make  the  stranger  feel  at  once  at  home. 

The  fastidious  Englishman — when  he  enters  a  hotel  on  the  American  plan  for  the  first 
time — may  turn  up  his  nose  at  some  things  which  he  sees,  simply  owing  to  the  difference  of 
system  adopted  here.  If  he  has  been  a  commercial  traveller,  for  instance,  who,  as  an  old 
stager  on  some  favorite  ground  in  Britain,  and  as  well  known  as  the  village  clock  at  every 
crack  house  all  along  his  route — where  the  chambermaid  will  be  sure  to  put  him  into  the 
best  bedroom — where  the  boots  will  be  like  to  break  bis  neck,  and  his  back,  too,  in  assisting 
on  his  arrival — while  the  oily  waiter,  with  his  crimson  countenance  in  white  choker  so 
clean,  stands  rubbing  his  hands,  with  a  towel  under  his  left  arm-pit,  and  the  sleek  and  well- 
lined  host  approaches  to  shake  the  arrival  by  the  fist — such  a  gentleman  will  find  a  mighty 
difference  in  an  American  hotel. 

First  of  all,  let  us  remind  him  that,  in  the  consideration  of  expenses,  fhere  is  a  great 
saving  here.  You  can  live  here  at  a  hotel  equal  in  magnificence  to  a  Mivart's  or  a  St. 
James's  hotel,  for  10s.  (stg.)  per  day,  and  no  fees  to  chambermaids,  waiters,  boots,  or 
porters.  Your  meals  will  comprise  delicacies  with  which  you  never  have  been  favored, 
even  in  your  "best  house  on  the  road  ;"  so  that  if  a  different  course  is  pursued  here,  different 
and  better  courses  are  laid  before  you.  But  you  may  wish  to  dine  by  j-ourself,  as  at  home. 
Well,  you  can  be  accommodated  at  the  hotel,  on  the  European  plan.  Only  remember,  that 
in  sitting  down  at  the  public  table  of  a  hotel  here,  on  the  American  plan,  you  will  meet 
with  the  company  of  the  most  accomplished  ladies  as  well  as  gentlemen,  the  former  being 
unknown  guests  at  your  "  commercial  room"  tables  in  old  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 
Here  you  will  see  a  deference,  respect,  and  attention  paid  to  ladies,  exceeded  nowhere — not 
even  by  the  politest  people  said  to  be  in  the  world — the  Parisians.  If  j-ou  are  found  to  be 
a  well-bred  and  true  gentleman,  it  will  not  be  a  very  difficult  matter,  particularly  to  you, 
a  stranger  from  Britain,  to  get  introduced  in  the  drawing-room  to  the  best  of  its  society. 
It  is  true,  that  at  the  public  dinner-table  you  will  miss  j-our  accustomed  "  president"  at  the 
one  end,  and  your  "  vice"  at  the  other ;  you  will  miss  your  bottle  or  two  of  wine,  or  as 
much  as  j-ou  have  been  accustomed  to  "  put  away."  But  here  we  are  wrong.  You  may 
call  even  for  your  wine  or  spirits,  and  get  any  thing  of  that  kind  supplied ;  but  if  you  do, 
you  will  feel  "  all  alone  in  your  glory,"  and  be  left  to  propose  and  respond  to  as  many 
toasts  as  is  usual,  from  "  the  Queen,  and  God  bless  her,"  down  to  "  absent  friends ;"  but  this 


14  HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 

bear  in  mind,  you  will  do  all  ■within  yourself — imagining  all  the  while  a  few  of  the  old 
"  bricks"  around  you.  But  the  fact  is,  you  will  forget  all  that  here.  The  company  by 
which  you  are  surrounded  at  dinner,  the  magnificent  styles  of  the  dresses — the  merry 
faces — the  perfect  forest  of  table-napkins  which,  stuck  into  the  tumblers  along  each  side  of 
the  long  tables — which  might  groan  if  they  had  the  power — the  activity  of  the  ser- 
vants, the  whole  scene  of  knife-and-fork  work,  from  one  end  of  the  table  to  the  other,  and 
the  rich  and  good  things  set  before  you,  will  all  combine  to  make  you  forget  the  com- 
forts even  of  the  "  Hen  and  Chickens,"  the  "  Red  Lion,"  the  "  White  Horse,"  the  "  Stork," 
the  "  Buck's  Head,"  the  "  Guildhall,"  and  any  and  all  of  the  favorite  houses  you  have  left 
on  the  other  side  of  the  water. 

Finished  your  dinner,  for  example,  instead  of  a  bill  of  2s.  &d.  sterling  (62  cents)  for  din- 
ner— and,  to  say  the  least,  other  2s.  6d.,  but  oftener  5s.  ($1.25),  for  wine  alone,  making,  as 
you  well  know,  from  5s.  to  Is.  6d.  (stg.,)  and  sometimes  as  high  as  10s.  to  14s.  each,  when 
you  have  had  an  extra  "heavy  go,"  for  dinner-bill  alone — here  you  have  had  all  you 
could  desire  in  eatables,  for  from  Is.  to  2s.  (stg.),  depending  upon  the  house  you  stop  at. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  would  refer  you  to  a  letter  in  the  London  Times  of 
July  10,  1858,  wherein  a  gentleman  complains  of  a  hotel  at  Brighton,  (not,  however,  the 
"  Clarence,")  at  being  charged  in  a  dinner-bill,  as  follows : — Soup,  two  chops,  pease,  pota- 
toes, cheese  and  bread — only  (?)  7s.  sterling ;  and  with  half  a  pint  of  sherry  wine,  3s. ;  in 
all,  10s.,  or  $2.50 — exactly  ih^  price  of  one  entire  day's  board  and  lodging  at  one  of  the  tip 
top  houses  in  New  York. 

If  you  should,  however,  think  some  of  the  company  rather  plebeian,  we  would  have  you 
to  recollect,  that  at  the  dinner-table  here,  as  well  as  everywhere  else  in  America,  "  Jack 
is  as  good  as  his  master ;"  and  if  you  happen  to  have  got  an  engagement  in  a  store,  you 
will  meet  your  employer  here  at  table,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  a  very  different  spirit,  and 
with  very  different  feelings,  from  what  some  "  old  governor,"  you  once  had,  would  have  met 
you  at  the  dinner-table — if  he  had  ever  met  you  there  at  all. 

If  it  should  so  happen  that  you  have  not  got  such  a  nice  bed-room  as  you  would  like  at 
the  hotel,  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  give  the  clerk  the  hint,  in  a  quiet,  gentlemanlj',  and 
affable  manner,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  the  same  waj',  and  give  you,  most  likelj-,  the  first 
room  he  can  for  the  better.  The  clerks  at  hotels  here,  are  obliged,  as  they  are  generally  found 
to  be,  civil,  obliging,  gentlemanly  men ;  bred,  most  likely,  as  you  yourself  were,  otherwise 
they  could  not  occupy  the  post  of  book-keeper  and  cashier,  and  in  many  cases  speaking 
three  or  four  languages.  If,  however,  you  "  try  it  on"  with  them,  in  the  stj'le  of  "  born  to 
conunand,"  so  usual  in  hotels  in  Britain,  you  will  find  you  make  one  of  the  greatest  mis- 
takes you  are  apt  to  make  in  this  country,  for  want  of  not  knowing  better  how  to  go 
about  matters. 

Some  of  the  principal  hotels  in  all  large  cities  in  America,  are  open  all  night ;  in  fact, 
they  are  never  shut  from  the  morning  the  house  is  opened  by  the  tenant,  till  it  is  closed 
forever  by  him.  A  fresh  clerk,  with  fresh  servants,  go  on  duty  at  night,  and  relieve  each 
other  with  the  same  regularity  as  the  soldiers  relieve  each  other  at  the  Horse  Guards. 

One  great  advantage  of  the  American  hotel  is,  that,  being  open  all  night,  as  we  have 
6aid,  and  that  you  arrive,  say  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  you  will  meet  with  the  same 
attention  and  promptness  as  if  you  had  arrived  at  twelve  at  noon ;  and  in  some  of  the 
hotels,  where  there  is  a  bar  always  open,  you  can  have  meals  at  any  hour  of  the  night  or 
morning,  just  as  promptly  as  at  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

On  j-our  arrival  at  a  hotel  in  America,  j-ou  will  not  be  saluted  by  a  waiter  or  two  in 
white  cravat,  black  cloth  suit,  etc.,  and  with  an  immense  deal  of  bowing  and  humbug 
from  either  waiter  or  landlord.  Instead  of  that,  you  enter  the  hotel,  perhaps  unseen ;  go 
right  up  to  the  desk  at  the  office ;  ask  for  the  visitors'  book,  (where  you  enter  your  name, 
and  where  you  are  from) ;  tell  the  clerk  you  have  some  luggage,  (or  baggage  as  it  is  invari- 
ably called,)  when  he  will  summons  one  of  the  porters  of  the  house  to  bring  it  from  the 
door,  if  there.  You  apply  for  a  bedroom,  the  clerk  presents  you  with  the  key  of  a  room  of 
a  certain  number;  the  porter,  who  has  brought  in  your  baggage,  is  desired  to  ascend  with 


HOTELS   IN"  AMERICA.  15 

you  to  your  room,  and  there  you  will  find  it  all  i-eady  for  your  reception;  and  let  you  ar- 
rive whenever  you  will,  the  bedroom  you  are  sent  to  is  certain  to  be  in  that  state,  and 
none  of  the  hurry-scurrying  which  is  to  be  seen  sometimes  in  hotels  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, when  a  room  is  not  in  order  for  a  fresh  guest  to  enter  it.  Your  baggage  laid  down 
in  your  room,  it  will  be  better  for  you  to  peruse  the  rules  and  regulations' of  the  house, 
which  you  will  frequently  find  printed  on  a  placard  and  hung  up  in  your  room. 

The  key  which  you  got  from  the  clerk  is  intended  to  be  used  by  you  by  day  as  well  as 
by  night.  That  is  to  say,  keep  your  door  always  locked  during  the  day,  and  when  not  in 
your  bedroom,  either  keep  the  key  in  your  pocket,  or  what  is  general,  return  it  to  the 
clerk  at  the  office,  who  will  hang  it  up ;  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  receive  it  from,  and  de- 
liver it  to  you,  whenever  j'ou  like. 

Any  complaint  you  may  have  to  make ;  any  thing  not  exactly  to  your  mind ;  any  change 
you  may  want ;  stamps,  wafers,  etc. ;  inquiries  as  to  post-office,  or  any  thing  else  pertain- 
ing to  the  town  ;  any  washing  requiring  attending  to,  there  is  only  one  man  to  talk  to  about 
these  and  all  such  matters,  and  that  is,  the  clerk  or  book-keeper  in  the  office.  It  is  no  use 
talking  to  servants;  they  will  pay  no  attention  to  you,  further,  than  tell  you  to  apply  at 
the  office.  Of  course,  at  any  time,  you  may  ring  the  bell  in  your  room,  and  the  clerk  will 
dispatch  a  porter  to  see  what  you  want. 

One  of  the  most  important  assistants  about  a  hotel  here,  is  the  clerk  or  book-keeper; 
he  is,  in  fact,  the  factotum  of  the  establishment,  and  who  is  to  be  found  in  close  attendance, 
as  we  have  said,  at  the  desk  or  in  the  "  office"  of  the  hotel — the  latter  a  department  almost 
unknown  in  hotels  in  Britain.  With  the  clerk  you  make  your  terms  for  board  and  lodg- 
ing on  entering.  Whatever  terms  you  make,  it  will  be  so  much  per  day  or  per  week.  In 
many  hotels,  where  the  charge  is  $2.00  per  day,  you  will  find,  by  making  a  bargain  per 
week,  it  may  not  cost  you  much  more  than  half  tliat  sum  per  day.  In  the  same  way  with 
houses  wliose  charge  is  $1.00  per  day,  you  may  board  and  lodge  for  $3.00  or  $4.00  per 
week ;  and  whether  you  bargain  by  the  week  or  by  the  daj',  the  bills  of  fare  are  the  same — 
your  patronage  is  esteemed  just  the  same  for  a  day,  as  for  a  week,  and  you  can  stay  as 
long  as  you  like,  or  go  when  you  like.  Only  there  is  this  to  be  remembered,  that  you  liad 
Letter  ascertain  the  hours  for  meals,  as,  if  you  are  not  there  at  meal-hour — and  lose  meals 
— there  is  no  reduction  made  in  the  rate  per  day,  it  being  all  the  same  whether  you  take 
meals  or  not. 

Boarding  in  hotels,  as  a  regular  thing,  is  quite  common  by  young  men  in  situations,  and 
young  married  couples,  who  have  not  the  means  probably  to  furnish  and  keep  up  a  liouse 
as  they  would  like,  or  who  do  not  wish  to  have  its  cares  and  troubles.  Families,  however, 
who  have  any  idea  of  residing  permanently  in  a  town,  furnish  at  once,  if  they  have  the 
means.  We  have  met  many  young  men  in  situations — in  towns  in  the  States — who  being 
unmarried,  board  and  lodge  in  the  hotel,  and  do  so  very  respectably  and  comfortably,  for 
$3  or  $4  per  week,  and  feel  convinced  they  live  better,  and  are  more  comfortable  than  if 
in  private  lodgings. 

Workmen,  again,  with  and  without  families,  who  are  strangers  in  a  town,  seek  out  a 
respectable  hotel,  where  they  find  it  very  convenient  and  economical,  until  they  get 
either  private  lodgings,  or  rent  a  house  of  their  own.  We  have  met  with  several  work- 
men in  the  northern  and  western  states,  who,  earning  their  $8  to  $10  per  week,  live 
regularly  at  the  hotel,  paying  $3  to  $4  per  week  for  board  and  lodging,  such  as  is  un- 
known to  the  working  classes  in  Great  Britain,  who  have  the  same  amount  of  wages,  viz. : 
32.5.  to  40.1.  per  week. 

Half  an  hour  or  so  before  each  meal,  a  huge  gong  is  sounded  through  all  parts  of  the 
house,  with  noise  sufficient  to  waken  the  dead,  were  it  possible.  On  the  sound  of  the 
second  gong,  it  is  to  intimate  that  every  thing  is  ready,  and  you  are  desired  to  take  your 
seat  at  table.  The  top,  or  head  end  of  the  table,  is  always  reserved  for  ladies,  and  gentle- 
men with  ladies,  seated  all  together.  The  single  gentlemen  take  the  first  seat  they  lay 
hands  on. 

American  hotels  are  owned  or  leased  by  sometimes  only  one  party,  and  in  other  cases  by 


16  HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 

two  or  three  in  partnership.  Sometimes  a  man  is  a  partner  in  a  hotel,  and  a  manufacturer 
or  merchant  at  the  same  time.  He  will  invest  his  money  as  a  speculation  in  a  hotel,  just 
as  soon  as  in  a  cotton  mill,  a  railroad,  or  a  bank.  Again,  there  is  one  man  in  the  States, 
who  is  lessee  of  no  less  than  five  of  the  largest  houses,  in  different  cities. 

The  conducting  of  a  hotel,  in  America,  is  reduced  to  a  system  as  methodical  and  perfect 
as  the  carrj'ing  on  of  a  cotton  mill,  or  conducting  a  garrison,  and  hotels  here  are  just  as  un- 
like some  of  the  hotels  in  Britain,  as  a  country  draper's  shop  is  to  a  mammoth  sized 
warehouse,  in  Manchester  or  London. 

The  hotel  proprietor  is  generally  a  shrewd,  active,  gentlemanly  man  of  business,  who 
works  more  with  his  head  than  his  hands. 

In  the  offices  attached  to  some  hotels  are  two  or  three  clerks  or  book-keepers,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  answer  all  parties  calling. 

When  about  to  leave  a  hotel,  give  all  your  instructions  to  the  clerk  at  the  office.  If  you 
leave  word  any  where  else,  it  may  be  forgot.  If  you  leave  it  with  the  clerk,  it  is  almost 
certain  to  be  punctually  attended  to. 

Near  the  clerk's  office,  there  is  generally  a  washing  room,  where  you  can  wash  your 
hands,  etc.,  without  the  trouble  of  going  up  to  your  room  to  do  so. 

All  hotel  keepers  have  skeleton  keys  to  the  bed-room  doors,  so  that  in  leaving  your  room 
locked,  it  is  better  to  leave  all  your  baggage  locked  up.  Those  keys  are  necessary  to 
enable  the  servants  to  clear  up  the  room  in  your  absence. 

Regarding  the  hotels  upon  the  European  plan,  we  may  observe  that  in  some  of  them 
there  is  a  "  coffee  room,"  similar  to  that  department  of  a  British  hotel,  where  the  guest 
may  take  meals  at  a  table  by  himself;  or  again,  where  the  meals  are  served  up  in  the  pri- 
vate rooms  engaged  by  guests. 

We  may  here  remark  that  the  European  plan  of  hotel  keeping  is  gaining  ground  in  the 
large  cities,  amongst  the  first-class  houses. 

Tlie  hotels  on  the  European  and  American  combined,  are  conducted,  in  every  other 
respect,  same  as  an  exclusively  American  liotel,  excepting  in  the  serving  of  meals.  It 
is  in  having  a  coffee  room — and  meals  supplied  at  separate  tables  there,  or  in  private 
apartments — in  what  the  difference  consists.  Frequenters  of  first-class  hotels  in  England, 
will  find  themselves  suited  in  America  equally  as  well,  and,  we  suspect,  immensely  cheaper 
than  at  hotels  in  Britain,  and  with  all  the  comforts  of  the  elite  of  the  houses  in  "  Bel- 
gravia"  or  "  Modern  Athens,"  or  in  the  "  Hotel  du  Louvre." 

Suites  of  private  apartments,  with  bath  rooms,  and  every  modern  convenience,  can  be 
engaged,  fitted  up  in  regal  magnificence,  either  in  the  exclusively  European,  or  semi- 
American  and  semi-European  plan,  with  the  best  attendance — carriages,  horses,  and  every 
thing  which  is  generally  attached  to  first-class  housea 

By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  all  the  noise  of  ringing  of  bells  in  the  house  is  avoided.  An 
instrument  called  an  "  annunciator,"  is  placed  in  the  clerk's  office.  At  a  given  signal  from 
any  particular  room,  the  number  of  the  room  is  indicated  upon  the  dial-plate  of  the  instru- 
ment, by  one  stroke  of  a  call-bell,  when  a  servant  is  dispatched  to  the  room  to  ascertain 
what  is  wanted. 

Connected  with  everj^  hotel  there  are  numerous  bath-rooms,  and  a  barber's  shop.  Judging 
from  the  numbers  who  frequent  the  latter,  and  the  time  spent  under  the  peruquier's  hands, 
and  in  the  washing-rooms  attached,  the  Americans  appear  to  be  very  particular  as  to  their 
cleanly  personal  appearance  and  comfort 

Parties  are  recommended  not  to  be  over-communicative  with  strangers  they  may  meet 
staying  at  hotels,  as  almost  all  hotels  are  infested  with  a  set  of  prowling  "  loafers"  and 
sharpers,  who  are  continually  on  the  look-out  after  strangei's,  on  whom  to  practise  various 
descriptions  of  imposition  and  robbery.  One  may  be  officiously  polite  in  offering  to  show 
you  the  "  lions"  of  the  city  or  town ;  another  will  assume  to  be  a  perfect  stranger  like 
yourself,  in  visiting  such  ;  whilst  a  third  will  pretend  he  is  travelling  to  the  same  place 
you  are  going  to,  and  offers  to  take  you  to  the  proper  place  for  obtaining  a  ticket  to  your 
destination — whilst  he  is  only  an  employ^  of  a  "bogus"  or  swindling  ticket-office,  after  all. 
Some  strangers,  who  consider  themselves  very  "  smart"  at  home,  have  found,  to  their  cost, 
smarter  fellow-companions  in  strangers  in  such  cities  as  New  York. 


WORTHY   OF   CREDIT — TRADE   PROTECTION.  17 

PROTECTION  TO  TRADE  AXD  DEBT  COLLECTmG. 

A  coMMEBCiAL  traveller  acquaintance  of  ours,  once  was  desirous  of  opening  an  account 
with  a  very  good  and  safe  man,  but  such  was  the  nature  of  the  customer  he  had  to  meet, 
that  the  traveller  was  for  some  time  at  a  loss  how  to  approach  him,  as,  from  all  he  had 
heard  of  him,  he  was  one  of  those  purse-proud,  ignorant,  and  contemptible  men  who  are  to 
be  met  with  sometimes  behind  a  retail  shop  or  store  counter,  by  travellers  "  on  the  road." 
There  was  only  one  way  to  make  the  attack,  as  he  was  determined  to  let  him  understand 
that  the  obligation  of  doing  business  between  individuals,  was  mutual,  so  he  resolved  to 
"  take  the  bull  by  the  horns."  Walking  into  the  shop,  with  parcel  of  patterns  in  hand,  and 
an  utter  stranger,  although  not  unacquainted  with  the  peculiarities  of  the  man  he  had  to 
deal  with,  thus  addressed  him;  "I  have  called,  sir,  to  pay  j-ou  one  of  the  highest  compli- 
ments which  one  man  can  pay  to  another,"  delivered  with  all  that  suavity  of  manner  and 
perfect  coolness  with  which  some  accomplished  travellers  are  largely  endowed.  The  cus- 
tomer was  taken  aback  from  so  unusual  a  salutation,  and  was  brought  to  inquire,  "  Indeed, 
sir !  In  what  respect  V  "  Simply,  sir,"  said  the  traveller,  "  that  the  house  I  have  the  honour 
to  represent,  considers  you  worthy  of  credit."  The  result  was,  that  between  what  the  cus- 
tomer considered  the  audacitj^  of  the  traveller,  and  that  he  felt  the  truth  of  the  compliment, 
it  led  to  business  between  the  two.  We  mention  this  anecdote  briefly,  to  illustrate  how 
diflScult  it  is  to  do  business  with  some  men,  however  good  value  may  be  placed  before 
them,  but  more  particularly,  that  the  man  who,  although  at  one  time  in  the  hey-day  of 
prosperity — and  whose  position  is  one  of  undoubted  good  credit,  with  every  one  more 
anxious  than  another  to  do  business  with  him — may  not  always  remain  in  that  excellent 
position,  but  who,  a  few  years  afterwards,  may  afford  as  good  reasons  why  the  commer- 
cial traveller  should  be  as  desirous  of  avoiding  his  acquaintance  as  our  friend  was  of  mak- 
ing it,  and  hence  the  necessity  and  utility  of  one  of  those  "  institutions"  in  America,  called 
"  Commercial"  or  "  Mercantile  Agencies,"  connected  with  which,  is  that  of  Debt  Collecting. 

The  system  of  Trade  Protection  Societies,  as  carried  out  in  Great  Britain  is  in  its  infancy 
when  compared  with  the  system  in  operation  in  America.  Where  is  the  protection  society 
there,  for  example,  that  can  produce  in  its  office  a  record  of  the  commercial  standing  of 
every  man  in  business  from  Penzance  to  John  O'Groat's,  or  from  Ballycastle  to  Dundrum 
Bay.  It  is  true,  that  such  as  Messrs.  Perry  of  London  have  a  register  of  all  London  traders 
only,  and  may  procure  information,  perhaps,  regarding  men  at  a  distance;  or  it  may  be 
that  a  Trade  Protection  Association  in  Manchester  or  Leeds  can  give  information  about 
parties  in  those  districts  to  their  members  writing  to,  or  calling  at  their  offices,  but  if  infor- 
mation is  wanted  about  a  man  in  Wick,  (Orkney,)  Enniskillen,  (Ireland,)  or  Truro,  (Corn- 
wall,) or  other  more  out  of  the  way  places  than  these,  they  have  to  write  and  procure  the 
information,  and  ten  chances  to  one  if  they  have  correspondents  there  from  whom  they  can 
get  any  information  at  all. 

Tlie  mercantile  or  commercial  agencies  of  America  are  conducted  by  private  firms — 
whose  standing  can  be  easily  ascertained  by  parties  desirous  of  employing  them — thus 
doing  away  with  the  objections  to  boards  of  directors  about  such  establishments.  They 
are  carried  on  upon  an  immense  scale,  with  agents  and  correspondents  ramificating 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  Union  and  Canada,  and  now  we  understand  they  are  extend- 
ing their  business  to  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  continent  of  Europe.  Their  register 
of  traders  extends  to  every  man  engaged  in  business  in  every  town  and  county  in  all 
the  states  and  territories  of  America,  as  well  as  in  Canada.  This  may  be  termed  their 
"  Trade  Protection"  department.  In  this  department  sets  of  books  are  kept,  in  which  is 
entered  the  name,  trade,  and  address  of  every  man  who  is  in  business,  whether  that  is  in 
New  Orleans  or  Nova  Scotia,  in  California  or  Canada.  In  a  certain  folio  in  a  ledger,  every 
man's  name  is  entered,  followed  up  by  a  variety  of  particulars,  such  as  when  he  commenced 
business,  what  means  he  had,  what  was  his  moral  character  and  business  abilities,  his  mar- 
riage or  family  connections,  etc.,  etc.,  so  as  to  present  a  complete  history  of  every  trader 
from  the  date  he  started  in  business.     Thus  far,  then,  every  man's  character  and  circum- 


18  MERCAOT"ILE   AGENCY  SYSTEiT. 

stances  are  "posted  up"  into  one  of  the  ledgers  of  the  firm.  At  the  end  of  every  six  months, 
a  fresh  entry  is  made  at  his  folio  in  the  ledger,  detailing  anj'  fresh  circumstances  which 
may  have  arisen  to  alter  the  private  or  business  character  of  the  trader.  Thus,  for  example, 
if  he  began  ten  years  ago,  there  is  an  entry  made  at  the  end  of  every  six  months,  showing 
all  the  circumstances  attending  his  career  down  to  the  present  day ;  at  all  events,  so  far  as 
has  been  possible  for  the  mercantile  agency  to  get  to  know.  Thus,  then,  Mr.  John  Smith  may 
have  been  in  good  standing  when  he  started  business,  went  on  all  right,  and  made  money. 
At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  stood  reported  in  the  agencies' books ;  "  perfectly  trustworthy" 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  however,  the  report  stood  that  he  was  "  given  more  to  his 
rifle  and  dogs  than  to  industry ;"  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  report,  or  six  months  after  the  last, 
"  seen  frequenting  drinking  saloons  too  often — caution  necessary  in  giving  credit;"  whilst 
after  other  two  reports,  or  at  the  end  of  other  twelve  months,  the  report  stands,  "  accom- 
modation paper  going  freely  between  him  and  another  house — credit  fast  on  the  decline ;" 
at  the  end  of  the  next  six  months,  the  report  saj-s,  "  sold  out  to  Mr.  A.  B.,  who  has  re-sold 
out  to  Mr.  C.  D.,"  evidently  a  swindle,  thus  putting  a  very  fatal  report  upon  his  future  career. 

During  the  last  two  years  or  so,  houses  who  have  been  desirous  of  knowing  something  of 
Mr.  Smith,  with  the  view  of  trying  to  do  business  with  him,  or  others  who  have  been  doing 
business  with  him,  have  got  uneasy  as  to  reports  they  have  heard  respecting  him,  so  that 
Messrs.  Cotton,  Cloth  &  Co.,  or  Messrs.  Brandy,  Wine  &  Co.,  and  many  others,  being  mem- 
bers of  the  agency,  send  to  inquire  what  report  it  has  as  to  Mr.  Smith's  character,  when 
they  are  furnished  with  his  whole  career,  as  embodied  in  those  reports.  When  these 
houses  make  inquiries  as  to  his  position,  that  fact  also  is  entered  in  his  folio  in  the  ledger, 
so  that  when  the  report  is  received  that  he  has  "  sold  out  to  Mr.  A.  B.,  and  who  has  re-sold 
out  again  to  Mr.  C.  D.,"  a  note  is  dispatched  by  messengers,  if  in  town,  or  telegraphed  to  a 
distance  to  the  houses,  who  had  made  inquiries  some  time  previous,  to  call  at  the  agency, 
when  they  are  shown  the  information  just  received,  regarding  Mr.  Smith ;  upon  receiving 
■which,  they  at  once  take  steps  to  recover.  In  the  course  of  men's  business  lives,  a  variety 
of  circumstances  transpire,  some  of  which  have  very  injurious  effects  upon  their  commer- 
cial standing.  All  these,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  are  recorded.  We  have  given  the 
foregoing  illustration  to  show  the  modus  operandi  of  the  system,  which  is  similar  in  some 
respects  to  the  Trade  Protection  Societies  in  Britain,  but  we  think,  with  this  additional  ad- 
vantage, that,  as  we  have  said  before,  whilst  a  society  located  at  Glasgow  or  Edinburgh  has 
no  record  of  houses  at  Galway,  or  St.  Ives,  or  Clonakilty,  or  Abergavenny,  they  are  obliged 
to  write  to  their  correspondents  in  those  towns  if  they  have  any,  before  they  can  get  an- 
swers regarding  parties  there,  when  inquired  after.  Here,  however,  the  name  and  stand- 
ing of  every  trader  is  kept  "  posted  up"  on  the  premises.  They  have  no  occasion  to  write. 
A  member  calls,  and  gets  to  see  at  once  the  position  the  man  holds  as  there  recorded,  which 
is  undoubtedly  in  advance,  and  superior,  in  our  opinion,  to  the  system  at  present  in  exist- 
ence in  Great  Britain.  Again,  the  firms  who  conduct  these  agencies  have  no  interest  but 
to  give  faithful  representations  to  all  their  members  alike.  The  records  in  their  ledgers  are 
open  to  their  members,  respecting  their  customers,  wherever  situated,  and  the  information 
there  recorded,  is  obtained  by  correspondents,  residing  permanently  or  travelling,  going 
over  particular  sections  of  the  country.  Another  means,  however— and  as  far  as  it  goes, 
one  of  the  best  means,  of  knowing  the  "  paying"  position  men  are  in— is  in  the  vast  amount 
of  business  these  agencies  get  to  do,  in  the  way  of  collecting  debts.  This  brings  us  to  the 
other  department  of  their  business,  viz..  Debt  Collecting.  The  Trade  Protection  Societies  in 
England  and  Scotland  sometime  ago  annexed  this  branch  to  their  inquiry,  or  protection  to 
trade  department,  for  the  use  of  their  members,  and  we  believe  have  worked  it  very  suc- 
cessfully, often  recovering  debts,  when  the  principals  couFd  not  get  one  penny  by  direct 
application.  In  this  department  of  the  mercantile  and  commercial  agencies,  debts  are  col- 
lected for  the  general  public  as  well  as  for  members,  which  all  the  more  extends  their  facil- 
ities for  acquiring  business  information,  and  makes  the  department  of  great  magnitude  in 
the  amount  of  business  transacted. 

In  such  an  extent  of  country  as  this  is,  it  will  at  once  be  seen  the  great  advantages  which 


DEBT  COLLECTING — ^BANKS  AND  BANKING.  19 

such  agencies  present  to  mercantile  men,  say  in  New  York  or  Philadelphia,  who  can  get 
their  accounts  collected  for  a  trifle  through  this  means,  although  fifteen  hundred  or  two 
thousand  miles  distant,  these  agencies  having  correspondents  or  agents  every  where,  and 
besides  their  regular  correspondents,  they  have  intimate  connections  with  banks — the 
officers  of  which  communicate  freely  with  them — expecting  like  facilities  in  return,  when 
their  business  may  need  them.  They  have  also  correspondence  with  attorneys,  who  keep 
them  advised  of  suits,  encumbrances  upon  the  real  estate  wliich  parties  may  possess,  and 
other  information  derivable  from  the  public  records.  They  have  thus,  abundant  means  of 
"  checking"  the  information  furnished  by  regular  correspondents— and  avoiding  injustice, 
which  might  be  done  by  misrepresentation,  if  entire  dependence  was  placed  upon 
reports  from  one  source — as  most  men,  however  good  and  reliable,  upon  the  whole, 
have  their  own  interest  to  take  care  of.  Indeed,  such  information  must  always,  of  ne- 
cessity, be  strictly  guarded,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  it  must  be  secret — one  merchant  writ- 
ing to  another  on  such  subjects,  always  expecting  and  enjoining  secrecy— and  would 
think  himself  badly  used  if  his  injunction  was  disregarded. 

Little,  we  think,  do  some  of  the  small  store-keepers  consider  that  their  moral  and  busi- 
ness diaracter  is  so  narrowly  watched,  so  carefully  recorded,  and  taken  such  good  care  of, 
in  a  regular  debtor  and  creditor  account  of  their  virtues  and  successes,  placed  against 
their  vices  and  misfortunes,  and  those  carefully  added  up  every  six  months,  and  the  balance 
then  struck  as  to  what  the  report  should  be  in  the  books  of  the  commercial  or  mercantile 
agencies.  But  so  it  is.  As  an  institution,  these  agencies  may  be  objected  to  by  some ;  but, 
taking  any  little  disadvantages  they  may  appear  to  present,  we  think,  on  the  whole,  that 
in  the  hands  of  respectable  men,  they  are  calculated  to  assist  very  materially  every  man  in 
avoiding — what  every  man  is  anxious  to  avoid — making  a  bad  debt ;  or  if,  after  goods  are 
sold  to  a  doubtful  customer,  they  prove  of  value  in  assisting  in  the  recovery  of  the  money, 
or  getting  security  for  the  debt. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  system  is  an  inquisitorial  one  in  some  respects,  but  not 
more  so  than  is  in  operation  by  some  London  and  Manchester  houses,  who  keep  such  regis- 
ters of  all  their  customers,  and  the  amount  they  are  worthy  of  credit  for,  and  who,  by 
means  of  their  travellers  covering  the  ground,  and  their  own  private  "  bailiff" — as  a  depart- 
ment of  the  counting  house — who  is  retained  to  look  after  all  long-winded  customers,  and 
who  holds  himself  in  readiness  to  be  despatched  at  any  moment  of  night  or  day,  with  the 
peremptory  orders  in  his  pocket  of — cash — security — or  bankruptcy,  to  fire  red  hot  into  the 
unfortunate  customer  who  has  a  screw  or  two  loose,  or  even  fancied  to  be  loose.  The  sys- 
tem of  commercial  agencies  is  only  that,  carried  out  for  the  whole  business  community, 
what  many  firms  do  on  their  own  account. 

Members  pay  a  certain  amount  yearly,  and  are  furnished  with  replies  to  any  inquiries 
they  may  make  respecting  the  circumstances  and  character  of  traders.  Some  of  these 
establishments  have  branch  offices  in  the  principal  cities  all  over  the  States  and  Canada. 
One  of  them,  the  oldest  and  largest,  (B,  Douglass  &  Co.,)  having  as  many  as  19  offices  in 
different  parts,  and  employing  in  the  aggregate  nearly  400  clerks — over  130  being  em- 
ployed at  the  chief  office  in  New  York  alone. 

BANKS  AND  BANKING. 

In  America  there  is  no  "Bank  of  America,"  as  one  institution— similar  to  the  old  lady  in 
Treadneedle  street,  London — who,  in  a  fit  of  the  fidgets,  or  an  affection  of  spasms,  occa- 
sionally spreads  her  efifects  through  the  veins  of  the  commercial  body  throughout  the 
whole  world,  cramping  up  and  levelling,  in  one  day,  all  the  paper-houses  and  castles  in  the 
air  of  the  most  wide-a-wake  speculator,  or  who,  some  other  daj- — when  she  feels  inclined 
to  be  liberal — from  the  fact  of  having  more  gold  in  her  coffers  than  she  knows  what  to  do 
with — ^will  open  her  purse,  as  well  as  her  heart,  and  discount  more  freely  at  a  low  rate, 
affording  relief  to  the  distressed  broker  with  settling-day  not  far  oflf,  and  in  fact  to  every 


20  BANKS  IN  AMERICA. 

one — even  from  Rothschild,  who  may  have  been  negotiating  a  loan  for  some  "  foreign 
power,"  who  is  not  powerful  enough  to  make  ends  meet — down  to  the  poorest  workmen 
out  of  employment,  who  when  life,  activity,  and  confidence  has  emanated  from  the 
old  lady  referred  to,  is  again  in  the  receipt  of  weekly  wages.  In  England  the  system  cen- 
tres in  one,  alike  in  banking,  as  well  as  in  government. 

In  America  it  is  in  banking  as  in  government,thorough  republican,  all  upon  one  footing. 
In  some  of  the  Western  States,  all  can  issue  notes,  from  the  best  and  wealthiest  joint  stock 
concern,  who  affords  to  its  customers  the  security  of  the  State,  down  to  the  speculative 
"Wild-Cat"  banker,  who  does  not  trouble  himself  about  anybody's  security  and  safety  but 
his  own,  and  who,  in  the  issue  of  the  notes  of  his  bank,  or,  as  they  are  termed,  "  Shin- 
plasters,"  trusts  to  a  long-eared  public  taking  them  as  fast  as  those  of  any  other  bank. 

To  give  any  thing  like  an  adequate  idea  as  to  the  banking  system,  in  America,  and  the 
different  methods  on  which  it  is  conducted  in  different  States,  would  require  a  volume,  so 
we  can  only  merely  glance  at  some  of  its  features,  at  present. 

Any  man,  or  body  of  men  can  open,  and  carry  on  a  bank,  and  issue  their  own  notes, 
the  law  requiring,  that  to  be  a  legitimate  banking  institution,  affording  the  greatest  possi- 
ble security,  it  should  deposit,  in  the  hands  of  the  comptroller  of  the  State  in  which  it  is, 
government  stocks  to  the  valye  of  its  issue. 

For  example— a  bank  is  started  with  $500,000,  (£100,000,)  and  out  of  that  capital,  an 
issue  of  notes  to  the  extent  of  $100,000  is  wanted.  The  proprietors  go  and  purchase  State 
stocks  to  the  value  of  the  $100,000  and  take  these  to  the  comptroller  of  the  banking 
department  of  the  State,  who,  having  received  these  State  stocks,  countersigns  the 
bank  notes,  (or  "bank  bills,"  as  they  are  called,)  for  those  parties  for  that  amount 
of  stocks  which  they  have  pledged,  or  deposited  with  him.  The  safety  to  the  public, 
who  take  these  notes,  consists  in  having  the  notes  secured  in  the  manner  stated.  Tlie  public 
holding  such  notes  in  the  event  of  such  a  bank  suspending  payment,  have  recourse  upon 
the  comptroller,  who  "  winds  up"  the  concern,  and  pays  the  note-holders,  the  amount  of 
the  notes,  subject  to  a  deduction  for  expenses  incurred  in  winding  up.  In  such  cases,  the 
note-holders  have  to  wait  some  time,  before  the  matters  of  such  concerns  are  settled,  and 
hope  for  as  near  100  cents  to  the  dollar,  as  possible. 

No  such  bank  can  issue  more  than  the  quantity  they  have  given  pledges  for,  because 
every  note  bears  on  its  face,  the  signature  of  the  comptroller,  and  he  will  not  sign  his 
name  for  more  than  he  has  received  value  for. 

Banks,  whose  safety  to  the  public  are  thus  secured,  have  on  the  face  of  their  notes  the 
words  printed — "Secured  by  the  pledge  of  public  stocks,"  and  in  addition  to  having  the  sig- 
natures of  the  president  and  cashier  of  the  bank,  the  note  is  stamped  thus  in  oval  form, 
generally,  "  Countersigned  and  Registered  in  the  Bank  Department."  Tlien  follows  the 
signature  of  the  comptroller,  specifying,  also,  of  what  State.  Thus  far,  then,  as  one 
sample — as  to  the  issue  of  legitimate  paper,  or  bank  bills,  or  notes. 

Depositors  have  no  recourse,  as  in  Britain,  upon  the  shareholders  of  any  joint  stock  bank. 
They  have  to  take  their  proportion  of  a  dividend  out  of  the  estate  of  such — as  in  any  other 
ordinary  suspension  or  bankruptcy.  This  was  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  Ohio  Life  and 
Trust  Company  of  Cincinnati,  which  was  a  banking  institution,  and,  previous  to  its  suspen- 
sion in  October,  1857,  enjoyed  the  greatest  amount  of  public  confidence,  and  was  looked 
upon  as  safe  a  concern  as  the  Bank  of  England  itself.  Those  who  had  deposited  their  funds 
there,  had  no  recourse  against  the  individual  members  or  shareholders  of  that  company. 
It  may  be  remembered,  that  it  was  the  vci-y  first  to  succumb  to  the  pressure,  of  either  mis- 
management or  some  other  cause,  and  the  concern  which  sounded  the  first  key-note  of  dis- 
trust, suffering,  and  want  of  confidence  which  has  spread  all  over  the  world,  and  which, 
even  now,  is  far  from  having  recovered  from  it. 

An  immense  amount  of  banking  is  carried  on  by  men  who  issue  no  notes,  and  who  as- 
sume the  title  of  banker,  and  who  are  just  as  much  entitled  to  it,  and  as  worthy  of  it  as 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.,  or  Coutts  &  Co.,  of  London,  who,  of  course,  as  is  well  known,  issue  no 
notes  of  their  own. 


WILD-CAT  BANKING.  21 

Such  men  carry  on  their  business — and  most  extensively — on  similar  principles  to  the 
aforesaid  London  bankers,  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  chief  cities  and  towns  in  the 
States.  In  cities  or  towns  where  there  is  no  bank  constituted  as  we  have  explained,  and 
who  issues  its  own  notes,  the  trading  community  are  necessitated  to  keep  their  money 
in  the  hands  of  private  bankers,  and  depend  upon  them  for  discounting  bills  and  receiv- 
ing temporary  assistance  at  any  particular  time.  With  banking,  they  connect  the  "  exchange" 
business,  a  branch  of  business  little  known,  comparativelj'  speaking,  by  the  great  mass  of 
the  people  in  Britain,  arising,  no  doubt,  from  the  fact  that  the  matter  of  exchange,  or 
rather,  the  difference  in  the  value  of  money  in  bank  notes  is  not  affected  by  differences  in 
locality  so  much  in  Great  Britain  as  is  the  case  in  America.  This  leads  us  into  the  matter 
of  exchange,  which  we  will  notice  by  itself.  Before  we  dismiss  the  matter  of  banks  of 
issue,  we  will  refer  to  the  system  of  Wild-Cat  Banking  as  it  is  called. 

WILD-OAT  BANKING. 

We  cannot  explain  how  it  is  that  the  banking  ge)ius  homo  has  thus  been  connected 
with  the  untamed  of  the  feline  species;  certain  it  is,  however,  that  the  signification  is 
well  understood,  and  a  "  wild-cat"  bank  note,  if  suspected,  is  looked  at  and  handled  as  a 
man  would  handle  a  hot  poker,  and  if  he  should  have  been  unfortunate  enough  to  burn  his 
lingers  by  the  operation,  he  very  often  suffers  in  silence,  till  he  puts  it  into  the  hands  of 
some  one  else  who  is  not  aware  of  its  quality,  and  who,  in  travelling,  may  pay  it  away 
quite  innocently  1000  miles  off  in  two  days  afterwards,  its  appearance  being  hailed,  per- 
haps, as  a  small  god-send,  by  some  one  who  has  not  seen  the  "  colour"  of  money  for  some 
time.  In  this  way  "  wild-cat"  bank  notes  get  into  circulation,  and  continue,  sometimes  for 
long  periods,  absent  from  home.  Thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of 
those  notes  are  in  circulation  ;  over  the  Western  States  more  particularly.  They  have 
cost  the  "  wild-cat"  only  the  paper,  engraving,  and  his  business-like  signature  to  them, 
with  the  "  promise  to  pay,"  on  demand,  too,  but  forgetting  to  add,  even  by  way  of  nota 
bene,  if  he  is  able  and  willing.  His  game  sometimes  is,  after  he  has  got  out  as  many  as  he 
cares  about  having  out,  or  can  get  out,  perhaps  some  friend  raises  a  "  hue  and  cry"  as  to 
the  stability  of  his  bank,  and  he,  poor  unfortunate  (?),  what  can  he  do  but  decline  business 
— "  collapse,"  "  burst  up,"  or  put  a  printed  placard  on  his  shutters,  "  Gone  to  Kansas,"  if 
not  for  change  of  air,  certainly  for  change  of  scene,  for  future  operations. 

It  happens,  however,  sometimes,  that  such  "  wild-cat"  concerns  go  on  for  years,  aud  make 
a  sort  of  legitimate  banking  business  out  of  it,  so  long  as  it  answers  their  purpose. 

As  an  assistance  for  the  detection  of  wild-cat,  and  all  spurious  or  "  broken  bank"  notes, 
see  our  notice  headed  "  Bank  Note  Reporters." 

As  illustrative  of  something  akin  to  this  description  of  banking,  and  having  reference  to 
State  Stock  Banks,  (or  banks  having  their  notes  secured  by  the  deposit  of  State  stocks  as 
already  explained,)  we  give  the  following  quotation  from  the  St.  Louis  Evening  Neics,  of 
3d  September,  as  showing  that  even  that  description  of  bank  bills  are  tampered  with,  and 
circulated  in  a  manner  never  intended  by  the  law. 

Active  measures  are  taking  to  organize  a  brood  of  stock  banks  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  under  the  general  bank- 
ing law  recently  adopted  in  that  State.  Of  course,  St.  Louis  and  Chicago  will  be  expected  to  take  all  th.it 
comes  of  that  fresh  flood  of  irredeemable  money,  and  turn  it  into  gold  and  e.\change.  The  Israelites  that 
were  compelled  by  their  Egj-ptian  task-masters  to  make  bricks  without  straw,  were  not  harder  worked  than 
are  these  two  western  cities  to  support  the  foreign  speculators  in  State  bonds,  by  converting  their  reams  of 
"lampblack  and  rags"  into  actual  cash. 

M'hen  will  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  rouse  up  to  the  clear  comprehension  of  the  swindle  that  is 
practised  upon  them  by  the  stock  banks  of  the  West  ?  Those  banks  never  redeem  their  notes  in  gold  or  sil- 
ver, except  when  they  are  "  wound  up"  by  the  comptroller.  They  never  furnish  exchange  at  the  points 
where  it  is  wanted,  and  where  their  lying  promises  to  pay  are  gathered,  in  the  course  of  trade.  The  system 
of  stock  banking,  without  the  Clearing  House  feature,  is  an  enormous  fraud,  and  a  self-perpetuating  evil, 
that  will  exhaust  the  West  of  its  gold,  and  end  in  a  vast  expansion  of  paper  money,  and  a  ruinous  revulsion 
before  many  yeai-s. 

Just  consider  the  operation  of  these  banks  a  moment :  a  set  of  speculators — most  probably  having  their 
abode  in  Wall  street.  New  York— to  obtain  ^.50,000  of  State  bonds.  With  this  start  they  organize  a  bank, 
say  on  Raccoon  Creek,  Wisconsin.  They  deposit  the  bonds  with  the  State  comptroller,  who  issues  them  a 
batch  of  bank  notes  thereon.  These  notes  are  sent  to  St.  Louis  and  sold,  as  any  like  bundles  of  paper 
might  be,  at  1  per  cent  discount.    Our  brokers,  bankers  and  merchants  give  countenance  to  this  kind  of 


22  EXCHANGE   BUSINESS — DIFFERENCES   OF   EXCHANGE. 

money.  They  all  say  "it's  good,  perfectly  secure,  etc.,  and  we  must  take  It,  else  we  will  injure  the  trade  of 
the  city."    It  is  sold  by  the  makers  and  issiiers  of  it  at  1  per  cent  discount  for  Missouri  paper. 

The  owners,  through  their  St.  Louis  agents,  present  these  Missouri  notes  to  the  banks  and  demand  the 
xpecie.  It  is  paid,  and  immediately  shipped  to  New  York,  and  invested  in  another  batch  of  State  bonds, 
which  State  bonds  are  made  tiie  basis  of  another  new  bank  on  Wildcat  Creek,  Iowa ;  and  the  notes  of  this 
new  "  wildcat"  are  in  like  manner  sent  to  St.  Louis  and  sold  for  Missouri  paper,  whereby  more  specie  ia 
drawn  from  the  Missouri  banks,  and  sent  away  to  organize  more  such  banks. 

Thus  does  the  swindling  proceed,  and  multiply  itself  without  check  or  limit.  The  country  is  filled  with 
worthless  bank  bills  that  are  never  redeemed.  The  specie  is  drawn  from  Missouri  banks  and  shipped  to 
New  York  to  buy  bonds  ;  and  for  every  dollar  so  lost  we  get  a  paper  dollar  in  return.  And,  intelligent  (?) 
people,  influential  bankere  see  this  living  outrage  on  honest  labour  and  legitimate  banking  going  on,  and  stand 
heedless,  as  if  paralyzed  before  the  evil. 

The  only  safety,  the  only  permanent  relief,  will  be  found  in  putting  a  check  on  the  expansion  of  an  irre- 
deemable i)aper  currency  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Let  every  bank  note  that  circulates  be  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  specie  basis  in  St.  Louis  and  in  Chicago.  Then,  if  a  merchant  in  St.  Louis  wants  eastern  exchange, 
and  has  $5,000  or  $10,000  in  Illinois  or  Wisconsin  currency,  he  may  go  to  the  Clearing-House  of  such  money, 
and  get  the  gold  or  the  exchange.  He  will  not  be  compelled,  as  now,  to  sell  his  currency,  lose  a  i)art  of  it 
by  discount,  get  Missouri  notes  in  return,  and  then  demand  and  obtain  gold  from  the  Missouri  banks. 

Although  Great  Britain  cannot  boast  of  "  wildcat"  bankers  in  name,  it  must  be  confessed 
that  the  events  of  the  late  commercial  panic,  has  developed  the  fact  that  "  wildcats"  are 
to  be  found  even  among  the  banking  fraternity  of  wealthy  England,  cautious  Scotland, 
and  impetuous  Ireland  ;  a  fraternity,  by  the  way,  which  is  popularly  believed  to  exist 
somewhere  in  the  region  of  the  seventh  heaven  of  honour,  morality,  and  infallibility,  but 
as  recent  events  have  proved,  its  members  are  only  mortal  after  all,  and  who  are  as  liable 
to  err,  morally  as  well  as  criminally,  as  the  young  and  rising  merchant,  whose  bills  they 
may  be  desirous  of  discounting,  so  long  as  it  answers  the  purpose  of  manager  or  directors, 
until  he  is  cast  off,  and  launched  suddenly  into  the  slaughter-house  of  some  accountant,  in 
whom  the  banker  may  be  specially  interested,  or  otherwise  into  the  court  of  bankruptcy. 
The  doings,  however,  of  such  wildcat  banking  establishments,  have  not  the  same  facilities 
in  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  they  have  in  some  districts  of  America,  in  so  far  as  the  issue  of 
notes  is  concerned,  whilst  the  unlimited  liability  of  shareholdership  secures  for  the  note- 
holder, at  some  time  or  other,  20s.  in  the  £,  or  100  cents  to  the  $. 

Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  it  is  only  just  to  say,  that  whilst  the  banking  system  of 
America  is  as  we  have  endeavoured  to  give  samples  of,  it  can  boast  of  men  in  the  profession 
of  as  high  standing,  not,  perhaps,  in  means,  but  in  integrity  of  purpose,  and  commercial 
financing  abilities  as  what  Great  Britain  can  do,  and  her  first-class  bankers  in  such  as  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  elsewhere,  inherit  the  confidence  of  the  public  as  much  as  any 
joint  stock  bank,  or  even  the  Bank  of  England  itself,  does  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Ire- 
land. 

EXCHANGE    AND    EXCHANGE    OFFICES. 

This  branch  of  the  banking  business  is  supposed  to  be  a  very  speculative,  and  sometimes 
a  very  money-making  one,  that  depending  upon  the  nature  of  the  exchange  business  done, 
and  the  qualifications  of  the  operator.  Some  bankers  purchase  the  notes  of  "  broken 
banks,"  or  banks  which  have  suspended — and  the  affairs  of  which  are  still  unsettled.  They 
pay  so  much  per  dollar  upon  the  bills  or  notes  of  such — and  take  their  chance  of  getting 
more  tlian  they  pay  for  them.  Their  knowledge  of  the  position  of  all  banks  which  are 
being  "  wound  up,"  and  what  prospect  there  is  as  to  a  dividend,  enables  them  to  speculate 
accordingly — pretty  safely — and  obtain  a  good  margin.  Again,  sometimes  a  panic  is  raised 
about  the  stability  of  some  one  or  more  banks  in  certain  districts;  the  public  who  have  the 
notes  of  such  banks,  getting  to  hear  of  it,  become  frightened,  and  go  to  these  exchange- 
bankers  or  brokers,  who  offer  what  they  like  for  them ;  the  said  banker,  in  some  cases, 
knowing  perfectly  well  that  the  bank  is  all  right,  and  thus  pockets  perhaps  25  per  cent* 
by  the  transaction.  Such  reports  as  to  the  standing  of  perfectly  good  banks,  are  sometimes 
got  up  by  interested  parties,  to  the  great  profit  of  the  brokers,  who  buy  up  tlie  notes  from 
5  to  25  per  cent,  discount,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  whimsicalities  of  banking,  and  confidence  in  certain  bank-notes,  was  curiously  illus- 
trated last  July,  when  the  brokers  took  into  their  heads  to  "  throw  out"  the  notes  of  nearly 
all  the  banks  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  whilst,  at  the  same  time,  it  was  followed  by  an  an- 
uouncement  from  the  railroad  companies  there,  that  the  notes  of  these  very  banks  would 


THE   BANK  NOTES   OF  AMERICA.  23 

be  taken  at  par,  or  full  value.  If  there  was  no  "  dodge"  somewhere  in  that,  it  certainly 
looked  like  it.     So  far,  therefore,  as  regards  broken  banks,  and  buying  notes  under  value. 

The  legitimate  e.\change  business,  however,  consists  more  in  the  exchanging  of  the  bank- 
notes of  one  State  for  those  of  another  State,  or  paying  their  value  in  gold  or  silver.  Thus, 
for  example,  if  a  £1  Scotch  bank  note  is  taken  to  London,  (Eng.,)  no  London  banker  will 
take  it  as  worth  20s  stg.,  if  he  takes  it  at  all.  To  get  it  converted  into  silver  it  must 
be  taken  to  some  silversmith  or  jeweller,  who  is  in  the  habit  of  exchanging  money  of 
that  sort,  or  to  a  "  bullion  broker,"  whose  business  is  that  of  exchanging  the  money 
of  any  foreign  country  for  that  of  England,  or  vice  versa.  He  is  the  English  "  exchange 
banker  or  broker."  On  going  to  him  with  a  Scotch  one  pound-note,  he  would  give  only 
19s.,  or  19s.  and  &d.  for  it;  thus  charging  6(/.  or  Is.  for  "  exchange."  Such  is  the  prin- 
ciple here,  only  that,  sometimes,  the  notes  of  one  State  are  more  valuable  1000  miles  from 
the  place  where  issued,  than  the  notes  of  those  you  wish  to  exchange  them  for,  as  we  will 
endeavour  to  explain.  Thus,  for  example,  the  notes  of  a  first-class  New  York  bank  are 
more  valuable  in  Chicago,  than  the  notes  of  a  Chicago  bank  are  there,  because  the  bankers 
and  merchants  in  Chicago  can  send,  say  a  $5  New  York  note,  to  New  York,  and  get  credit 
for  $5  in  full ;  but  if  they  were  to  send  a  $5  Chicago  bank  note,  the  parties  in  New  York 
receiving  it  would  deduct,  perhaps,  1+  per  cent.,  or  equal  to  1\  cents,  off  that  note,  as 
Chicago  notes  in  New  York  are  not  worth  so  much  there,  as  New  York  notes  are,  although 
the  Chicago  note  is  good  enough,  and  worth  $5  in  full  in  the  State  where  issued.  The 
difference,  therefore,  between  the  value  of  a  $5  Chicago  note  in  Chicago,  and  in  New 
York,  is  1^  per  cent,  or  7^  cents,  on  a  $5  note.  That  difference  is  called  the  "  difference 
of  exchange,"  or,  that  Chicago  notes  in  the  New  York  Market  are  1-J-  per  cent,  below  par,  or 
full  standard  value.  Thus,  a  $5  Chicago  note  is  worth  only  $4.92-J — (four  dollars  and 
ninety-two  and  a  half  cents)  in  New  York. 

As  a  general  rule,  we  think  we  may  say,  that  after  a  note  of  any  State  almost,  except- 
ing New  York  and  tlie  New  England  States,  travels  out  of  the  State  where  it  was  issued, 
it  loses  in  value  the  further  it  travels  from  home,  as  it  were,  (in  the  same  way  as  the  Scotch 
pound  note  does,  when  it  goes  to  London,)  and  is  subject  to  a  deduction  to  a  small  extent, 
if  you  wish  to  convert  it  into  gold  or  silver.  As  we  have  said,  this  applies  to  almost  all  the 
notes  of  banks  issued  in  every  State,  excepting  those  stated  ;  from  tlie  fact  of  New  York 
being  the  centre  where  money  is  due,  and  having  to  be  paid  there,  it  is  cheaper  to  pay 
with  New  York  notes  than  any  other,  as  we  have  already  stated. 

In  travelling,  therefore — if  you  are  a  stranger — see  that  you  are  carrying  no  notes  of  one 
State  into  another  State  with  you.  The  best  money  for  you  to  take  is  gold — in  1,  2-J,  3,  5, 
10,  and  20  dollar  pieces.     They  will  go  anywhere  for  full  value. 

All  exchange  offices  are  not  always  what  they  profess  to  be.  In  many  places  they  par- 
take of  the  character  of  gambling-houses,  and  such  like.  Respectable  exchange  offices, 
who  can  be  trusted  with  business  safely,  are  in  every  city  and  town,  and  are  easily 
found  out. 

At  many  places,  the  sign  of  "  Exchange"  is  put  up,  when  it  means  a  pawnbroker's  shop, 
a  drinking  saloon,  or  where  farm  produce  is  bartered  for  dry  goods,  groceries,  etc.,  so  that 
this  is  one  of  the  many  things  which  takes  time  for  a  stranger  to  thoroughly  understand 
and  to  discriminate  between  the  different  kinds  of  "  Exchange"  places  of  business  there 
are,  and  pick  out  the  "  wheat  from  the  chaff." 

THE  BANK  NOTES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  bank  notes — or  bank  bills,  as  they  are  called — both  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
are  different,  in  many  respects,  to  those  of  Great  Britain.  They  have  all  one  great  and 
good  feature  about  them,  viz.,  they  are  all  one  size,  and  neither  like  the  dumpy  £1 
note  of  Scotland,  the  broad  sheet  of  Ireland,  nor  yet  like  the  "  promise  to  pay"  of  ilr, 
Matthew  Marshall,  of  the  Bank  of  England.  In  one  respect,  however,  they  are  like  the  £1 
notes  of  Scotland  and  Ireland — they  are  used  till  they  become  quite  as  filthy,  greasy,  dirty, 


24  BANK   NOTES   AND   REPORTERS. 

ragged-looking  remnants  of  better  days.  Like  the  Scotch  and  Irish  banks,  we  presume, 
the  American  banks  think  it  too  much  of  a  good  thing  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  who,  every  time  its  notes  come  back  to  it,  are  never  sent  out  again, 
although  they  were  issued  only  the  day  before.  They  are  not  so  prodigal  with  their 
paper,  in  that  respect,  as  the  "  old  lady  of  Threadneedle  street"  is ;  besides,  it  might 
be  sometimes  rather  inconvenient  to  be  issuing  fresh  batches  of  notes,  seeing  that,  for  the 
most  part,  they  end  in  amount  where  Bank  of  England  notes  begin,  viz.,  £5,  or  $20,  and 
not  only  so,  but  the  well-thumbed,  "  all  tattered  and  torn"  dollar  note  begets  confidence  in 
its  very  rags  and  length  of  service,  and  thus  it  goes,  from  hand  to  hand,  till  its  flimsy  form 
evaporates  somewhere,  or  finds  its  way  back,  perchance,  to  be  "  paid  on  demand,"  if  it  is 
in  a  condition  capable  of  being  read. 

The  American  bank  note  is  about  3  inches  deep,  and  1  inches  long,  exquisitely  engraved, 
with  all  the  minuteness  of  the  engraver's  art,  and  signed  and  decorated  with  all  the  para- 
phernalia attendant  on  such  representatives  of  public  confidence  and  wealth. 

They  are  issued  from  $1  upwards,  running  2,  3,  and  5,  and  from  that  to  lO's,  rising 
5  each  time.  From  $10,  they  rise  to  20  and  50,  by  lO's,  and  from  that  to  $100,  and  from 
that,  by  lOO's,  on  to  $500,  and  from  that  to  $1000. 

They  are  made,  generally,  of  thin,  greyish-white  coloured  paper,  with  sometimes  sundry 
glaring-coloured  stamps,  etc.,  upon  them.  None  of  them,  when  new,  which  we  have  seen, 
have  the  appearance  of  a  new,  snow-white  Bank  of  England  note,  but  resemble  in  appear- 
ance the  Scotch  bank  notes,  when  new,  but  the  paper  not  half  so  thick  or  tough  as  they 
are.  Tellers,  in  British  and  Irish  banks,  may  judge  of  what  the  counting  and  sorting  of 
notes,  value  4s.  each,  must  be,  and  the  number  of  banks  about  2000.  We  can  fancy  noth- 
ing that  could  possibly  ruflBle  the  temper  of  some  of  the  methodical  gentlemen  in  the  Bank 
of  England,  or  the  fast- looking  gentlemen  in  some  of  the  London  private  banks,  so  much 
as  having  only  a  couple  of  thousand  pounds'  worth,  of  a  miscellaneous  lot  of  American  bank 
notes,  to  sort  and  pay  out.  If  they  thought  the  paying  out  of  their  bran-new  5  pounders 
a  bore,  we  fancy  they  would  perfectly  revere  the  sight  of  them,  ever  afterwards.  After 
all,  however,  as  one  gets  accustomed  to  even  the  $1  notes,  they  are  preferable  for  carrying, 
compared  to  a  lot  of  gold  or  silver,  in  the  pocket. 

As  a  means  of  distinguishing  good  notes  from  bad  ones,  publications  called  "  Bank  Note 
Reporters"  are  used,  a  few  particulars  regarding  which  we  annex.  • 

BANK-NOTE  REPORTERS. 

Amongst  the  literature  of  America,  a  perfect  host  of  publications,  all  under  one  title,  is 
Issued,  which,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  is  almost  unknown,  and,  we  may  also  add,  perfectly 
unnecessary  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Tlie  publications  we  refer  to  are  small  news- 
paper-looking periodicals,  termed  "  Bank-Note  Reporters,"  or,  in  a  few  cases,  "  Bank-Note 
Lists."  They  are  issued,  generally,  of  about  32  pages  of  the  imperial  size,  closely  printed 
with  very  small  type,  and  some  giving  wood-cut  engravings  of  all  the  known  coins  in  cir- 
culation throughout  the  world,  and  their  relative  value. 

In  every  place  of  business, — whether  it  be  at  the  office  of  the  largest  hotel,  the  largest 
wholesale  or  retail  store,  down  to  the  old  woman  who  retails  out  3  cents'  worth  of  sugar- 
candy — the  bank-note  reporter  is  to  be  seen  hung  up  at  hand — in  cities,  towns,  villages, 
and  even  in  a  solitary  shanty  in  the  woods,  so  be  that  any  thing  is  sold  there. 

Bank-note  reporters  are  issued  by  tlie  exchange  bankers  or  brokers,  and  contain 
lists  of  every  bank  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  profess  to  give  their  read- 
ers a  correct  idea  of  the  position  and  standing  of  every  bank,  as  well  as  all  who 
have  failed,  been  closed,  or  are  at  a  low  discount,  and  how  much  below  par  their 
notes  are,  if  any — whether  they  are  "  shin-plasters,"  or  "  counterfeits,"  or  "  imitations" — 
■what  is  the  correct  current  value  of  "  broken  banks,"  and  all  "  uncurrent  money,"  and,  in 
fact,  every  particular  by  which  you  can  tell  a  good  note  from  a  bad  one,  when  it  is  pre- 
sented, whether  it  be  a  $1,  or  a  $500  note,  or  bill. 


CURIOSITIES   OF   BANKING   LITERATURE.  25 

These  publications  are  a  public  necessity,  and  the  business  of  the  country  could  not  be 
carried  on  safclj-  -without  them.  "Were  they  to  go  out  of  existence  to-morrow,  the  whole 
country  would,  most  likely,  be  flooded  with  counterfeits  and  imitations  of  the  notes  of 
banks  in  existence,  as  well  as  the  notes  of  banks  which  had  no  existence,  except  on  paper. 

In  all  the  cities,  these  reporters  are  issued  in  large  quantities,  and  as  every  exchange 
broker  has  one  set  of  correspondents  in  other  large  cities,  he  gets  the  value  of  stocks  cor- 
rected by  these  correspondents  in  their  various  localities,  and  thus  presents,  probably,  in  the 
"  Reporter"  the  prices  of  stocks  in  each  of  the  leading  cities,  in  addition  to  his  quota- 
tions respecting  the  character,  and  value  of  all  bank-notes,  in  the  city  where  he  pub- 
lishes his  reporter. 

The  reporters  are  published  daily,  tri- weekly,  semi-weekly,  and  weekly,  so  as  to  suit  all 
classes  of  purchasers — the  old  woman  alluded  to,  probably,  being  content  to  carry  on  her 
business  by  getting  "posted  up"  weekly,  at  a  cost  of  4  or  5  cents — whilst  the  larger 
operators  wish  to  be  "  posted"  daily,  on  the  same  subject. 

It  will  at  once  be  seen  how  necessary  it  is,  that  such  publications  should  be  conducted 
by  men  of  undoubted  integrity,  and  who  ought  to  have  no  interest,  other  than  in  ren- 
dering their  publications  as  trustworthy  as  the  quotations  of  stocks  is  considered  to  be  in  a 
London  or  any  other  first-class  newspaper.  We  have  no  doubt  some  of  them  are  con- 
ducted by  men  of  high  moral  principle,  who  state  the  exact  standing  of  every  banking 
concern  in  the  whole  country,  as  they  believe  it  to  be,  and  that  their  opinions  and  quota- 
tions may  be  perfectly  correct.  "WTiilst  we  admit  that  freely,  we  have  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  bank-note  reporters  are  issued,  in  some  instances,  from  very  different  motives, 
and  who  do  not  state  the  facts  as  to  the  position  of  all  banks,  truthfully  and  fearlessly.  In 
some  cases  it  is  well  known,  that  unless  a  banking  concern,  will  fee.  and  bribe  the  publish- 
ers of  certain  bank-note  reporters,  they  will  quote  the  said  banks  lower  than  they  ought 
to  do,  and  by  such  means  create  a  fama  or  prejudice  against  them,  no  doubt  to  some 
extent  injurious  to  the  banks  thus  assailed,  by  this  species  of  black-mail,  which  is 
levelled  against  them.  Tliat  is  in  the  case  of  perfectly  good  banks.  On  the  other  hand, 
again,  there  is  no  doubt,  that  that  class  of  reporter  publishers  are  guilty  of  quoting 
"  wildcat"  banks  at  prices  they  are  not  entitled  to,  and  by  other  means  pufiing  the  notes 
of  such  into  circulation,  on  receiving  a  handsome  douceur  for  their  trouble.  Such  bank- 
note reporters  are,  of  course,  any  thing  but  reliable  ;  the  only  difficulty  is,  how  you  are  to 
tell  one  from  another — seeing  that  they  are  all  published  by  exchange  brokers,  who  call 
themselves  bankers.  As  we  said  before,  there  is  no  doubt,  whatever,  that  there  are  respecta- 
able  ones  amongst  them — those  guilty  of  such  practices  as  alluded  to  being,  we  believe,  the 
exception — yet  it  is  only  by  a  long  residence  in  the  town  where  they  are  published  that 
you  will  be  enabled  to  discriminate  between  the  real  and  the  doubtful  of  these  safe-guards 
of  the  public  pocket.  Tlie  circulation  of  some  of  the  most  respectable  of  them,  averages, 
it  is  said,  100,000  copies  each  publication. 

Presuming  you  want  to  know  if  a  bank  is  good,  you  have  only  to  refer  to  the  alphabeti- 
cal list  of  all  banks  published  in  the  reporter— and  if  you  do  not  find  it  amongst  that  list, 
you  may  conclude  it  is  bad — or  you  may  find  it  amongst  the  list  of  "  Broken  Banks." 
Tlie  banks  in  every  State  are  alphabetically  arranged  by  themselves,  so  that  there  is  no 
difficulty  in  finding  out  the  name  of  the  bank  you  want.  Any  one  who  has  to  do  witli 
money,  and  the  receiving  of  it — in  notes,  to  him — a  bank-note  reporter  is  indispensable. 
They  abound  in  all  large  cities. 

CURIOSITIES    OF   BANKING    LITERATURE. 

As  we  have  no  doubt  there  are  many  who  are  not  aware  of  tlie  existence  of  a  few  curi- 
osities in  banking  literature,  which  are  to  be  found  in  America,  we  think  we  will  be  con- 
ferring, perhaps,  some  information,  as  well  as  amusement,  if  we  give  a  few  extracts  from 
one  of  the  "  Bank-Note  Reporters,"  before  alluded  to.  These  public  informants  present  a 
few  features,  we  think,  quite  unknown  by  many  of  even  the  banking  population  of  Great 


26  EXTRACTS   FROM   BANK-NOTE   REPORTERS. 

Britain,  as  -well  as  by  the  great  mass  of  the  people  there,  consequently,  we  annex  a  few  ex- 
tracts from  one,  as  exhibiting  illustrations  of  "  Wild-Cat"  banking,  and  the  amount  of  in- 
genuity there  must  be  at  work  in  the  lithograpliing  and  engraving  world,  to  produce  the 
hosts  of  counterfeit  or  bogus  notes  there  are  in  existence. 

Tlie  first  sample  we  will  present,  is  a  piece  of  advice  tendered  to  the  Carroll  County 
Bank,  N.  H.,  to  see  that  its  notes  are  better  printed  in  future.  Fancy  one  of  the  small 
publications  of  London  talking  to  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  perhaps,  in  the  following  strain  ! 

"  We  would  call  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  to  the  miserably  en- 
graved issues  of  the  Carroll  County  Bank,  Sandwich.  We  have  seen  several  of  their  is- 
sues, and  took  particular  notice  of  them.  The  bank  ought  to  be  indicted  for  getting  out 
such  abominably  engraved  notes,  as  the  temptation  to  counterfeit  them  will  be  almost  ir- 
resistible." 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  Bank-Note  Reporter  has  the  public  welfare  at  heart  in  its 
magnanimous  advice,  as  quoted. 

The  next  intimation  is  of  a  very  gratifying  nature,  when  it  says,  with  regard  to  the  State 
Bank  of  Indiana,  that  "  it  is  now  demonstrated  that  the  State  of  Indiana  will  realize  about 
$2,000,000  clear  profit,  through  its  connection  with  this  bank  and  the  Sinking  Fund." 

Talking  of  a  certain  bank  in  Litchfield,  (the  name  of  which  we  do  not  give,)  the  Re- 
porter is  again  solicitous  after  the  safety  of  the  public,  in  talking  very  much  as  if  it  was 
hunting  up  a  "  wild  cat,"  when  it  says : — 

"  This  institution  has  been  under  investigation  for  some  time,  and,  to  quote  from  a  Con- 
necticut journal,  it  is  a  "sort  of  a  fast  and  loose"  arrangement,  which  ivas  "  of  no  use  to  any 
one  but  the  oivner ;"  and  like  a  certain  horse  navigator,  who,  once  upon  a  time,  took  a  ride 
on  a  Jersey  road,  and  gave  the  steed  too  much  headway ;  the  bank,  like  the  horse,  was  too 
much  to  manage,  and  went  its  way  accordingly." 

We  next  find  an  explanation  of  marks  and  letters  which  are  inserted  after  the  names  of 
particular  banks.     Thus  it  says : — 

"  The  figures  on  the  line  with  the  bank  expresses  the  discount  on  its  notes. 

"  Tlie  descriptions  under  each  bank  are  of  counterfeits  or  alterations  on  the  bank. 

"  The  letter  (F)  on  the  line  with  the  bank  shows  "it  to  be  a  free  bank,  with  notes  secured 
by  a  deposit." 

Where  the  letter  (S)  occurs,  it  is  understood  to  mean  that  that  particular  bank  is  organ- 
ized under  the  "  Safety  Fund  Bank  Law,"  but,  strange  although  it  may  appear,  says:— 

"  These  banks  have  no  security  deposited  for  the  redemption  of  their  notes." 

Other  explanations  follow,  for  example,  showing  the  caution  exhibited  for  the  welfore 
of  the  public,  yet  not  forgetting  number  one,  in  the  last  sentence : — 

"  The  letter  (D)  means  that  we  consider  the  bank  doubtful. 

"  A  dash  ( — ),  that  it  is  unsaleable. 

"  An  index  (iW)'  that  we  know  too  little  of  the  bank  to  quote  it. 

"A  star  (*),  that  the  quotation  is  not  reliable— doubtful  whether  we  buy  at  all." 

We  now  give  a  few  samples  of  how  the  counterfeits  are  noticed  and  described. 

Taking  the  case  of  the  "  Farmers'  Bank,  Orwell,  Vermont,"  it  would  appear  that  the 
genius  of  the  counterfeiters  had  been  directed  to  impose  upon  the  simple  farmers  in  that 
State,  of  lovely  scenery,  in  the  following  manner  : — 

$1,  vignette,  farmer,  sheaf  of  grain,  rake,  etc.;  female,  shield,  and  figure  1  on  right  end. 

$2,  vignette,  former  feeding  hogs — altered  from  Farmers'  Bank,  Wickford,  R.  L 

$2,  spurious — vignette,  cattle  under  tree. 

$2,  figure  2  in  the  centre— female  and  eagle  on  the  left — three  females  on  the  right. 

$3,  altered  from  broken  Farmers'  Bank,  Wickford,  R.  L 

$3,  vignette,  men,  boy,  liorses,  sheep,  house,  etc. — female  feeding  chickens  on  right  lower 
corner. 

$5  and  $10,  vignette,  man  lying  on  the  ground,  sheaf,  rake,  etc, — head  on  lower  left 
corner,  female  on  lower  right — Orwell  is  spelled  "  Orwidds." 

On  the  notes  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  again,  the  follow- 
ing counterfeits  are  thus  described : — 


COUNTERFEITS,    AND   IMITATIONS  OF  BANK  NOTES.  27 

$3,  $5,  $10,  $20,  spurious — Washington  on  each  end. 

$5,  letter  B — vignette  figure  5 — men  and  horses  on  each  side. 

$0,  vignette,  a  female  caressing  an  eagle. 

$5,  $10,  $20,  $50,  and  $100,  altered. 

$10,  vignette,  a  female,  sheaf  of  wheat,  cattle,  etc. 

$20,  vignette,  female  with  a  spinning-wheel — an  Indian  on  the  right  end — female  and 
eagle  on  the  left  end. 

$50,  vignette,  figure  of  Hope — on  the  right  end  a  stag — on  the  left,  a  female  figure,  with 
one  foot  on  a  globe. 

$100,  Lafayette  and  Washington  on  the  ends. 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  that  notwithstanding  the  ingenuity  displayed  in  trying  to  dazzle 
the  farmers  and  mechanics  of  Orwell  and  Burlington  with  the  illustrations  alluded  to,  the 
sharp  eye  of  the  "  reporter"  is  upon  them.  Not  content  with  trying  their  hand  at  such 
out-of-the-way  places  as  quoted,  some  more  daring  spirits  come  into  New  York  State,  and 
crossing  over  from  New  York  to  Brooklyn — as  it  might  be  crossing  from  the  city  of  Lon- 
don to  the  Borough — there  they  make  a  dead  set  on  the  notes  of  the  veritable  "  Mechanics' 
Bank,  Brooklyn,"  which  has  got  its  genuine  notes  secured  by  deposit  of  State  stocks. 

The  imitations  on  its  notes  are  thus  given : — 

$2,  spurious — vignette,  ship  under  sail,  female  on  right. 

$3,  vignette,  blacksmith  on  right  corner  at  work. 

$3,  vignette,  eagle  and  shield,  Washington  with  3  on  each  side. 

$5,  agricultural  implements,  with  female  seated  on  a  rock  on  the  left  of  vignette. 

$5,  altered — vignette,  horse-shoeing. 

^5,  altered — vignette,  sailor  at  a  wheel. 

Not  daunted  at  that  attempt,  another  is  actually  made  upon  the  "New  York  State 
Bank"  itself,  of  which  the  celebrated  Rufus  H.  King  is  president.     Thus : — 

$3,  vignette.  State  Arms,  portrait  between  signatures. 

$5,  Indian  on  right  end. 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  four  females  supporting  a  "  5." 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  images  swinging  in  a  wreath. 

$5,  Massachusetts'  coat  of  arms  on  the  right  side,  "New"  in  New  York  is  spelt  "  Now." 

$10,  $20,  $50,  altered — vignette,  female,  eagle,  ship. 

We  could  fill  a  good-sized  volume  with  such  descriptions,  and  as  our  last,  we  will  give 
another,  as  showing  that  even  in  Her  Majesty's  dominions,  a  leaf  or  two  is  desired  out  of 
the  books  of  issue,  and  taken  without  the  liberty  of  the  best  banks  in  Canada. 

Whether  the  counterfeits  are  of  American  or  Canadian  manufacture,  we  are  not  suffi- 
ciently "  posted"  to  say. 

Who  would  have  thought  of  the  good  old-fashioned,  cautious  Scotch  banker,  Mr.  David- 
son, being  attempted  to  be  imposed  upon  in  this  manner,  with  such  imitations  as  the  follow- 
ing, on  the  "  Bank  of  Montreal."    Tims  we  quote : — 

Genuine  notes  of  this  bank,  it  is  said,  are  in  circulation,  with  counterfeit  signature.     Be 

careful.  ,   i    ^  •       . 

$5,  steamer  on  upper  right  corner;  cattle  on  left ;  5in  centre;  an  eagle  between  signatures. 

$5,  Toronto  Branch,  letter  A,  pay  Baker;  the  word  "  value"  to  left  of  "  Toronto,  in 
genuine  it  is  over  "Toronto;"  in  counterfeit,  nose  of  small  dog  comes  near  "T  m  "  lo- 
ronto,"  in  genuine  it  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  from  the  "  T."  .i„,oi„ 

$5,  Montreal  Bank— pay  cash  or  bearer ;  others  pay  L.  Carlle,  m  Quebec,  April  2, 1819, 
and  pay  W.  Radenhaun. 

$5,  altered— vignette,  farmer  reclining  on  5 ;  others  V  in  circle  at  bottom. 

$10,  lithograph — they  are  numbered  19,047. 

$10,  altered  from  $1. 

$10,  parliament  is  spelled  parliment. 

$10,  photograph  on  the  Petersborough  Branch. 

We  fancy  we  see  a  genuine  smile  come  over  the  grave  face  of  the  manager,  when  he  saw 
the  "  nose  of  small  dog"  coming  into  too  close  proximity  with  one  of  his  head  agencies, 
and  the  other  dodges  to  deceive  him  and  his  "  cute"  tellers. 

Having  thus  given  a  few  samples  of  the  counterfeit  notes  in  circulation,  we  will  now  con- 


28  BROKEN   BANKS — USURY  LAWS. 

elude  our  extraets  of  these  gems  of  banking  literature,  with  an  illustration  or  two  of  how 
the  character  or  death  of  some  of  the  "  institutions"  are  thus  so  ruthlessly  recorded,  with- 
out the  least  regard  for  the  feelings  of  the  living,  or  the  friends  of  departed  heroes  of 
banking  renown. 

Thus  a  few  of  the  Canada  banks  is  recorded : — 

City  of  Hamilton,  (shinplaster,)  Hamilton no  sale. 

Colonial  Bank  of  Chatham,  U.  C — 

Commercial  Bank,  Brockville closed. 

Commercial  Bank,  Fort  Erie closed. 

Mechanics'  Bank,  Montreal fraud. 

Merchants'  Bank,  Toronto fraud. 

National  Bank,  Montreal fraud. 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  Co Jailed. 

OfTAWA  Bank,  Ottawa failed 

People's  Bank  of  Toronto closed. 

Crossing  the  St.  Lawrence,  we  find  in  the  United  States,  the  following,  out  of  hundreds, 

as  showing  there  that  "  shinplasters"  won't  go  down  at  any  price,  no  more  than  they  will 

in  Canada ; — 

Commonwealth   Bank '. closed. 

Commercial  Bank closed 

Etna  Iron  Furnace,  (shinplaster,) "o  ««^«. 

Atlantic  Bank,  May's  Landing closed. 

Atlantic  Bank,  Cape  May,  C.  H closed. 

Bank  of  America,  Cape  May closed. 

Bank  of  Cape  May  Co.,  Cape  Island,  Cape  May  Co — 

That  the  counterfeits  on  some  banks  are  numerous,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that 
on  the  "  State  Bank  of  Ohio,"  alone,  we  count  no  less  than  33  different  descriptions  of  coun- 
terfeit notes  on  it. 

When  a  new  bank  is  started,  it  is  laconically  announced,  for  example,  thus : — 

"  The  Manufacturers'  Bank,  at  Elizabethport,  N.  J.,  has  just  commenced  business,  with 
N.  P.  Saris,  as  president,  and  James  Wilson,  as  cashier." 

"  The  directors  of  the  Fayette  County  Bank,  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  met  and  organized  on 
Monday  last.  Alfred  Patterson,  Esq.,  was  elected  president  of  the  bank,  and  William 
Wilson,  Esq.,  cashier." 

We  advise  all  who  have  5  cents  to  invest,  to  get  a  "  bank-note  reporter."  It  may  not  be 
long  before  it  proves  its  worth,  to  be  equal  to  its  weight  in  gold. 


THE    USURY    LAWS. 

As  one  of  the  peculiarities  connected  with  American  finance,  we  append  a  list,  showing 
the  rates  per  cent.,  which  can  be  legally  claimed  for  the  loan  of  money  in  the  respective 
States,  and  the  penalties  incurred  for  exacting  more  than  is  legal. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  "  crime"  of  usury  has  a  wide  margin,  ranging,  in  most  cases, 
from  6  to  10  per  cent  In  the  State  of  Minnesota,  we  believe  it  is  15  per  cent.  The 
penalties,  however,  attached  to  charging  a  higher  rate  of  interest,  act  as  a  dead  letter,  it 
being  well  known,  to  use  a  common  saying  in  this  country,  "  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  whip 
the  devil  round  the  post,"  or,  in  other  words,  evade  the  law,  by  various  modes.  Nothing 
is  easier,  by  those  who  are  so  disposed. 

It  is  now  four  years  ago  (5th  Aug.,  1854)  since  the  usury  laws  of  England  were  repealed, 
and  from  the  tone  of  some  influential  journalists  in  America,  we  shall  be  surprised,  if  such 
absurd  and  powerless  laws  should  be  much  longer  deferred  in  being  repealed  there  also. 

States.  Legal  Interest.        Penalties  for  Charging  more  than  legal  Bates. 

Maine.  6  per  cent.  Loss  of  excess,  and  interest,  and  law  costs. 

New  Hampshire.  6    "      "  Loss  of  3  times  excess  of  interest. 

Vermont.  6    "     "  Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 


USURY   LAWS — COMMERCIAL   COLLEGES. 


29 


Penalties  for  Charging  more  than  Legal  Rates. 
Loss  of  3  times  the  whole  interest  and  law  costs. 
Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 
Loss  of  all  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  contract,  and,  in  criminal  action,  fine  not  exceed- 
ing §1,000  (£200  stg.),  and  Imprisonment  not  exceeding  sic 

months. 
Contract  void,  and  principle  and  interest  forfeited. 
Excess  of  interest  only  forfeited. 
Principal  and  interest  forfeited. 
Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 
Usurious  contracts  void. 
Principal  and  interest  forfeited ;  and,  if  usury  is  paid,  double 

the  amount  of  principal  and  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 

10  per  cent,  allowed  on  contract,  and  loss  of  interest  if  ex- 
ceeding this. 

Loss  of  five  times  the  interest. 

10  per  cent,  allowed  on  contracts,  forfeiture  of  excess  of  in- 
terest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Liable  to  an  indictment  for  misdemeanour.   Forfeiture  of  usu- 
rious interest,  and  fined. 

12  per  cent,  allowed  on  contracts.     Forfeiture  of  all  cou- 
tracts. 

Loss  of  interest. 

No  penalty. 

The  Territories  are  not  subject  to  any  usury  laws. 

The  State  of  Pennsylvania  has  been  the  first  to  pronounce  in  favour  of  free  trade  in  money  mat- 
ters in  this  respect. 

Some  European  readers  may  be  reminded,  that  the  difierence  of  rates  in  the  States,  is  owing  to 
the  fact  that  each  State  frames  its  own  laws,  and  what  may  be  justice  according  to  law,  in  one 
State,  may  not  be  considered  so  in  some  of  the  other  States  in  the  Union. 

In  Canada  the  legal  interest  has  been  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent.,  but  by  a  law,  passed  last 
session,  individuals  may  exact  any  rate  of  interest  wbicB  may  be  agreed  upon  between 
them.  Banks,  however,  are  prohibited  from  exacting  a  higher  rate  of  discount  than  7 
per  cent,  and  are  prohibited  from  paying  interest  upon  deposits. 


States. 

Zegal  Interest. 

Massachusetts. 

6  per  cent. 

Rhode  Island. 

6     "     " 

Connecticut. 

6     "     " 

New  York. 

Y       a       ii 

New  Jersey. 

6     "     " 

Pennsylvania. 

6    "     " 

Delaware. 

6     "      " 

Maryland. 

6    "     " 

Virginia. 

6    "      " 

North  Carolina. 

6     "     " 

South  Carolina, 

*?         it           it 

Georgia. 

fr       n        n 

Alabama. 

8    "     " 

Arkansas. 

6     "      " 

Florida. 

6     "      " 

Illinois. 

6    "      " 

Indiana. 

6     "     " 

Iowa. 

6    "     " 

Kentucky. 

6    "     " 

Louisiana. 

8     "     " 

Michigan. 

IT        «         «       . 

Mississippi. 

6    "     " 

Missouri. 

6     "     " 

Ohio. 

6    "     " 

Tennessee. 

6     "     " 

Texas. 

8     "     " 

Wisconsin. 

12    "     " 

California. 

10    "     " 

COMMERCIAL  COLLEGES. 

As  we  have  stated  elsewhere,  the  commercial  education  of  the  Americans  is  in  general 
far  more  varied  and  more  generally  useful  than  that  enjoyed  by  young  men  in  commercial 
circles  in  Great  Britain.  The  education  there  terminates  too  frequently  with  a  boy  obtain- 
ing at  school  a  slight  knowledge  of  book-keeping  and  accounts,  so  that  by  the  time  he  goes 
abroad  into  the  world,  he  knows  about  as  much  respecting  such  matters,  as  if  he  had  never 
heard  of  a  day-book,  bill-book,  or  ledger. 

Until  some  years  ago,  the  same  state  of  things  existed  in  America,  until  institu- 
tions of  an  exclusively  commercial  charactei  were  established,  called  "  Commercial  Col- 
leges." Such  establishments  are  carried  on  by  teachers  on  their  own  account,  in  a  great 
many  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United  States,  but  not  in  Canada,  so  far  as  we  are  aware. 

Such  an  institution  generally  consists  of  one  or  more  immense  large  rooms  or  halls,  hung 
round  with  blackboards,  diagrams,  and  superb  specimens  of  caligraphy,  and  filled  with 
a  large  supply  of  tables  and  cliairs. 

Students  attend  there,  varying  from  15  to  nearly  50  years  of  age.  The  students  sit 
apart  from  each  other,  so  that  one  student  is  not  aware  as  to  the  state  of  proficiency  of 
the  one  nearest  to  him.     Scholars  of  all  ages  are  to  be  seen  listening  to  the  teacher  from 


30  COMMERCIAL   COLLEGES — AUCTIOiO'  ROOMS. 

the  black-board — working  out  their  accounts— or,  perhaps,  trying  to  improve  their 
handwriting.  In  this  way,  the  man  of  30  years  of  age,  who  finds  his  commercial  edu- 
cation in  some  respects  deficient,  is  taught  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  display  his  ignorance  of 
such  matters  to  the  young  lad  of  15  or  16.  The  course  of  instruction  is  so  arranged,  that 
students  can  enter  and  commence  their  studies  at  any  time,  and  receive  from  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  teacher  the  advantages  of  a  class,  all  commencing  at  one  time.  There  is  no 
special  attendance  insisted  upon,  but  the  system  is  so  worked,  that  every  student— young 
and  old— at  once  feels  it  to  be  his  interest  to  attend  regularly  and  work  diligently,  as,  until 
he  reaches  a  given  point  of  perfection,  he  is  refused  the  diploma  of  efficiency,  which  is 
given  only  to  those  who  attain  the  standard  fixed  upon  by  the  proprietor  of  the  college, 
the  particulars  of  which  every  student  is  made  aware  of. 

We  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  one  of  these  institutions  in  full  operation  at  Cincinnati 
(where  they  are  carried  on  most  efficiently),  and  were  very  much  pleased  with  the  method 
pursued,  and  forcibly  impressed  with  the  value  which  such  an  education  must  prove, 
in  advancing  young  men  in  commercial  positions  afterwards,  as  well  as  enabling  them 
to  take  situations  in  a  counting-house  or  office  of  whatever  description.  They  are  tauglit 
not  only  the  every-day  affairs  of  how  to  keep  books  by  single  and  double  entry,  make 
out  accounts,  calculate  interest,  draw  bills,  understand  commission  business — and  the  whole 
by  a  regular  system  of  books  throughout — but  the  information  conveyed  extends  to  insu- 
rance, railroad  business,  shipping,  manufacturing,  and  banking  operations.  On  particular 
days  each  week,  lectures  are  delivered  to  the  whole  school  en  masse,  by  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors, on  certain  commercial  subjects.  We  had  the  pleasure  of  attending  one  of  these 
lectures  (by  Mr.  R.  M.  Bartlett,  of  Cincinnati,)  and  were  liighly  gratified  by  the  lucid  explana- 
tions he  gave  of  banking  operations — how  conducted — the  nature  of  such  as  the  deposit- 
ledger,  discount-ledger,  and  the  various  other  books  used  in  banks,  and  the  relation  each 
assistant  has  to  particular  books — all  conveyed  in  such  language  that  the  dullest  student 
could  comprehend  it. 

The  system,  altogether,  of  commercial  colleges,  is  an  excellent  one,  and  must  tend  great- 
ly to  the  advancement  of  the  students  who  attend  them.  So  much  are  they  now  in  use, 
and  so  highly  valued,  that  one  of  the  best  credentials  a  young  man  can  produce  of  his  com- 
mercial ability,  is  to  present  his  diploma  from  a  well-known  commercial  college.  The 
requirements  at  some  colleges  are  greater  than  others,  and  hence  the  difference  in  the 
accomplishments  of  their  members,  as  well  as  in  the  standing  of  different  colleges. 

The  periods  to  which  the  course  of  instruction  extends,  depends  entirely  upon  the  stu- 
dent himself.  Some  will  finish  in  8  or  10  weeks— others,  again,  will  take  double  that 
length  of  time ;  and  in  neither  case  do  they  get  their  diploma  till  they  have  reached  the 
standard  of  proficiency  fixed  upon. 

In  the  western  cities,  many  who  attend  such  colleges  are  the  sons  of  farmers,  who,  not 
havin"-  had  the  advantages  of  acquiring  information  on  such  matters  at  the  public  schools, 
repair  to  these  colleges  to  complete  their  commercial  education,  so  as  to  fit  them  for  com- 
mencing in  their  first  situation  ;  others,  again,  as  we  have  said,  much  older  in  yeai-s,  attend 
these  colleges,  to  perfect  themselves  in  branches  they  found  themselves  deficient  in. 

One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  colleges  referred  to,  is,  in  summer  weather,  to  find  every 
student,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  studying  without  coat  or  jacket— one  and  aU  being 
in  their  shirt  sleeves — on  account  of  the  great  heat. 

AUCTION    EOOMS  AND   AUCTIONEERS. 

The  auction  rooms  in  America — such  as  in  New  York,  for  example — are  carried  on  in  a 
style,  and  an  anwunt  of  bond  fide  business  transacted  in  them,  which  strangers  to  this  coun- 
try have  little  idea  of. 

Goods  are  exported  from  Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe  to  be  sold  in  the  auction 
room,  and  also  imported  by  many  houses  here,  who  take  advantage  of  it  as  their 
regular  and  only  means  of  disposing  of  their  imports,  whilst  others  again,  who  have  over- 


TRADE   SALES — AN  AUCTION   ROOM   IN  NEW   YORK,  SI 

imported,  or  with  a  bad  prospect  before  them,  or  a  lot  of  old  stock  on  baud,  throw  theiii 
into  the  auction  room  to  be  sold  for  what  they  will  bring,  during  the  tei-ms  of  the  "  Spriug" 
and  "  Fall"  seasons'  trade.  The  best  wholesale  and  retail  houses  in  New  York,  and  in  all 
parts,  buy  at  these  sales.  There  are  auction  rooms  for  dry  goods,  others  for  books  and 
stationery,  others  for  hardware,  and  so  on.  Each  auction  room  is  filled  with  merchants  or 
storekeepers  interested  in  the  respective  classes  of  goods  to  be  sold.  Thus,  at  a  "  Trade 
Sale,"  as  it  is  called,  of  books,  for  example,  you  will  find  books  sent  there  by  publishers  in 
London,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York.  The  catalogues  specify  whose  books  they 
are,  state  publishing  price,  and  how  many  copies  there  are  of  each  particular  book. 
At  a  book  trade  sale,  all  the  leading  booksellers  in  the  country  are  drawn  together,  and 
there  men  meet  who  have  not  seen  each  other  for  6  months  or  more,  and  sometimes  ac- 
quaintanceships are  renewed  or  formed  for  mutual  pleasure  and  advantage. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  of  business  done  at  these  sales,  we  may  mention,  that  at 
the  trade  sale  in  September  last,  in  New  York,  books  were  sold  to  the  amount  of  no  less 
than  about  $400,000,  or  £80,000,  stg.,  out  of  145  invoices.  The  largest  amount  sent  in  by 
one  house  being  $20,000,  or  £4000  stg.  The  sale  occupied  11  days,  from  8,  A.  M.,  to  10, 
p.  M.,  showing  an  average  amount  of  about  £72*72  worth  of  books  sold  every  day  The 
catalogue  of  all  the  works  sent  in  for  sale  is  ready,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  trade,  about  a 
month  previously.  The  largest  number  of  copies  of  any  one  book  sold,  was  4000  copies. 
At  that  sale  an  offer  was  made  and  refused  for  200,000  copies  of  a  particular  spelling-book, 
at  one-eighth  of  a  cent  less  than  the  regular  price. 

Immense  quantities  of  stationery  are  also  sold  at  these  sales. 

In  no  other  congregation  of  individuals  will  be  found  such  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  men 
from  all  parts  of  America,  and  belonging  to  all  countries  as  is  to  be  seen  in  the  auction 
room.  It  has  been  often  said  that  no  place  equals  New  York  for  its  numerous  specimens 
of  such.  If  that  be  true,  we  should  say  that  no  opportunity  for  seeing  such,  is  equal  to  tliat, 
when  all  are  collected  together  in  a  dry  goods  auction  sale-room,  and  all  bent  on  the  same 
object.  About  1 1  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  any  day  during  the  season  of  a  fall  or  summer  trade, 
you  will  find  an  auction  room  in  "  full  blast,"  with  the  cry  of  the  nervous  auctioneer  as  he 
chatters  on  the  everlasting  ditty  of  buy,  buy,  buy— up,  up,  up,  up— in  one  incessant  stream, 
until  he  is  about  gasping  out  his  last  breath.  Around  him,  with  memorandum  book  in  left, 
and  pencil  in  right-hand,  checking  off  the  lots  as  they  "  go"  and  are  "  gone,"  you  will  find 
the  New  York  wholesale  storekeeper  alongside  of  those  from  all  parts,  extending  from 
Montreal,  in  Canada,  to  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  or  from  Massachusetts  in  tlie  east,  to  Mis- 
souri and  Chicago  in  the  west— aye,  even  as  far  as  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  There,  all 
pitted  against  each  other,  you  will  find  the  business-like  Englishman  alongside  of  the  high- 
blooded  Mexican  trader,  the  cautious  Scotchmen  making  a  bid  after  the  volatile  French- 
man ;  the  quiet  down-east  Yankee  alongside  of  the  phlegmatic  German ;  the  quick-tem- 
pered French  Canadian  beside  the  little  wide-awake  Jew,  whilst  Pat,  honest  fellow,  assists 
to  put  away  the  lots  as  they  are  knocked  down.  There,  between  the  cupidity  of  some, 
jealousy  or  ignorance  of  others,  the  auctioneer  rests  his  hopes  to  realize  a  good  price  for 
his  employer,  the  importer.  Tiiere,  day  after  day,  the  same  scene  is  to  be  seen ;  the  same 
play  being  performed,  and  during  the  process,  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  goods  changing 
hands  and  getting  spread  all  over  this  mighty  continent. 

The  great  factotum  of  the  auction  room,  however,  is  the  auctioneer.  Upon  him  all  eyes 
are  fastened.  There  he  mounts  the  counter,  encircled  amid  a  bower  of  silks,  satins,  la- 
ces, and  ribbons,  all  hanging  around  him,  suspended  from  the  iron  rods  above,  on  which 
the  goods  are  placed  as  they  are  knocked  down.  Tliere  he  stands,  with  pencil  and  book  in 
hand— in  shirt  sleeves— without  collar  and  handkerchief,  so  as  to  have  free  scope  for  his 
vocal  powers,  in  his  everlasting  prattle. 

You  need  not  suppose  that  he  is  gifted  with  much  eloquence,  or  that  he  is  a  fit  represent- 
ation of  the  departed  George  Robins,  of  Covent  Garden  renown,  in  his  descriptive  powers; 
or  expect  to  hoar  that  eternal  "  going,"  "once,"  "  twice,"  "  thrice,"  and  waiting  for  a  bid. 
in  order  to  assist  off  the  goods  under  review,  and  ending  up  with  "going,"  and  "gone." 


32  THE  AUCTIONEER — TRADE   WITH   CANADA. 

However  great  the  volubility  of  the  American  auctioneer,  it  is  not  spent  on  any  such  super- 
fluities, or  upon  c-itlier  ornamentation  or  praise  of  the  articles  submitted,  but  confined  to  one 
everlasting,  breathing,  gasping  ditty  on  that  almighty  subject — dollars  and  cents — and 
with  only  one  soliloquy — and  that,  one  incessant,  scathing,  soaring  up  and  down  cry 
from  E  flat  to  double  bass,  of  up,  up,  up,  up,  up,  up— and  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy. 
That  is  his  Alpha  and  Omega — uttered  with  all  the  declamatory  powers  of  a  Demos- 
thenes— down  to  the  quietest  whisper,  as  he  is  about  to  stop,  out  of  breath,  to  take 
in  another  supply  of  air,  to  fill  his  exhausted  lungs — when  he  starts  afresh  again,  with  aU 
his  usual  vigour,  till  he  knocks  down  one  article,  and  commences  on  another  in  the  same 
breath.  He  has  no  time  to  descant  upon  the  qualities  of  the  black  gros,  hung  up  before 
you.  He  passes  no  opinion  as  to  its  being  either  good,  bad,  or  indift'erent;  whether  the 
moire  antique  there, has  a  cotton  back  or  a  silk  one  ;  there  it  is;  judge  for  yourself;  bid 
if  you  like,  or  be  silent,  it  is  all  the  same  to  him :  his  course  is  onward  with  his 
everlasting  cry  of  buy,  buy,  buy,  buy — and  up,  up,  up,  and  upwards  with  the  price, 
when  he  fancies  he  has  got  even  the  sixteenth  part  of  a  move  of  the  head  towards  a  bid. 
The  New  York  auctioneer  is  one  of  those  unique  characters  only  to  be  met  with  in  this  coun- 
try, and  a  phase  of  business  may  be  seen  by  the  strangei-,  in  a  New  York  auction  room, 
never  seen  before.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  auction  rooms  in  Philadelphia  and  such 
cities. 

Talk  of  your  crack  auctioneers,  either  at  the  Mart,  Dabenham  and  Storrs,  and  all  such 
well-known  places  of  resort !  The  British  auctioneer-if  he  wishes  to  increase  his  vocal 
powers,  in  volubility— must  come  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  go  under  training 
in  a  wholesale  dry  goods  auction  room.  We  will  warrant  he  will  return,  only  to  make 
Charles  Matthews  jealous,  as  a  rival,  in  "  Patter  versus  Clatter."  In  the  "  Peter  Funk"  retail 
auction  room  in  New  York,  again,  the  same  geniis  homo  is  to  be  seen  and  heard,  in  shirt 
sleeves,  long  flowing  beard,  with  his  clear,  ringing  voice,  trying  to  get  up  the  steam 
before  his  confreres,  and  between  them,  by  their  mock-auction  dodges,  trying  to  decoy  such 
as  you  into  their  trap — there,  to  have  an  opportunity  of  "  selling"  yourself,  along  with 
a  watch  of  best  Birmingham  gold-plated  make,  for  eighteen  carat  gold.  The  man  who 
goes  there  without  any  thing  valuable  about  him,  and  with  a  sharp  look-out,  may  even  be 
amused  with  that  specimen  of  an  auctioneer,  and  auction  room.  Such  places  exist  in  all 
large  towns  in  Great  Britain,  where  "Peter  Funk"  frequently  performs  with  considerable 
profit.  Here,  however,  he  appears  to  us  to  be  more  advanced  in  his  education,  and  with 
vocal  powers  which  would  at  once  take  the  breath  forever  from  his  friend  in  the  Poultry 
of  London,  or  Trougate  of  Glasgow. 

THE  TRADE  WITH   CANADA  FROM  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

That  the  trade  from  the  United  States  to  Canada  is  rapidly  increasing,  whilst  that  from 
Great  Britain  is  on  the  decline,  may  be  seen  from  the  following  abstract  from  tables  which 
we  give,  drawn  iip  by  the  Canadian  government  on  the  subject,  which  shows  the  extent  and 
progress  of  the  trade  between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

In  1853  the  total  imports  into  Canada  from  all  sources  amounted  to $31,981,436 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $18,489,120;  from  United  States,  $11,782,144. 

The  balance  of  imports  were  taken  from  otlicr  foreign  ports. 
In  1854  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amounted  to 40,529,324 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $22,903,323  ;  from  United  States,  $15,333,096. 

Balance  of  imports  were  from  foreign  ports. 
In  1855  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amounted  to 36,086,168 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $13,303,460 ;  from  United  States,  $20,828,676. 

Balance  of  imports  were  from  foreign  ports. 
For  the  year  past,  ending  Dec.  31,  1856,  the  total  value  of  imports  into  Canada  was..  43,584,384 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  $18,212,932  ;  from  United  States,  $22,704,508. 

From  this  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  a  steady  increase  in  the  imports  from  the  United 
States  has  continued  as  far  back  as  1S53. 


TEADE   WITH   CANADA.    BAKERIES. 


33 


For  the  vear  1853  the  total  amount  of  imports  from  Great  Britain  amounted  to $18,489,120 

For  the  year  ISoG 18,212,933 

Showing  a  falling  oflf  between  the  two  periods  above  mentioned  of 2,761,188 

Referring  to  the  imports  for  1853  from  the  United  States,  they  amount  to 11,782,144 

For  the  year  1856 22,704,508 

Showing  an  increase  between  these  two  periods,  in  favour  of  United  States,  of 10,922,364 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  importation  of  goods  from  Great  Britain  into  Canada  has 
considerably  diminished,  the  trade  from  the  United  States  has  increased  enormously. 
The  exports  from  Canada  also  keep  pace  with  the  imports,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following : — 

In  1853  the  total  exports  amounted  to 23,801,300 

Of  which  were  sent  to  Great  Britain,  11,465,404  ;  and  to  the  United  States,  8,936,380. 

For  the  past  year,  1856,  the  total  exports  from  Canada  amounted  to 32,047,016 

Of  which  was  exported — ■ 
To  Great  Britain,  1(1,467,744  ;  to  the  United  States,  17,979,752. 

Thus,  in  four  years,  there  was  a  decrease  of  exports  to  Great  Britain  of 995,600 

While  our  exports  to  the  United  States  have  increased 9,043,37 

The  following  exhibits  the  value  of  imports  at  one  port  alone,  viz.,  Montreal,  for  the  past  four 
years  : — 


1853 $13,526,156 

1854 17,264,328 


1855 $12,256,244 

1856 16,144,696 


The  following  are  a  few  of  the  leading  articles  imported  into  Canada  from  the  United  States 
during  the  past  year : — 


Paper $47,724 

Paper  Hanging 66,172 

Parasols  and  Umbrellas 13,288 

Silks 41,936 

Straw  Goods 133,672 

Spirits  of  Turpentine 35,088 

Articles  not  enumerated 305,404 

Coffee 224,856 

Cigars 75,740 

Molasses 429,312 

Wines  and  Spirits 540,620 

Sugar,  all  kinds 1,673,732 

Dried  Fruits 140,760 

Pimento,  Allspice  and  Pepper 52,920 

Cassia  and  Tea 1,968,952 

Tobacco 503,684 

Brooms 20,688 

Candles 46,000 

Carpets 23,968 


Clocks  and  Watches $51,656 

Clothes,  ready  made 103,324 

Combs  and  Brushes 36,290 

Cotton  Manufactures 671,136 

Drugs  and  Medicines 215,280 

Fancy  Goods 146,870 

Glass 23,620 

Glassware 108,300 

Hats  and  Caps,  not  fur 230,448 

India  Rubber 28,684 

Iron  and  Hardware 1,401,948 

Jewelry  and  Plate 86,436 

Leather  Boots  and  Shoes 359,948 

Leather 66,980 

Do.     Tanned 264,832 

Machinery 344,600 

Musical  Instruments 141,961 

Oil 81,120 

Oil  Cloth 67,312 


MECHANICAL  BAKEEIES. 

Such  is  the  title  given  to  wholesale  bread  manufactories,  where  the  greater  portion  of 
the  work  is  performed  by  machinery.  As  a  most  decided  improvement  upon  the  old  system 
of  men  baking  with  their  hands,  and  tramping  the  dough  with  their  bare  feet — not,  per- 
haps, at  all  times  so  clean  as  they  ought  to  be — has  induced  us  to  notice  one  of  those 
establishments  which  we  saw  in  operation  whilst  at  Cincinnati.  We  may  observe  that 
Mechanical  Bakeries  are  established  in  several  of  the  large  cities,  and,  although  they  may 
not  in  some  cases,  as  yet,  have  succeeded  in  turning  out  such  great  quantities  of  bread  as 
their  projectors  anticipated,  yet,  we  feel  satisfied,  they  will  extend,  not  only  in  increase  of 
business  of  those  already  started,  but  that  every  large  city  will,  in  the  course  of  time,  have 


34  BAKING   BY  STEAM — ^THE  AUTOMATON   OVEN. 

them  in  operation,  from  whicli  the  public  will  be  supplied  with  pure,  wholesome,  and  un- 
adulterated bread,  made  of  the  best  materials,  and  in  the  most  unexceptionable  manner. 

The  establishment  at  Cincinnati  we  may  take  to  be  a  model  one  of  its  kind.  It  was 
started  last  July  by,  we  believe,  a  company  of  four  gentlemen,  viz. :  two  shrewd  Americans, 
with  two  "  canny"  Scotchmen  for  partners,  one  of  the  latter  being  the  practical  manager. 
They  have  erected  a  handsome,  square-built,  brick  building,  more  like  a  Manchester  ware- 
house than  a  baking  establishment.  The  ground  floor  is  chiefly  taken  up  with  the  sales 
department,  where  bread  is  kept  in  large  "  bins"  and  drawers,  and  sold  retail  as  well  as 
wholesale.  Up  stairs  there  are  three  floors.  On  the  highest  floor  is  where  the  stock  of 
flour  and  other  ingredients  for  mixing  are  kept.  After  the  ingredients  are  all  mixed,  they 
are  em2:)tied  into  the  baking,  or,  rather,  kueading-machine,  which,  revolving  slowly,  with 
its  internal  simple  machinery,  kneads  the  bread  most  completely.  This  machine  is 
capable  of  kneading  ten  barrels  of  flour  in  twenty  minutes.  After  it  is  thus  made  into 
dough,  ready  for  being  baked  into  loaves,  it  is  allowed  to  fall  out  at  an  opening  at  the 
bottom  of  the  machine,  in  quantities  as  wanted,  into  troughs,  and  from  there  taken  to  the 
floor  below,  where  the  dough  is  cut  into  quantities  of  two  or  four  pounds  each,  weighed 
ofi^,  and  formed  into  the  shape  of  loaves,  as  wanted.  During  the  whole  of  this  process,  the 
dough  is  only  handled  by  the  bakers  when  giving  the  small  pieces  a  roll  round  and  placing 
them  in  the  loaf-pans,  ready  for  the  oven.  Thus  far,  then,  a  great  saving  of  labour  is  eifected, 
and  the  dough  not  once  touched  hy  hands  or  feet  in  the  whole  process  of  kneading,  and 
only  touched  when  shaping  it  into  loaves,  as  we  have  stated. 

In  the  oven  department  there  is  not  so  great  a  saving  of  labour  to  be  eff'ected  compara- 
tively with  the  kneading  process,  from  the  fact  of  there  not  being  much  labour  required 
about  ovens,  further  than  merely  putting  in  and  drawing  out  the  "  batch,"  when  ready. 
But  that  even,  in  the  Mechanical  Bakery,  is  done  by  machinery.  After  the  bread  is  moulded 
into  shape,  and  put  into  pans,  they  are  placed  on  iron  trays,  each  containing  about  thirty 
loaves.  The  tray  is  then  placed  on  a  cai-riage  in  front  of  the  oven  door,  when,  at  a  given 
signal,  the  door  is  drawn  up,  the  tray,  with  its  load,  is  carried  into  the  inside  of  the  oven  on 
the  carriage,  and  the  door  falls  down  gently — the  whole  done  as  if  by  magic.  Regarding 
the  oven — which  is  correctly  named  the  Automaton  Oven — we  append  the  following  de- 
scription of  it  and  its  working,  as  supplied  to  us  by  the  superintendent  of  the  establishment: 
"  The  oven  is  upright,  it  has  its  foundation  and  heating  furnaces  in  the  basement,  and  its 
doors  in  the  first  and  second  stories.  Tlie  dough  is  put  into,  and  the  bread  discharged  from 
them  on  both  these  floors  when  in  full  operation.  The  baking-cars,  loaded  on  the  first 
floor,  ascend  through  the  oven,  and  discharge  the  baked  bread  on  the  second  floor,  and  the 
cars  loaded  on  the  second  floor,  descend  and  discharge  on  the  first  floor.  The  oven  contains 
twenty-six  cars,  thirteen  of  which  are  ascending  and  thirteen  descending  at  the  same  time. 
Each  car  passes  through  the  oven  in  thirty  minutes,  when  baking  common-sized  loaves ; 
but  the  speed  is  regulated  by  the  size  of  the  loaf  and  the  time  required  for  baking. 

The  capacity  of  one  "  baking  car"  is  sixty  loaves,  weighing  about  a  pound  and  a  half 
each.  The  temperature  of  the  oven  is  uniform,  and  is  maintained  at  any  degree  of  heat 
necessary,  by  dam2>ers.  Thermometers  in  the  oven  indicate  the  temperature  to  the  attend- 
ants.    The  loaves  are  all  baked  precisely  alike,  and  never  either  burned  or  under-done. 

The  temperature  for  baking  in  the  automatic  oven  is  more  than  two  hundred  degrees 
higher  than  can  be  used  in  the  common  baker's  oven,  without  burning  the  bread  to  a  cin- 
der; because  the  hot  air  in  a  chamber  without  draft  is  strong  and  penetrating,  and  not  raw 
and  scorching  like  the  heat  in  an  ordinary  oven,  where  the  fire  is  in  the  oven  itself,  and 
acts  directly  on  the  bread  while  baking,  besides  exposing  it  to  the  impurities  of  dust, 
smoke,  etc.  The  oven  being  upright,  with  the  car  loads  of  bread  in  it,  one  above  another, 
and  having  no  draft  through  it,  all  the  alcoholic  vapor  arising  from  the  fermented  dough 
is  condensed  on  and  absorbed  by  the  cold  dough,  whereby  the  bread  is  improved  in  flavor, 
and  its  nourishing  properties  sensibly  increased. 

The  machinery  which  produces  the  automatic  movements  of  the  cars,  is  placed  on  the 
back  of  the  oven,  and  may  be  seen  best  on  the  second  floor." 


MECHANICAL   BAKERIES.   WHO   ARE  YANKEES.  35 

Altogether  it  is  a  most  mysterious-looking  operation,  and  from  the  fact  of  no  one  handling 
or  assisting  the  bread  into  the  oven,  or  out  of  it,  opening  and  shutting  the  oven  doors,  and 
travelling  of  the  carriages — all  moving  as  if  by  clock-work,  and  yet  doing  that  perfectly 
by  machinery  which  is  not  always  done  so  by  human  hands — we  think  it  well  deserves  the 
name  of  the  "  Automaton  Oven." 

"When  in  "  full  blast,"  the  bakery  can  bake  no  less  than  250  barrels  of  flour  per  day  into 
bread.  At  our  visit,  the  establishment  had  just  newly  started,  but,  even  then,  was  doing 
a  large  business,  their  bread  being  sold  in  shops  in  different  parts  of  the  city. 

"With  highly  commendable  straightforwardness,  the  company  invite  the  public  to  call  and 
see  the  whole  operation — the  quality  of  flour,  which  is  the  best — and  all  other  ingredients, 
so  that  they  may  have  every  confidence  in  what  is  supplied.  One  part  of  the  arrangement, 
we  understood,  was  not  complete  when  we  were  there,  viz. :  that  of  cutting  and  weighing 
off  the  quantity  of  dough  for  each  loaf.  It  was  then  done  by  hand  and  a  pair  of  scales, 
but  we  understand  that  it  will  be,  (if  not  by  this  time,)  cut  off  and  weighed  by  machinery 
also,  so  that  matliematical  precision  in  weight  will  be  obtained,  and  greater  speed  in  pre- 
paring the  dough  for  the  pans. 

Every  description  of  bread  is  made,  from  "crackers"  to  large  loaves. 

An  inspection  of  the  rules  of  the  establishment,  as  to  chewing  tobacco,  drinking,  and 
cleanliness,  show  that  the  proprietors  are  up  to,  if  not  a  little  a-head  of,  the  times. 

"We  observe  that  their  price  for  a  28  oz.  loaf  is  5  cents,  or  about  2^o?.  (stg.),  for  Cash,  for 
which  only  they  deal. 

WHO  ARE  YANKEES? 

Mant,  we  think,  use  the  word  Yankee,  without  knowing  its  exact  meaning,  whilst  others 
apply  it  with  reference  to  the  whole  American  people,  when  they  designate  them,  "  Yan- 
kees." 

According  to  the  last  American  authority,  Webster,  the  meaning  of  the  word  Yankee 
stands  thus :  "  A  corrupt  pronunciation  of  the  word  English  by  the  native  Indians  of  Ame- 
rica." 

From  the  fact  that  the  English  first  landed  in  New  England,  the  word  Yankee  thus  be- 
came applicable  to  them,  and  it  still  retains,  to  this  day,  its  significance  as  a  term  applica- 
ble to  all  who  belong  to  the  New  England  States,  and  to  them  only.  To  apply  the  name 
of  Yankee  to  all  Americans,  wherever  situated,  is  an  error.  Just  as  well  may  the  High- 
lander of  Scotland,  be  considered  a  "  cocknejV'  or  a  "  John  Bull,"  as  to  suppose  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  Northern  States  of  America,  to  be  a  "  Yankee."  It  is  the  New  Englanders, 
alone,  who  are  considered  Yankees — although  the  term,  altogether,  is  one  of  a  convention- 
al nature,  and  very  often  applied  to  any  thing  supposed  to  be  of  very  speculative,  doubt- 
ful, or  dodging  character. 


36  WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING — DRINKING  CUSTOMS. 


WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING. 

We  have  never,  as  yet,  met  in  this  country  with  an  instance,  such  as  we  once  met  with 
in  Manchester,  (Eng.,)  where  the  children  of  a  family  had  never  tasted  water  from  the 
time  they  were  born,  always  being  supplied  with  "  beer,"  when  thirsty— a  practice,  we 
fear,  far  too  common  in  families  in  the  manufacturing  districts. 

From  all  we  have  seen  at  public,  as  well  as  private  tables  here,  pure  water  seems  to  be 
almost  the  only  beverage— first  thing  in  the  morning  and  the  last  at  night,  and,  alto- 
gether, are  inclined  to  believe  the  Americans  to  be  the  greatest  water-drinkers  in  the 
world. 

At  breakfast,  a  tumbler  of  water  is  placed  alongside  of  your  cup  and  saucer — at  dinner 
time,  it  is  there — at  tea,  or  supper,  again  it  appears.  Many  we  have  seen  at  the  tables  of 
the  large  hotels  who  take  neither  tea  nor  coffee— but  water  only — along  with  their  eatables. 
These  are,  of  course,  exceptions — still  we  have  been  surprised  to  meet  with  so  many  who 
do  so.     Some,  again,  take  cold  water  and  milk,  mixed,  instead  of  either  tea  or  coffee. 

Whether  it  is  the  nature  of  the  climate,  the  heat  of  summer,  and  consequent  perspira- 
tion, we  know  not ;  but  the  consumption  of  water  for  drinking  purposes,  is  certainly  enor- 
mous. In  a  counting-house,  it  would  be  thought  as  great  a  want  to  have  no  pens  and  ink 
to  write  with,  as  to  have  no  cistern  full  of  water,  and  a  tumbler,  in  a  handy  corner  for  the 
day's  consumption.     Workshops  are  similarly  supplied. 

The  quality  of  the  water  consumed  differs  in  different  localities.  In  New  York,  no  bet- 
ter water  could  be  desired  than  is  obtained  from  the  reservoir  at  the  Croton 
works.  In  other  cities,  on  the  sea-board,  it  is  also  generally  good,  and  all  spring  water. 
Proceeding  West,  to  the  Ohio  district,  it  is  also  good  in  many  parts.  At  Cincinnati,  how- 
ever, for  instance,  the  water  used  there  is  that  from  the  Ohio  Rivei",  and  is  frequently  almost 
unfit  to  drink — unfiltered  ;  but  when  filtered,  and  cooled  with  ice,  is  very  good.  Passing 
farther  West  to  the  Mississippi,  again,  there  the  water  is  of  very  doubtful  quality,  as 
well  as  purity.  So  much  is  that  the  case,  that  strangers  are  advised  to  be  careful  in  par- 
taking of  it.  So  powerful  is  it,  in  its  effects,  that  we  question  if  the  most  staunch  tee-to- 
taller  would  not,  for  health's  sake,  be  inclined  to  partake  of  the  light  "  lager  beer'  of  the 
Germans,  than  run  the  risk  of  quaffing  out  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters."  All  up  and  down 
the  Mississippi  it  is  the  same.  Of  course,  where  spring  wells  are  stationed  in  towns,  the 
water  is,  in  general,  excellent ;  and  there  is  scarcely  a  farmer,  or  resident  in  the  country, 
but  who  has  a  spring  well  at  his  door,  and  who  can  easily  supply  himself  with  pure  aqua. 

The  tax  for  water,  is,  generally,  paid  by  the  landlord,  and  included  in  his  estimate  of 
rent. 

The  consumption  of  water,  in  summer,  for  watering  the  streets,  either  to  lay  the  dust, 
or  cool  the  ground  in  front  of  the  houses,  is  also  very  great ;  and  a  system  of  watering 
in  that  respect — by  means  of  hose,  attached  to  the  mains — is  carried  out,  to  an  extent  un- 
known in  Britain.  For  hours  men  are  employed  every  daj-,  at  different  intervals,  to  keep 
a  continuous  stream  of  water  playing  upon  the  ground  in  front  of  houses  and  stores,  for  the 
purpose  stated.  That  is  in  addition  to  water-carts,  perambulating  the  streets,  watering 
them  as  they  go  along. 

In  some  cities,  certain  hours  are  fixed,  after  which  no  water  is  allowed  to  be  used  in 
the  manner  described. 

DRINKING   CUSTOMS. 

In  the  above  remarks,  we  have  endeavoured  to  make  clear,  that  the  greatest  drinking  cus- 
tom in  America,  is  in  the  consumption  of  cold  water.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  however, 
that  no  malt  or  spirituous  liquors  are  consumed.  As  a  whole,  we  should  say,  that  although 
a  large  amount  of  both  must  be  consumed  in  this  country,  both  from  what  is  manufactured 
and  what  is  imported,  still  the  average  consumption  per  man  is  a  trifle  compared  with  the 


THE   DRINKING   CUSTOMS   OF  AMERICA.  37 

average  amount  consumed,  in  either. England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland.  The  drinking  cus- 
toms, for  the  most  part,  are  confined  to  drinking  whilst  standing  at  the  bars  of  the  hotels 
and  drinking-saloons — Brother  Jonathan  performing  that  operation  decidedly  fast  As  a 
general  rule,  there  is  none  of  that  sitting  down  to  brandy  and  water,  or  "  punch"  and 
pipes,  on  an  afternoon  after  dinner,  or  in  the  evening,  which  is  to  be  seen  in  the  snuggeries 
in  London,  nor  yet  those  jollifications  over  whisky-toddy,  which  are  too  common  in  Scot- 
land, or  over  the  grog  or  "  potheen"  in  Ireland.  Nothing  of  the  sort  After  dinner,  Jona- 
than goes  off  to  have  a  smoke  and  a  read  of  the  newspaper,  and  thence  to  business,  with- 
out, as  a  general  rule,  tasting  one  drop  of  liquor.  He  has  neither  the  time  nor  the  inclina- 
tion for  it 

After  business  hours  at  night,  there  is  not  that  amount  of  frequenting  "  howfs"  or  pet- 
houses,  which  is  common,  amongst  young  men  in  business,  in  the  large  cities  and  towns  in 
Great  Briaitn.  'They  live,  most  probably,  a  good  way  otf,  and  are  glad  to  get  home  as 
soon  as  possible.  If  they  board  at  a  hotel,  they  prefer  the  billiard-room  to  the  di-inking- 
saloon.  As  we  have  said  before,  the  Americans  prefer  to  drink  at  the  bar,  standing.  Thej 
order  what  they  want,  swallow  it  at  one  breath,  and  off  they  go. 

The  greatest  cause  which  we  can  assign  for  the  undoubted  temperance  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  as  a  whole,  consists  in  the  detestation  with  which  they  look  upon  drunkenness 
as  a  vice,  and  the  care  they  exercise  against  indulging  in  it,  from  prudential  motives. 

Emploj'ers  are  more  particular,  probably,  about  the  sober  habits  and  steady  conduct  of 
an  assistant  than  any  other  qualification — for  what  they  term  his  being  a  "  reliable  man." 
If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another,  which  will  make  them  doubt  a  man's  capability 
to  serve  them  faithfully,  it  is  his  inebriety  of  character,  well  knowing  as  they  do,  with 
drink  being  so  cheap  here,  that  if  a  man  gets  to  use  it  frequently,  and  begins  to  like  it,  he 
is  going  fast  on  the  high  road  to  destruction. 

Brought  up  with  such  ideas  and  habits  themselves,  and  taught  to  look  at  the  drinking 
customs  with  something  like  fear  and  trembling,  and  knowing  how  much  a  man's  value 
consists  in  his  being  a  strictly  sober  man,  they  are  particularly  careful  in  the  selection  and 
conduct  of  the  assistants  they  employ,  to  see  that  they  are  of  sober  habits,  and  that  they 
remain  so.  Men  lose  situations  here,  from  no  other  cause  than  being  known  to  frequent 
the  bar,  or  a  drinking-saloon,  too  often,  although  they  may  be  steady  enough  at  their  busi- 
ness. 

Tliere  is  no  doubt,  after  all,  that  there  is,  probably,  far  too  much  drink  consumed  in  this 
country,  particularly  in  sea-port  cities,  where  sea-faring  men  come  in  contact  with  the 
commercial  classes,  and  also  about  the  drinking-saloons  of  the  hotels,  when  salesmen  or 
merchants  meet  their  country  customers  there. 

As  we  have  said  elsewhere,  lager  beer,  a  light  description  of  home-brewed  beer,  is  the 
great  beverage  of  the  German  population,  and  there  is  not  a  town  or  village  but  what  has 
its  "  lager  beer  saloon."  The  Germans  sit  down  at  tables,  and  converse  and  smoke  over 
their  beer,  consuming  often  large  quantities  before  they  rise.  It  is,  however,  compara- 
tively speaking,  harmless,  when  compared  with  the  villanous  "  fire  water,"  which  is  dis- 
tilled, in  the  shape  of  whisky,  from  Indian  corn,  rye,  etc.,  and  sold  at  a  mere  trifle  per 
pint     Wholesale  price,  35  cents  (or  l.s.  6d.  stg.)  per  gallon. 

Drink  is  not  sold  at  the  bar  at  so  much  per  measure — but  the  bottle  is  placed  for  you 
to  help  yourself — into  a  tumbler — unless  you  wish  any  of  the  fancy  drinks,  such  as  "  gin 
sling,"  "  brandy  smash,"  "  whisky  skin,"  etc.,  etc.  In  that  case,  they  are  mixed  up 
readj-  for  you,  and  charged  accordingly. 

As  connected  with  the  use  of  non-intoxicating  liquors  by  the  American  people,  we  may 
mention  as  a  fact — differing  so  much  as  it  does  from  the  customs  in  Great  Britain, 
where  beer,  ale,  "  stout,"  or  wine  form  almost  indispensable  adjuncts  of  the  dinner- 
table — that,  in  America,  nothing  of  that  sort  is  ever  to  be  seen,  almost,  at  the  dinner  tables 
in  private  houses — but  tea  or  coffee  (generally  tea)  takes  the  place  of  malt  or  spirituoua 


38  REFRESniNG  DRINKS — THE   ICE   TRADE. 

liquors ;  and  a  cup  of  tea  is  handed  round  the  table  to  each  guest,  just  as  he  would  be  as- 
sisted to  a  glass  of  ale  or  wine.  To  the  stranger,  from  Britain,  this  seems  somewhat  pecu- 
liar, yet,  after  all,  it  or  water  is  the  more  rational  beverage,and  certainly  not  likely  to 
lead  to  such  consequences  as  follow  sometimes  from  the  appearance  of  the  "  bottle,"  on 
the  family  table. 

KEFRESHING  DRINKS  IN  HOT   WEATHER. 

The  stranger,  in  passing  through  any  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United  States,  will  find  the 
stores  of  the  chemists  crowded  with  parties,  who,  thirsty  from  heat  and  perspiration,  fly  to 
such  places  to  quaff  the  deliciously  cool  beverages  which  are  there  supplied,  at  from  3  to 
5  cents  per  glass.  These  consist  of  a  mixture  of  soda  water  and  a  variety  of  native  wines 
or  unintoxicating  cordials,  either  of  which,  mixed  with  soda  water,  makes  a  cool,  efferves- 
cing, and  refreshing  drink.  It  is  surprising  to  see  the  number  of  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and, 
in  fact,  all  classes,  who  stand  round  the  handsome  marble  fountains  which  are  fitted  up  in 
such  places,  getting  a  tumbler  thus  filled  up,  drinking  the  contents  at  once,  paying  their  3 
or  5  cents,  and  departing.  The  consumption  of  such  beverages  is  enormous,  one  lad  in 
each  chemist's  store  attending  to  the  fountain  alone. 

The  soda  water  is  kept  in  large  vessels  underneath  the  counter,  from  which  it  is  led  up 
to  tlie  fountain  and  there  supplied  through  a  silver  tap  into  the  tumbler  containing  the 
cordial  to  be  mixed  with  it 

THE  lOE  TRADE. 

One  of  the  many  things  which  strikes  the  stranger  from  Great  Britain,  on  his  visiting 
this  country  for  the  first  time,  is  the  traffic  which  is  carried  on  during  the  summer  months 
in  the  article  of  ice — one  as  necessary  in  summer,  as  the  fuel  for  fire  is  in  winter. 

The  trade  is  carried  on  by  private  individuals  as  well  as  by  public  companies.  In  every 
city  and  town,  without  exception,  you  will  see  the  ice  cart  perambulating  the  streets  in  a 
similar  manner  to  what  the  coal  carts  do  whilst  dispensing  that  article  in  small  quantities 
to  the  poorer  classes  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  Britain. 

In  the  cities  of  the  seaboard,  the  ice  trade  is  carried  on  "  wholesale,  retail,  and  for  ex- 
portation." Some  are  engaged  in  the  "  shipping  business"  exclusively,  sending  ship-loads 
of  it  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  climates,  where  it  is,  no  doubt,  duly  appreciated. 

In  the  cities,  the  carts  go  round  with  immense  blocks,  about  12  to  20  inches  thick,  and 
about  from  22  to  27  inches  in  length  and  breadth.  The  carts  have  canvas  covers  over 
them  to  protect  the  ice  from  the  sun  as  far  as  possible,  but  still  it  continues  gradually  to 
vanish,  notwithstanding.  It  is  beautifully  clear,  and  on  a  scorching  hot  day  makes  one  al- 
most feel  cool  to  look  at  it. 

Every  morning,  the  men  in  charge  of  its  delivery,  visit  their  customers  as  regularly  as 
the  baker  does  with  bread,  and,  carrying  up  a  loaf  of  ice,  deposits  it  at  the  outside  of  the 
door.  The  difficulty  of  handling  the  ice  is  got  over  by  the  use  of  a  huge  pair  of  calipers, 
which  stick  into  the  block  on  each  side,  and  thus,  lifted  by  a  chain  attached  to  them,  it  is 
carried  up  or  down  stairs.  Thus  deposited  at  the  door  of  the  customer,  it  is  left  there  at 
his  risk,  and  if  he  does  not  look  after  it  soon,  may  shortly  afterwards  find  that  it  has  gone  into 
its  original  element,  and  run  off.  We  may  safely  say,  there  is  not  a  private  family  almost, 
not  a  counting-house,  store,  bank,  or  any  place  of  business  whatever,  but  what  lias  its  de- 
livery of  ice  every  morning,  and  put  into  the  small  cistern  of  water,  which  is  placed  in  a 
cool  corner  of  the  premises,  to  supply  the  inmates  for  the  daj'.  The  common  supply  for 
counting-houses  and  families  is  a  piece  about  20  inches  squai'e,  for  which  they  pay  10  cents 
(or  6d.).  Only  those  who  know  what  a  hot  summer  day  is,  in  such  as  New  York,  can  fully 
appreciate  the  luxury  of  a  tumbler  of  iced  water.  In  the  drinking  saloons  it  is  used  in 
every  sort  of  liquor,  both  malt  and  spirituous. 

In  winter  it  is  cut  out  in  large  squares  from  the  frozen  i-ivers  and  lakes,  preserved,  well 


CUTTING  OUT  THE   ICE — ICE-HOUSE   AT  ROCKLAND   LAKE. 


39 


covered  up  in  ice  houses,  on  the  banks  of  rivers  generally,  for  the  convenience  of  transport- 
ation to  the  large  cities  by  water. 


H 
S 

o 

o 
a 


% 


Q 


The  above  engraving  represents  a  scene  in  -winter  at  one  of  the  largest  company's  depots, 
viz.,  Rockland  Lake,  vrhich  is  situated  about  one  mile  distant  from  the  River  Hudson,  al- 
though in  a  part  of  the  country  250  feet  above  the  level  of  that  river.  The  instruments 
used  in  cutting  out  the  ice,  are  termed  ice  planes,  or  cutters,  and  ice  ploughs,  with  which 
the  fields  of  ice  are  marked  off  and  cut  into  squares,  and  from  there  stored  in  large  "  barns," 
or  ice-houses,  one  of  which  will  be  seen  in  the  above  view.  Some  of  those  store-houses 
contain  as  much  as  60,000  tons,  where  the  blocks  are  built  up  in  regular  order,  and 
covered  over  with  long  grass,  saw-dust,  shavings,  etc.,  to  preserve  it  from  the  external 
heat  of  summer.  The  ice-house  represented  above  was  built  to  contain  20,000  tons. 
Some  idea  of  this  trade  may  be  formed,  when  we  state  that  about  $10,000,000  is  employed 


40 


CONSUMPTION  OF  ICE — RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA. 


in  it,  in  different  parts  of  the  States.     From  returns  published  as  to  the  consumption,  we 
find  that  in  one  year  it  was  estimated  as  follows : — 


Boston tons .  60,000 

New  York 300,000 

Philadelphia 200,000 

Baltimore 45,000 

Washington 20,000 


Charleston tons.  15,000 

Mobile 15,000 

New  Orleans 40,000 

St.  Louis 25,000 

Cincinnati 25,000 


From  Rockland  Lake,  the  city  of  New  York  derives  its  chief  supply  of  ice. 
It  is  estimated  that  40  men,  with  12  horses,  can  cut  and  stow  away  about  400  tons  in 
one  day. 

RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA- 

The  British  traveller,  on  going  over  the  railroads  in  America,  is  apt  to  find  more  fault 
with  the  construction  of  the  "  plant,"  or  road  itself,  than  he  is  with  the  "  rolling  stock," 
such  as  cars,  etc.  He  will  miss  all  the  well-made  fences  along  the  lines,  that  firm  ballast- 
ing of  the  road,  those  solid  stone  or  brick  built  station-houses,  with  locked  gates — at  which 
you  can  neither  get  out  nor  in  till  you  are  allowed  ingress  or  egress— the  array  of  porters 
in  suits  of  olive  green  corduroy,  and  guards  in  suits  of  bottle-green  cloth,  with  chronome- 
ter and  whistle  slung  over  their  shoulders.  There  is  little  of  that  to  be  seen  in  America. 
For  the  most  part,  the  whole  train  dashes  along  through  fields,  over  cross  roads,  through 
forests  and  swamps,  with  all  the  freedom  and  independence  characteristic  of  the  country. 
If  an  unfortunate  cow  should  happen  to  be  taking  an  airing  along  the  line,  the  "  cow- 
catcher" lifts  her  off  her  legs  before  she  knows  where  she  is,  and  tosses  her  into  some  soft 
ditch,  perhaps,  at  the  road  side,  with  such  a  lesson  as  she  will  not  forget  in  a  hurry,  if  she 
happens  to  have  the  power  of  recollection  left  within  her  at  all !  Any  one  "  on  the  tramp" 
along  "the  track"  is  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  train  by  the  loud-soimding  bell,  which 
he  will  be  very  deaf,  indeed,  if  he  does  not  hear,  letting  alone  the  great,  hoarse,  unearthly 
cry  from  the  locomotive,  to  get  out  of  the  way. 

The  stranger  is  apt  to  find  fault,  more  particularly,  in  there  being  only  one  "track"  or 
line  of  rails,  on  many  of  the  lines — and  few  of  them  being,  as  we  have  said,  so  firmly  made 
or  ballasted  as  the  lines  in  Great  Britain.  In  some  lines  this  is  very  apparent,  and  not 
only  in  the  laying  of  the  rails,  but  in  the  construction  of  very  temporary  looking  wooden 
bridges — the  bad  policy  of  building  which  has  been  found  out  by  this  time.  In  such  lines 
as  the  Grand  Trunk  of  Canada  and  the  Great  Central  of  Pennsylvania,  (from  Philadelphia 
to  Pittsburg,)  or  the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  railroad,  the  case  is  different — such  lines  more 
resembling,  in  substantiality,  British  made  railroads. 

There  is  only  one  way,  we  think,  of  accounting  for  this  difference  in  the  solidity  of  the 
roads  of  ^he  two  countries.  If  not  mistaken,  there  is  a  difference  of  no  less  than  £30,000  in 
the  construction  of  every  mile  of  railroad  in  the  United  States,  compared  with  that  in  Britain ; 
that  is  to  say,  that  the  average  cost  of  every  mile  of  road  (1853)  in  the  United  States  was 
about  £5,460,  whereas  every  mile  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  averages  the  sum  of  £35,400 
($177,000),  making,  as  we  have  stated,  about  £30,000  per  mile  of  difference  in  the  cost  of  the 
railroads  of  the  two  countries.  No  doubt  the  single  lines  of  road  constructed  here,  together 
with  the  free  grants  of  land,  ought  not  to  have  cost  any  thing  like  what  the  double  lines  of 
rail  in  Britain  cost,  still  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  American  roads  have  cost  a  trifle  in 
comparison  to  those  there,  and  hence,  we  think,  the  reason  why  American  railroads  are 
not  so  substantially  built  as  they  would  have  been,  had  the  same  proportionate  amount  of 
money  been  spent  upon  them  as  on  those  in  Britain.  The  lands  in  Great  Britain,  through 
which  the  lines  pass,  were  a  heavy  item  of  expense  in  the  construction  of  railroads,  but  that, 
again,  is  in  some  measure  counterbalanced  by  the  high  rates  paid  for  labour  and  the  extra 
cost  of  much  of  the  material  in  America,  compared  with  what  such  was  procured  at  in 
Britain. 
To  cover  the  extent  of  territory  they  have  done,  we  do  not  see  how  the  Americans  could 


COST  OF   BRITISH   AXD  AMERICAN  RAILROADS.  41 

have  done  otherwise.  They  were  determined  to  open  up  their  countrj-,  to  give  their  peo- 
ple in  distant  parts  the  benefit  of  railroad  locomotion,  and  if  it  was  not  to  be  had  in  so 
substantial  a  manner  as  in  Great  Britain,  they  appeared  to  make  the  most  of  their  capital — 
whether  it  was  borrowed  or  not. 

The  construction  of  many  of  their  bridges  seems  to  be  the  greatest  error  they  have  made; 
but  experience  is  now  showing  them,  that  the  sooner  they  replace  all  wooden  ones  with 
iron  or  stone,  the  sooner  will  their  lines  pay  better  dividends,  and  affbrd  more  public 
confidence. 

In  1853,  they  had  then  in  progress  of  completion,  no  less  than  12,681  miles  of  railroad,  ii^ 
addition  to  which  they  had  13,266  miles  actually  in  operation,  the  latter  being  close  upon 
as  many  miles  as  was  in  operation  over  all  Europe  at  that  time — which  was  14,142  miles. 

Since  then,  we  find  that,  at  the  commencement  of  1858,  they  had  in  operation,  no  less 
than  TWEVTY-six  thousa>'d  two  hundred  and  ten  miles  of  railroad,  the  average  cost  of 
which  per  mile,  is  estimated  about  $35,000  (£7,000),  and  that  the  total  cost  of  the  26,210 
miles  opened  was  $919,990,516,  or  £183,998,103,  or  say,  in  round  numbers,  £184,000,000 
sterling. 

Had  they  constructed  their  lines  on  the  same  expensive  scale  as  those  of  Great  Britain, 
it  would  have  taken  the  sum  of  about  £918,523,800  stg.— a  sum,  we  presume,  not  likely 
to  have  been  raised  for  the  construction  of  railways,  alone,  in  America. 

The  conclusion,  tlierefore,  seems  to  us  to  be,  that  had  the  Americans  not  built  their  roads 
as  they  have  done,  thousands  of  miles  of  country  now  opened  up,  and  thousands  of  acres 
now  under  cultivation,  and  yielding  crops,  would  have  been  still  dreary  prairies  or  forests, 
with  a  poor  probability  of  the  country  advancing  as  it  has  done. 

Taking,  therefore,  every  thing  into  account — how  they  had  money  to  raise — the  distance 
they  had  to  bring  much  of  their  iron  (in  bringing  it  from  Great  Britain)— the  high  price  of 
their  labour — and  the  immense  territory  they  have  covered  with  the  iron  net  work — it  is 
only  another  proof  of  that  indomitable,  thorough  going  "  go-ahead"  character  of  the  people, 
in  accomplishing  what  they  have  done,  and,  considering  all  these  things,  will  assist  us  to 
account,  why  it  is  that  their  roads  are  not  so  well  built  as  those  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

According  to  the  American  Railroad  Journal,  we  find  that  "the  total  receipts  of  the 
roads  will  probably  reach,  $120,000,000  (or  £24,000,000  sterling,)  and  that  the  net  receipts 
will  probably  reach,  at  least,  5  per  cent  on  their  entire  cost." 

One  fact  connected  with  railway  travelling,  in  America,  is  that  you  may  travel  over 
some  thousands  of  miles,  and  never  pass  through  a  solitary  tunnel,  the  whole  of  the  roads 
being  chiefly  laid  in  the  valleys  of  hilly  parts  of  the  country. 

Amongst  other  officers  connected  with  railwaj-s  may  be  mentioned 

The  Master  of  Transportation,  who  is  intrusted  with  procuring  and  accommodating  the 
trade  and  travel  of  the  line  with  the  rates  of  fares,  the  getting  up  of  time  tables,  the  running 
arrangements,  and  other  details  connected  with  the  proper  working  of  the  line. 

Tlic  Master  of  Machinery,  who  has  the  full  superintendence  and  control  of  all  matters 
relating  to  purchasing,  building,  repairing  of  the  locomotives  and  cars,  and  general  rolling 
plant  of  the  line. 

The  Master  of  the  Road,  who  has  the  general  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  metals, 
sleepers,  bridges,  tunnels,  and,  in  fact,  all  the  buildings  on  the  line— providing  water— and 
other  duties  essentially  necessary  for  the  efficient  working  of  the  road. 

Having  thus  noticed  the  plant,  construction,  and  management  of  the  line,  we  will  now 
notice  a  little  of  the  "  rolling  stock,"  and  its  management.  First,  then,  we  will  notice  the 
railroad  carriages. 

EAILWAY   CARS. 

The  "  carriages"  of  Great  Britain  are  styled  "  cars"  in  America.  Here  they  are  dif- 
ferently constructed.  Instead  of  the  small  compartments  for  6  first-class,  or  8  or  10 
second-class  passengers,  as  in  Britain,  the  whole  car  inside  is  an  open  space,  as  a  saloon- 


42 


THE   AMERICAN  RAILROAD   PASSENGER   CARS. 


carriage.  Up  the  centre  there  is  a  passage.  The  seats  are  arranged  on  each  side  of  the  pas- 
eage,  and  fitted  up  handsomely  with  crimson  phish  velvet  seats  and  backs  for  2  passengers 
in  each  seat.  By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  the  backs  of  the  seats  are  made  to  turn  right 
over  the  seat,  tlius  2  passengers  can  sit  with  their  faces  opposite  to  other  2,  which  is  very 
liandy  when  4  of  a  party  wish  to  talk  togetlier,  or  have  a  game  at  cards,  chess,  etc.,  etc. 
The  whole  interior  fittings  of  the  cars  are  good,  with  mirrors  at  each  end.  In  the  corner 
of  all  carriages  there  is  a  private  retiring  saloon,  with  water-closets,  etc.  On  some  lines 
there  is  one  for  ladies  and  another  for  gentlemen,  in  each  car.  Each  car  conveys  from  50 
to  60  passengers.     Almost  all  the  cars  open  at  the  ends,  where  there  is  a  platform  extend- 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  PASSENGER  CAR. 

ing  out  about  2  feet ;  thus  the  platform  of  one  carriage  joins  that  of  another,  and  with  the 
doors  at  both  ends  of  the  car,  opening  like  the  door  of  a  room,  a  passage  is  thus  formed 
from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  entire  train. 

Along  the  ceiling  of  each  car,  there  is  a  rope,  which  is  attached  throughout  the  whole 
train,  so  that  the  conductor,  or  any  passenger,  in  any  part  of  the  train  can  stand  up  and — 
by  pulling  this  rope — ring  a  bell  which  is  placed  at  the  side  of  the  engine  driver,  and  thus 
stop  the  train,  if  necessary.  By  this  means,  serious  accidents  are  avoided,  and  passengers 
experience  a  feeling  of  safety,  by  having  such  means  within  their  reach.  This  is  rather  an 
improvement,  it  must  be  allowed,  on  the  boasted  efficiencj'  of  some  of  the  English  rail- 
roads, the  trains  of  which  have  been  known,  sometimes,  to  catch  fire,  and  have  the  whole 
train  flying  along  in  a  blaze,  and  passengers  burned  before  the  engine  driver  could  be  com- 
municated with.  We  allude  more  particularly  to  an  occurrence  of  that  nature  which  oc- 
curred on  the  Great  Western  (of  England)  Railroad,  some  time  ago. 

There  is  only  one  class  of  cars  in  the  United  States  for  all  classes,  excepting  emigrants. 
Emigrant  cars  are  just  like  the  3d-class  carriages  in  Britain,  only  that  they  are  arranged 
in  the  same  style  inside,  as  Ist-class  cars  here. 

The  cars  are  much  longer — say  about  half  a  length  longer  than  the  average  length  of 
carriages  in  Britain — or  about  the  same  length  as  some  of  the  long  carriages  on  the  Glas- 
gow and  Greenock,  or  London  and  South-eastern  lines  of  railroads  there.  The  body  of 
the  car  rests  upon  swivels  attached  to  a  sort  of  truck,  or  carriage  of  4  wheels — (2  at  each 
Bide).  One  of  those  trucks  are  under  each  end  of  the  carriage  ;  there  is  thus  a  free  space 
of  about  30  feet  between  the  fore  and  after  wh'eels  of  the  cars.  The  car  thus  placed  on 
these  trucks,  and  upon  swivels,  as  stated,  enables  them  to  be  run  over  curves  with  mueli 
greater  ease  and  safety  than  if  constructed  on  the  British  plan.  In  fact,  we  do  not 
think  that  the  British  railroad  carriage  could  travel,  with  safety,  so  fast  in  this  country 
as  what  the  American  car  does,  simply  owing  to  the  construction  of  the  road,  and  the 
build  of  the  car,  with  wheels  so  close  to  each  other,  and  body  having  no  room  to  "  play," 
or  swing  round  a  little,  in  turning  a  curve.  On  the  other  hand,  again,  we  fancj',  that  a 
car,  built  on  the  American  model,  would  travel  infinitely  more  easy,  and  much  more  safe- 


CAES   OF  AMERICA  AND   ENGLAND — 'THE   LOCOMOTIVE.  43 

ly,  ■when  going  round  some  of  those  beautiful  sharp  curves  which  occur  here  and  there  on 
some  British  lines,  or  in  "  going  over  the  stones"  on  such  as  the  line  from  Penniston  to  Shef- 
field, or  from  Bishopstoke  to  Salisbury  (Eng.). 

The  external  appearance  of  the  cars  are  exceedingly  plain — and,  on  entering  for  the  first 
time,  one  is  not  prepared  to  find  them  so  handsomely  fitted  up  as  they  are. 

For  our  part  we  prefer  these  saloon-carriages,  so  well  and  comfortably  fitted  up,  to  even 
some  of  the  first-class  carriages  in  Britain,  with  their  compartments  of  six  eacli,  where,  ten 
chances  to  one,  if  you  can  get  a  seat,  without  being  half  suffocated  with  heat  from 
windows  being  closed,  or  with  tobacco  smoke,  from,  perhaps,  2  or  3  cigars  blazing  away 
beside  you.  Whereas,  to  compare  the  best  2d-class  carriages  in  Great  Britain  with  the 
cars  in  this  countrj',  is  out  of  the  question — setting  aside  altogether,  the  intolerable  nui- 
sance wliich  the  non-smoking  public  in  England  feel,  in  being  compelled  to  travel,  as  it 
might  be,  in  a  small,  cramped-up  smoking  saloon,  Avith,  sometimes,  the  smokers  not  over 
civil  or  agreeable,  even  when  females  are  present.  For  ourselves,  we  would  rather  pre- 
fer some  of  the  emigrant  cars  here  to  such  2d-class  carriages  as  are  to  be  found,  for  in- 
stance, on  the  London  and  South-Western  Railroad,  between  Portsmouth  and  Southamp- 
ton, where  an  ordinary  sized  man  cannot  sit  upright  with  his  hat  on,  far  less  stand  up  in 
one.  Such  cramped-up  dog-kennels  as  these,  and  some  of  the  old  2d-class  carriages  on  the 
London  and  North-Western,  and  other  lines,  are  unknown  in  this  country.  The  only  fault 
the  cars  here  have,  is  in  the  winter  season  when  the  stoves,  which  are  then  placed  in 
them,  are  over-heated,  sometimes,  making  them  uncomfortable  in  that  respect,  a  fault, 
however,  which  does  not  rest  with  the  construction  of  the  car,  so  much  as  in  the  misman- 
agement, or  over-heating  of  the  stove,  in  the  same  manner  in  which  the  Americans  over- 
heat their  houses  in  winter,  rendering  them  uncomfortably  hot  for  British  visitors. 

Whilst  travelling  on  the  cars  here,  strangers  are  cautioned  to  keep  their  arms  and  heads 
inside  the  cars,  as,  possibly,  when  exposing  them  outside,  the  train  may  pass  a  bridge,  or 
pile  of  wood,  where  there  is  no  room  to  allow  for  passing  such  with  safety  with  any  part 
of  the  body  thus  exposed.  Standing  on  the  platform  outside,  between  the  cars,  is  also  for- 
bidden, as,  in  that  case,  the  company  will  not  be  responsible  for  any  accident  which  may 
happen  when  parties  are  standing  there. 

THE  LOCOMOTIVE. 

The  railway  engine  is,  of  course,  similarly  constructed  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  as  a 
locomotive  must  be  pretty  much  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  engines  of 
America  are  characterized  by  great  expense  being  put  on  external  painting  and  decoration 
of  the  body  and  finishing  of  the  outward  working  parts.  A  large  amount  of  bright  pol- 
ished iron,  steel,  and  brass- work  is  to  be  seen  about  all  American-made  engines,  as  can  be 
seen  in  strong  contrast  on  the  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada,  for  example,  where  some 
Newcastle  or  Manchester-made  engines  are  running.  Their  dirty,  dark-greon  hue  forms 
any  thing  but  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  bright  polished  work  of  the  American  engine. 
The  most  prominent  features  in  appearance,  however,  is  in  the  chimney  adopted  in  this 
country,  which  is  certainly  more  useful  than  ornamental,  and  yet,  it  is  about  as  handsome 
as  the  plain  straight  up-and-down  chimney  pots  on  the  engines  of  the  Caledonian  Railway 
(Scotland).  The  peculiar  form  of  the  American  chimney  is  necessarj',  on  account  of  burn- 
ing wood,  and  the  quantity  of  sparks  which  fly  up  the  inner  funnel,  but  which  are  caught 
at  the  top,  by  what  is  called  the  "  spark  arrester,"  which  forms  a  part  of  the  outside  fun- 
nel, seen  to  view.  So  that,  after  all,  there  is  utility  if  there  is  not  ornament  in  the  said  un- 
gainlj'-looking  funnel  referred  to.  A  bell  is  attached  to  all  engines,  which  is  rung  by  a 
rope  in  the  hand  of  the  driver  as  he  starts,  or  is  about  to  stop,  or  when  passing  over  cross- 
ings of  roads. 

As  an  improvement  upon  the  "  spectacles"  of  the  British  railroad  engine  for  the  protec- 
tion of  driver  and  stoker  from  the  wind  and  weather,  the  covering  of  the  American  engine 
is  most  decidedly  superior,  protecting  on  all  sides,  as  well  as  from  above,  the  driver  and 


44 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  LOCOMOTIVE. 


stoker,  and  rendering  them  nearly  as  comfortable  as  if  inside  a  car  altogether,  and  yet  with 
light  and  room  enough  to  perform  their  duty  properly. 

The  "  cow-catcher"  at  the  front — which  takes  the  place  of  the  "  life-guard"  of  the  British 
engine — is  a  very  formidable-looking  affair,  and  carries  in  its  triangled  shape  and  huge 
iron  bars,  any  thing  but  an  idea  of  its  benevolent  intentions  of  saving  the  lives  of  all  the 


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sundry  animals  which  come  in  its  way.  Yet  so  it  is  found,  that  where  a  cow,  sheep,  or 
ox,  for  instance,  would  be  certain  almost  to  be  killed  in  coming  in  direct  contact  against 
the  perpendicular  front  of  the  engine,  when  flying  along  the  rails — the  cow-catcher,  on  the 
other  hand,  catches  them  so  that  they  are  lifted  at  once  off  their  feet,  and  rolled  off  on  to 
either  the  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  line,  thus  giving  them  a  greater  chance  of  escaping 
with  life  than  otherwise.  Sometimes  animals  are  thus  caught  up  and  thrown  on  one  side 
without  any  serious  injury,  although,  at  other  times,  they  are  killed  on  the  spot  before 


THE  CONDUCTOR  AND  NEWSMAN.  45 

they  are  throAvn  off  the  cow-catcher.  Such  an  article  is  more  necessary  in  America,  where 
the  lines  are  not  protected  by  fences  as  they  are  in  Britain,  and  consequently  much  more 
subject  to  cattle  straying  about  on  them. 

THE  EAILROAD  CONDUCTOR. 

In  attendance  upon  each  train,  there  is  a  driver,  stoker,  one  conductor,  two  or  three 
brakesmen,  and  an  attendant  in  the  shape  of  waiter — who  acts  also  as  travelling  newsman, 
bookseller,  and  dealer  in  Yankee  notions. 

The  conductor  on  an  American  railroad  is  a  smart,  gentlemanly  looking  person  gen- 
erally, and  were  it  not  for  a  very  small  badge  which  he  wears  either  on  his  cap  or  coal 
breast,  you  could  not  tell  him  from  any  ordinary  gentleman  traveller.  He  is — as  he  requires 
to  be — a  sharp,  shrewd  man  of  business,  with  the  eye  of  an  eagle,  excellent  powers  of  dis- 
crimination as  regards  the  various  forms  human  nature  takes,  when  passing  under  his  re- 
view— thoroughly  "  posted  up"  as  to  all  the  "  wild  cat,"  "  broken  bank,"  and  "  uncurrent" 
notes  in  circulation — who  can  tell  a  counterfeit  25  cent  piece  by  feeling,  without 
troubling  himself  to  look  at  it — and  who,  withal,  is  particularly  attentive  to  ladies,  in  pro- 
viding them  with  seats  in  cars — where  mostly  ladies,  or  ladies  accompanied  by  gentlemen 
are — and  who,  upon  the  whole,  is  civil,  obliging,  and  attentive,  with  a  sharp  look-out  after 
tickets,  and  those  who  have  none. 

On  a  summer's  morning,  you  will  find  him  enter  the  car,  as  he  gives  the  word  "  all 
aboard,"  dressed  as  if  newly  out  of  a  band-box,  in  a  suit  of  white,  or  unbleached  linen, 
from  head  to  foot,  hat  and  boots  included.  For  a  rollicking  bit  of  fun,  he  will  enter  the 
carriage,  giving  some  well-known  passenger  a  "  dig  in  the  ribs,"  as  he  sings  out  his  morn- 
ing salutation  of  "  How  are  you,  old  feller !"  at  the  same  time  saying  to  the  passenger,  "  I 
cal'clate  you  didn't  see  the  calf  we  ketched  upon  the  cow-ketcher."  On  the  passenger  pro- 
fessing his  ignorance  as  to  such  an  event  having  happened,  but,  being  very  desirous  of  get- 
ting "  posted"  on  the  subject,  is  eager  for  all  the  information  he  can  get — the  conductor, 
in  return,  still  bent  on  a  bit  of  fun  to  start  the  day's  business  with,  then  relates  in  his  own 
peculiar  fashion — which  it  is  hopeless  for  us  to  describe,  and  more  particularly  regarding 
all  the  incidents  connected  with  the  catching  of  the  animal  referred  to,  and  the  variations, 
exclamations,  emendations,  and  additions  with  which  he  garnished  up  his  wonderful  story — 
suffice  to  say  that  the  story  was  well  told,  and  ended  by  the  conductor  completelj'  "  sell- 
ing" his  eager  listener,  when  he  told  him,  with  a  rich  leer  in  the  one  e3'e,  that  the  animal 
was  on  board,  and  he  (the  passenger)  was  the  calf  With  that,  the  conductor  would  bolt 
to  the  other  end  of  the  car,  leaving  the  whole  company  in  a  roar  of  laughter  at  the 
unfortunate  wight  who  was  so  eager  to  hear  sometliing  of  the  marvellous,  which  Brother 
Jonathan  is  always  ready  to  supply,  when  he  can  meet  with  a  proper  customer  who  will 
take  it  in. 

There  is  another  character  "  on  board"  the  car,  however,  it  would  almost  be  unpardon- 
able to  omit  noticing,  namely,  the  attendant  newsman, 

THE  EAILROAD  NEWSMAN  AND  BOOKSELLER. 

In  America,  there  are  almost  no  book-stalls  connected  with  the  railroad  stations,  as  in 
Great  Britain,  where  newspapers,  periodicals,  books,  etc.,  are  sold  in  such  vast  quantities. 
It  must  not  be  imagined,  however,  that  the  railroad  traveller  is  neglected,  in  that  respect, 
as  will  be  found  by  experience  on  the  lines,  here. 

Started  on  your  journey,  you  have  not  gone  far  before  you  are  visited  by  the  attendant 
newsman  alluded  to,  "  Morning  paper,  sir !"  "  morning  paper,  sir !"  and  thus  he  goes  from 
one  end  of  the  train  to  the  other,  selling  the  morning  paper  for,  perhaps,  3  cents — being 
one  cent  above  publisher's  price — but  cheap  enough  withal.  After  he  thinks  j'ou  have 
had  time  to  "  read,  mark  well,  and  inwardly  digest"  all  the  3  cents'  worth,  he  visits  you 
again,  dispensing  this  time  gratuitous  literature,  by  handing  to  all  and  sundry  a  bill  of 


46  THE   RAILROAD  NEWSMAN — "PUSHING  THE  TRADE." 

some  "  heavier"  article  in  the  literary  market — "  Life  and  Times  of  Hugh  Miller,"  just  out, 
giving  particulars  regarding  that  publication — the  great  sale  it  has  had — and  if  you  wish 
to  consider  yourself  a  well  "  posted-up"  man  on  such  matters,  you  ought  to  buy  a  copy  at 
the  price  of — the  almighty  dollar.  You  have  just  finislied  reading  the  j)rospectus,  when  he 
returns  and  picks  up  all  the  prospectuses,  as  he  cannot  afford  to  have  them  either  wasted, 
or  to  give  you  one  gratis.  You  wait  to  see  "  what  next,"  when  next  he  appears  with  an 
armful  of  books  nicely  bound,  one  of  which  he  hands  to  evei'y  passenger.  It  is,  "  Life  and 
Times  of  Hugh  Miller."  He  thus  passes  through  the  car,  and  having  given  j-ou  an  oppor- 
tunity of  perusing  prospectus  and  work  also,  he  waits  a  little  till  you  have  begun  to  scan 
the  pages  over,  and  when  you  are  nicely  at  work  perusing  some  interesting  etoi-y  con- 
nected with  the  life  of  that  excellent  specimen  of  Scotland's  self-made  men,  the  attendant 
is  at  your  elbow,  and  at  your  ear  also,  making  the  polite  remark,  "  Only  one  dollar,  sir ;" 
if  you  hesitate — "  the  greatest  book  out,  sir."  Still  you  are  doubtful — "  No  man  but 
thinks  of  having  that  book,  sir;"  and,  at  last,  between  the  eloquence  of  the  author  and 
salesman  of  the  book,  you  are  minus  one  dollar,  but  an  addition  to  j'our  library  of  one 
volume.  Thus  you  watch  the  tact  and  perseverance  without  many  words,  with  which  the 
newsman  goes  along,  selling  all  he  can  of  those  he  had  left  with  the  passengers. 

He  now  disappears.  By-and-by  his  next  visit  is  in  another  character.  By  this  time,  he 
supposes  you  are  getting  thirsty — we  will  not  suppose,  for  a  moment,  on  account  of  the 
matter  being  rather  dry,  that  he  had,  a  few  minutes  before,  sold  you ;  but,  at  all  events, 
he  appears  now  with  a  tin  can  full  of  iced  water,  which  he  dispenses  in  a  tumbler  to  every 
thirsty  person,  gratis — handling  both  articles  with  some  nicety — as  the  train  flies  along. 
Thus  he  supplies  all  who  wish  to  drink.  Having  completed  his  journey  in  this  line  of 
business,  he  shortly  appears  again,  loaded  with  another  supply  of  books.  This  time,  it  is 
a  "  Railroad  Guide."  He  leaves  a  copy  of  that  also  as  before,  and  proceeds  on.  After  j-on 
have  perused  it,  you,  probably,  are  inclined  to  be  posted  up  as  to  the  time  of  the  raili-oad, 
as  well  as  the  time  of  day,  and  feel  disposed  to  invest  25  cents  for  that — well-invested 
money  as  the  newsman  may  tell  you — "  save  many  a  train,  sir."  So  on  he  passes,  picking 
up  those  copies  not  wanted,  and  picking  up  the  quarter  dollars  where  they  are  to  be  met 
■with. 

In  this  way  does  this  attendant  pass  and  repass,  delivering,  selling,  and  taking  up  copies 
of  books  of  all  sorts — magazines,  illustrated  newspapers,  etc. — so  that,  between  reading 
what  you  may  have  bought,  and  glancing  over  all  those  which  are  thrown  in  temptation's 
way,  the  time  on  a  railroad,  in  America,  passes  away  very  fast,  even  although  you  should 
be  travelling  without  any  acquaintance  to  converse  with.  After  a  lapse  of  an  hour  or  so, 
and  after  he  has  exhausted  his  variety  of  good  things  for  the  mind,  our  industrious  fi'iend 
now  appears  with  something  approaching  to  "I0II3'  pops"  in  appearance,  but  intended  as 
food  fur  the  body.  This  is  the  veritable  "pop  coi'n,"  all  done  up  in  paper  bags,  at  "  only 
5  cents  apiece." 

You  have,  probably,  never  tasted  pop  corn,  you  see  every  body  else  investing,  and 
so  goes  another  twentieth  part  of  the  said  almighty  dollar,  for  a  bag  of  pop  corn.  From 
its  starchy  white  look  and  appearance  to  some  nice  confectionary,  you  expect  to  get  a 
sweet  mouthful.  However,  j'ou  will  be  disappointed,  whether  agreeably  or  not,  we  do 
not  sa\',  as  that  is  a  matter  of  taste.  All  we  can  say  is,  that  we  like  it  well  enougli,  and  that 
it  appears  to  be  a  great  favourite,  from  the  quantities  you  will  see  consumed  on  cars,  steam- 
boats, in  theatres,  etc.  It  is  the  Indian  Corn,  subjected  to  heat,  by  some  process,  and  blown 
up  into  a  light  confectionary -looking  article,  sprinkled  over  with  salt,  and  a  very  healthy 
and,  we  dare  say,  nourishing  article,  for  those  who  like  it. 

Having  left  you  to  finish  your  stock  of  "  pop  corn,"  the  faithful  attendant  is  at  your 
service  once  more,  and  if  you  were  disappointed  at  his  last  visit,  by  not  getting  some 
"  lolly  pops,"  as  you  expected,  you  will  now  have  an  opportunity  of  investing  another 
quarter  of  a  dollar  on  some  genuine  "  candy"  of  Mr.  Somebody's  excellent  manufac- 
ture. There  is  no  mistake  this  time,  so  you  are  inclined  to  speculate  once  more.  But 
25  cents'  worth  of  candy,  what  are  you  going  to  do  with  all  that  ?     If  you  are  at  a 


THE  NEWSMAN — RAILROAD   REFRESHMENT   STATIONS.  47 

loss,  the  attendant  •will  at  once  give  you  a  proof  of  his  kindness,  and  afford  you  an 
opportunity  to  exercise  yours,  by  suggesting  that  it  will  no  doubt  afford  you  pleasure  to 
divide  it  with  the  "  little  dears"  in  the  seat  before  or  behind  you,  and  if  there  are  none 
actually  so  close  at  hand,  he  will  find  some  in  the  train  who  will  become  the  grateful  re- 
cipients of  your  benevolent  kindness.  Thus  appealed  to,  you  may  be  led  to  be  generous ; 
or,  if  in  stoical  humour  that  day,  in  that  respect,  you  begin  to  look  at  both  sides  of  youi 
quarter  dollar,  before  you  exchange  it  for  the  packet  of  candy,  done  up  so  inviting  as  it  is 
in  white  and  gold  paper.  The  "pop  corn,"  however,  by  this  time,  urges  the  necessity  of 
sotnet/iinff  to  allay  the  thirst  which  it  created ;  so  you  begin  to  hesitate,  and,  at  lust,  make 
up  your  mind  you  will  not  spend  25  cents  on  candy  then — it's  too  much.  To  eat  it  all, 
perhaps,  would  turn  the  equilibrium  of  j-our  stomach,  and,  whilst  in  that  mood,  between 
hesitivtion  and  want,  the  attendant — faithful  man — puts  an  end  to  your  solilo(piy  by  the 
information  that  "  Wall,  I  guess  you  can  have  a  dime's  worth."  That  will  do — a  bargain 
is  struck,  and  you  hand  out  your  10  cents,  and  he  gives  you  a  portion  of  a  package,  value 
one  dime.  Thus  engaged,  therefore,  between  allaying  your  thirst  with  the  candy,  and  en- 
joying your  investments  in  literature,  you  whirl  along  till  you  come  to  a  station  where  the 
iron  horse  takes  in  fuel  and  water.  "  All  aboard"  again,  and  you  are  once  more  meditating 
upon  some  of  the  beauties  of  nature,  which  you  are  passing  rapidly,  when  another  attendant 
appears,  with  a  great  bundle  of  newspapers  under  his  arm.  At  the  last  stopping-place, 
the  faithful  attendant,  who  had  so  sedulously  attended  to  your  mental  and  material 
wants — with  profit  to  himself  and  to  you — has  disappeared  from  off  the  stage — of  the  car,  at 
all  events — and  you  see  no  more  of  him.  His  place  is  taken  by  another,  who  has  come  up 
the  line,  perhaps  40  or  50  miles,  with  an  up  train,  with  the  evening  paper  of  the  next 
large  town  or  city  you  are  approaching.  "  Important  news  by  telegraph  ;"  "  News  by  the 
ocean  telegraph  ;"  "  To-day's  London  news."  You  are  now  hit  home,  perhaps,  and  in  your 
eagerness  to  know  what  the  news  is,  you  inquire  "  What  is  it?"  when  you  are  brought  to 
your  senses  by  the  doUar-and-ccnt  laconic  reply,  "  3  cents,  sir."  You  had  forgot ;  the 
newsman,  however,  had  not ;  so  you  hand  out  3  cents,  and  have  it  all  before  you. 
Between  your  morning  paper,  your  evening  paper,  your  one  dollar  volume,  your  Rail- 
road Guide,  your  pop  corn,  and  your  candy,  and  sundiy  drinks  of  water,  you  have  been 
pretty  well  occupied  during  the  journey,  and  we  are  bound  to  think  that  you  have  not 
•wearied  any  more  with  travelling  only  at  the  rate  of  20  miles  per  hour,  than  you  would 
have  done  if  you  luul  been  on  the  Great  Western  Express,  railing  it  at  the  punctual  time  of 
60  miles  an  hour,  with  "  Hell  Fire  Jack"  as  driver,  from  London  to  Bristol. 

The  newsman  on  the  railroad  car  is  a  character  perfectly  unique,  and  only  to  be  met 
with  on  an  Amei'ican  railroad,  or  steamboat  sometimes. 

RAILROAD   REFRESHMENT  STATIONS. 

The  great  distinguishing  difference  between  the  refreshment  saloon  at  the  railway  sta- 
tions here  and  in  Britain  is,  that  those  in  Britain  are,  for  the  most  part,  occupied  with 
bars,  for  the  sale  of  liquors  of  all  kinds,  and  wretched  tea  and  coffee,  or  soup — with  the 
latter  so  scalding  hot,  however,  that  you  have  neither  time  nor  patience  to  wait  till  it  is 
cool  enough  to  enjoy  it.  In  America  it  is  just  the  reverse.  The  bar,  where  intoxicating 
liquors  are  sold,  is  scarcely  to  be  seen  at  some  stations.  It  forms  a  very  secondary  place  in 
the  establishment.  The  refreshment  saloon  proprietor  finds  it  necessary  to  supply  the  best, 
most  wholesome,  and  substantial  victuals  for  travellers,  whilst  the  railroad  companies 
allow  tlieir  passengers  time  to  enjo}'  them.  People  in  this  country  liave  no  idea  of  travelling 
300  or  400  miles,  on  an  old  fusty  biscuit,  or  spunge  cake,  and  keeping  up  the  "  inner  man" 
with  brandy  and  water,  or  pale  ale — things  all  very  well  in  their  proper  place,  but  not  to 
travel  upon  for  from  12  to  24  hours. 

Di.v.vER. — In  your  journey  along  the  line,  we  omitted  to  convoj'  you  to  the  dining  saloon. 
When,  tlierefore,  the  bell  on  the  engine  has  rung  its  last  stroke  of  stoppage,  you  jump  oflf 
the  car,  and  arc  informed — "  20  minutes  here  for  dinner."     You  are  now,  probably,  landed 


4:8  A  WAY-SIDE   REFRESHMENT   SALOON — SLEEPING  CARS. 

at  a  station  not  for  from  a  dense  forest,  or  in  the  midst  of  a  deep  valley,  -with  a  range  of 
mountains,  perhaps,  on  every  side,  with  nothing  to  be  heard  bill  the  "  iron  horse"  snorting 
till  he  comes  to  a  stand-still,  and  the  sound  from  his  nostril  reverberating  through  the  val- 
le}-,  and  re-echoed  again  and  again.  You  feel  disposed  to  disappointment  in  being  landed 
at  such  a  primitive-looking  station,  which  presents,  from  all  you  see  around  you,  externally, 
such  scanty  means  of  providing  a  good  dinner,  for  you,  who  have  tasted  nothing  very  sub- 
stantial, probablj',  from  5  to  6,  a.  m.,  and  now  it  is  12.30  or  1,  p.  m.  Besides,  there  is  not 
the  magnificent  refreshment  saloon  as  in  England,  like  the  Midland  at  Derby,  or  Carlisle — 
with  its  ecclesiastical  looking  ceiling,  and  its  baronial  fire-place.  If  you  have  not 
that,  you  have,  in  just  such  a  station  as  that  of  Stafford,  or  at  Bristol,  a  wooden 
refreshment-room,  well  stocked  inside.  You  now  enter  the  dining-room — take  your  seat — 
and  we  will  guarantee  you  will  get  a  most  sumptuous  dinner,  there  and  then,  for  50  cents, 
(or  2s.  stg.,)  and  have  time  to  take  it  in  comfort,  compared  with  the  "  bolting"  necessary  at 
some  of  the  refreshment  stations  in  Great  Britain,  where  you  have  to  pay  62J  cents  (or  2s. 
&d.  stg.).  At  this  country  way-side  station,  tliey  are  all  prepared  for  your  coming,  every 
thing  is  ready  to  the  minute  the  train  is  due.  Most  of  the  dishes  are  cut  up,  all  ready,  and, 
between  soup,  delicious  trout  from  the  mountain  streams  at  hand,  farm-yard  poultry,  mut- 
ton, beef,  pork,  vegetables,  and  pies  and  tarts  innumerable,  with,  for  dessert — in  summer  sea- 
son— water-melons,  musk-melons,  huckleberries,  and  several  fruits  we  cannot  name,  to- 
gether with  pure  iced-water — we  can  vouch  you  have  finished,  most  satisfactorily,  20  min- 
utes' good  hard  work  in  the  use  of  knife  and  fork.  You  now  retire,  we  will  be  bound  to 
say,  agreeably  disappointed  with  the  refreshment-saloon,  even  at  a  way-side  station  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  At  some  stations,  the  charge  is  only  25  cents,  and  a  very  good 
dinner  is  got.  All  the  passengers,  sit  down  at  an  immense  long  table.  There  are  no 
2d-class  refreshment-room  stations — all  are  Ist-class,  but  at  2d-class  English  prices.  The 
conductor,  driver,  and  all  the  attendants  of  the  train,  join  at  the  universal  table ;  but  none 
of  them  until  they  have  washed  themselves  in  the  washroom  adjoining  the  dining-saloon. 

Breakfast. — ^Travellers  who  start  very  early  in  the  morning,  or  who  may  have  been 
travelling  all  night,  will  hail  the  arrival  at  the  breakfast  station,  with  its  plenty  of  good 
cheer,  in  hot  coffee,  tea,  toast,  potatoes,  ham  and  eggs,  beef  steaks,  mutton  chops,  bread  and 
butter,  eggs,  (boiled,  poached,  and  fried,)  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  with  a  tumbler  of  iced-water. 
Charge  foi-  such  varies  from  25  to  50  cents,  depending  upon  localities,  and  set  out.  Time 
allowed,  20  minutes. 

Tea  or  Supper. — Generally  about  5  o'clock — unless  near  destination  of  chief  terminus 

the  train  will  stop  for  tea  or  supper,  allowing  20  minutes.  The  fare  presented  is  similar  to 
breakfast,  with  the  addition  of  pies,  tarts,  etc.,  with  all  kinds  of  preserves.  Charge,  25  to 
50  cents.  Of  course  there  are  no  fees  to  waiters.  At  all  the  refreshment-saloons  on  the  rail- 
roads here,  the  attendance  is  most  efficient,  with  damsels  which  rival,  in  every  respect,  the 
far-famed  waitresses  at  such  as  "Wolverton,  Stafford,  Peterborough,  or  Swindon  stations  in 
England. 

SLEEPING  CAES  ON  RAILWAYS. 

Amongst  the  many  improvements  introduced  in  connection  with  comfortable  locomotion, 
none  of  so  important  a  character  for  travellers  by  night  trains  has  ever  been  introduced  as 
that  of  the  sleeping  berths  fitted  up  for  passengers  in  some  of  the  railroads  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States. 

On  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  in  Canada,  the  sleeping  cars  are  the  most  comfortable  of 
any  we  have  seen ;  almost  in  every  respect  like  the  berths  of  a  first-class  cabin  in  a  steamer 

— all  enclosed,  with  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  a  good  bed,  washstand,  etc. so  that 

travellers  going  between  Montreal  and  Toronto  during  night,  can  go  to  bed  and  rise  in  the 
morning  at  their  destination  much  more  refreshed  than  if  they  had  sat  up  all  night.  This 
luxury  can  be  enjoyed  by  i)aying  $1  extra.  On  several  lines  in  the  United  States  cars  are 
fitted  up  similarly,  but  not  quite  so  completely  nor  so  comfortable  as  those  in  Canada,  al- 
though a  great  improvement  so  far.     Between  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati,  for  instance,  each 


CHURCHES   OF   AMERICA — ATTENDANCE  AT  CHURCH.  49 

car  is  fitted  up  for  56  bertlis,  for  which  the  extra  charge  is  50  cents  each.  Altogether,  it  is 
a  move  in  the  right  direction,  and,  we  should  suppose,  might  be  adopted  with  advantage 
on  the  long  line  runs  of  such  as  the  Great  Northern  and  London  and  North-Western,  be- 
tween London  and  Edinburgh,  the  night  trains  of  which,  for  comfortable  accommodation, 
are  nothing  to  compare  with  the  cars  alluded  to  in  this  country.  On  the  Pennsylvania 
Central  Road,  there  are  high-backed  sofa  seats,  which  one  can  repose  upon  very  comfort- 
ably, at  no  extra  charge. 

THE  CHURCHES  OF  AMERICA. 

TuE  elegance  of  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is  well  known  to  every 
American  traveller.  Whilst  there  cannot  be,  of  course,  such  venerable  edifices  to  be  seen 
as  the  fine  old  cathedrals  of  such  as  Salisbury,  York,  London,  and  Westminster,  (Eng.,)  or 
Glasgow  and  Elgin,  (Scot.,)  yet  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  in  modern  churches, 
those  of  Canada  or  the  States  will  compare  favourably  with  any  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land, either  in  artistic  excellence  in  architectural  design,  as  well  as  substantiality.  We 
know  of  few  towns  in  Great  Britain,  which,  in  comparison  with  its  size,  can  show  such  a 
turn  out  of  elegant  places  of  worship  as  is  to  be  seen,  for  example,  in  the  city  of  Toronto. 
In  one  or  two  other  towns,  such  as  Montreal,  the  Catholics  excel  in  the  external  beauty 
as  well  as  size  of  their  cathedrals,  although  internally  they  are  nothing  to  boast  of,  some 
of  them  even  betraying,  in  our  opinion,  very  bad  taste.  The  English  Episcopalian  cathe- 
dral and  churches,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Congregationalist  and  other  bodies  again,  both 
externally  and  internally,  show  generally  excellent  taste,  combined  with  great  comfort. 

The  Presbyterian  churches,  both  English  and  Scotch,  also  present  some  very  handsome 
edifices,  excelling,  as  a  general  rule,  we  think,  the  buildings  which  the  Scotch  Free  Church 
Presbyterians  have  been  erecting  lately  in  many  of  the  Scotch  towns,  most  of  which,  for- 
tunately, make  no  pretensions  to  architectural  beauty  of  design.  For  the  same  amount  of 
money  which  many  of  these  churches  have  cost,  if  the  Americans  had  had  to  build  them, 
they  would  in  all  probability  have  erected  neat  and  tastefully-designed  churches  entirely 
of  wood,  and  by  painting  them  white,  with  green  round  the  windows  and  doors,  and  with 
their  bright  green  Venetian  blinds,  would  have  presented,  as  they  do  in  country  districts 
here,  churches  and  chapels,  that,  however  small,  at  once  commend  themselves  for  their  ele- 
gance and  neatness. 

In  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  as  New  York,  in  the  lavish  expenditure  of 
money  which  must  have  been  spent  on  the  magnificent  edifices  there,  we  should  say,  that 
the  Americans  have  good  reasons  to  be  church- proud.  (See  New  York^^or  engravings  of 
such.) 

THE  ATTENDANCE    AT   CHURCH. 

On  visiting  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  the  stranger  will  find  them 
well  filled,  generally  speaking.  In  summer  time,  the  ladies  are  to  be  seen  going  dressed 
in  the  most  expensive  muslins  and  laces,  with  bare  arms,  perhaps,  under  elegant  mantillas  of 
the  most  zephyr  thinness,  displaying  easily  the  shape  of  the  figure,  be  it  handsome  or 
otherwise.  In  the  autumn  or  "  fall,"  the  most  gorgeous  silks,  brocades,  and  velvets  are 
worn.  This  being  the  age  of  "hoops,"  of  course  the  ladies  assume  larger  dimensions  than 
usual;  the  use  of  that  article  in  this -country  being  carried  to  as  great  excess  as  we  think  it 
possible  to  be  done. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  congregations  of  all  places  of  worship  are  exceedingly  well  dressed, 
and  present,  in  summer  time,  some  features  rather  different  from  those  in  Britain.  In  the 
summer  time,  ladies  take  fans  with  Ihcm  to  church — the  value  of  that  article  ranging  from 
a  5-cent  dried  palm-leaf,  to  every  sort  and  design  of  the  most  costly  Chinese  and  French 
manufacture.  During  the  service,  the  fans  are  kept  in  almost  constant  motion  in  cooling 
their  possessors,  much,  we  should  suppose,  to  the  annoyance  of  the  speaker,  seeing  these 
waving  back  and  forward  before  his  eyes,  at  rates  varying  from  5  to  50  miles  per  hour. 
The  gentlemen  go  in  suits,  some  of  black,  some  white,  some  drab,  and  some  brown,  just  a? 


50  DRESS  AT   CHURCH— CHURCH   PSALMODY. 

it  suits  tlieir  taste,  convenience,  or  comfort.  Many  with  Avhole  suits  of  white  linep,  and 
being  newly  washed  and  "got  up,"  with  pure  white  shirt-fronts,  turn-down  collars,  and 
small  ribbon  for  neck-tie,  look  uncommonly  well,  neat,  and  clean-looking,  and,  in  the 
hot  weather,  the  most  comfortable  dress  of  all.  As  we  have  sat  broiling  under  our  black 
coat,  vest,  and  trowsers— all  woollen— we  have  many  times  envied  those  gentlemen  in 
white  and  fine  linen.  In  the  matter  of  hats,  too,  the  big  black  chimney  pot  is  thrown  aside 
by  many,  and  the  light  straw  or  felt  hat  adopted  in  its  place,  so  that,  dressed  up  as  now 
described,  with  a  pair  of  thin  patent  leather  boots  or  shoes,  fit  for  a  ball,  it  will  be  seen, 
that  the  American  gentleman  dresses  so  as  to  be  as  easy,  light,  and  comfortable  as  he 
can.  Little  boys  are  similarly  dressed  as  the  gentlemen ;  and  girls— women  in  miniature — 
they  must  follow  the  fiishion  allotted  to  them,  and  are  dressed  and  screwed  up  like  so  many 
big  dolls,  but  certainly  with  the  most  exquisite  neatness  and  taste,  and  some  of  them  at  no 
small  cost.  In  the  winter  months  it  is  just  the  very  reverse  of  all  this.  Nothing  can  be 
too  thick,  almost,  from  the  sole  of  the  foot  to  the  crown  of  the  head,  for  ladies,  gentlemen, 
and  children. 

The  working  classes  turn  out  to  church  exceedingly  well  dressed,  and  if  it  was  difScult 
to  tell,  at  one  time,  the  difference  between  a  Manchester  or  Glasgow  factory-girl  from  the 
daughter  of  a  mill-owner,  on  Sunday,  it  is  pretty  much  the  case  now  in  America — Sally 
of  the  hotel  or  the  private  residence,  as  well  as  the  well-paid  workman's  wife,  being  de- 
sirous of  showing  off  as  well  as  those  of  the  "  upper  ten" — not  forgetting  their  fan,  either, 
when  they  go  out. 

CHURCH  PSALMODY. 

On  entering  almost  any  church,  chapel,  or  meeting-house  of  any  denomination  what- 
ever, the  stranger  must  at  once  be  struck  with  the  most  excellent  psalmody  which  he  hears 
in  the  places  of  worship.  Generally  speaking,  there  is  as  great  a  difference  between  the 
psalmody  and  music  in  American  churches,  when  compared  with  that  heard  in  England, 
as  there  is  between  the  sing-song,  drawling,  unmusical  notes  to  be  heard  in  some  of  the 
churches  in  country  parishes  in  Scotland,  when  compared  with  the  music  in  such  as  St, 
Bride's,  in  Fleet  street,  or  Rev.  Dr.  Binnie's,  in  Fish-street  Hill,  London. 

The  reason  appears  to  us  to  arise  from  the  study  which  the  Americans,  as  a  people,  give 
to  the  art,  commencing  with  them  when  very  young  at  the  piano  or  melodeon,  and  hav- 
ing thus  early  learnt  it,  become  to  like  it,  and  carry  it  into  their  religious  services. 

In  the  choirs  of  places  of  worship,  as  is  well  known,  the  wives  and  daughters  of  the  most 
respectable  families  assist,  and  scarcely  is  there  a  choir,  we  should  say,  but  what  can  boast 
of  its  prima  donna,  belonging  to  the  upper  classes,  amongst  its  volunteer  assistants.  Struck, 
sometimes,  with  some  particular  tenor,  towering  above  all  the  others,  we  have  found, 
upon  inquirj',  the  voice  to  be  that  of  the  lady  of  Mr.  A.,  the  importer,  or  hearing  an  ex- 
cellent bass  voice,  were  told  it  was  Mr.  B.,  the  manufacturer.  In  some  of  the  churches  in 
the  large  cities  is  this  particularly  the  case,  the  singing  being  such  as  we  fancy  could  not 
fail  to  arrest  the  attention,  and  please  the  man  who  does  not  know  even  one  note  from  an- 
other. In  some  congregations,  the  hymn  books  have  musical  notes  printed  in;  others, 
again,  have  music  books  with  airs  only — consequently,  a  large  trade  is  done  in  supplying 
congregations  with  sacred  music  books,  or  with  hymn  books  set  to  music. 

We  do  not  find,  however,  that  the  congregations,  »s  a  body,  let  their  voices  be  heard, 
any  more  than  they  are  heard  in  many  churches  in  Britain.  They  appear  to  allow 
the  choir  and  the  organ  to  do  the  work,  and  in  many  churches  they  are  mere  listeners. 
As  an  exception  to  this,  may  be  named  such  as  Rev.  Mr.  Beecher's  church,  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York.  There  the  whole  congregation  appear  to  sing  with  hearty  good  wiU — in  itself,  a 
treat  to  hear. 

Every  place  of  worship  has  a  musical  instrument  of  some  kind,  generally  an  organ,  or 
melodeon.  Even  the  small  congregation,  in  the  large  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  of  St. 
Andrew,  at  Clifton,  (Canada  West,)  appears  to  have  been  inoculated  in  favour  of  a  musical 
instrument,  for  without  waiting,  we  presume,  for  authority  from  headquarters,  (being  a 


LUMBER  AND   LUMBEEMEX.  51 

Scotch  established  church)  they  have  asserted  the  right  in  their  adopted  land — and  being 
in  close  proximity  to  the  "  land  of  liberty" — to  introduce  a  melodeon  to  assist  their  psal- 
mody, and  with  good  efifect  in  singing  the  good  old-fashioned  psalms  and  paraphrases  of 
the  "  authorized  version." 

A  controversy  is  now  going  on  in  the  church  meetings,  in  Canada,  upon  the  subject  of 
introducing  instrumental  music  into  churches,  similar  to  that  which  is  going  on  in  Scot- 
land, amongst  the  members  of  the  United  Presbyterian  body  there. 


LUMBER  AND  LUMBERMEN. 

The  term  "lumber,"  is  meant  to  represent  all  kinds  of  timber,  whether  in  logs,  deals, 
spars,  shingles,  or  any  other  description  of  cut  or  uncut  timber.  "  Lumbermen"  as  those 
who  are  employed  in  cutting  down  the  timber,  preparing  it  for,  and  making  it  into  rafts, 
and  "  rafting"  or  sailing  those  rafts  down  the  rivers  to  a  port.  Thus  a  raft  is  "  run"  or 
"  rafted"  down  a  river,  when  it  is  being  taken  to  market  to  be  sold.  The  term  raftsmen 
is,  therefore,  synonymous  with  lumbermen,  when  conveying  the  lumber  along  tlie  rivers. 

The  lumbermen  of  Canada  are  chiefly  French  Canadians,  and,  in  many  respects,  they 
lead  a  solitary,  exposed,  and  hard-woi'king  life. 

In  the  summer  season  these  men  are  engaged  by  large  "  lumber  houses,"  owners  of  im- 
mense tracts  of  forest  lands  and  swamps.  They  are  sent  hundreds  of  miles  up  the 
country,  to  certain  stations  in^  the  interior ;  along  with  them  they  take  a  supply  of  pork, 
flour,  and  biscuit,  and  warm  clothing,  sufficient  to  last  over  the  winter  season,  and  until 
the  river  navigation  opens.  When  winter  sets  in,  they  are  engaged  "chopping,"  or 
felling  down  the  trees,  and  preparing  them  into  logs.  Some  do  nothing  but  chop ;  others, 
again,  attend  to  the  "logging,"  that  is,  yoking  the  bullocks  and  attending  to  them  in 
drawing  the  logs  out  of  the  forest,  to  the  nearest  outlet  of  the  river,  or  point,  where  they 
are  prepared  into  rafts.  Another  is  employed  as  cook  for  the  party,  who  remains  at  home 
all  day,  preparing  the  food,  and,  perhaps,  exercising  himself  in  the  use  of  the  rifle,  in  bring- 
ing in  some  game  so  as  to  furnish  an  extra  savory  dish  now  and  then.  They  live  in  wooden 
"shanties,"  or  log-houses,  Avhich,  by  plastering  or  the  use  of  bark,  are  rendered  as  warm  as 
any  stone  house.  There,  during  the  dreary  months  of  winter,  with  snow  and  ice  on  every 
ade,  and  a  dense  forest  around  them  for  many  miles,  do  these  hardy  men  exist,  enlivening 
their  evenings  by  games  at  cards,  or  probably  reading  the  latest  newspaper,  if  one,  by  any 
chance,  should  come  in  their  way.  Tlie  winter  time,  when  every  thing  is  frozen  hard 
around  them,  is  frequently  a  more  comfortable  time  for  them  than  at  other  seasons,  when 
in  swamps  they  are  obliged  to  stand  in  water  and  chop  or  log.  In  winter  they  wear  suits 
of  the  heavy  Canadian  cloth,  alluded  to  elsewhere,  witli  long  boots,  of  a  very  heavy  and 
substantial  make.  In  Canada  alone,  it  is  estimated  there  are  upwards  of  80,000  lumbermen 
regularly  employed,  chiefly  in  the  Ottawa,  and  far  north-west  districts.  They  are  engaged 
for  the  season,  perhaps.  Tliey  go  to  work,  live  in  the  bush,  as  described,  during  the 
winter,  and,  after  they  have  got  all  their  logs  made  into  rafts,  they  are  prepared  to  "run" 
them  when  the  ice  disappears.  The  running  of  rafts  is,  sometimes,  a  very  dangerous  opera- 
tion, particularly  on  such  as  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  where  there  are  so  mtiny 
rapids ;  however,  by  the  use  of  long  oars,  at  each  end  of  the  raft— each  oar  acting  as  a 
helm  to  steer  with— and  experience,  the  practised  lumberman  gets  along  without  much  dan- 
ger, excepting  where  he  gets  into  a  wide  expanse  of  the  river  where  the  small  lakes  are 
formed,  and  a  storm  coming  on,  he  runs  the  risk  of  tlie  raft  being  blown  in  ditlVrent 
directions,  and  thus  "  wrecking"  the  raft,  sometimes,  beyond  hope  of  recovery,  and  with 
loss  of  life  often.     On  such  a  lake  as  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  this  sometimes 

the  case. 

We  here  give  an  engraving  of  rafts  "  running"  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  Cedars, 
Canada  East,  36  miles^"  S.  W.  from  Montreal,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  one  of  the  most 
dangerous  and  exciting  scenes  during  the  voyage  of  a  raft,  on  its  way  to  market. 


52 


RAFTS   OF   LUMBER  RUNNING   THE   RAPIDS. 


In  some  districts,  the  rafts  are  divided,  and  niade  to  descend  the  "  slides'' — where  there 
are  no  rapids,  or  other  means  of  conveying  them  past  locks  or  falls. 


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On  the  rafts  are  erected  temporary  houses,  or  huts,  and  with  a  cooking  stove,  barrels  of 
flour,  pork,  etc.  Thus  they  may  be  seen,  making  their  way  for  hundreds  of  miles  down  the 
rivers  to  various  ports  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  but  particularly  to  Quebec,  the  greatest 
lumber  shipping  port  in  America.  The  lumbermen  are  engaged  for  so  much  per  season, 
with  victuals.  When  they  arrive  at  Quebec  with  the  rafts — the  proceeds  of  their  winter's 
work — they  are  then  paid  the  amount  due  them,  and  are  readj^  to  engage  for  the  next  sea- 
son. Sometimes  the  lumbermen  are  very  troublesome,  in  breaking  engagements  with  their 
employers,  and  hiring  themselves  to  others  when  they  get  up  the  country.     Employers 


THE   LUMBER  TRADE — FIRE-ENGINE    ESTABLISHMENT.  53 

complain  of  this,  -whilst  the  men,  on  the  other  hand,  complain  of  bad  treatment,  or  tlie 
terms  of  the  engagement  not  being  acted  up  to.  An  attempt  was  made  to  establish  a 
registry  of  lumbermen  in  the  Ottawa  district,  with  the  view  of  checking  the  evil  alluded 
to,  but  nothing  of  a  legislative  character  has  yet  been  done,  to  render  any  such  measures 
legallj-  binding.  The  rafts  on  the  Delaware,  maj-  be  seen  in  similar  manner,  floating  down 
to  Philadelphia,  which  is  the  market  for  its  lumber.  All  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard 
are  more  or  less  lumber  markets,  and  by  the  cheapness  of  this  article,  are  the  people  kept 
in  a  supply  of  firewood,  (the  only  fuel  in  most  places,)  as  well  as  material  fur  building, 
fitting  up,  and  furnishing  houses,  in  doing  which,  the  United  States  and  Canada  certainly 
do  "  lick  all  creation." 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  trade  done  at  Quebec,  in  the  single  article  of 
lumber,  of  Canadian  growth,  we  annex  the  following  statement : — 

An  Abstract  oftJie  Number  of  Pieces  of  all  Lumber  {square  Umber  excepted)  measured  in  Quebto 

during  the  season  of  1S66. 

1,51S  masts  and  bowsprits;  1,603  spars;  61,496  oars;  2,639  cords  of  lathwood ;  1,87S,1TS  standard  pine 
deals  ;  552,4(V2  standard  spruce  deals  ;  333,555  standard  pine  and  spruce  deals,  uncalled  ;  1S5,3S2  pine  planlr 
and  boards,  culled  ;  15,110  pine  plank  and  boards,  counted  ;  7S,419  spruce  plank  and  boards,  culled;  14,0S5 
spruce  plank  and  boards,  counted  ;  1,339,682  standard  staves ;  940,134  West  India  staves. 

The  total  exports  of  timber  of  all  kinds  from  Canada,  in  the  year  1S56,  amounted  in  value  to  |10,016,SS3; 
and  the  value  of  ships  built  in  Quebec  and  sold  out  of  the  country  amounted  to  $1,213,076  ;  making  a  total 
of  wood  goods  exported  of  $11,183,959. 

The  receipts  by  the  Canadian  government,  were  as  follows : — 

During  the  year  1856  the  gross  receipts  were — 

On  account  of  Timber  Licenses $214,012  90 

Do.  Government  SUdes 32,788  90 

— -  246,801  80 

Deducting  charges  of  management,  Timber  Licenses 23,035  70 

Do.  do.  do.  Government  Slides 1,895  69 

34,931  39 

Leavinganet  of $211,870  41 

FIRE-ENGINE  ESTABLISHMENT. 

"Who  has  not  heard  of  this  "Institution" — one  so  hallowed  in  the  recollection  of  every 
American,  from  15  to  100  years  of  age?  As  to  the  regular  paid  firemen  of  Great 
Britain,  the  British  public  care  no  more  about  them,  than  they  do  about  their  chimney- 
sweeps, or  street-scavengers.  Tliey  are  all  men  who  are  paid  for  doing  their  work,  and 
are  expected  to  do  it  well.  If  they  do  not  do  it  so,  some  one  else  will  be  got,  who  will  do 
it  right,  and  so  there  is  an  end  of  it.  Not  so  in  America.  The  fire-engine  of  the  Ameri- 
can is  associated  with  his  first  breath  of  life,  perhaps  the  toy  of  his  childhood,  till  it 
reaches  into  manhood  with  him — growing  with  his  growth — his  first  thought  in  the  morn- 
ing, and,  too  often,  his  last  thought  and  action  at  night.  Grown  out  of  a  voluntary  act, 
when  towns  were  not  able  to  support  fire-engines,  and  pay  men  specially  for  looking  af- 
ter them,  the  institution  of  the  fire-engine,  and  firemen  companies,  have  become  a  power, 
alas !  however,  like  all  human  greatness,  destined  to  reach  the  summit  of  its  greatness,  and 
wane  gradually  till  it  disappears,  at  last,  altogether  from  sight,  or  memory.  To  express  an 
opinion  against  this  institution  at  one  time  was  tantamount  to  blasphemy — and  to  doubt  their 
efficiency,  as  a  body,  was  downright  infidelity.  It  may  be  asked  by  some,  who  and  what 
are  these  firemen  there  is  so  much  said  and  written  about  ?  They  are  simply  a  body  of 
men,  generally  young  men  and  lads,  who,  in  a  particular  district  of  a  city,  form  themselvea 
into  a  firemen's  company,  with  the  laudable  desire  of  assisting  in  putting  out  fires,  and 
saving  the  property  at  such  as  much  as  possible.  Tlie  corporation  furnishes  them  with  an 
engine,  engine-house,  hose,  hooks,  ladders,  etc.,  etc.  They  pay  for  the  decoration  and 
furnishing  of  their  engine  themselves.  They  are  very  particular  about  having  their  en- 
gine to  beat  every  other  engine  already  in  existence,  or  which  ever  may  come  into  exist- 
ence. It  shall  be  more  expensively  painted  and  decorated.  Its  fittings  of  brass,  copper, 
and  silver-gilt,  shall  shine  so  as  to  dim  the  lustre  of  all  others  within  eye-sight  on  a  parade 


64  THE  firemen's  "run  out." 

day.  Its  power  shall  be  such  as  to  throw  a  jet  of  water  higher  than  the  highest  j'et  at- 
tained, and  carry  on  its  front,  as  a  mark  of  its  gallantry  and  strength,  a  pair  of  the  horna 
of  an  ox. 

"With  all  these  beauties  and  qualifications,  it  must  combine  in  it,  all  the  ease,  lightness, 
and  grace  of  a  fairy  chariot,  and  none  of  the  clumsy  red  and  black  painted  wheels  of 
an  engine  of  Tilley's,  or  Merreweather's,  of  London.  No ;  the  '•  Nonpareil"  fire-en- 
gine of  the  lOOth  district  "Nonpareil  Company,"  with  the  "Knickerbocker  Ilook  and 
Ladder  Comjwny,"  with  hose,  and  hose-carriage,  is  a  paragon,  to  match  which  the  world 
is  challenged.  When  the  awful  sound  of  a  conflagration  is  heard  tolling,  mournfully,  it 
may  be,  over  the  city,  with  the  news  of  the  "  devouring  element"  being  at  work  some- 
where, it  is  then  that  the  philanthropic  fireman  is  to  be  seen  in  all  his  excitement  and 
glory — then,  that  his  bowels  of  compassion  to  save  life  as  well  as  property,  urges  him  to 
the  scene — it  is  then,  that  the  "  Nonpareil"  engine,  with  the  "  Knickerbocker"  hook  and 
ladder,  and  hose,  close  behind,  are  expected  to  be  at  the  fire  first  of  all.  Yonder  you  see 
it  coming  scampering  down  the  hill,  in  full  flight  with  its  20  human  horses  in  the  traces, 
with  red  jackets  and  helmets,  nearly  cap-a-pie,  rushing  along,  and  clearing  the  streets  as 
they  go,  witli  captain  in  front,  and  as  he  runs,  shouting  out  his  orders  through  his  sil- 
ver-gilt trumpet.  There  they  are  in  full  cry,  when  behind  them,  another  company  with 
engine  No.  1,  wheels  round  the  corner,  and,  in  its  attempting  to  pass  the  renowned  "  Nonpa- 
reil," gets  jammed  up  against  the  first  lamp  post,  and  maimed  for  doing  any  more  good  or 
harm,  for  the  remainder  of  that  day  or  night.  The  "  Nonpareil"  still  holds  on  its  trium- 
phant career,  although  it  may  have  broken  a  leg  or  two  of  its  members,  in  its  encounter 
with  No.  1.  It  arrives  within  half  a  gun  shot  of  the  scene  of  action,  when  another  com- 
pany, No.  2,  drives  up,  before  the  redoubtable  "  Nonpareil,"  and  pitching  into  it,  smashes 
its  slender  body,  and  all  "the  fixings,"  into  smithereens,  till  at  last  No.  2,  and  a  few  others 
arrive  at  the  fire,  and  find  it — a  false  alarm,  after  all.  What  is  the  meaning  of  all  this  ? 
will  be  asked.  Only — that  the  firemen  of  one  company  had  sounded  the  alarm  of  fire, 
and  wanting  a  rwi  for  themselves,  thought  they  would  show  how  soon  they  could  be  at  a 
particular  spot,  in  advance  of  all  their  neighbours,  and  thus  take  the  "  shine"  out  of  them. 

In  sober  eaimest,  however,  the  foregoing  is  no  exaggeration  of  a  scene  in  going  to  an  ac- 
tual or  reputed  fire.  The  scenes  of  rivalry  which  the  system  has  engendered,  the  fights 
at  fires,  the  loafers  and  scoundrels  of  all  sorts  which  have  lately  got  connected  with  fire 
companies — whose  only  object  is  to  get  up  fires  for  the  sake  of  plunder — has  led  to  the 
doom,  as  we  believe,  of  the  existence  of  volunteer  companies  in  connection  with  fire-en- 
gines and  fire-brigades.  Public  opinion,  backed  by  tlie  insurance  companies,  have  now 
found  out  a  remedy  for  reducing  the  number  of  fires,  and  also  the  amount  of  destruc- 
tion of  property  which  follow  them.  That  remedy  is  the  establishing  the  steam  fire-en- 
gine, and  a  regular  paid  staff  of  firemen. 

The  public  in  all  the  large  cities  almost,  seem  alive  to  the  importance  of  adopting  the 
new  system,  and  appear  to  give  it  their  hearty  support,  against  the  deadl}^  opposition  of 
the  volunteer  fire  companies,  who  cannot  but  see  that  the  day  of  their  services  is  fixed 
— that  their  pet  fire-engines  may  be  put  in  glass  cases  as  relics  of  the  past,  as  soon  as  they 
like.  Instead  of  a  run  out  with  their  engine,  and  breaking  sundrjr  legs  and  arms — or 
turning  out  of  bed  now  and  then  to  actual  fires,  they  will  be  able  to  spend  their  evenings 
more  pleasantly  and  profitably  in  the  magnificent  saloons  and  reading-rooms  of  their  mer- 
cantile libraries,  and  sleep  sound  at  night  without  giving  themselves  any  trouble  whose 
propertj-  is  on  fire,  as  the  iron  horse,  will,  ere  long,  clear  all  before  him,  and  soon  drown 
out  the  biggest  fire  which  has  ever  happened,  in  a  100th  part  of  the  time  it  would  take 
60  volunteer  fire-engines,  however  neat  and  trim  they  may  be. 


THE  STEAM  riKE-ENGINE. 


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THE   STEAM   FIRE-ENGINE — EXPRESS.  55 


THE   STEAM  FIRE-ENGINE. 

One  of  the  greatest  inventions  of  modei-n  times,  as  connected  with  saving  property  from 
destruction  and  theft  at  fires,  and  for  raising  the  dividends  of  fire  insurance  companies, 
is  that  of  the  application  of  steam  to  the  fire-engine. 

In  cities  where  these  engines  are  in  use,  the  dividends  of  the  fire  insurance  companies 
have  risen  about  6  per  cent ;  people  sleep  sound  in  bed  at  night,  feeling  confidence  in  the 
power  of  the  fire  (steam)  engine — putting  all  fires  out  quickly,  and  in  doing  so,  respecting 
property — with  very  few  fires  taking  place  now,  compared  with  what  occurred  formerl}\ 
These  are  some  of  the  results  of  the  steam  fire-engine  being  established.  To  Cincinnati 
belongs  the  honour  of  first  setting  the  worthy  example  in  this  respect,  and  to  one  man 
there,  viz..  Miles  Greenwood,  of  the  Eagle  Foundry,  belongs  the  credit,  more  than  to  any 
other  man,  for  carrying  it  out,  although  frequently  at  the  risk  of  health  and  life. 

When  at  Cincinnati,  we  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  these  engines  at  work,  at  fires, 
and  most  admirably  did  they  answer  the  purpose. 

First  of  all,  it  must  be  understood,  that,  as  in  the  London  brigades,  men  are  at  the  fire- 
engine  stations  constantly,  night  and  day.  They  have,  moreover,  towers  at  each,  from  the 
top  of  which  a  watch  is  kept  all  over  the  city,  so  that  when  a  fire  breaks  out,  it  is  seen  at 
once.  For  each  engine  there  are  4  powerful  horses  kept  ready  harnessed.  Each  engine  is 
kept  filled  with  water  and  fuel,  and  all  ready  to  fire  up.  No  sooner  is  the  alarm  of  fire 
given,  than  one  man  puts  a  match  to  the  fuel,  when  it  is  burning  in  a  minute — the 
horses  are  yoked,  and  in  two  minutes  are  on  their  way  to  the  scene  of  the  fire.  The 
burning  fuel  in  the  engine  is  getting  up  the  steam,  and  before  six  minutes  has  elapsed,  steam 
is  up  to  the  required  pressure,  so  that,  on  arriving  at  the  fire,  it  is  ready  to  work  the  en- 
gine, and  throw  the  water  through  the  hose.  If  the  steam  is  up  before  the  destination  is 
reached,  it  propels  the  engine  forward,  making  it  light  work  for  the  horses.  At  night,  it 
is  a  novel  sight  to  see  the  horses  and  steam-engine  together,  careering  along  the  street, 
snorting  up  the  steam  and  smoke  as  they  gallop  along,  and  making  the  fire-sparks  fly  from 
their  heels.  There  is  something  positively  grand  and  exciting  in  such  a  sight,  and  one  can- 
not help,  in  this  matter,  admiring  the  go-ahead  character  of  the  people,  in  a  most  practi- 
cal direction. 

When  they  arrive  at  the  scene  of  the  fire,  the  horses  are  unyoked,  and  the  firemen  con- 
nect the  main  hose  of  the  engine,  with  the  water-plugs — these  conveying  the  water  into 
the  fire-engine — and  from  there,  it  is  pumped  against  the  fire.  There  the  engines  stand 
quietly  working  away,  as  easily  as  possible,  with  the  stoker  behind  adding  fuel,  and  an 
engineer  in  front  looking  after  the  machinery. 

The  power  of  throwing  water  through  these  engines  is  almost  beyond  belief 

Since  their  successful  establishment  in  Cincinnati,  almost  all  the  large  cities  have  been 
supplied  with  them. 

It  is  supposed,  because  the  steam  fire-engine  cannot  eat,  drink,  and  bribe,  that  it  has  not 
made  much  greater  headway  in  some  cities ;  however,  its  advantages  are  compelling  its 
adoption,  and,  ere  long,  we  should  suppose,  its  use  will  be  universal  in  all  large  towns. 

The  steam  fire-engine  is  made,  also,  for  2  horses,  and,  od  some  occasions,  steam  has  been 
got  up  in  4  minutes,  45  seconds. 

EXPRESS. 

That's  the  word  in  America!  It  is  applied  to  every  moving  thing,  animate  and  inani- 
mate— to  movements  of  the  steamship,  the  locomotive,  the  body,  as  well  as  tlie  mind.  Every 
thing  and  every  body  is  alive,  and  goes  by  express.  The  people  live  and  tliink  by  express, 
as  many  of  them  acknowledge.  From  the  forwarding  a  box  of  goods  to  thoir  conclusions 
on  the  theory  of  human  progression,  all  is  express  work.  If  you  want  to  send  a  parcel 
300  miles  per  "goods  train,"  and  expect  it  delivered  in  16  or  18  hours,  as  in  England,  you 
must  send  it  here  per  "  express  freight."     In  that  case,  however,  you  may  be  glad  if  you 


56  EXPRESS  PEOPLE   AND   EXPRESS  COMPANIES. 

have  it  delivered  that  distance  off  in  50  hours.  If  you  wish  to  go  180  miles  in  3  to  4 
hours,  as  in  England,  simply  per  "  express,"  you  must  here  go  by  the  "  lightning  express," 
and  you  need  not  fret  your  existence  away  because  you  are  from  7  to  9  hours  on  the  road. 
If,  however,  they  cannot  go  by  rail  quite  so  fast  as  they  do  in  Britain,  with  the  or- 
dinary goods  trains  or  expresses,  they  make  up  for  it  other  ways.  Although  some  "  down 
easters"  are  said  to  take  a  long  time  to  "  calculate"  what  thej'  are  revolving  in  their  mind, 
the  nervous  New  Yorker,  and  even  the  grey  and  drab  Philadelphian  will  think  and  act  50 
to  1  compared  with  many.  They  are  the  living  types  of  "  express"  people.  They  drive 
by  express,  they  walk  by  express  when  the  steam  is  up,  they  count  their  bills  by  express, 
drink  by  express,  and,  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  Hon.  M.  P.  for  Dundee  (Scot.),  they 
eat  and  spit  by  express.  We  say  they  drink  by  express;  for  whoever  saw  an  American 
sit  down  and  spend  half  an  hour  or  more  over  his  pint  of  beer  or  gill  of  whisky  ?  No, 
that  is  decidedly  too  slow.  He  stands  at  the  bar  of  the  saloon,  and  after  the  "  cock  tail," 
or  "  gin  sling,"  or  brandy  and  water  is  placed  before  him,  the  bottom  of  the  tumbler  is 
reached  at  one  operation.  There  is  no  sitting  and  "  fuddling"  over  the  drink,  as  a  general 
rule.     Down  it  goes  at  a  mouthful,  and  off  he  starts  to  some  thing  or  somewhere  else. 

We  have  met  many  intelligent  men,  who  deplore  that  fast  working  of  the  brain  which 
is  so  prevalent.  One  consequence  is,  such  people  do  not  live  to  enjoy  the  robust  health 
they  might  otherwise  do.  Our  remarks  apply,  of  course,  more  particularly  to  men  engaged 
in  all  sorts  of  business  in  the  large  cities.  Some  farmers,  and  many  who  live  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  seen,  actually,  one  would  suppose,  trying  how  long  a  time  they  would  take  to  do 
nothing ;  whilst  others,  again,  who  have  made  a  small  independency,  are  satisfied  to  let  the 
world  wag  as  it  likes — they  purpose  enjoying  it,  and  its  comforts  and  blessings,  by  taking 
things  easy.  In  the  rural  districts  as  good  specimens  in  that  respect  are  to  be  seen  as  in 
Farmer  Giles,  of  Devonshire  or  Buckingham  (Eng.).  "Express  companies,"  however,  form 
a  different  feature  of  American  commercial  life,  and  which  we  may  here  notice. 


EXPRESS    COMPANIES. 

The  great  carriers — such  as  Pickford,  Chaplin  &  Home,  and  Carver  <fe  Co.,  of  England 
•^assume  the  title  of  "  Express  Companies"  in  America — who  send  all  their  goods  by  "  ex- 
press," as  it  is  called. 

The  heavy  goods,  to  a  great  extent,  are  consigned  to  the  railway  companies,  who  for- 
ward them  per  "  express  freight"  cars,  which  are  proverbially  slow  in  their  speed,  com- 
paratively— so  much  so,  that  unless  for  very  heavy  articles,  the  great  bulk  of  the  goods 
sent  over  the  country  are  consigned  to  the  care  of  express  companies. 

Some  of  these  companies — in  the  large  cities — partake  of  the  character  of  the  "  parcels 
delivery  company"  of  London,  not  extending  their  operations  out  of  the  city.  Whereas 
the  larger  express  companies  extend  their  business,  by  agencies,  over  the  entire  United 
States  to  California,  as  well  as  throughout  all  Canada. 

With  every  express  train,  they  have  either  half  of  a  car,  or  an  entire  car,  devoted  to 
the  goods  they  are  conveying.  They  send  a  special  messenger  with  each.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  same  car,  is  generally  the  U.  S.  MaU,  under  charge  of  the  mail  guard. 
In  the  express  companies'  portion  of  the  car,  the  messenger  who  has  charge  of  the 
packages,  delivers  them  out  at  their  respective  stations,  and  receives  others  to  forward 
onward.  A  large  and  strong  wooden  box,  and  sometimes  an  iron  safe,  travels  along 
with  him,  in  which  is  deposited  all  letters,  small  and  valuable  packages,  money-parcels, 
etc. 

They  undertake  the  delivery  of  money  and  goods  in  any  portion  of  America  nearly.  If 
you  wish  to  send  $100  in  money,  to  a  man  at  Chicago,  for  example,  you  put  it  in  an  en- 
velope— give  into  the  express  office — and  they  undertake  to  deliver  the  package,  although 
in  their  receipt,  they  do  not  acknowledge  to  have  received  that  amount,  but  merely  a  par- 
cel, "  said  to  contain  such."    There  are  three  or  four  companies  who  absorb  the  greater 


EXPRESS   COMPANIES — WINTER   TIME.  57 

portion  of  the  trade,  and  one  can  scarcely  credit  the  magnitude  of  their  operations.  Great 
as  such  a  concern,  as  Pickford  <fe  Co.'s  is,  in  Britain,  it  actually  becomes  a  second-rate  car- 
r}'ing  concern,  when  compared  with  the  chief  express  carr3-ing  company  here.  One  of 
these  express  companies,  last  October,  opened,  by  contract,  the  great  Pacific  overland  route 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  joining  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  with  San  Francisco 
(California),  an  overland  journey  of  25  days,  with  relays  of  horses  at  every  few  miles, 
and  forcing  a  passage  through  the  Rocky  Mountains,  carrying  mails,  treasure,  goods, 
and  passengers,  not,  however,  without  danger  from  the  troublesome  Indians  on  the 
route.  Next  to  laying  the  ocean  telegraph,  it  is  the  greatest  achievement  which  has 
been  accomplished  for  many  j'ears.  It  is  more  than  probable,  that  all  that  line  of  road, 
will  be  shortly  "  located,"  wherever  found  suitable  for  settlement. 

In  everj'  arrival,  for  example,  from  California,  thousands  of  dollars  in  specie,  notes,  etc., 
are  consigned  to  their  care  by  merchants  and  bankers  there,  for  delivery  to  parties  in  New 
York  and  other  cities  in  the  east,  and  which  is  received  and  paid  over  with  the  greatest 
regularity.  These  companies,  therefore,  engross  a  verj^  large  amount  of  business,  which 
the  railroad  companies  would  have  to  attend  to ;  but,  with  the  express  company,  the  rail- 
road company  has  only  one  account  to  keep,  instead  of  thousands.  In  the  deliverj'  of  goods 
several  hundreds  of  miles  off  not  being  so  expeditious  as  that  experienced  in  Great  Britain, 
the  cause  is  attributable  to  the  transit  over  the  railroads,  and  not  to  the  express  companies, 
as  their  arrangements  for  expediting  the  forwarding  of  goods,  so  far  as  they  are  concerned, 
are  moet  systematic  and  extensive. 

WINTER  IX  AMERICA. 

Residents  in  Great  Britain  are,  we  think,  too  apt  to  fancy  that  the  people  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  with  the  thermometer  at  20  below  zero  sometimes,  must  dress  some- 
thing after  the  fashion  of  Laplanders,  never  be  away  from  the  fireside,  and  such  as  are  to 
be  pitied  in  a  country,  with  nothing  but  fields  of  snow  and  rocks  of  ice  on  every  side. 
To  the  poor  man,  who  has  not  a  sufficiency  of  warm  clothing,  fuel,  and  food,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  that  he  feels  acutely  the  winter  in  all  its  severity ;  and  more  so  than  he  does  in 
Britain.  The  man,  however,  who  can  wrap  himself  well  up  when  he  goes  out,  and  has 
food  and  fuel  enough  to  keep  him  warm  in  doors,  the  winter  presents  to  him  even  greater 
attractions  than  any  other  time  of  the  year. 

SLEIGH  DRIVING. 

TuEN  that  well-known  gentleman,  "  Paterfamilias,"  the  merchant,  rigs  out  his  sleigh  or 
"  cutter,"  as  it  is  called,  which  has  been  idle  for  9  months,  gets  on  the  harness,  with  all  the 
paraphernalia  of  bells,  etc.,  on  his  favourite  "tit,"  yokes  him,  and  with  wife  and  children 
all  seated  cozily  in  their  furs — robes  of  buffalo  skins — and  "  dreadnoughts,"  start  off  for  a 
drive,  with  the  sun  shining  from  a  cloudless  sky  over  their  heads.  The  bracing  air  tells 
upon  man  and  beast,  and  what  with  that,  the  rattling  of  bells,  and  every  one  driving  as 
if  on  the  road  to  the  Derby,  the  scene  on  the  public  streets  is  exciting  beyond  supposition. 
There  goes  Paterfamilias  bowling  along,  with  a  keen  north  wind  blowing  in  his  face,  when 
up  comes  behind  him,  rattling  along  with  another  lot  of  bells — and  in  a  twinkling,  passing 
within  an  inch  of  his  horse's  nose — a  pretty  little  sleigh  drawn  by  a  couple  of  bay  spank- 
ing beauties,  driven  by,  perhaps,  another  in  human  form,  with  a  lady  companion  at 
her  side.  Old  paterfamilias — fond  as  he  is  here  of  a  bit  of  fast  horse  flesh — has  too  lieavy  a 
cargo  on  board,  so  that  he  has  no  chance  with  the  fair  damsels,  whose  occasional  pitching 
up  and  down,  and  skilful  use  of  the  whip  and  ribbands,  go  ringing,  rattling,  and  bounding 
along,  the  "  observed  of  all  observers."  By-and-by,  up  comes  another  pair  of  Morgan 
greys,  slashing  along,  making  the  snow  fly  from  their  heels,  also  driven  by  a  lady,  who, 
with  a  gentleman  at  her  left  side,  are  now  bent  upon  disputing  the  right  of  road — at  all 
events,  as  regards  speed — with  the  two  lady  friends  and  the  bays  before  them.     Now  they 


58  WINTER  TIME  IN  AMERICA. 

are  abreast  of  each  other.  The  horses  understand  -what  is  to  be  up,  so,  -without  many 
words  from  their  foir  drivers,  off  they  set  to  test  their  powers  at  "  2.40"  work — ringing  and 
jolting — witli  the  2  little  bays  stepping  out  to  double-quick  time,  with  a  fair  and  square 
good  English  step,  whilst  the  greys  go  thundering  along,  rolling  about  in  true  "  racker" 
stj-le,  with  their  big  Morgan  heads  nodding  up  and  down  as  they  go.  There  is  a  "  clear 
etage  and  no  favour"  then.  At  it  they  go.  There  the  ladies  sit,  with  a  rein  firmly  held 
in  each  hand ;  they  get  excited,  the  horses  ai-e  at  it  full  swing,  and  thus  they 
bowl  along  till  the  Morgans  prove  rather  strong  and  long  in  the  limbs  for  the  bays,  and, 
after  a  most  exciting  contest,  they  pass  their  gallant  and  pretty  competitors,  and  with 
a  merry  and  graceful  lift  of  the  whip  handle,  by  way  of  salute,  the  lady  drivers  part  com- 
pany, till  some  other  party  drives  up  to  them  with  whom  they  may  renew  the  race. 

In  all  the  excellent  broad  streets  with  which  America  abounds,  lady  drivers,  gent  drivers, 
sleighs  with  1  horse  and  sleighs  with  16  horses,  are  to  be  seen;  and  what  with  hallooing, 
shouting,  ringing  of  bells,  cracking  of  whips,  snowballing  as  they  go,  and,  perhaps,  an  up- 
set now  and  then,  by  way  of  a  change,  who  will  say  that  such  people  are  to  be  pitied  in 
winter  time.  If  they  do  not  indulge  in  Scotia's  "roaring  game,"  they  have,  we  are  bound 
to  think,  all  the  excitement  of  it. 

After  the  drive,  what  with  the  excitement  and  oxygen  they  have  imbibed  from  the  pure 
air,  they  return  home  for  the  day,  with  a  famous  appetite  for  dinner,  and  in  excellent  trim 
for  the  reunion  at  friend  Jones's  in  the  evening. 


WINTER  EVENINGS, 

r 

In  the  winter  evenings,  more  particularly  close  after  New  Years'  Day,  balls  and  par- 
ties, of  one  sort  and  another,  follow  in  quick  succession.  Then  the  dry  goods  importer  is 
careless  about  the  solitary  case  which  has  got  out  by  the  last  steamer,  although  it  should 
not  be  opened  for  a  week  at  least ;  the  agent  for  the  go-ahead  manufacturing  company, 
whose  headquarters  are  at  New  England,  cannot  mend  the  trade,  there  being  no  buyers, 
so  he  is  at  ease  with  himself  and  the  world  in  general ;  the  bank  teller  is  not  harassed 
and  pestered  with  such  lots  of  "  shinplasters"  and  "  uncurrent,"  or  "  broken  bank"  bills  be- 
ing thrust  across  the  counter  to  him ;  the  exchange  broker  can  scarcely  get  a  nibble  of  a 
shave,  however  small — each  and  all  making  short  work  of  their  business  for  the  day ;  and 
as  for  the  captain  of  the  river  or  lake  steamer,  he  has  been  laid  up  for  a  month,  and  will 
be  for  other  2  months,  so  that  all  parties  are  then  inclined — having  little  else  to  do— to  go 
hunting  up  old  friends  and  making  new  ones,  giving  and  accepting  invitations  to  the  nu- 
merous and  pleasant  little  family  meetings,  which  form  so  large  and  so  pleasant  portions 
oi  the  winter  evenings  in  American  society,  where  the  piano,  the  melodeon,  the  guitar,  or 
the  violin  lend  their  assistance  in  one  room,  whilst  the  chessboard,  or  a  game  at  penny 
whist,  or  "  eukre"  is  being  played  in  another,  and  thus,  in  a  round  of  evenings  spent  mer- 
rily and  happily,  do  the  people  pass  the  evenings  inside  the  house,  whilst  the  starry  heavens 
above  proclaim  a  dry  and  rarified  atmosphere,  unknown  almost  in  Great  Britain. 

If  the  winter  is  thus  a  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth  in  the  large  cities,  it  is  doubly  import- 
ant to  the  farmer  and  the  countrj-  store-keepers. 

When  the  country  is  covered  with  snow,  then  the  farmer  loads  his  sleigh,  and  drives 
over  fields  and  roads  in  as  straight  a  line  as  he  can,  the  whole  country  affording  him  a  road 
in  any  direction  where  cleared.  Thus  laden  with  poultry,  and  all  sorts  of  farm  produce, 
he  reaches  the  nearest  town,  and  converts  these  into  cash,  or  barters  them  for  articles  of 
domestic  use,  with  which  he  returns  home  loaded.  By  this  means,  the  whole  country  is 
opened  up,  every  one  finding  a  highway  for  himself.  The  trade  of  the  country  towns  is 
naturally  very  much  increased,  and  then  the  heart  of  the  country  store-keeper  is  light 
wlien  he  is  doing  the  best  part  of  the  whole  year's  trade.  In  some  of  the  more  northerly 
portions  of  Canada  the  winters  are  very  long,  but  all  the  time  the  farmers  are  not  idle,  as 
may  be  supposed,  but  busy  in  burning  brushwood,  and  other  work  they  had  partly  pre- 


WINTER  TIME — AMUSEMEXTS  AND   SPORTS.  59 

pared  during  the  summer  months.  As  the  weather  decreases  in  severity,  and  spring  be- 
gins to  open  up,  then  the  farmer  gets  his  seed  into  the  ground,  as  soon  as  it  is  prepared, 
and  although  that  may  be  far  on  in  the  year,  compared  with  the  seed-time  of  Great  Britain, 
yet  the  seed  is  brought  forward  with  extraordinary  rapidit}-,  arising  from  the  moisture  the 
ground  has  received,  and  the  great  heat  of  the  sun,  which  then  enables  the  farmer  to  turn 
his  attention  to  other  things. 

The  farm  produce  brought  into  towns  in  winter,  in  the  shape  of  poultry,  etc.,  are  all 
frozen  as  hard  as  ice  itself,  and  in  that  condition  they  keep  a  long  time  quite  fresh,  so  that 
large  quantities  of  such  are  brought  in  that  state,  and  kept  in  ice  for  months.  "When  about 
to  be  used,  all  that  is  necessary  is  to  place  them  in  cold  water,  wliich  at  once  reduces  them 
to  a  proper  temperature  for  cooking. 

Winter  time  in  America,  therefore,  is  looked  forward  to,  by  almost  every  one,  with  very 
different  feelings  from  what  many  in  Great  Britain  are  apt  to  suppose. 

In  the  months  of  November  and  December,  generally,  there  is  little  of  that  raw,  damp, 
cold,  muggy  weather,  so  much  experienced  in  all  parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  In- 
stead of  that,  the  sun  beams  forth  in  all  his  splendour,  with,  perhaps,  a  cold  but  dry  and 
pure  atmosphere,  then  termed  the  Indian  summer  part  of  the  year,  a  time  more  enjoyed 
than  any  other  by  strangers  from  Great  Britain. 


AMUSEMENTS  AND   SPORTS. 

If  horse  racing  can  boast  of  being  one  of  England's  greatest  national  sports,  that  of  trot- 
ting matches  with  horses  in  harness,  may  be  said  to  be  one  of  the  great  sports  of  America. 
There  is,  however,  no  great  day  as  a  "  Derby  day"  of  such  interest  as  that  day  is  with 
Englishmen,  when  it  sets  aside  the  more  important  duties  of  business,  and  even  parliament 
itself  True,  the  Americans  have  a  greater  holiday,  because  more  universal,  viz.,  the  cele- 
bration of  Independence  day  (4th  July),  but  that  is  of  a  totaly  different  character,  being 
one  of  jubilee  and  rejoicing. 

Last  j-ear,  the  turf  appeared  to  be  making  a  little  more  headway,  and  the  steam  is  to  be 
tried  to  be  got  up  to  a  point  in  future,  when  the  "  fashion  course"  of  New  York  is  expect- 
ed, some  day,  to  rival  that  of  Doncaster,  Epsom,  or  Goodwood.  A  popular  expressed  wish 
seems  to  be  that  some  English  blood  horses  should  be  brought  over  to  try  their  metal  on 
American  soil,  in  return  for  the  importation  into  England  of  "  Prioress,"  and  her  com- 
patriots, on  the  English  fields  of  horse  racing.  If  the  Americans  cannot  boast  of  such 
races  as  those  of  England,  their  trotting  matches,  and  trotting  horses,  are,  in  our  opinion 
far  ahead  of  any  thing  of  that  kind  in  Groat  Britain. 

To  give  the  British  reader  an  idea  of  how  a  horse  is  yoked,  equipped,  and  driven  in  a 
trotting  match,  we  give  an  illustration  of  one  in  full  swing  at  fully  "  two  forty." 

The  machine  di-awn,  is  built  very  light,  yet  as  strong  as  there  is  occasion  for,  with  seat 
only  sufficient  for  the  driver.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  horse  is  attired  in  a  very  light 
suit  of  harness,  which,  with  the  machine,  or  "  buggy,"  presents  a  very  slim  appearance. 
Those  horses,  generally,  have  a  peculiar  gait,  called  "  racking,"  hence  they  are  called 
"  rackers,"  or  "  pacing  horses."  The  "  racking,"  or  trotting  motion  of  the  horse,  is  not  the 
throwing  of  the  body  and  legs  of  the  animal  straightforward,  but  a  sort  of  rolling  about 
motion,  and,  when  going  slowly,  partakes  of  the  appearance  of  a  fast  walk  and  a  slow  trot 
combined.  It  is  a  peculiar  motion,  and  not  a  handsome  action  of  the  horse,  according  to 
our  ideas.  On  the  saddle,  however,  we  are  told  that  the  motion  is  particularly  easy  for 
the  rider,  and  that  many  lady  equestrians  prefer  a  good  "  pacer,"  or  "  racker,"  to  any  oUier 
sort  of  horse,  on  that  account. 

It  is  the  ambition  of  many  who  keep  horses,  to  be  able  to  boast  of  how  few  minutes 
they  will  take  to  trot  one  mile.  Those  who  can  trot  1  mile  in  2  minutes  and  40  seconds 
are  considered  up  to  the  mark  as  "  fast"  horses.  From  this  has  arisen  the  common  remark 
of  "  2.40,"  when  applied  to  any  thing  which  is  done  fast.     Thus  they  have  2.40  men,  2.40 


H 

O 

O 


P 
H 

P3 

w 

o 

o 

-=1 


TROTTING  MATCHES — BILLIARDS  AXD   CHESS.  61 

women,  2.40  steamboats,  2.40  workmen,  same  as  there  are  2.40  horses,  and  if  we  can  be- 
lieve one  common  idea  in  England,  it  is  that  all  America,  every  thing  in  it,  and  which  is 
done  in  it,  is  2.40. 

These  trotting  matches,  general!}',  consist  of  matches  of  one,  two,  or  four  horses,  and  are  just 
as  exciting  to  the  American,  as  a  horse  race,  when  ridden  by  jockies,  is  to  an  Englishman. 
The  time  for  trotting  is  sometimes  2.31,  and  2.32  for  1  mile. 

The  breed  of  horses  considered  the  best  trotters,  are  called  the  Morgan  breed,  with  big, 
unseemly  heads;  and  are  large-boned,  and  long-limbed  horses.  They  trot  along  at  a  fear- 
fid  pace,  and  as  they  pass,  you  are  apt  to  expect  to  see  the  whole  machine  fly  into  a  thou- 
sand pieces ;  but  no,  it  whirls  along  over  the  ground,  as  if  it  was  a  feather  at  the  tail  of 
the  horse,  the  driver  seeming  to  sit  on  nothing.  To  our  ideas  of  driving  the  driver 
will  be  seen  holding  his  arms  very  far  out,  and  much  further  than  English  drivers,  we 
think,  are  accustomed  to  do,  but  we  understand  it  is  for  the  purpose  of  giving  them  as 
much  "  purchase,"  or  power  over  the  horse — some  of  the  Morgan  horses  being  very  "hard 
in  the  mouth,"  and  strong  in  the  head  to  guide — when  they  get  excited  in  the  game  they 
are  playing.  As  drivers,  we  should  be  inclined  to  say,  the  Americans,  as  a  people,  have 
no  superior,  if  any  equal,  in  the  world.  Wlien  little  boys,  and  able  to  hold  the  reins,  they 
will  be  seen  stuck  in  between  the  knees  of  the  parent,  and  driving  along  with  great  ex- 
pertness,  until  they  will  be  met  with  alone,  or,  perhaps,  two  together  in  a  buggy,  and  try- 
ing the  metal  of  their  horse  at  "  two  forty"  work,  with  all  the  relish  and  skill  of  men,  and 
thus,  in  time,  become  excellent  hands  at  handling  the  reins. 

Many  ladies  drive  regularly,  and  in  Cleveland,  and  some  of  the  western  cities,  we  saw 
some  excellent  "  whips"  amongst  them. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  in  some  cities  of  America,  horse  exercise  is  a  good  deal  adopt- 
ed by  ladies,  and  in  one  part  of  the  country  a  lady  teacher  advertises  as  engaged  in  giving 
lessons,  with  many  excellent  reasons  whj-  it  should  be  more  practised  by  ladies  than  it  is. 

Cricket  is  not  engaged  so  much  in  as  in  England,  but  "  base-ball "  and  "  quoits"  are  very 
much  played. 

The  great  pastimes — as  games  or  amusements — however,  are  in-doors,  and  those  are  the  sci- 
entific games  of  billiards  and  chess,  but  more  particularlj'  the  former. 

Large  as  some  of  the  billiard  rooms  in  London  are,  they  are  only  a  few  in  number  com- 
paratively, which  are  fitted  up  in  that  style  of  magnificence  which  characterize  the  bil- 
liard rooms  of  such  as  Xew  York,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  and  Buffalo.  In  these  cities, 
the  number  of  billiard  tables  is  almost  incredible.  At  night,  the  lager  beer  saloons  of  the 
Germans  are  filled  by  men  playing — and  few  there  are  but  what  has  its  billiard  table 
— even  the  very  meanest-looking  places  have  one.  It  is  the  great  game  with  the  German 
people,  and  hence  its  great  enjoyment  with  them.  In  billiard  rooms  in  Cincinnati  we  have 
counted  16,  18,  and  20  tables  in  one  establishment,  whilst  the  billiard  rooms  of  the  cele- 
brated player — M.  Phelan,  in  New  York — are  fitted  up  with  30  magnificent  tables,  all  of 
the  manufacture  of  O'Connor  &  Collinder,  the  largest  billiard  table  makers  in  America. 
Mr.  Phelan's  rooms  night  after  night,  are  thronged  with  gentlemen  enjoying  this  game. 
Markers  and  attendants  wait  on  each  table,  and  altogether  it  appears  an  exceedingly  well- 
conducted  establishment.  In  America,  the  plaj-ing  of  billiards  is  rendered  more  respecta- 
ble than  it  is  in  England.  If  it  is  riglit  for  billiards  to  be  played  in  hotels  and  club-houses, 
and  there  conducted  respectably — the  game  has  extended  itself  amongst  the  people,  and 
forms  one  of  the  greatest  enjoyments  of  citj'  life  after  business  hours — and  from  all  we  could 
see  and  hear  of  it,  throughout  the  countrj-,  it  is  conducted  as  one  of  the  respectable  and 
healthy  recreations  of  the  people — but,  of  course,  like  ever}-  thing  else,  liable  to  abuse. 
There  is  not  a  young  man  scarcely  to  be  met  with,  but  who  understands  the  game,  and  who 
can  play  at  billiards.  The  apartments  of  billiard  rooms  are  generally  large  rooms  or  halls 
— well  ventilated  and  comfortably  fitted  up,  both  for  the  looker  on  and  the  plaj'er. 

In  the  autumn,  or  "  fall,"  must  be  mentioned  the  "  target  excursions,"  as  they  may  be 
termed — although  an  amusement  of  a  decidedly  practical  character.  From  about  the  com- 
mencement of  October,  up  till  the  end  of  November,  never  a  day  passes  almost  but  what 


62 


DEGENERACY   OF   THE   AMERICAN   PEOPLE. 


a  small  regiment  of  the  employees  of  some  large  manufacturing  or  commercial  establish- 
ment will  be  seen  parading  through  the  streets  in  military  unifoi'm,  on  their  way  to  some 
part  of  the  suburbs — preceded  by  an  excellent  brass  band,  with  invariably  a  coloured 
attendant  carrying  the  target  in  the  rear,  and  the  invited  guests  carrying  the  gold  or  silver 
articles  as  prizes,  which  are  to  be  shot  for — those  going  nearest  the  bull's  eye  obtaining 
prizes  respectively  for  their  skill.  Parties  of  this  sort,  are  to  be  seen  numbering  from  fifty 
to  hundreds,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  establishment  or  association.  In  genera],  they 
are  all  neatl}"  dressed  in  uniform,  and  with  their  muskets — with  fixed  bayonets,  shoulder 
high,  present  a  decidedly  military  appearance.  Previous,  however,  to  their^  going  out  on 
such  excursions,  they  are  regularly  drilled  in  the  use  of  fire-arms  by  a  military  official,  and 
the  target  excursion  may  be  said  to  be  the  review  day — when  each  is  called  upon  to  attest 
his  proficiencj'  in  the  art  of  handling  a  musket,  and  in  being  a  good  marksman.  They 
start  off  in  the  morning  and  spend  the  day  in  this  manner,  dine  at  some  appointed  house, 
where  dinner  has  been  prepared  for  them,  and  return  home  in  the  evening. 

In  this  way  are  the  great  majority  of  the  male  population  proficient,  to  a  certain  extent, 
in  the  art  of  war — so  that  in  case  of  emergency,  an  immense  force  of  citizen  soldiery  can 
be  calculated  upon. 

THE   DEGENEEACY  OF  THE  AMEPJOAi^  PEOPLE. 

Amongst  the  many  popular  errors  entertained  in  Great  Britain  respecting  America  and 
the  American  people,  we  find  we  must  include  that  which  has  been  promulgated  in  certain 
quarters,  as  to  the  decay  or  degeneracy  of  tlie  Americans,  in  their  physical  strength  and 
condition  as  a  people.  We  confess  that  until  we  had  visited  the  country,  we  were  some- 
what of  a  similar  opinion.  From  what  we  liave  seen  of  the  people,  however,  over  a  wide 
extent  of  countiy,  we  are  led  to  a  different  conclusion. 

We  think  the  error  has  crept  into  British  minds  from  the  fact,  that  almost  the  only  op- 
portunity they  have  of  judging  of  the  American  people,  is  from  what  they  see  of  them  in 
the  samples  of  Americans  who  visit  Great  Britain — as  merchants,  bankers,  dr\-  goods  or 
hardware  storekeepers — as  buyers  or  sellers.  There  is  no  other  opportunity  of  judging  of 
them  otherwise,  excepting  by  coming  over  and  travelling  through  different  districts  of  the 
country.  To  take,  therefore,  the  sample  of  Americans  from  the  close,  confined  counting- 
houses  of  New  York  or  Boston,  as  fair  samples  of  a  whole  people,  covering  such  a  conti- 
nent as  this,  is,  we  think,  hasty  and  erroneous.  As  well,  in  our  opinion,  may  we  take  the 
people  of  such  as  Hampshire,  in  the  south  of  England,  and  declare  that  they  are  fair  sam- 
ples of  the  British  people — when  the  size  of  their  heads  and  breadth  between  their  shoul- 
ders has  only  to  be  compared  with  those  of  the  natives  of  Aberdeenshire,  (Scotland,)  or  as 
a  whole,  with  the  stalwart  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  or  the  natives  of  Cumberland,  (Eng.) 
to  see  the  difference. 

Just  as  well,  also,  may  we  say  that  the  hard-worked  entrj'-desk  clerk  in  a  dry-goods 
warehouse  in  Wood  street,  or  a  banker's  clerk  in  Lombard  street,  London,  with  their 
bleached  faces  aud  slender  forms,  are  fair  samples  of,  and  the  very  personification  of  John 
Bull  himself. 

We  cannot  take,  therefore,  the  commercial  classes  of  the  New  England  States  or  New  York, 
and  say  that  they  are  fair  samples  of  the  American  people — whilst  it  is  well  known  that 
tlie  tall,  big-boned  native  of  Kentucky  exhibits  as  great  a  difference  from  such,  as  there  is 
in  the  cases  we  have  cited  as  regards  the  British.  If  we  are  to  take  the  descendants  of  Eu- 
ropeans as  comprising  the  population  of  America — and  we  cannot  do  otherwise,  as  we  are 
not  treating  of  the  aborigines  of  America — we  ask,  do  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the 
children  of  Germans,  who  form  so  large  a  portion  of  the  population  of  America,  look  like 
a  people  running  to  decay  ?  Or,  again,  do  the  hardy  sons  of  Scotland,  scattered  all  over 
America  and  Canada,  bear  out  the  truth  of  such  a  conclusion  ?  We  are  aware  that  there 
are  local  causes — such  as  fever  and  ague — and  that  the  extreme  heat  and  cold  has  an  ener- 
vating effect  for  a  time  on  the  constitution ;  but  with  proper  care,  and  avoiding  the  causes 


DEGENERACY   OF  THE   AMERICAN   PEOPLE.  63 

of  such  local  diseases,  the  constitution  of  the  European  stands  as  healthy  now,  under  the 
purer  atmosphere  of  America,  than  ever  it  did  amid,  we  think,  the  still  more  trying  cli- 
mate of  Great  Britain,  when  taken  as  a  whole. 

We  may  be  met  with  the  remark,  that  the  American  people  do  not  look  so  fresh  and 
healthy-looking,  and  so  fat  as  those  who  enjoy  the  roast  beef  of  old  England,  Avitli  their 
"  stout"  and  beer  after  dinner  to  their  hearts'  content. 

All  we  can  say  is,  that  both  in  Canada,  and  the  northern  and  western  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, we  have  found  as  fresh  and  healthy-looking,  and  as  strong  men  as  ever  we  met  in  Bri- 
tain. We  will  admit,  however,  that  the  rosy  colour  on  the  cheek  is  not  to  be  seen  to  such 
an  extent  in  America  as  in  the  country  districts  of  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  nor  that  the 
people,  as  a  whole,  are  so  fat  and  stout-looking.  But  in  reality,  that  does  not  matter  so 
much  of  itself.  What  is  wanted  to  constitute  health  and  strength,  is  not  by  eating  enor- 
mously, and  drinking  porter,  and  being  fat.  What  is  wanted  in  a  people  is  bone  and  mus- 
cle, and  we  feel  convinced  that  more  muscle  and  real  strength,  and  health,  also,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  wiry  frames  of  the  modci'atolj'  fat — or  even  in  the  thin  timbers  of  an  active 
and  healthy  constitution — than  in  the  extraordinary  fat  individual,  as  we  presume  it  will 
be  admitted,  that  fat  forms  a  very  small  part  in  constituting  the  strength  or  enduring  quali- 
ties of  anj'  animal,  but  rather  an  impediment  to  healthy  action.  If  pi'oof  is  needed  of  our 
remarks,  we  refer  no  further  tlian  to  the  agility  and  strength,  and  health  of  the  North 
American  Indian  hunters,  who,  to  look  at  them  closely,  show  none  of  that  superabundant 
fat,  or  size,  we  are  apt  to  give  them  credit  for,  and  yet  we  will  be  bound  to  say,  that  for 
enduring  fatigue — half  shattered  as  their  constitutions  have  been  during  many  years  with 
the  whisky  of  the  white  man — they  will  equal  any  average  samples  of  British  strength. 
We  may  here  observe,  that  having  had  an  opportunity  of  meeting  with  about  40  repre- 
sentatives, or  chiefs  of  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  last  summer,  on  their  way  from 
Washington  to  their  territories  beyond  Minnesota,  we  remarked,  particularly,  the  small 
but  nimble  foot  and  leg  of  these  men,  some  of  them  over  60  years  of  age,  but  moving 
along  with  all  the  agility  of  men  of  20  or  80  years  of  age.  They  were,  one  and  all,  liter- 
ally skin,  muscle  and  bone,  and  in  that  respect,  rather  upset  our  previous  notions  of  what 
we  expected  to  find  amongst  them. 

The  great  mistake,  we  think,  seems  to  be,  that  Americans  are  looked  upon  as  weak  in 
constitution  and  strength,  simply  because  they  are  not  so  blown  up,  and  of  such  portly  di- 
mensions as  John  Bull  and  his  associates  are  represented  to  be.  But  if  expertncss,  or 
agility  and  strength,  are  the  essentials  required,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  as 
great  an  amount  of  these  qualities  will  be  found  throughout  America,  as  a  whole,  as  in 
any  part,  either  of  Great  Britain,  or  probably,  in  the  world. 

Looking  at  the  matter  in  the  aggregate,  therefore,  we  think  that  the  very  fact  of  what 
has  been  done  in  the  country — the  immense  strides  it  has  made,  with  comparatively  little 
money  at  command — the  extensive  tracts  of  forest  converted  into  fields  of  waving  grain, 
or  pasture — the  enormous  cities  they  have  reared — the  roads  tliey  have  made — and  in  com- 
paratively so  short  a  period,  speaks  volumes  for  tlic  phj'sical  energy  of  the  people. 

It  may  be  that  the  brains  of  commercial  men  in  America,  are  overworked,  perhaps, 
more  than  they  are  in  London,  for  instance — although  we  doubt  it — and  that  they  suft'. 
physically,  in  consequence ;  but  it  is  follj',  we  think,  therefore,  to  say,  that  tlie  whole  peo- 
ple of  America  are  degenerating,  simplj^  because  a  few  merchants  in  their  hurry  to  get 
rich,  fritter  away  body  as  well  as  mind  in  the  operation. 

Whoever  sees  an  American  thoroughly  alive  at  his  business,  and  having  manual  labour 
to  perform,  whether  that  is  packing  a  bale  of  goods,  chopping  down  a  tree,  swinging  a 
tilt  hammer  overhead,  or,  above  all,  going  to  a  fire,  or  working  a  fire-engine,  will  see  nei- 
ther the  want  of  will,  nor  want  of  power  to  do  it.  If  he  can  invent  a  niachliie  to  do  it 
for  him,  he  will  do  so  fast  enough,  and  quite  right,  too,  to  make  machinery  work  as  much 
as  possible  for  him. 

As  connected  with  this  subject  in  some  degree,  we  would  refer  to  the  excellent  practice 
kept  up  by  many  of  the  Scotch  portion  of  the  population  in  keeping  up  their  national 


Qi  DECLARATION  OF  INTENTIONS. 

games  wherever  practicable,  and  whoever  witnessed  the  Scottish  games  held  iu  Jones's 
wood,  New  York,  last  September,  will  say,  they  never  saw  the  "  caber  tossed"  or  the 
"  Highland  fling"  danced,  or  the  "  putting  of  the  stone,"  executed  with  greater  agility  or 
strength  on  the  sides  of  Kinloch  Raunoch,  or  even  Braemai". 

It  may  be  that  in  out-door  sports  the  Americans  would  be  all  the  better,  if  they  had 
even  more  holidays  than  they  have,  where  games  and  gymnastic  exercises  were  encour- 
aged and  indulged  in,  so  as  to  improve  their  physical  strength.  In  that  respect,  however, 
we  believe  they  are  quite  alive  to  the  importance  of  such. 


DECLARATIOJT   OF  INTENTIONS. 

The  emigrant  who  arrives  in  the  United  States  with  the  view  of  becoming  a  permanent 
settler,  and  who  wishes  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  native-born  citizens,  must  go  through 
the  form  of  what  is  called  the  "  Declaration  of  Intentions,"  as  well  as  be  a  resident  in  the 
country  for  5  years.  The  law  requires  such,  before  a  vote  at  elections  is  extended  to  for- 
eigners— and  also  to  entitle  them  to  bequeath  real  estate  property.  The  intention  to  be- 
come a  citizen  must  be  notified  at  least  2  years  before  the  naturalization  papei's  are  ob- 
tained, or,  in  fact,  before  the  applicant  becomes  a  naturalized  citizen. 

The  declaration  of  such  intentions  can  be  made  before  any  state  court,  being  a  court  of 
record,  and  having  a  seal  and  clerk,  and  common  law  jurisdiction  ;  before  a  circuit  court, 
or  district  court  of  the  United  States ;  or  before  a  clerk  of  either  of  these  courts. 

In  New  York,  the  ofiice  for  declaration  of  intentions  is  situated  in  the  City  Hall,  at  the 
public  park.  On  going  there,  the  emigrant  will  see  a  board  up  with  "  Naturalization  Of- 
fice" painted  upon  it.  On  entering  the  office,  and  stating  that  he  wishes  to  declare  his  inten- 
tions, he  is  asked  where  he  comes  from,  his  name,  age,  etc.  All  such  particulars  are  en- 
tered in  a  book,  which  states  that  on  a  particular  day  he  has  declared  his  intentions  of  be- 
coming a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  That  book,  with  such  declaration,  is  handed  to  the 
applicant  to  sign.  That  being  done,  the  clerk  makes  out  a  document,  of  which  we  give  a 
copy,  so  that  parties  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  may  be  aware  of  the  tenns  upon 
which  they  are  to  expect  the  privilege  they  ask  for. 

The  document  referred  to  reads  thus : — 

(Copy.) 
STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

In  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  for  the  City  and  County  of  New  York  : 

I,  A.  B.,  do  declare  on  oath,  that  it  is  bona  fide  my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  do  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince, 
potentate,  state,  or  sovereignty  whatever,  particularly  to  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  of  whom  I  am  a  subject. 

Sworn  this day  of month,  185 — . 

[Signed,]     A.  B. 

Signed  by  C.  D.,  clerk,  in  the  clerk's  oflSce,  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  for  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York. 

I  certify  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  copy  of  an  original  Declaration  of  Intention  remain- 
ing of  record  in  my  office. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and  affixed  the  seal  of  said 
court,  this day  of month,  185 — . 

Signed  here  by    C.  D.,  Clerk  aforesaid. 

Previous  to  obtaining  the  above  document,  the  applicant  has  to  pay  the  fee  of  25  cents. 
After  the  five  years  has  elapsed  from  the  day  of  the  applicant's  arrival  in  the  country 


DECLARATION  OF   INTENTIONS.  65 

and  presuming  lie  has  declared  his  intentions  iu  due  form  as  stated,  he  must  prove  by  the 
oath  of  two  citizens  of  the  United  States,  that  he  has  been  resident  for  iive  j'ears,  and  one 
year  within  the  State  where  the  court  is  held,  before  he  gets  his  naturalization  papers. 
We  quote  the  following  as  what  appears  to  be  the  law  on  the  subject: — 

"If  he  have  been  a  minor,  and  shall  have  resided  in  the  United  States  for  three  years 
next  before  attaining  his  majority,  he  may  be  admitted  without  such  declaration,  on  prov- 
ing by  two  witnesses  that  he  has  resided  five  years  in  the  United  States,  three  as  a  minor 
and  two  since  he  became  of  age,  making  the  declaration  of  his  intention  at  the  time  of  his 
admission,  and  declaring  on  oath,  and  proving  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  for 
three  years  next  preceding  it  has  been  liis  bona  fide  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

"Tlie  alien's  country  must,  at- the  time  of  his  admission,  be  at  peace  with  the  United 
States. 

"  If  an  alien  die  after  having  made  his  declaration  of  intention,  and  before  his  admission, 
his  widow  and  children  are  citizens. 

"  The  minor  cliildren  of  any  one  duly  naturalized,  if  dwelling  in  the  United  States,  are 
citizens. 

"  A  foreign  married  woman  cannot  hold  property  in  her  own  name,  unless  she  be  natural- 
ized, though  she  may  after  naturalization  hold  it  separate  and  distinct  from  her  husband." 

The  fee  for  obtaining  the  "  naturalization  papers"  is  50  cents,  75  cents,  or  $1  (2s.  3.s.  or  4.<!.) 
according  to  the  style  of  the  getting  up  of  the  document,  and  ornamental  printing  of  said 
papers. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  reason  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  such  a  law,  before  a 
foreigner  could  hold  a  legal  title  to  real  estate,  we  should  suppose  that  the  sooner  it  is 
■wiped  from  off  the  statute  book  of  the  United  States  the  better,  as,  so  long  as  it  exists  as 
it  is,  it  presents  no  additional  inducement  for  settlers  to  become  purchasers  of  real  estate 
in  the  country,  whilst  they  are  not  placed  on  a  footing  of  equality  with  other  purchasers, 
simply  because  they  happen  not  to  have  been  5  years  in  the  country. 

We  have  no  doubt  this  law  will  be  repealed  ere  long.  In  fact,  the  subject  is  beginning 
to  be  "  ventilated,"  from  an  article  we  observed  ii^  the  New  York  Daily  Times  of  IStli  Sep- 
tember last,  in  which  the  editor  says : — 

"  Tlie  statutes  in  question  are  not  required  bj'  any  considerations  of  public  utility,  and 
are  founded  upon  the  obsolete  maxims  of  a  by-gone  age.  Why  should  it  be  necessary  that 
an  alien  should  file  with  the  Secretary  of  State  a  declaration  of  his  intention  to  be  natu- 
ralized, before  lie  can  be  authorized  to  take  and  hold  real  estate  ?  Until  such  declaration 
is  filed,  he  cannot  take  title  to  real  property,  either  by  purcliase  or  by  will.  Any  devise 
to  such  alien  is  void,  and  the  property  passes  to  the  heirs-at-law.  Now  all  such  provisions 
are  entirely  uncalled  for.  They  cause  trouble,  and,  in  some  cases,  defeat  the  intentions  of 
testators.  The  general  policy  of  our  law  is  to  make  the  acquisition  of  property  open  and 
full.  If  there  is  danger  to  our  institutions  from  foreigners  amoncrst  us,  that  danger  is  cer- 
tainly lessened,  and  not  increased,  by  their  becoming  interested  in  the  soil.  We  trust  the 
legislature,  at  its  next  session,  may  find  time  to  consider  this  subject." 


66  AMERICAN  HOUSES,   AND  MODES  OF  LIVING. 


AMERICAN  HOUSES. 

The  interior  of  the  houses  in  the  United  States  resemble,  in  many  respects,  the  neat, 
clean,  and  tidy  appeai-ance  of  a  well-regulated  English  house. 

The  houses  of  the  upper  classes  are  furnished  in  a  style  of  great  magnificence,  particu- 
larly as  regards  furniture — it  being  universally  much  cheaper  here  than  in  Great  Britain. 

All  the  rooms  are,  generally  speaking,  very  lofty,  and  airj'-.  Tlie  dining-room  of 
the  Americans  is  generally  on  the  basement  floor  of  the  house,  on  a  level  with  the 
kitchen.  When  the  meals  are  announced  as  all  ready  and  on  the  table,  the  family  retire 
down  stairs  to  the  dining-room — generally  a  plainlj-  furnished  apartment,  compared  with 
the  other  rooms  up-stairs.  After  meals  they  retire  at  once  up-stairs,  and  use  the  sitting- 
room,  parlour,  or  drawing-room  and  librarj',  as  they  feel  inclined.  It  is  the  same  after 
every  meal.  In  very  small  houses,  even,  the  inmates  take  their  meals,  generallj',  on  the 
ground-floor  also,  and  sit  in  a  room  up-stairs.  By  this  means,  all  waiting  until  tables  are 
"  covered,"  "  set,"  or  "  removed,"  is  avoided,  besides  being  much  more  convenient  for  ser- 
vants, in  having  no  meals  and  dishes  to  carry  up  and  down  stairs. 

The  meals  generally  consist  very  much  of  the  same  dishes  and  viands  as  in  Great  Britain, 
with  a  few  variations  in  the  article  of  fish,  and  additions  in  vegetables  and  bread,  unknown 
in  Great  Britain,  for  example  : — 

At  breakfast  and  supper  the  Indian  corn  forms  an  excellent  and  favourite  bread,  like 
sponge  cake  in  appearance,  is  very  substantial,  and  allowed  to  be  nutritious.  It  is  also 
baked  into  "pancakes" — called  "Indian  corn  cakes" — which,  with  the  "Buckwheat  cakes" 
baked  in  the  same  manner,  are  evidently  enjoyed,  from  the  enoi'mous  consumption  there  is 
of  them,  at  all  breakfast  and  tea-tables,  as  they  are  served  up,  plate  after  plate,  piping  hot 
They  are  used  along  with  butter  and  golden  syrup,  and  are  baked  as  light  as  possible.  A 
breakfast  or  tea-table  here,  is  considered  quite  as  incomplete  without  its  buckwheat,  or  In- 
dian corn  cakes,  as  a  Scotch  tea-table  would  be,  without  its  jams,  jellies,  or  marmalade. 

There  are  only  three  meals  a  day — breakfast,  about  7  to  8,  a.  m.  ;  dinner,  12,  to  1,  p.  m.  ; 
and  tea,  (or  supper,  as  it  is  called,)  from  6  to  7,  p.  m.  See  our  notice  of  hotels  in  America, 
for  an  idea  what  breakfast  and  supper  consist  of,  which  is  a  fair  sample  of  an  American 
table  generally. 

As  we  have  stated  elsewhere,  the  almost  invariable  beverage  appears  to  be  cold  water, 
with  the  addition  of  tea  or  cofl"ee  being  supplied  at  dinner,  in  the  great  majority  of  private 
houses. 

From  the  abundance  of  various  descriptions  of  fruits,  the  desserts,  at  the  humblest  dinner- 
tables,  are  such  as  are  unknown  in  Great  Britain,  excepting  at  the  dinner-tables  of  the 
wealthy  classes.  Even  at  the  tables  of  the  working  classes  here,  we  have  seen  magnificent 
apples,  peaches,  grapes,  watermelons,  muskraelons,  etc.,  which  are  had  most  seasons,  com- 
paratively speaking,  for  nothing ;  whilst  the  cranberries,  whortleberries,  pumpkins,  bram- 
bleberries,  blackberries,  currants,  citrons,  etc.,  aff"ord  excellent  material,  and  assist  to  make 
up  the  immense  variety  of  pies  which  are  to  be  seen  on  every  dinner  and  supper-table. 
.  We  may  here  remark,  that,  in  other  respects,  the  tables  of  the  working  classes,  as  a  gen- 
eral rule,  are  furnished  in  a  manner  enjoyed  only  by  the  very  best  paid  workmen  in  Great 
Britain. 

In  the  country  towns,  almost  all  classes  own  the  houses  they  reside  in,  it  being  the  ambi- 
tion of  every  working-man  even,  to  have  a  house  he  can  literally  call  his  own,  and  where, 
with  a  piece  of  ground  attached,  he  can  raise  his  own  vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowers.  For 
that  reason,  one  does  not  hear  rods  spoken  about,  so  much  in  America  as  in  Great  Britain. 

The  houses,  for  the  most  part,  excepting  in  the  large  cities,  are  built  of  wood,  and  al- 
though to  a  stranger,  accustomed  to  see  the  substantial  stone  houses  in  Scotland,  or  brick 
houses  in  England,  the  wooden  houses  may  not  ajipear  so  comfortable,  yet  they  can  be 
made  equally  as  comfortable  as  any  stone  house. 

The  almost  universal  fuel  in  America,  is  wood.     Parties  supply  wood  as  they  do  coalg, 


AMERICAN   HOUSES,    AXD   HOUSEHOLD  AFFAIRS.  67 

It  is  supplied  generally  in  logs — cut  up— but  requiring  a  man  to  chop  it  up  into  the  proper 
length  for  use  in  the  almost  universal  fire-place — the  stove — which  article  acts  the  part  of 
a  kitchen-range  as  well,  in  very  compact  form,  as  with  it  you  can  bake,  boil,  roast,  and 
stew,  all  at  one  time.   Stoves  are  made  all  sizes,  and  sold  with  cooking-dislios,  etc.,  complete. 

In  some  of  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  as  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  coal  is 
used  to  a  large  extent,  and  is  increasing  every  year  in  consumption.  It  is  of  a  very  hard, 
brittle  nature,  and  comes  chiefly  from  Pennsylvania.  There  is  no  smoke  from  this  descrip- 
tion of  coal,  nor  almost  any  from  the  wood  used — so  that  it  is  one  of  the  things  which 
strikes  the  stranger,  on  visiting  American  cities,  to  find  the  atmosphere  of  all  as  clear  and 
pure  as  if  there  were  not  a  fire  burning  in  a  single  house.  Rather  a  difference  this,  from 
the  murky  atmosphere  of  such  as  Sheffield,  Birmingham,  London,  Manchester,  and  Glas- 
gow, with  an  additional  supply  of  "blacks,"  which  now  and  then  ornament  the  faces,  or 
shirt  fronts  of  the  people,  as  they  walk  along  the  streets ! 

We  may  mention,  that  in  New  York,  the  Scotch  system  of  building  houses  in  floors,  or 
"flats,"  with  one  and  sometimes  two  families  living  on  each  floor,  is  carried  out  to  a  small 
extent.  Such  "  lands"  are  filled,  for  the  most  part,  with  Germans  and  Irish — the  Scotch 
people  appearing  to  prefer  the  small,  "  self-contained"  house,  where  they  can  procure  them. 
The  pressure  of  the  times,  during  the  last  18  months,  has  compelled  many  to  divide  their 
houses,  by  sub-letting  the  upper  poi'tion  of  them,  either  furnished  or  unfurnished.  In  this 
way,  there  are  hundreds  of  cases  in  New  York,  where  one  house  contains  two  families, 
which  was  tenanted  by  only  one  family  previous  to  the  panic  of  1857. 

Regarding  the  performance  of  household  duties,  we  find  that  amongst  the  families  of  the 
mercantile  classes  the  daughters  of  a  family  are  brought  up  to  understand  wliat  household 
work  is,  and  also  how  to  do  it ;  in  fact  they  are  necessitated  to  do  it,  as  that  "  greatest 
plague  in  life,"  a  servant,  here,  is  not  always  the  speedj',  cleanly,  and  bidable  gentlewoman 
to  be  found  in  England  or  Scotland.  There  is  so  much  ignorance  and  unbecoming  habits 
on  the  part  of  the  vast  proportion  of  imported  servants,  that  families  are  obliged  to  be  able 
to  assist  themselves  when  left  in  the  lurch  by  any  sudden  whim  of  temper  or  taste  on  the 
part  of  their  "  help." 

We  find  that  the  American  ladies  are  not  only  good,  but  quick  workers,  throwing  all 
that  nervous  energy  of  character  they  are  possessed  of  into  their  work,  to  get  done  with  it 
as  speedilj'  as  possible ;  so  that  whether  it  be  at  sweeping  out  a  room,  squaring  up  a  bed- 
room, or  cooking  a  meal,  we  have  found  them  "  smart"  at  their  work.  It  is  not  in  the 
nature  of  an  American  lady,  no  more  than  it  is  in  an  American  gentleman,  to  do  any  thing 
slow.  No  doubt,  American  ladies  can  take  their  ease,  and  enjoy  a  rest  on  a  sofa,  or  on  one 
of  their  eas}-  rocking  chairs — particularly  on  a  hot  day,  with  the  mercury  100°  in  the 
shade — as  well  as  any  other  lady.  Again,  in  the  matter  of  earlj-  rising,  the  American 
ladies,  in  our  opinion,  put  many  British  ladies  completely  to  the  blush,  in  that  respect 
What  would  some  of  our  English  or  Scotch  ladies  think  of  getting  up  at  4  or  5,  a.  m.,  in 
the  summer  season,  and  going  to  mark(^  then  ?  This  is  necessary  botli  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  as,  if  delayed  much  longer,  there  would  be  no  butcher's  meat  to  be  had  long 
after  these  hours.  As  we  have  said,  in  the  families  of  merchants,  manufacturers,  etc.,  the 
daughters  are  taught  to  work  in  good  earnest,  and  some  of  the  little  girls  of  8  and  10  years 
old  will  be  found  quite  as  smart  as  the  boys  of  those  years  are  generally  acknowledged 
to  be. 

Ladies  who  board  at  hotels  are,  perhaps,  the  only  exception  to  what  we  have  stated. 
The  lady  who  is  a  permanent  boarder  at  a  hotel  has,  of  course,  nothing  to  do  with  the  cares 
and  work  of  housekeeping,  but,  ten  chances  to  one,  if  even  she  does  not  know  how  tilings 
ought  to  be  done,  although  she  is  not  obliged  to  do  them. 

All  families  try  to  do  with  as  few  servants  as  possible,  preferring,  in  many  cases,  to  do 
without  extra  assistance,  rather  than  pay  high  wages  for  very  indifferent  and  troublesome 
"  help." 

We  may  here  mention  that  many  American  ladies  are  to  be  found  engaged  in  business, 
such  as  the  medical  and  literary  professions,  more  particularly  in  connection  with  the 


68 


EXPENSES   OF   HOUSEKEEPING. 


provincial  newspaper  press,  as  -wel]  as  writing  for  magazines,  periodicals,  etc.,  whilst  the 
daughters  in  most  respectable  families  are  to  be  found  engaged  at  particular  descriptions 
of  work  at  home,  for  stores,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  be  all  the  more  independent  of  assist- 
ance from  their  parents  in  paying  for  the  superior  style  and  excellence  of  the  dresses  they 
American  ladies  will  and  do  dress  well,  and,  to  enable  them  to  do  so,  work  hard 


wear. 


rather  than  appear  in  any  thing  approaching  to  "  shabby  genteel." 


EXPEl^SES   OF  HOUSEKEEPING. 

Regarding  the  cost  of  living  or  housekeeping,  it  much  depends  upon  the  locality  and  the 
knowledge  of  individuals  what  the  expenses  are. 

In  country  districts,  where  parties  raise  their  own  butter,  milk,  eggs,  pork,  wheat,  vege- 
tables, fruits,  etc.,  of  course  the  expenses  are  infinitely  lower  than  in  the  large  cities. 

Taking  New  York  as  the  most  expensive  standard,  we  may  safely  affirm  that,  taking  every 
thing  into  consideration,  living  is  not  more  expensive  than  it  is  in  Loudon  (Eng.). 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  chief  items  of  expenditure  for  housekeeping  in  New  York,  we  an- 
nex the  following  particulars: — 

Rents. — A  half  house  and  use  of  kitchen,  from  £15  to  £40 — all  depending  upon  situation, 
size,  and  style  of  house,  etc.  Houses  may  be  got  even  lower,  and,  of  course,  higher.  The 
way  to  find  out  such,  is  for  the  stranger  to  consult  the  columns  of  the  principal  daily  news- 
papers in  all  large  cities,  where  he  is  almost  certain  to  find  houses,  or  portions  of  houses, 
advertised,  which  may  suit,  or  he  may  advertise  for  the  description  of  house  he  wants. 

We  annex  particulars  of  some  houses  of  different  sizes  we  saw  advertised  to  let  in  New 
York,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  the  rents,  accommodation,  etc.,  there  in  December  last. 


PART  OF  A  HOUSE  IN  BROOKLYN,  ONLY  FIVE 
minutes'  walk  from  the  ferry ;  house  new,  three 
story,  first-class,  and  cost  |7000  ;  pleasant  and  healthy 
neighbourhood.  Rent,  to  a  respectable  family  without 
chDdren,  $6  (30s.  stg.)  a  month. 

T~0~TeT.— UNFURNISHED,  TO  A  FAMILY  OF 
two  respectable  persons,  the  third  floor  of  the 
private  dwelling,  West  Twenty-ninth  street,  consisting 
of  three  fine  rooms,  with  large  pantries,  gas,  bath,  and 
Croton  water  attached.    Monthly  rent  $12  (£3  stg.). 


TO  LET,  WITH  ALL  THE  MODERN  IMPROVE- 
ments,  West  Thirty-sixth  street,  five  rooms  on 
the  second  floor.  Rent  $12  (£3  stg.)  per  month.  One 
family  in  the  house. 

IN  BROOKLYN,  THREE  MINUTES'  WALK  FROM 
South  or  Wall  street  ferry,  a  front  parlour,  bed- 
room, and  pantry,  second  floor,  comfortably  furnished 
for  two  persons.  Price  $200  (£40  stg.)  per  annum, 
gas  and  fires  included,  attendance,  etc. 


"TTNFURNISIIED,  AT  WEST  FIFTEENTH  STREET, 
LJ      kitchen  and  three  rooms,  with  all  conveniences 
for  housekeeping;  hot  and  cold  water,  and  gas  through- 
out, and  bath.    Rent  $20  (£4  stg.)  per  month. 

TO  LET  TO  A  SMALL  FAMILY,  IMMEDIATE 
possession,  the  second  floor,  with  attic  bedroom, 
n  house,  Walker  street,  near  Broadway.  Rent  $300 
(£60  stg.). 


A  LOWER  PART  OP  A  HOUSE  TO  LET,  TO  A 
respectable  family ;  six  rooms,  marble  mantels, 
chandeliers,  gas,  bath,  range,  hot  and  cold  water; 
rent  $31  (£6  4s.  stg.)  per  month.  A  small  family  in 
the  upper  part. 

N  ELEGANT  FAMILY  CUPOLA  COTTAGE  TO 

let,  furnished,  in  Williamsburg,  Brooklyn  ;  splen- 
did chandeliers,  bathroom,  balcony,  piazza,  carriage- 
house  ;  location  in  a  most  beautiful  avenue ;  stages, 
etc.     Rent  $500  (£100  stg.)  per  annum. 

HE^FOUR^TORY  BASEilENT  BRICK  HOUSE, 
West  Twenty-second  street,  pleasantly  situated, 
and  replete  with  modern  improvements.    Rent,  to  a 
good  tenant,  $650  (£130  stg.). 

THREE  STOllY  ENGLISH  BASEMENT  HOUSE, 
fitted  with  all  the  modern  conveniences.     Rent 
$700  per  annum. 

V1;RY  COMFORTABLE   HIGH  "FRONT  BASE- 
ment,  occupied  the  last  twenty  years  as  a  doc- 
tor's  office,  unfurnished,  for  $10  per  month.     The 
house  first-class,  quiet,  and  respectable. 

BOARD.  — A  PLEASANT  HOME  CAN  BE  SE- 
cured  for  the  winter  in  a  first-class  house  near 
Broadway,  in  a  central  location.  Gentlemen's  rooms, 
with  board,  from  $5  to  $6  ('25s.  to  30.s.  stg.),  with  fire  ; 
also  a  sitting-room  for  gentlemen.  A  fine  parlour,  with 
bedrooms,  on  second  floor  front,  for  $6  to  $7  (30s.  to 
35s.  stg.).    Dinner  at  6  o'clock.     Reference  required. 


Houses  are  rented  by  the  month,  three  months,  or  longer  if  desired.  "When  rented  by  the 
working  classes,  the  rent  is  paid,  very  generally,  monthl}',  in  advance. 

Gas  is  burned  in  the  houses  of  the  wealthier  classes  only.  A  liquid,  called  "burning 
fluid,"  is  used  most  extensively.  It  is  somewhat  similar  to  camphene,  and  gives  a  light 
equal  to  2  good  candles,  for  about  25  cents  (or  Is.  stg.)  per  week. 

Coal,  where  used  for  fuel,  is  about  18s.  stg.  per  ton — burns  clean,  with  little  waste, 
"Wood,  however,  is  the  principal  fuel  used  in  most  places — is  sold  at  so  much  per  "  cord.' 
The  expense  is  considerably  greater  than  for  coal 


HOUSEKEEPING,    BREAD,    ETC.  69 

In  eatables  we  will  first  notice  the  great  "  staff  of  life,"  viz. :  Bread,  etc. 

The  principal  kind  of  bread  used  in  the  cities  is  wheaten,  and  the  same  grain  forms  the 
larger  portion  of  that  consumed  throughout  the  northern  States  and  Canada.  Rye  and 
Indian  corn  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  oatmeal  is  confined  to  portions  of  Canada, 
and  some  of  the  New  England  States. 

Every  good  housewife  bakes  her  own  bread,  cakes,  pies,  etc.,  and  the  former  is  raised 
with  yeast  obtained  in  various  wa3's.  "  Salt  risings,"  "  hop  yeast,"  and  "  yeast  cakes,"  are 
used  in  the  countrj^  and  these  with  brewers'  yeast  in  cities.  The  cooking  stoves  are  well 
adapted  for  baking. 

It  takes  usually  some  time  for  some  emigrants  to  relish  corn-bread,  and  this  is  also  the 
case  with  rye. 

Bread  made  of  half  rye  and  half  corn-meal,  is  both  sweet  and  nutricious,  but  the  methods 
of  making  all  these  are  best  learned  from  some  good  cook,  and  the  American  women  are 
always  willing  and  ready  to  teach  a  stranger  the  mysteries  of  the  kitchen,  if  properlj'  re- 
quested to  do  so.  Every  American  cookery  book  has  a  large  number  of  these  receipts,  but 
a  little  practical  knowledge  is  always  essential. 

"We  find  the  following  remarks  published  on  the  subject  of  Indian  Corn  Meal,  and  Indian 
Corn  Bread: 

"A  bushel  of  Indian  corn  contains  more  nutriment  than  a  bushel  of  wheat.  Indian  corn  should 
never  be  ground  fine.  Fine  meal  may  be  eaten  when  fresh  ground,  but  it  will  not  keep  sweet. 
The  broken  oil  globules  become  rancid  and  bitter. 

"  Corn  cakes,  made  of  meal  and  water,  with  a  little  salt,  mixed  into  a  stiff  dough,  very 
thoroughly,  and  baked  on  a  board  before  a  hot  fire,  or  in  a  hot  oven,  or  in  little  cakes  on  a  grid- 
dle, till  entirely  done,  are  very  sweet,  wholesome  bread. 

"  Corn  and  wheat  bread  is  wholesome  and  nutricious,  and  easily  made — if  you  know  how.  Stir 
two  teacupfuls  of  white  meal  in  a  pint  of  hot  water  for  each  loaf;  free  it  of  lumps,  and  let  it 
stand  twenty-four  hours.  Boil  two  or  three  potatoes,  peel  and  slice,  and  mash  in  a  pint  of  water, 
which  thicken  with  flour  until  it  is  stiff"  batter,  and  then  add  half  a  teacupfiil  of  bakers'  3-cast. 
You  will  use  about  one-third  as  much  meal,  scaliled  as  al)ove,  as  you  do  of  llinir;  knead  the  meal 
and  yeast,  and  sponge,  and  add  a  little  salt  with  the  Hour  all  together,  and  work  it  well,  and 
mould  in  pans  to  rise  moderately,  and  then  bake,  at  hrst,  in  a  hot  oven.  This  bread  will  be 
moist,  and  more  nutricious,  and  more  healthy  tlum  if  it  were  all  flour. 

"  Buckwheat  cakes  are  improved  by  adding  corn  meal,  prepared  in  the  same  way,  in  about  the 
same  proportion  as  for  bread.  A  little  wheat  flour  may  be  added  to  advantage.  Don't  let  your 
batter  over-rise  and  sour,  and  never  use  saloratus  if  it  does. 

"  Corn  meal  pudding  may  be  made  of  yellow  meal,  stirred  into  scalded  skimmed  milk,  till  as 
thick  as  gruel,  and,  when  cool,  add  ginger,  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  salt,  and  sweetening  to  suit  the 
taste,  and  a  little  fine-cut  suet,  and  some  raisins,  or  dried  peaches,  or  a  fine-cut  apple.  It  should 
bake  an  hour  or  more,  according  to  size.  You  who  do  not  believe  any  thing  made  of  corn  meal 
can  be  good,  will  please  try  this  recipe  for  a  pudding." 

Bakers  are  numerous  in  the  cities;  but  it  is  poor  economy  to  purchase  that  kind  of  bread, 
for  home-made  is  much  healthier  and  cheaper.  The  use  of  alum  and  other  drugs  is  as  well 
understood  in  America  as  in  Britain,  although  bread,  generally,  is  made  from  the  best 
flour. 

No  people  consume  so  many  cakes,  pies,  tarts,  preserves,  etc.,  as  the  Americans, 
and  their  tables  are  always  set  with  an  abundance  of  these.  This  is  probably  owing  to  the 
ease  with  which  the  materials  are  procured,  and  the  skill  of  the  women  in  baking,  with  the 
facility  of  cooking  afforded  by  their  stoves.  An  industrious  woman  may,  with  ease,  set  a 
good  table  at  small  expense. 

Large  quantities  of  "  saleratus,"  or  bi-carbonate  of  soda,  is  used  in  baking  bread  and  pas- 
try. 

A  description  of  pic-nic  biscuit,  called  "  crackers,"  are  very  extensively  used,  and  are 
sold  for  from  6  to  8  cents  per  lb.  (3J.  to  4d  stg.).  We  have  failed  to  meet  with  the  "Aber- 
nethy"  or  "  Wine"  biscuits,  so  well  known  in  Scotland. 

Wheat  flour  is  about  4^  cents  (2ic?.)  per  lb. 

Indian  corn  meal  is  about  3  cents  {\^d.)  per  lb. 

As  regards  animal  food,  we  will  first  notice  the  article  of 

Beef. — The  price  of  beef  per  lb.  depends  upon  the  "  cut"  and  quantity  bought,  and  also 
if  purchased  at  one  of  the  large  public  markets. 


% 


70 


MEAT,    POULTRY,    VEGETABLES  AND   FRUIT. 


Roasting  pieces,  per  lb 12  a  IGcts. 

Chuck  roast,  per  lb 8  a  12 

Second-cut  chuck,  per  lb 6  a  10 

Porter-house  steak,  per  lb 15  a  18 


Sirloin  steak,  per  lb 12  a  15cts 

Rump  steak,  per  lb 9  a  12 

Corned,  per  lb 4  a  11 


Mutton  is,  generally  speaking,  more  akin  to  what  may  be  purchased  in  Leadenhall  Slar- 
ket,  excepting,  probably,  very  choice  "  south  down." 
It  is  sold  as  follows: — 


Hind  quarters,  per  lb 8  a  13cts. 

Fore  quarters,  per  lb 4  a    8 

Chops,  per  lb 10  a  14 

Lambs,  quarter 75  a  $1.50 


Lambs,  per  lb 11a  IScts. 

Veal  sells,  hind  quarters,  per  lb. .  10  a  12i 
"          fore  quarters,  per  lb. . .     5  a    8 

"         cutlets,  per  lb 14  a  16 


Poultry  and  Game. — Immense  quantities  of  excellent  poultry  is  sold,  although  it  is  not 
80  fat  and  good  as  is  sometimes  desirable.  The  prices  are,  however,  much  lower  than  in 
Britain.     We  quote  as  follows — for 


Fowls,  per  pair 75c.  a  $1.50cts. 

Fowls,  Buck's  County,  per  pair.  §1.00  a  1.75 

Chickens,  )-oasting,  per  pair. . .  1.00  a  1.25 

Chickens,  Spring,  per  pair 50  a  1.00 

Spring  Ducks,  per  pair 75  a  1.25 

Spring  Geese,  each 1.25  a  1.75 

Turkeys,  per  lb 15  a    20 

Western  poultry,  per  lb 11a    15 

Pigeons,  wild,  per  doz 1.25  a  2.25 


Pigeons,  squab,  per  doz $2.25  a  S.OOcts. 

Woodcock,  per  doz 4.00  a  4.50 

Woodcock,  per  pair 75  a     87i 

Snipe,  Curlew,  and  Merlin,  per 

doz 2.50  a  3.00 

Snipe,  Dowlcher,  per  doz 1.00  a  1.50 

Snipe,  Ox-eves,  per  doz 37  a     50 

Plover,  per"  doz 2.50  a  3.00 

Partridge,  per  pair 1.00  a  1.25 


Fisn. — The  price  of  fish  varies  very  considerably  with  the  supply,  so  it  would  be  of  no 
practical  utility  to  give  quotations.  We  may  say  that  trout,  cod-fish,  pickeril,  mackerel, 
halibut,  eels,  flounders,  salmon,  and  even  frogs,  can  be  bought  quite  as  cheap  as  in  England, 

Vegetables. — The  price  of  vegetables  varies  considerably  some  seasons,  and  also  the  man- 
ner in  which  they  are  bought.  Many  housekeepers  purchase  potatoes,  for  example,  per 
barrel,  and  save  considerably  by  so  doing. 

Potatoes,  new,  per  bbl $1.50  a  2.75cts. 


6-2ia  1.00 


15  a 
25  a 
37  a 

5  a 
624« 

6  a 
37  a 

4a 

37  a 

4a 


18 
37 
62i 
10 

75 

8 
50 

5 
50 

5 


25 

18 

37 

6 

87 


Cabbage,  new,  per  head 

Tomatoes,  per  bushel  basket. .. 

Tomatoes,  per  quart 

Beans,  per  peck 

Lima  Beans,  per  bushel 

Lima  Beans,  per  half  peck 

Cucumbers,  per  doz 

Parsley,  per  bunch 

Mint,  per  bunch 

Leeks,  per  bunch 

Garlic,  per  bunch 

Garlic,  per  doz 

Egg  Plants,  each , 

Salad,  per  doz.  heads 18  a 


Potatoes,  new,  per  bushel 

Potatoes,  new,  half-peck 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  half  peck. . 

Green  corn,  per  100  ears 

Green  corn,  per  doz 

Turnips,  new,  Russian,  per  bu. 
Turnips,  new,  per  doz.  bunches, 

Turnips,  new,  per  bunch 

Carrots,  new,  per  doz.  bunches 

Carrots,  new,  per  bunch 

Beets,  new,  per  doz.  bunches.. 

Beets,  new,  per  bunch 

Onions,  per  doz.  strings 75  a 

Onions,  per  strin^; 6  a 

Onions,  new,  per  naif  peck. ...        18  a 

Green  Peppers,  per  doz 12  a 

Okra,  per  HiO 31  a 

Okra,  per  doz 5  a 

Cabbage,  new,  per  doz 37  a 

Tlie  melons,  in  the  list  of  vegetables,  form  a  very  cheap  and  most  delicious  article  for 
desert  in  summer. 

FiiuiT. — The  variety  of  fruit  is  very  great,  and  in  good  seasons  is  exceedingly  moderate 
in  price.  Last  season  fruit  was  very  dear,  in  consequence  of  tlie  small  supply.  The  fol- 
lowing were  the  prices  then. 


Salad,  per  head . 
Squashes,  per  bushel. 

Squashes,  each 

Watermelons,  each  . . . 
Mushmelous,  each 


4a 

9cts 

30  a 

40 

3  a 

— 

25  a 

37i 

62  a 

75 

12  a 

— 

6a 

9 

2a 

3 

la 

— 

6  a 

— 

—  a 

10 

—  a 

1.00 

6  a 

— 

18  a 

37 

2a 

4 

31  a 

37 

1  a 

2 

6  a 

37 

la 

6 

Peaches,  per  basket $1.00  a  4.00cts. 

Peaches,  per  quart 

Plums,  per  quart 

Citrons,  each 

Grapes,  hot-house,  per  lb 

Blackberries,  New  Rochelle,  per 
basket 15  a     18 


8  a 

31 

10  a 

31 

6  a 

8 

50  a 

62* 

Blackberries,  Lawton,  box — a     30 

Blackberries,  common,  per  qt..        15  a     18 

Whortleberries,  per  cjuart 12  a     15 

Apples,  new,  per  half  peck 18  a     50 

Pears,  new,  per  basket $1.00  a  6.00 

Pears,  new,  per  half  peck 12  a  1.25 


The  foregoing  are  all  native  growth. 


DOMESTIC   SERVANTS — PROFESSIOXAL   MEN, 


71 


Foreign  Frots  sell  as  follows : — 

Lemons,  per  box §3.00  a  o.oOcts. 

Lemons,  per  doz 12i«     37i 

Pine  Apples,  per  doz 25  a  1.50 

Pine  Apples,  each 3  a     15 

Coacoanuts,  per  100 2.00  a  3.25 

Coacoanuts,  per  doz 31  a     50 

Figs,  per  box 50  a     — 

Figs,  per  lb 10  a     — 


Dates,  per  lb 10  a    — cts. 

Raisins,  per  lb 10  a     12 

Raisins,  bunch,  per  box 2.00  a  2.50 

Currants,  per  lb 10  a     12 

Preserved  Ginger,  per  jar,  about 

Gibs 1.00  a     — 

Green  Ginger,  per  lb 25  a     — ■ 

Oranges  (Havana)  per  doz 62i  a.  §1.00 


Dairy  Produce,  Eggs,  etc.,  sells  as  follows : — 


18 

a 

24cts. 

25 

a 

25 

26 

a 

28 

16 

a 



16 

a 

22 

Cheese,  new,  per  lb 6  a  11 

Eggs,  seven  for 12  a  — 

Eggs,  fifteen  for 25  a  — 

Eggs,  sixty-four  for §1.00  a  — 

Honej',  pure  northern,  per  bottle.  50  a  75 


Butter,  State,  by  the  tub,  per  lb. 

Butter,  State,  per  lb 

Butter,  Orange  Co.,  per  lb 

Butter,  Orange  Co.,  by  the  pail, 

per  lb 

Butter,  Ohio,  per  lb 

Milk. — Skimmed  milk  is  seldom  used  by  any  one.  Although  a  considerable  quantitj'  of 
milk  is  sold,  known  as  distillery  milk — (obtained  from  cows  fed  upon  distillery  slops) — the 
very  finest  milk  is  retailed  through  the  cities,  in  carts,  at  6  cents  (3(7.)  per  quart. 

SuG.\R,  lump,  10  to  12  cents  {bd.  to  &d.)  per  lb.     Brown,  6  to  9  cents  (3J.  to  A^d.)  per  lb, 

Ck)FFEE,  roasted  and  ground,  from  9  to  18  cents,  (4^.  to  9(7.)  stg.  per  lb. 

Tea. — There  being  no  duty  on  tea  as  in  Britain,  excellent  tea  can  be  bought  for  50  cents 
(2s.  stg.)  per  lb.,  although  it  is  sold  lower  and  higher  than  that. 

The  foregoing  prices  quoted,  are  the  retail  prices.    For  every  cent  reckon  one-halfpennj*. 

The  wages  paid  for  all  descriptions  of  servants  are  very  high,  it  being  one  of  the  great 
characteristics  of  the  countr}*,  that  every  description  of  labour  is  well  paid,  and  even  the 
humble  washerwoman  shares  in  the  receipt  of  good  pay,  compared  with  what  is  paid  to 
such  in  Britain.  In  Xew  Yoi'k,  such  women  receive  75  cts.  to  $1  (3s.  to  4s.  stg.)  per  day, 
with  meals,  for  10  hours'  work.  Giving  out  clothes  to  be  washed  costs,  on  the  average,  50 
cents,  (2s.  stg.)  per  dozen,  and  if  ironed  or  got  up,  75  cents  to  $1,  (3s.  to  4s.  stg.)  per  dozen. 

Domestic  servants  are  paid  good  wages,  and  although  really  good  servants  are  scarce, 
very  ordinary  "  helps"  are  paid  from  £1 2  to  £20  per  annum.  Servants  in  America,  for  the 
most  part,  are  either  Irish  or  German,  and  we  can  assure  ladies  at  home,  that  the  "  greatest 
plagues  in  life"  are  as  abundant  in  America  as  anywhere,  as  on  arrival  here,  girls  who  would 
be  verj-  civil  and  thankful  to  get  £4  per  annum  in  Ireland,  will  be  found  not  over 
clever,  tidy,  or  tractable,  when  receiving  $60  to  $75  (£12  or  £15)  per  annum.  After  Irish 
girls  have  been  in  the  country  for  some  time,  they  improve  considerablj- — their  ideas  of 
themselves,  and  the  wages  thej'  ought  to  receive,  expanding  likewise. 

Servants  are  employed  differently,  in  some  respects,  from  what  they  are  in  Great  Britain  ; 
for  example,  in  first-class  houses  no  laundresses  are  kept.  The  table  and  bed  linen  is  washed 
by  the  cook,  on  a  particular  daj',  and  the  body  clothes  are  washed  by  the  maid  of  all  work 
and  housemaid  on  another  day,  of  the  same,  or  following  week. 


PROFESSIONAL  MEN  IN  AMERICA. 

In"  the  course  of  our  travels  through  the  United  States  and  Canada,  we  were  led  to  make  an 
inquiry,  as  to  the  position  which  professional  men  occupied,  and  the  remuneration  paid  to 
them.  The  answer  to  our  first  enquiry  so  surprised  us,  that,  from  curiosity — and  also  to  ascer- 
tain if  the  answer  to  our  first  inquiry  was  general — we  made  further  notes  as  we  went 
along,  on  the  same  subject.  As  a  few  of  these  may  prove  interesting  to  many  in  Great 
Britain,  we  annex  them  for  general  information — young  men  in  the  learned  professions 
there  being,  in  many  cases,  as  ignorant  concerning  matters  in  America,  as  many  of  their 
less  educated  brethren  are. 

As  stated  elsewhere,  men  engaged  in  some  of  the  professions,  find  it  absolutely  necessa- 
ry to  eke  out  an  existence  by  acting  the  part  of  postmaster,  reeve,  general  storekeeper, 
and  magistrate.     This  applies  more  particularly  to  medical  men.     Fortunately  for  such,  it 


72  CLERGYMEN   IN   AMERICA. 

is  not  considered,  in  Canada,  or  in  country  districts  in  the  United  States,  infra  dig,  for 
them  to  exercise  their  abilities  out  of  the  regular  path  of  surgery,  and  medicine,  etc.,  etc. 

Clergymen,  from  their  position,  and  the  embargo  which  has  been  laid  upon  them  in  that 
respect,  are  left  to  exercise  their  ability  in  their  own  particular  sphere,  depending  for 
their  remuneration  upon  their  talent,  and,  to  some  extent,  upon  the  honour  of  the  congre- 
gations who  employ  them. 

"  The  clergy  are  at  a  discount,  in  Canada,  and  no  mistake,"  was  the  remark  of  a  gentle- 
man—whom we  met  there— well  entitled  to  epeak  upon  the  subject.  "  All  the  young  men 
of  promise,"  he  added,  "  are  studying,  either  for  medicine,  or  for  the  bar."  "  Facts  are 
stubborn  chiels  and  winna  ding,"  and  facts  and  figures,  moreover,  bear  out  the  assertion  of 
our  friend's  observation  and  experience  regarding  the  principal  professions. 

"  The  Clergy  Reserve,"  as  the  grants  of  land  originally  appropriated  by  the  Provincial 
Government  for  the  support  of  the  clergy  of  the  Established  Church  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, as  well  as  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  were  called,  have  been  commuted  ;  that  is 
to  sav,  the  lands  have  been  sold,  and  the  proceeds  have  been  invested  in  lands,  the  interest 
yielded  by  which  is  managed  and  administered  by  the  several  churches  for  the  support,  or, 
rather  supplement  of  the  clergy  connected  with  them;  and,  of  course,  every  addition  to 
their  numbers,  reduces  the  general  dividend.  We  cannot,  therefore,  vouch  for  the  exact 
stipend  paid  to  the  clergy,  either  of  the  Established  Churches  of  England  and  Scotland,  or 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  salaries  of  the  Presbyterian  ministers,  except  in 
large  cities  where  they  rise  to  £500,  range  from  £100  to  £150  stg.  As  for  the  paltry  pit- 
tance paid  to  Methodist  ministers — unless  we  are  misinformed — £30,  in  addition  to  his  board 
in  the  house  of  some  family  where  he  is  temporarily  located,  is  doled  out  to  "  a  young  man 
without  any  encumbrances,"  and  £50  to  the  man  who  carries,  like  Peter,  "  a  wife,  a  sis- 
ter," alone  with  him  in  his  itinerancy,  with  the  addition  of  a  consideration  for  every  child 
in  his  family. 

From  published  documents  we  find  that  the  entire  staff  of  clergymen  of  all  denomina- 
tions in  Canada,  numbers  somewhere  about  2,210.  Composed  of  as  follows : — Episcopal 
Church,  300 ;  Roman  Catholic  Church,  between  700  and  800 ;  Established  Church  of  Scot- 
land, 00  ;  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  150  ;  United  Presbyterian  Church,  80 ;  Wesleyan,  New 
Connexion,  Episcopal  and  Primitive  Methodists,  600 ;  Congregational,  70  ;  Baptist,  180. 

"  The  pastoral  tie  is  a  very  brittle  one,  in  Canada,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States,"  is  a 
clerical,  as  well  as  a  common  remark.  AVhen  a  congregation  hear  a  popular  minister,  a 
meeting  is  summoned,  a  vote  taken,  and  if  he  offers  no  objection  to  the  salary,  board  is 
provided  instanter,  and  the  Presbytery  is  requested  to  proceed  with  his  ordination  or  intro- 
duction without  delay.  The  process  of  dismission  is  equally  summary.  If  he  has  dared 
to  attack  some  social  vice,  or  given  offence,  no  matter  how,  to  the  "  sovereign  people,"  a 

meeting  is  called,  the  resolution  passed  that  Mr.  's  services  are  no  longer  required, 

and  he  is  accordingly,  nolens  volens,  cashiered.  Greater  attention,  it  is  true,  is  paid  to  ec- 
clesiastical forms  amongst  the  presbyterians  in  Canada,  but  demissions  are  very  frequent, 
and  perpetual  change  is  the  law  that  holds  almost  universally,  which  cannot  excite  sur- 
prise to  those  who  are  aware  that  a  congregational  "promise  to  pay"  of  £100,  to  the  min- 
ister, on  his  settlement,  very  often  dwindles  down  to  three-quarters,  or  one-half  of  the 
stipulated  sum  before  the  end  of  the  year.  "  Wliy  don't  the  clergy  remind  the  people  of 
their  duty  ?"  an  old  country  clergyman  would  say.  What  do  our  readers  suppose  would 
be  the  reply  when  thus  appealed  to,  to  remind  the  "sovereign  people"  of  tiieir  duty? 
"  Have  you  the  impertinence  to  tell  me  to  my  face,  in  my  own  house,  that  I  have  not  kept 
my  word  T  roared  out  one  of  their  number,  to  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  when  the  subject 
was  complained  of  by  a  hard-working  minister.  "  Walk  out,  sir !"  and  suiting  the  action 
to  the  word,  he  threw  open  the  door.  "  Walk  out,  sir !  my  house  is  my  castle,  and  I 
•won't  submit  to  be  called  a  liar  in  my  own  house.  Walk  out,  sir!  you  won't  long  remain 
in  connection  witli  the  church,  I  guess,  if  you  ivy  that  tack!  Walk  out,  sir!"  We  must 
confess  we  were  more  astonished  with  the  answer  the  honest  minister  got,  than  he  was. 
Talking  on  ecclesiastical  matters  one  day,  a  friend  said,  "  The  Associate  Reformed  Congre- 


PROFESSIONAL   MEX  IN  AMERICA.  73 

gation  at wished  to  engage  the  services  of  the  Rev.  Mr. ,  who  had  demitted 

his  charge  iu  connection  with  the  United  Presbyterian  Church,  but  they  could  not  come  to 
terms,  and  he  ultimately  left  his  own  body  and  accepted  the  otfer  of  the  congregation 
in  connection  with  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland  at ,  where  he  is  still  ex- 
ercising the  functions  of  the  ministry."  That  was  by  no  means  a  singular  instance  of  a 
dissenting  clergyman  connecting  himself  either  with  the  Established  Church  of  England, 
or  Scotland,  both  of  which  hold  out  the  inducement,  if  not  a  permanent  endowment  at 
least,  of  the  bait  of  a  tolerable  supplement  to  the  stipend  offered  bj-  the  congregation. 
Again  we  were  gravely  assured  that  you  may  bid  "  good-bye"  to  your  clerical  friend,  a 
plain  Presbyterian,  and  shake  hands  with  him  on  your  return,  hatted,  gowned,  and  apron- 
ed, as  a  pompous  Bishop  iu  full  canonicals.  Tlie  story  goes  that  a  Scotch  clergyman,  who 
had  undergone  the  above  transformation,  met  his  old  friend — another  Scotchman — a  Pres- 
byterian worthy,  in  the  street,  laid  his  hand  upon  the  lapel  of  his  coat,  and  remarked  that 
it  was  rather  bare  for  a  Doctor  to  wear,  upon  which  the  Presbyterian  took  up  the  corner 
of  the  Bishop's  apron,  and  twirling  it  in  his  fingers,  responded,  "  A'ery  true,  Johnnj-,  man  ; 
but  I  wadna  sell  my  soul  for  a  dadle !"  (Scottice  for  an  apron).  From  this  it  would  ap- 
pear that  the  new  world  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions  has  not  escaped  the  tainted  touch  of 
degrading  simony. 

Such  being  the  ecclesiastical  condition  of  Canada,  the  legal  and  medical  professions, 
frequently,  hold  out  the  fairest  prospects  of  remuneration  and  success,  and  sufficiently  ac- 
counts for  the  fact  that  numbers  of  young  men  who  have  studied  for  the  church,  have  ul- 
timately betaken  themselves  to  the  studj'  of  law,  medicine,  or  the  practice  of  teaching  iu 
the  common  or  grammar  schools  of  the  province.  Barrister's  fees  are  no  less  in  Canada 
than  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  medical  tariff  is  prodigiously  high ;  consequently,  med- 
ical men  sometimes  realize  fortunes.  It  is  said  that  the  people  are  notorious  for  suing 
each  other  on  the  most  trifling  occasions,  and  if  one  may  judge  from  the  space  allotted  to 
puffing  quack  medicines— all  of  them,  of  course,  "  Infallible  Remedies"  for  "  all  the  ills  that 
flesli  is  heir  to" — in  the  provincial  papers,  John  Bull,  junior,  appears  to  be  as  gullible  aa  his 
portly  papa  in  the  old  country. 

The  same  remarks  applj-,  in  a  great  measure,  with  regard  to  professional  men  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  only  in  December  last  we  met  with  an  instance,  where  a  clergyman, 
in  connection  with  a  Presbyterian  Chui'ch,  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  had  commenced  to 
sue  (for  balance  of  salary)  the  managers  of  the  congregation,  who  had  dismissed  him  with- 
out assigning  any  particular  reason. 

From  a  statement  published  some  time  ago,  it  appears  that  the  salaries  of  some  clergy- 
men in  the  United  States  (such  as  Rev.  11.  W.  Beecher,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Chapin,  of  New  York,) 
reach  as  much  as  $5000  (£1000  stg.)  per  annum — and  be  it  observed,  on  the  "voluntary" 
principle — a  proof  that  clergymen  of  sterling  abilitj-  are  as  much  appreciated,  and  as  well 
paid  by  the  people  in  the  United  States,  as  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

Medical  men  in  cities  in  the  States  realize  largo  incomes,  from  the  high  fees  they  charge. 
"We  have  met  several  surgeons,  who  have  been  practitioners  in  England  and  Scotland,  and 
who  have  great  reason  to  be  satisfied  in  having  transferred  their  services  to  the  United 
States.  They  are  unanimous  in  announcing — much  better  fees,  and  fewer  bad  debts,  than 
they  were  accustomed  to  in  Great  Britain. 


74:  EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  AMERICA. 

Look  into  the  face  of  every  child  you  meet  with  fi'om  Maine  to  Florida,  or  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco,  for  aught  you  know  you  may  be  gazing  upon  the  president  of  the 
United  States  in  embryo.  To  be  sure,  it  may  be  only  upon  the  future  governor  of  a  single 
State.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  child  is  father  of  the  man,  and  the  American  people  are  as 
fully  conscious  of  the  fact,  as  they  are  aware  that  the  diffusion  of  general  knowledge  is  the 
sole  preparative  for  the  proper  exercise  of  the  rights,  as  well  as  the  performance  of  the 
duties  of  citizenship.  And  thoroughly  determined  as  they  are  to  perpetuate  their  political 
institutions  to  latest  posterity,  they  have  resolved  to  establish  a  system  of  common  school 
education,  well  calculated  to  accomplish  their  noble  and  national  purpose ;  a  brief  outline 
of  which  is  all  that  we  can  pretend  to  furnish  within  our  narrow  limits.  Take  the  Consti- 
tution of  any  State  you  please,  you  will  find  that  it  embodies  an  enunciation  of  the  advan- 
tages and  objects  of  education — provision  for  suitable  school  accommodation  and  furniture, 
as  well  as  for  the  support  of  the  teachers,  the  expenses  of  which  are  defrayed  by  revenues 
derived  from  lands  appropriated  for  school  purposes,  and  general  taxation ;  and  the  devolution 
of  the  general  management  upon  a  committee  of  gentlemen  elected  by  the  people.  We  can 
only  point  to  the  importance  attached  to  the  selection  of  a  healthy  site  for  the  school-room 
to  the  attention  paid  to  ventilation,  temperature,  and  lighting ;  to  the  wisdom  displayed 
in  the  classification  of  pupils,  and  in  their  courses  of  study,  as  well  as  in  the  regulations  of 
schools  and  committees,  and  must,  therefore,  refer  the  reader  to  the  numerous  volumes, 
reports,  and  blue  books  professedly  published  to  diffuse  general  information  regarding  the 
management  of  the  educational  institutions  of  America. 

There  is  a  regular  gradation  of  schools— primary,  intermediate,  grammar,  and  high 
schools — through  which  the  pupil  passes  during  the  course  of  instruction,  preliminary  and 
preparatory,  to  matriculation  in  the  college. 

When  a  child  arrives  at  4  years  of  age,  he  can  obtain  admission  into  the  priwiary  schools, 
which  are  generally  taught  by  ladies,  a  class  of  teachers  who  "are  considered  by  the  peo- 
ple," as  Miss  Bremer  correctly  remarks  in  her  "  Homes  of  the  New  World,"  "  as  more  skil- 
ful than  men  in  the  training  of  early  youth,"  and  receive  a  remuneration  ranging  from  300 
to  500  dollars  per  annum.  If  pupils  have  been  detained  by  sickliness,  delicate  health,  or 
by  the  negligence  of  parents,  and  other  causes,  from  attendance  at  the  primary  schools  for 
a  length  of  time,  they  are  sent  to  the  "  intermediate"  schools,  from  both  of  which  they  are 
drafted  on  the  report  of  satisfactory  progress,  at  7  years  of  age,  into  the  "grammar'"  schools, 
where  they  remain  under  the  tuition  of  a  master,  and  a  male  and  female  assistant — if  boys 
—until  they  are  14;  and,  if  girls,  until  they  have  reached  their  16th  year.  Lastly,  the 
"  high"  schools  are  provided  for  the  instruction  of  those  who  have  undergone  a  creditable 
examination,  and  aspire  to  matriculation  in  the  college ;  to  whose  character  Sir  Charles 
Lyell  bears  the  following  high  testimony :—"  The  high  schools  of  Boston,  supported  by  the 
State,"  says  he,  in  his  "  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States,"  "  are  now  so  well  managed, 
that  some  of  my  friends,  who  would  have  grudged  no  expense  to  engage  for  their  sons  the 
best  instruction,  send  their  boys  to  them,  as  superior  to  any  of  the  private  establishments 
supported  by  the  rich  at  great  cost."  "  I  was  surprised  to  find,"  is  the  statement  of  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Baxter,  M.  P.  for  Dundee,  "  that  the  masters  of  the  Latin  and  English  High 
Schools  in  Boston,  get  each  $2400  a  year,  or  only  $100  less  than  the  Governor  of  the 
State."  In  New  York,  also,  we  have  met  with  gentlemen  largely  engaged  in  mercantile  and 
manufacturing  operations,  who  prefer  sending  their  children  to  the  common  schools  of  the 
city — free,  although  they  are — feeling  convinced  of  their  superiority  to  any  private  acade- 
mies they  are  acquainted  with. 

The  enormous  sum  of  £5,000,000  sterling  has  been  contributed  by  voluntary  taxation 
for  educational  purposes  alone  throughout  tlie  United  States.  According  to  a  late  account 
20  schools  of  law,  40  schools  of  medicine,  and  no  fewer  than  200  universities,  with  12,000 
matriculated  students,  and  YOO  public  libraries,  containing  2,500,000  volumes,  have  been 
established  throughout  the  Union. 


EDUCATION   IN.  THE   UNITED   STATES   AND   CANADA.  75 

A  stranger,  on  visiting  one  of  the  public  schools  in  any  of  the  livrge  cities,  cannot  but  be 
struck  with  the  excellence  of  the  arrangements  and  system  generallj'  adopted.  In  the 
class-rooms  of  these  institutions  -will  be  found  the  most  complete  attention  on  the  part  of 
all,  the  order  and  decorum,  in  all  their  movements,  being  equal  in  precision  to  that  of  a 
■well-drilled  regiment,  as  each  little  male  and  female  pupil  marches  out  or  in,  in  regular 
file,  to  the  sound  of  the  piano,  played  by  another  young  pupil  of  8  or  10  years  of  age. 
There,  instruction  is  made,  as  far  as  possible,  a  pleasure  instead  of  a  task,  whilst  it  is  of  a 
character  which  the  most  fastidious  could  not  but  appreciate.  We  can  attest  to  the 
superiority  of  the  method  by  which  information  is  conveyed,  having  heard  scholars  of  8  or 
10  years  of  age  answering  questions,  in  mental  calculations,  which  would  put  thousands  of 
individuals,  three  times  their  age,  to  the  blush  in  answering.  Specimens  of  writing  and 
drawing,  also,  we  have  seen  equally  surprising. 

"^liilst  such  an  excellent  education  is  afforded  to  all,  free,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that 
no  interest  is  taken  whether  scholars  attend  regularly  or  not.  If  one  should  hajipen  to  be 
absent  a  single  morning,  a  messenger  is  dispatched  to  the  residence  of  the  pupil  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause  for  non-attendance,  whilst  equal  strictness  is  observable  in  the  pupils' 
punctual  attendance  at  the  proper  hours. 

The  foregoing  remarks  apply  to  the  common  or  public  schools  of  the  United  States.  In 
Canada  the  common  schools  are  similarly  conducted,  and  also  free,  so  that  education  is 
brought  to  the  very  doors  of  the  people,  not  only  in  large  cities,  but  in  every  section 
throughout  the  province,  and  altogether  the  educational  institutions  of  the  province  are 
alike  creditable  to  the  councU  which  established,  and  the  government  that  sanctioned 
them. 

Toronto  is  the  seat  of  a  university  possessed  of  a  talented  staff  of  professors ;  of  a  normal 
school,  in  which  teachers  receive  a  scientific  training  for  their  profession  from  efficient 
masters;  and,  at  the  same  time,  of  a  model  grammar  and  common  school.  The  province  is 
not  only  divided  into  counties,  but  is  also  sub-divided  into  townships  (corresponding  to  a 
Scotch  parish)  and  school  sections,  in  the  centre  of  each  of  which  last  sub-divisions  a  com- 
mon school  is  situated  and  managed  by  a  local  board  of  trustees.  Grammar  schools  have 
been  established  in  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  in  which  classical  and  mathematical  in- 
struction is  communicated  by  a  highly  educated  and  intelligent  class  of  teachers,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  elementary  branches  of  an  English  education,  sometimes  combined  with  natural 
philosophy,  taught  in  the  common  schools.  Both  grammar  and  common  schools  are  ex- 
amined by  inspectors  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  the  management  of  the  system  is 
entrusted,  by  the  provincial  gevernment,  to  a  council  of  education,  Rev.  Dr.  Ryerson  at 
present  being  the  general  superintendent. 

A  school-tax  is  levied  by  the  trustees  for  the  support  of  the  teacher,  from  which  a  salary 
is  provided  ranging,  in  proportion  to  the  wealth  of  the  section  and  the  number  of  the 
pupils,  from  £60  or  £70  in  the  common  schools,  to  £200  and  upwards  in  the  grammar 
schools;  and  the  only  defect  discoverable  in  the  system  is,  that  dwelling-house?  are  not 
attached,  as  in  Scotland,  to  the  schools— a  defect  which  will  probably  be  removed  by  their 
erection  in  the  course  of  the  progressive  prosperity  of  the  province  by  the  people. 

We  have  thus  presented  an  outline— a  meagre  outline  only,  it  is  true— of  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  United  States  and  Canada ;  institutions  which,  notwithstanding  the 
diversity  of  sentiment  that  exists  on  political  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  subjects,  have  been 
established,  and  are  supported  with  cordial  unanimity;  from  whicli,  it  must  be  evident  to 
every  intelligent  reader,  that  they  form  at  once  the  "  foundation  of  the  nation's  greatness," 
and  a  fitting  theme  for  the  children's  song  and  prayer: — 

"  Then  blessings  on  our  common  schools 

"Wherever  they  may  stand; 

They  are  the  people's  colleges, 

The  bulwark  of  the  land, 
'lis  a  happy  theme ;  like  a  golden  dream  its  memory  seems  to  be, 
And  I'll  sing,  while  I  have  a  voice  or  tongue,  'The  Common  School  for  me.'  " 


76  ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 

Readers  in  Great  Britain  have,  no  doubt,  read  or  heard  of  the  Republican,  or,  it  may 
be,  the  Democratic,  or  American  "  Ticket,"  in  connection  with  elections  in  America.  Dif- 
fering as  the  mode  of  electing  members  for  Congress  does  from  that  of  members  for  Par- 
liament, we  subjoin  a  few  particulars  which  may  prove  interesting  to  those  unacquainted 
with  the  modus  operandi  of  voting  by  ballot — or  popular  elections  in  the  New  World. 

First  of  all,  then,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  no  "  nomination  day"  in  connection  with 
elections  in  America — but  the  formation  of  what  is  designated  a  party  "  Ticket"  appears 
to  be  the  same  sort  of  proceeding,  only  carried  out  differently.  The  "  Ticket"  consists  of 
a  list  of  say,  four  candidates,  who  are  nominated  at  a  preliminary  meeting  of  some  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  party,  and  decided  upon  as  "  fit  and  proper  persons"  to  represent  the 
party  and  their  principles  faithfully  in  Congress,  and  are  submitted  for  the  support  of  the 
party.  For  example,  the  Republican  parly,  meet  and  fix  upon  their  men,  and  have 
their  names  printed  on  a  small  slip  of  white  paper — not  much  larger  than  a  railroad  ticket 
— issue  them  to  all  true  Republicans  to  support,  and  carry  the  election  of  one  out  of  the 
four  names  chosen.  Only  one  can  be  elected,  but  four  are  submitted  for  the  people's 
choice,  as,  although  all  Republicans,  electors  may  have  their  predelictions  in  favour  of  a 
particular  man — to  any  of  the  other  three — consequently,  the  elector  takes  his  choice  and 
votes  accordingly,  for  one  man,  scoring  out  the  names  of  the  other  three,  when  he  goes  to 
vote.  The  meeting  referred  to,  is  called — the  "  primary  election" — and  the  list  of  names 
(which  may  be  two,  three,  four,  or  six)  is  termed  the  "  Republican  Ticket"  or  the  "  Dano- 
cratic  Ticket,"  as  the  case  may  be,  the  chief  men  in  each  party  nominating  or  forming  their 
ticket  in  the  manner  described. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  the  party  ticket,  properly  speaking,  consists  of  a  series  of 
tickets,  representing  the  different  offices  for  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  as  well  as  for 
members  for  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  that  nearly  all  such  elections  take 
place  on  the  same  day,  so  that  the  names  which  comprise  the  Republican  ticket  or  tickets, 
as  a  whole,  include  the  names  of  different  candidates  for  the  different  offices  in  the 
State  Legislature,  in  the  same  manner  as  already  described  for  the  election  of  members  of 
Congress.  An  elector,  therefore,  has  to  provide  himself  with  a  series  of  tickets,  suitable, 
to  enable  him  to  vote  for  the  officers  of  State,  and,  if  a  Republican  in  politics,  he  will  in 
all  probability  provide  himself  with  Republican  tickets  throughout,  and  vote  accordingly 
for  the  man  he  deems  the  best  for  each  office  to  be  filled. 

To  simplify  the  matter  in  illustration  of  the  electoral  system,  we  will  refer  more  par- 
ticularly to  the  election  of  members  for  Congress,  the  principle  of  election  in  all  other 
offices  being  the  same. 

When  the  Republican  ticket  (or  list  of  names)  is  fixed  upon,  as  already  explained,  the 
party  at  once  set  to  work  to  secure,  by  every  means  in  their  power,  the  election  of  a  Re- 
publican candidate  over  the  Democratic  one.  The  names  of  the  candidates  may  be  seen 
a  week  or  two  previous  to  election  day,  printed  on  large,  square  banners,  which  are  sus- 
pended from  the  roofs  of  houses  across  the  principal  thoroughfares  in  the  city,  as  a  sort  of 
standing  advertisements  of  their  claims  for  support ;  so  that  for  some  time  the  streets  pre- 
sent rather  a  novel  appearance,  from  the  number  and  variety  of  the  banners  thus  ex- 
hibited. 

To  keep  alive  the  excitement,  and  advance  the  interest  of  the  respective  candidates,  public 
meetings  are  held  regularly,  and  in  the  open  air  sometimes,  in  the  different  wards  of  the  city, 
which  latter,  present  a  few  novel  features.  In  the  afternoon  or  evening,  a  small  hustings — 
capable  of  containing  from  50  to  60  persons — is  erected  in  the  street— in  a  square,  or  vacant 
place,  convenient  for  the  purpose.  At  about  8,  p.  m.,  the  meeting  assembles.  On  the  hustings 
the  friend?  and  supporters  of  the  party  are  to  be  seen.  At  one  corner,  on  the  platform,  a 
pyrotechnist  is  placed,  with  a  good  supply  of  fireworks.  In  front,  five  or  six  large  flam- 
beaux are  kept  blazing.     Some  dozen  or  so  of  paper  lanterns  are  hoisted  on  long  poles. 


ELECTIONS   IN  A]MERICA.  77 

each  one  having  printed  on  their  sides  the  names  of  the  party  candidates,  in  whose  inter- 
est the  meeting  is  held.  On  the  ground,  at  one  end  of  the  hustings,  is  placed  a  piece  of 
ordnance,  generally  ahout  a  12  or  IG  pounder,  wliich,  with  the  speakers  on  the  platform, 
and  the  people  in  front,  form  the  component  parts  of  a  political  meeting  in  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Thus  "  fixed  up,"  as  the  Americans  would  say,  the  speakers  address  the  audience  amid 
the  smoke  and  glare  of  the  burning  flambeaux.  Should  there  be  disapprobation  from  any 
part  of  the  meeting,  the  services  of  the  pj-rotechnist  are  called  into  play,  who  at  once 
sends  a  few  rockets  whizzing  up  into  the  air.  The  variegated  forms  displayed  by  them 
as  thej^  explode,  has  the  effect  of  attracting  the  attention  of  the  audience,  and  quiet  is 
again  restored.  Bj'  tliis  means,  the  speaker  proceeds  as  before,  when,  after  a  liearing  for 
some  time,  another  burst  of  opposition  breaks  forth — this  time  more  powerful  than  previ- 
ously— the  fireworks  are  once  more  put  in  operation,  but  this  time  with  doubtful  effect, 
when  the  artilleryman  in  charge  announces  a  salvo  of  blank  cartridge  from  his  12  or  16 
pounder — the  smoke  and  sound  of  wliich,  repeated  two  or  three  times,  at  last  silences  the 
noise  of  all  opposition,  and  thus  again  restores  order.  By  such  means  the  speakers  are  not 
kept  Avaiting  long  until  silence  is  restored.  In  this  way  the  meeting  proceeds,  interrupted 
now  and  tlien  by  the  dissentient  part  of  the  meeting,  with  other  sundry  displays  of  fire- 
works, and  a  little  more  harmless  thunder  from  the  "  dog  of  war"  at  hand. 

The  excitement  and  interruptions  alluded  to,  as  witnessed  by  us  at  a  ward  open-air 
meeting  in  New  York,  last  November,  were  exceedingly  mild  from  what  we  expected  to 
meet  with,  and  nothing  in  comparison  with  the  scenes  we  have  witnessed  on  "  nomination" 
daj's  in  England  and  Scotland. 

As  we  have  stated,  the  hustings  were  erected  in  the  afternoon  or  early  in  the  evening, 
the  meeting  is  held  at  8,  p.  m.,  and  by  10,  or  10  30,  p.  m.,  it  has  scpai-ated,  the  hustings  are 
taken  down  and  cleared  off,  and  not  a  vestige  remained  of  what  was  a  scene  of  excite- 
ment, only  one  hour  before.  Each  party  holds  its  meetings,  in  this  manner,  on  different 
evenings  in  the  several  wards  of  the  cit}',  and  paj's  its  own  expenses. 

The  day  of  election,  however,  arrives,  and  brings  with  it  much  of  the  quiet  appearance 
of  a  Sunday  morning.  All  the  liquor  stores  are  closed — by  law — and  many  other  jilaces 
of  business  are  not  opened  from  choice.  Men  are  not  at  work.  Throughout  the  early 
part  of  the  day,  there  is  a  feeling  of  dullness  in  many  parts  of  the  city.  Towards  noon, 
however,  things  begin  to  appear  more  lively.  In  the  different  wards  there  is  a  polling 
booth,  about  the  doors  of  which  are  congregated  a  small,  and  apparently  listless  crowd  of 
on-lookers,  with,  perhaps,  a  couple  of  policemen  in  the  midst.  Inside  the  polling  booth, 
are  stationed  the  "  Inspectors  of  Elections." 

The  voter  who  has  obtained  his  ticket,  and  scored  out  the  names  of  the  candidates  he 
does  not  wish  to  vote  for — leaving  one  name  not  scored  out — proceeds  to  tlie  polling 
place,  and  on  entering  is  asked  by  the  Inspectors  of  Elections  his  name,  business,  and  ad- 
dress, all  of  which  is  written  down  in  the  books,  in  the  possession  of  the  Inspectors,  wliich 
being  done,  the  voter  hands  his  ticket  folded  up,  to  the  Inspector,  who  deposits  it  in  the 
ballot  box — in  the  presence  of  the  voter — no  one,  not  even  the  Inspector,  knowing  for 
whom  the  vote  has  been  given.  Thus  ends  a  transaction,  which,  in  the  minds  of  some 
men,  amount  to  a  sort  of  mysterious  bugbear,  but  which  in  reality  is  nothing  of  the  sort, 
but  the  performance  of  a  privileged  duty  executed  in  an  exceedingly  quiet  and  becoming 
manner. 

The  reason  why  the  inspector  deposits  the  ticket  in  the  ballot-box  is,  that  on  election  day 
there  are  a  variety  of  ballot-boxes  in  use  that  day — one  for  every  officer  of  State,  as  well 
as  for  members  for  Congress ;  so  that  when  the  voter  gives  perhaps  six  or  eight  tickets  into 
the  hands  of  the  inspector,  he  arranges  them,  and  places  each  one  in  its  proper  ballot-box. 
He  knows  which  box  each  ticket  is  for,  as  although  the  tickets  are  given  in  all  folded  up, 
yet  tlie  denomination  of  the  office  is  printed  on  the  outside  of  the  ticket  or  slip  of  paper, 
whilst  the  names  of  the  candidates  are  printed  inside,  and  unseen  by  liim.  Thus,  therefore, 
the  ticket  for  member  for  Congress  has  "  Member  for  Congress"  printed  on  the  outside,  see- 


78  ELECTIONS   IN  AMERICA. 

ing  wliich,  the  Inspector  deposits  it  in  its  proper  box,  and  so  on  with  the  ticket  marked 
"  For  Governor  of  State,"  or  "For  Comptroller  of  State,"  etc.,  etc.,  into  their  proper  ballot- 
boxes. 

We  have  observed,  that  a  small  crowd  is  generally  collected  about  the  doors  of  the  poll- 
ing-booths. Amongst  such  is  recognized  the  "  scouts"  belonging  to  the  opposition  political 
party,  who  there  watch  the  opportunity  to  challenge  the  vote  of  any  one  presenting  a  ticket 
who  is  not  a  voter.  "When  a  vote  is  challenged,  the  voter  is  sworn  by  the  inspector  of  elec- 
tions as  to  his  having  the  right  to  vote,  after  which  he  is  allowed  to  vote ;  but  if  it  can  be 
afterwards  proved  that  he  has  sworn  falsely,  he  is  then  handed  over  to  be  prosecuted  for  a 
serious  misdemeanour.  If  it  can  be  proved  in  the  polling-booth  that  he  has  no  right  to  vote, 
he  is  then,  probably,  handed  over  to  the  police  who  are  in  waiting. 

In  the  immediate  vicinitj'  of  the  polling-booths,  outside,  are  erected  two  temporary  offices 
on  the  pavement — one  belonging  to  each  of  the  two  political  parties.  At  such  places  elec- 
tors are  supplied  with  tickets,  if  they  have  not  been  provided  beforehand  with  them. 

The  scenes  which  take  place  on  election  days  in  some  of  the  wards  in  the  city  of  New 
York  are  dangerous  as  well  as  disgraceful.  These  occur  in  some  of  the  most  rowdy  or 
lowest  wards  in  the  city — where  it  is  a  notorious  fact,  the  Irish  largely  predominate,  and 
to  whom  are  attributed  many  of  the  riots  which  occur,  and  which  sometimes  terminate 
fatally. 

Whatever  may  be  said,  however,  of  elections  in  America,  and  voting  by  ballot  there,  in 
general,  it  is  well  that  we  should  remember  the  working  of  the  boasted  electoral  system 
enjoyed  by  the  "  free  and  independent  electors"  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — more  par- 
ticularly in  the  "pocket  boroughs"  in  England,  the  manufacture  of  "  faggot  votes"  in  Scot- 
land, and  where  honesty  in  open  voting  in  Ireland,  is  often  followed  by  agrai-ian  despotism 
and  outrage.  And  when  we  hear  also  of  riots,  and  the  free  use  of  revolvers  in  some  of  the 
rowdy  wards  in  the  city  of  New  York,  we  should  recollect  that  these  wards,  all  put 
together,  form  only,  after  all,  a  mere  atom  of  sand  on  the  great  electoral  shores  of  the  vast 
continent  of  America. 

Readers  who  are  in  the  habit  of  measuring  their  standard  of  electoral  affairs  in  America 
commit  a  grave  error  in  taking  their  cue  from  what  passes  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  con- 
nection with  such  matters ;  and  disgraceful  as  the  scenes  are  even  there,  we  question  if 
they  are  excelled  by  what  passes  in  manufacturing  districts  even  in  England,  where  the 
"  bottling  up"  system  is  carried  out  occasionallj-  under  the  auspices  of  some  cotton,  woolen> 
or  worsted  lord,  where  his  workmen,  or  those  of  his  committee,  are  engaged  to  play  the  part 
of  ruffians  in  securing  the  votes  of  needy  or  imbecile  voters  by  the  basest  of  means ;  where 
voters  are  held  as  prisoners  in  their  own  homes  on  the  night  of  nomination  day,  and  there 
filled  drunk  to  overflowing,  or  forcibly  bundled  off  in  cabs  to  the  head-quarters  of  the  elec- 
tioneering camp,  where  the  "  bottled-up  voters"  are  congregated  like  a  herd  of  hogs  ready 
for  the  butcher,  and  where,  between  the  fumes  of  tobacco  and  the  immoderate  use  of  intox- 
icating drinks,  they  are  secured,  and  half  poisoned  (and  sometimes  wholly  poisoned)  with 
liquor,  and  next  morning,  or  election  day,  driven  in  cabs  to  the  polling-booths  to  register 
their  names  in  favour  of  a  particular  candidate,  unless  it  be  that  they  are  considered  not  al- 
together "  good  men  and  true"  by  the  previous  night's  debauch, — in  that  case  they  are 
driven  off  to  the  country  for  an  airing,  in  the  charge  of  keepers,  till  after  the  polling-booths 
close  at  4,  p.  m. 

As  well  may  we,  with  truth,  apply  the  "  bottling"  system  as  applicable  to  all  the  elec- 
tions in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  we  may  those  of  brawling  and  riotous  voters  in  New 
York  to  the  elections  all  over  America. 

With  all  their  faults,  we  believe  that  the  Americans  in  general  display  a  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence, and  require  the  protection  of  the  ballot  a  great  deal  less  than  it  is  required  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  that  they  are,  in  general,  above  demoralizing  influences, 
euch  as  the  "  bottling  up"  system  referred  to,  and  that  the  American  workmen  who  enjoy 
the  franchise,  will  not  be  so  easily  bought  over,  by  either  the  bland  smiles  or  the  hypocrit- 
ical despotism  of  an  employer,  and  who,  in  the  exercise  of  their  electoral  privilege,  act  a 


ELECTIONS   IN   AMEEICA — THE   SHAKERS,  79 

more  manly  and  independent  part  compared  to  shopkeepers  in  country  towns  in  Britain, 
who,  in  tendering  their  votes,  act  only  the  part  of  a  sort  of  door-mat,  foot-stool,  or  lackey 
to  the  influential  lord  of  the  manor,  or  it  may  be  to  the  manufacturing  lord  of  the  village, 
whose  chief  qualifications  for  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  are  frequently  only  a  heavy 
purse  and  local  injlucnce,  by  means  of  which  alone,  such  have  been  known — however  un- 
popular to  the  people — to  succeed  in  defeating  some  of  the  most  accomplished,  popular,  and 
valued  of  British  statesmen. 

We  selected  New  York  as  the  place  where  we  should  see  the  system  of  electing  by  bal- 
lot carried  out  under  the  most  disadvantageous  circumstances,  and,  so  far  as  our  experience 
goes,  we  felt  somewhat  agreeably  disappointed  that  it  did  not  turn  out  more  in  accordance 
with  our  previous  erroneous  ideas  of  the  matter,  and  pleased  that  it  is  conducted  in  a  man- 
ner, upon  the  whole,  vastly  superior  to  the  open  voting  system  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
— where  bribery  and  intimidation,  in  innumerable  instances,  defeat  the  ends  of  honesty  and 
fair  play. 

THE  SHAKERS. 

"Shaker  seeds  and  herbs,"  and  "Shaker  flannels,"  are  amongst  the  multifarious  signs 
exhibited  at  doors,  and  in  the  windows  of  retail  stores  throughout  the  United  States — the 
excellence  of  these  articles,  as  sold  by  a  section  of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  America — gen- 
erally known  as  "  The  Shakers" — having  rendered  them  famous  throughout  the  country. 
Tlie  stranger  in  America  who  is  desirous  of  seeing  something  of  one  of  the  "  Institutions" 
peculiar  to  this  country,  may  easily  visit  one  of  the  Shaker  villages  when  at  New  York, 
by  taking  the  railroad,  or  steamboat  up  the  Hudson,  to  Hudson  City,  118  miles  from  New 
York,  and  thence  for  a  few  miles  per  rail  to  Lebanon  Springs,  in  the  County  of  Columbia, 
State  of  New  York.  In  this  trip,  the  tourist  can  enjoy  the  trip  up  the  Hudson — visit 
Lebanon  Springs,  and  the  Quaker  Settlement,  two  miles  from  there — the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, in  the  vicinity — noticed  elsewhere — and  all  in  the  course  of  a  few  days,  at  compar- 
atively little  expense. 

The  Society  whose  establishment  we  at  present  purpose  noticing,  reside  at  the  Shaker 
village  of  New  Lebanon,  as  we  have  said,  two  miles  from  Lebanon  Springs,  in  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  agricultural  district.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  face  of  a  hill,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  valley  in  the  vicinity  and  surrounding  country. 

The  village  is  exclusively  tenanted  by  the  members  of  the  Community.  The  principal 
building  consists  of  a  large  Meeting-House,  where  the  devotional  exercises  are  conducted,  and 
in  the  summer  time,  on  Sundays,  in  the  presence  of  vast  numbers  of  strangers  who  are  sojourn- 
ing at  the  Springs.  The  Extract  House  is  another  of  the  chief  buildings.  In  it  is  the  La- 
boratory, where  the  herbs,  and  tinctures  from  them,  are  pressed  by  means  of  crushing  mills, 
vacuum  pan,  etc.,  under  a  skillful  chemist,  one  of  themselves.  The  estimation  in  which 
such  are  held,  may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that  in  one  year  about  14,000  pounds'  weight 
have  been  sold — the  extracts  of  butternut  and  dandelion  forming  two  of  the  principal  ones 
sold.  In  another  part  of  the  village  is  the  Seed  House,  formerly  the  old  Meeting-House, 
near  which  is  the  Tannery,  Dairy,  and  workshops  where  wooden- ware,  door-mats,  etc.,  are 
made.  The  Herb  House,  with  its  drying  rooms,  store  rooms,  etc.,  is  another  portion  of  the 
manufacturing  premises.  There,  about  70  tons  of  herbs  and  roots — the  produce  of  about 
75  acres  of  their  garden  land — are  pressed  annually,  by  means  of  a  hjdraulic  press  of  300 
tons  pressure.  In  various  parts  of  the  building  may  be  seen  both  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren busily  engaged  in  the  diff"erent  processes  of  manufacturing  the  articles  named,  or 
packing  them  up  readj-  for  market. 

The  Community  at  New  Lebanon  consist  of  about  500  persons,  divided  into  eight  fami- 
lies, as  they  are  called,  each  family  being  presided  over  by  two  elders  and  two  elderesses, 
each  of  whom  have  an  equal  position  in  the  management,  and  to  whose  orders  tlie  members 
yield  perfect  obedience. 

The  management  of  the  temporal  affairs  of  the  Society  is  entrusted  to  trustees,  who  are 


80 


THE   SHAKERS — COSTUME,   ETC. 


elected  by  the  ministry  and  elders,  and  wlio  are  legally  in  possession  of  all  real  estate 
belonging  to  the  community.     The  chief  business  trustee  is  a  Mr.  Edward  Fowler,  a  man 

of  about  65  years  of  age. 

The  principles  they  profess  are  Christian,  although  their  views  of  Christianity  are  pecu- 
liar. It  would  take  up  too  much  of  our  space  to  go  into  detail  respecting  these ;  but  we 
may  briefly  say  that  they  believe  the  millennium  has  come  ;  that  theirs  is  the  millennial 
Church  ;  that  marriage  prevents  people  from  being  assimilated  to  the  character  of  Christ; 
that  the  wicked  are  punished  only  for  a  season  ;  that  the  judgment-day  has  begun  in  tlieir 
Clmreh  being  established ;  and  that  their  state  of  existence  is  the  beginning  of  heaven. 
They  entertain  the  doctrines  of  the  spiritualists  to  a  certain  extent,  and  profess  to  have 
had  their  regular  "manifestations  of  the  spirit"  for  many  years  past,  and  that,  for  instance, 
tlie  hymns  they  sing — both  words  and  music — are  revealed  to  them  every  week  in  time  for 
devotional  exercises  on  Sunday. 

In  the  Meeting- House  they  assemble  at  about  half  past  10  o'clock  every  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and,  Quaker-like,  the  sexes  are  seated  separately,  with  the  men  and  women  facing 
each  other  ;  all  the  men,  excepting  the  elders,  being  in  their  shirt  sleeves,  and  wearing  blue 
cotton  and  woolen  trowsers  and  vests,  with  calf-skin  shoes,  gray  stockings,  and  large  turned- 
down  collars,  as  seen  in  iigure  1  in  engraving  of  costume.  The  women  wear,  for  the  most 
part,  pure  white  cotton  dresses,  with  white  cotton  handkerchiefs  spread  over  their  necks 
and  shoulders,  with  a  white  lawn  square  tied  over  their  heads,  with  boots  similar  in  ap- 
pearance to  the  high-heeled  boots  lately  in  fashion — the  fashion  of  the  time  when  the 
Society  was  established — and  made  of  a  light  blue  prunella.  See  figure  7  in  engraving  of 
costume. 


SHAKER  COSTUME. 

The  above  enpraving  represents  the  various  costumes  worn  by  the  Shakei-s,  both  at  home,  and  when  from 
home.  Figures  1  and  7  represent  the  worship,  costume,  an<l  attitude  of  man  and  woman.  Figure  2,  that 
of  :i  field-labourer,  or  storekeeper's  assistant.  Figure  3,  an  elder.  Figures  4  and  5,  travelling  costume,  and 
Figure  6,  a  half-dress  costume. 


After  sitting  a  short  time  in  silence,  the  members  from  the  extreme  ends  of  the  room 
approach  the  centre,  wlien  the  seats  are  removed,  and  the  whole  congregation  place  them- 
selves in  marching  order  in  serried  rows,  three  or  four  men  and  women  alternately.     Whilst 


THE   SHAKERS'    RELIGIOUS   DANCE. 


81 


thus  standing  silently — the  ■women  with  their  eyes  looking  to  the  floor — one  of  the  elders  in 
the  midst  of  them  makes  a  few  remarks,  after  which  a  hymn  is  sung  to  a  very  lively  tune, 
the  whole  of  the  congregation  keeping  time  with  their  feet 

After  the  hymn  the  worshippers  commence  a  dance,  an  illustration  of  one  of  tiie  move- 
ments or  steps  of  which  we  give.  The  dance  consists  of  a  series  of  evolutions  of  different 
forms,  presenting  in  each  all  the  precision  of  well-trained  pupils,  moving  as  if  with  only  one 
6tep.     The  illustration  will  give  an  idea  of  a  backward  and  forward  dance  or  march,  with 


SHAKERS'  RELIGIOUS  DAXCE. 


them  keeping  time  to  the  hymns  they  sing,  at  the  same  time,  following  the  example,  aa 
thoy  saj-,  of  David,  when  he  danced  before  the  Lord  with  all  his  might.  After  this,  and 
when  all  the  seats  are  replaced,  and  the  congregation  seated  as  before,  one  of  the  elders 
delivers  a  discourse,  when  the  seats  are  removed  again  to  give  place  to  another  dance  of  a 
different  style,  and  to  another  hj'mn.  Tliis  time  the  dance  is  of  a  more  lively  character, 
with  the  action  of  the  arms,  thrown  up  and  down,  and  clapping  of  hands  in  regular  order. 
In  this  way  are  several  hymns  sung  and  danced  to,  and  addresses  delivered  ;  and  however 
much  parties,  on  reading  the  accounts  of  such,  may  be  disposed  to  smile,  no  one  can  wit- 
ness the  devotional  exercises  of  these  people,  such  as  they  are,  without  being  impressed 
with  feelings  of  the  deepest  respect  and  solemnitj' ;  and  however  much  they  may  differ  from 
the  Shakers  in  opinion,  they  will  be  ready  to  give  them  full  credit  for  thorough  conscien- 
tiousness, and  faith  in  what  they  believe  to  be  right. 

Occasionally  the  "spirit  manifests  itself"  by  one  or  more  of  the  congregation  getting 
up  and  dancing  or  whirling  round  and  round  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  and  the  parties 
apparently  being  perfectly  unconscious  of  every  thing  passing  around  them.  In  this  way 
will  they  continue  to  whirl  and  dance  for  nearh'  an  hour  without  intermission. 

As  may  be  well  known,  all  property  belonging  to  the  Society  is  held  in  common  by 
the  members.  All  who  join  it  do  so  voluntjirily,  after  perusing  the  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  Society,  which  are  submitted  to  all  before  they  join.  Tiie  Society  is  divided  into 
three  divisions,  or  classes,  viz. :  the  senior,  junior,  and  noviciate  class.     Tiie  senior  class 


82  SHAKER  SETTLEMENT,    NEW   LEBANON. 

dedicate  themselves  and  all  they  are  possessed  of  "  to  the  service  of  God  and  the  support 
of  the  pure  gospel,  forever,"  after  they  have  had  time  for  reflection  and  experience.  After 
being  thus  admitted  as  partners  in  the  Community,  the  relationship  is  binding  forever. 
The  second  class  of  members  are  those  who  have  no  fiimilies,  but  who,  in  joining  the  So- 
ciety, retain  the  ownership  of  any  private  property  they  had  when  they  entered  it.  It  is 
according  to  the  laws  that  if  any  one  leaves  the  Community  they  can  take  nothing  with 
them  but  what  they  brought ;  that  they  receive  no  wages  for  the  services  they  may  have 
performed,  and  cannot  recover  any  pi-operty  they  may  have  presented  to  the  Community. 
The  noviciates,  again,  are  those  who,  on  joining  the  Society,  choose  to  live  by  themselves 
and  retain  the  management  of  their  temporal  affairs  in  their  own  hands.  Such  are  received 
as  sisters  and  brothers  so  long  as  they  fulfil  the  requirements  of  the  Society  in  every  other 
respect. 

Every  one — male  and  female — works,  from  the  preacher  down  to  the  youngest  child 
who  is  able ;  and  not  a  moment  of  the  hours  of  labour  is  occupied  but  by  the  busy  and 
attentive  performance  of  their  duties. 

Throughout  their  worksliops,  meeting-houses,  dwellings,  etc.,  the  utmost  order  prevails, 
accompanied  by  the  most  scrupulous  cleanliness  of  place  and  person.  Although  they 
have  none  of  the  anxieties  of  life,  or  that  frightful  spectre — the  fear  of  want — ever  before 
them,  and  with  no  personal  or  private  ambition  to  carry  out,  yet  all  are  willing,  diligent, 
and  faithful  workers,  and  all  appear  to  be  cheerful,  comfortable  and  happy. 

The  Community  at  New  Lebanon  are,  from  all  we  can  understand,  a  most  intelligent 
body.  They  pursue  the  same  system  of  education  as  that  of  the  common  schools  of  the 
United  States,  for  although  they  lead  a  life  of  celibacy  after  they  join  the  body,  the 
children  of  those  who  come  from  the  "  outer  world"  are  regularly  taught  and  brought  up 
in  the  doctrines  and  with  the  ideas  of  the  Community,  and  from  that  source,  as  well  as  re- 
ceiving all  orphan  children  who  are  sent  to  them,  there  is  a  never-failing  supply  of  schol- 
ars. The  children  are  dressed  similarly  to  grown-up  members.  They  possess  an  excellent 
library,  and  from  the  newspapers  regularly  received,  the  members  are  kept  "  posted  up" 
as  to  whatever  is  going  on  in  the  wicked  world  around  them. 

Their  conduct  and  character,  from  all  accounts,  is  of  the  most  exemplary  kind,  living  up, 
in  a  high  degree,  to  the  principles  they  profess.  In  their  relations  with  the  world  around 
them  their  business  character  for  honour  and  uprightness  is  most  undoubted,  whilst  the 
articles  they  manufacture  stand  deservedly  high  in  public  estimation,  the  very  term 
"  Shaker"  being  a  sort  of  guarantee  that  the  article  is  genuine. 

They  carry  on  their  botanical  and  all  other  operations  in  the  most  scientific  manner,  and 
have  machinery  of  the  most  improved  description  for  enabling  them  to  produce  the  arti- 
cles manufactured  in  the  best  possible  manner. 

"We  may  mention  the  somewhat  singular  fact,  of  this  society,  having  taken  root  so  far 
back  as  exactly  one  hundred  years  ago,  in  the  City  of  Manchester  (Eng.).  In  the  year 
1758,  a  woman  named  Ann  Stanley,  then  the  wife  of  a  blacksmith,  embraced  the  views  of 
Shakerism  from  the  disciples  of  some  French  religionists  who  held  these,  or  similar  views 
there,  but  suffering  great  persecution  on  account  of  her  belief,  she,  along  with  a  few 
others,  emigrated  to  America,  where  she  founded  a  Community  at  Niskayuna,  (Watervliet,) 
near  Albany,  where  the  sect  still  have  a  Community.  "When  she  arrived  in  America,  she 
took  her  maiden  name  of  Lee,  and  thus  the  name  of  Mother  Ann  Lee  is  devoutly  remem- 
bered till  this  day  by  the  sect,  they  looking  upon  her,  as,  they  say,  the  revelation  of  the 
female  nature  of  God  to  man,  in  the  same  way  as  The  Christ  was  manifested  in  the  person 
of  Jesus,  as  the  revelation  of  the  male  nature  of  God  to  man.  During  a  great  revival 
movement  in  1780,  large  numbers  joined  Ann  Lee's  Community,  and  since  then  they  have 
spread  into  different  sections  of  the  States — now  numbering  eighteen  Communities — with  a 
total  of  about  4,000  members,  and  affording  a  curious,  interesting,  and  instructive  feature 
in  social  economics. 


FURNITURE.  83 


FURNITURE. 

FuRXiTURE  and  chair-making  is  in  America  what  cotton  manufacturing  is  in  certain 
districts  in  England.  The  factories  are  upon  an  immense  scale,  equalling  in  size  the  Oxford 
Road  Twist  Mills,  Manchester,  or,  in  fact,  any  of  the  mills  of  Manchester  or  Preston,  or 
Samuel  Higginbotham  and  Sons'  cotton  mills  at  Glasgow  (Scotland).  Instead  of  employing 
girls,  however,  as  in  the  cotton  mills  of  Britain,  all  are  men,  mostly,  who  are  employed  in 
the  furniture  and  chair  factories  in  America,  and  chiefly  Germans.  In  New  York  and 
Cincinnati  alone,  there  are  six  or  eight  immense  establishments  in  each,  in  "  full  blast," 
and  whether  it  is  turning  a  bed-post,  or  leg  of  a  chair,  carving  out  some  exquisite  scroll- 
work for  some  drawing-room  piece  of  furniture,  planing  the  rough  lumber  into  the  smooth 
table-top,  or  any  of  the  other  numerous  matters  connected  with  producing  furniture,  fit  for 
either  kitchen,  bed-room,  parlor  or  drawing-room — the  saw,  plane,  turning  lath,  and  mor 
ticing  machine  does  all ;  consequently  there  is  not  the  number  of  hands  employed  which 
one  would  expect  to  find  in  one  of  these  large  mills.  The  great  wonder  is,  where  all  the 
furniture  goes  to.  Some  of  these  factories  turn  out  nothing  but  chairs,  and  whilst  you 
stand  looking  at  their  great  proportions,  out  pops  a  chair,  newly  put  together  on  the  first 
floor,  with  rope  attached,  and  finding  its  way  outside  by  pulleys,  to  the  top  floor  of  the 
mill,  to  be  there  finished  off;  then  another  and  another  follow  in  quick  succession.  We  do 
not  think  that  any  people  in  the  world  beat  the  Americans  in  the  rich  and  handsome  fur- 
niture they  have  in  their  houses.  Mahogany  is  an  every-day  material  in  the  better  class 
of  houses.  The  very  doors  in  their  lobbies  and  out  side  doors  are  characterized  by  great 
massiveness  of  expensive  wood,  with  great  expense  bestowed  upon  carving  the  same,  giv' 
ing  their  door-way  (with  outer  door  open  and  inner  one  shut)  a  most  palatial  appearance 
with  the  handles,  bell-pull,  and  name  plate  all  silver  gilt.  Wild  cherry  and  black  walnut 
wood  are  generally  used,  although  we  have  seen  very  little  use  made  of  the  "  black  birch," 
(although  an  American  wood,)  so  much  used  in  Great  Britain. 

In  connection  with  furniture  making,  we  have  noticed  at  several  cities  a  new  style  of 
furniture,  made  exclusively  for  schools.  The  youngest  to  the  oldest  scholar  sits  in  a  seat — 
in  some  cases,  by  himself,  or  along  with  another — with  a  handsome  little  desk  before  him. 
All  are  fixed  to  the  floor,  so  that  all  are  obliged  to  keep  their  seats  in  their  proper  places, 
and  there  is  no  shaking  of  desks  when  writing,  etc.  We  saw  a  school  in  operation,  so 
fitted  up,  and  could  not  help  thinking  it  was  a  very  great  improvement  on  the  old-fash' 
ioned  system  of  forms  and  long  desks.  Places  for  holding  books,  pens,  ink,  etc.,  are  fixed  to 
the  desks.  Such  furniture  making  is  carried  on  as  a  separate  business  in  several  of  the 
cities  in  the  United  States,  and  amongst  others,  at  Buffalo,  State  of  New  York,  by  Messrs. 
Chase  &  Son,  who  have  established  an  agency  for  its  sale  in  Glasgow,  where  samples  may 
be  seen  in  the  warehouse  of  Messrs.  Wylie  &  Lochead,  Buchanan  St. 


84 


EXEMPTION   LAWS. 


EXEMPTIOTsT  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES, 

Showing  what  description  of  property  is  exempt  from  attachment  and  execution  for  debt 
throughout  the  different  States,  and  the  law,  as  applicable  in  each  one. 


ALABAMA. 

The  homestead  law  exempts  from  execution  real 
estate,  not  to  exceed  4(1  acres,  or  in  value  $400,  if  re- 
served for  the  use  of  the  family,  and  not  situate  within 
the  limits  of  any  corporate  town  or  city. 

ARKANSAS. 

For  all  debts  contracted  since  December  8th,  18.52, 
160  acres  of  land,  or  one  town  or  city  lot,  with  all  im- 
provements, without  reference  to  value,  are  exempt 
from  sale  under  execution.  A  widow  is  entitled,  as 
dower,  to  one-third  of  the  personal  property  on  hand 
at  the  death  of  her  husband,  absolutely  as  against 
creditors;  also  to  one-third  of  the  real  estate  and 
slaves,  and  if  no  children,  to  one-half  of  both  real  and 
personal  property,  except  choses  in  action. 

CALIFORNIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  forced  sale  or  execution,  or 
any  other  final  process  from  a  court,  for  any  debt  or 
liability  contracted  or  incurred  after  the  1st  day  of 
June,  1851 ;  or  if  contracted  or  incurred  at  any  time, 
in  anv  other  place  than  in  this  State,  the  homestead, 
consisting  of  a  quantity  of  land,  together  with  the 
dwelling-house  thereon  and  its  appurtenances,  and 
not  exceeding  in  value  the  sum  of  $5,000,  to  be  selected 
by  the  owners  thereof. 

This  exemption  does  not  extend  to  mechanics'  or 
vendors'  liens,  or  to  any  mortgage  lawfully  obtained. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Certain  personal  property  is  exempt  from  execu- 
tion. 

DFXAAVARE. 

Certain  household  goods  of  free  white  citizens  are 
exempt  from  attachment  or  execution ;  also  the  li- 
brary, tools  and  implements  of  the  debtor  necessary 
for  carrying  on  his  profession  or  trade,  to  the  value 
of  $50.  It  is  provided,  however,  that  all  the  articles 
exempted  shall  not  exceed  $100  in  value. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 
There  is  no  homestead  exemption. 

FLORIDA. 

Every  actual  housekeeper  with  a  family  may  claim 
as  exempt  such  portion  of  his  property  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary for  the  supjiort  of  himself  and  family,  to  the 
value  of  $100,  waiving  all  right  to  all  other  exemptions. 
The  defendant  must  make  and  sign  a  fair  and  full 
statement  of  all  his  property,  verified  by  affidavit, 
which  must  accompany  the  return  of  the  process. 

A  farmer  owning  40  acres  of  land,  of  which  he  cul- 
tivates 10,  can  hold  the  same  exempt,  provided  the 
property  does  not  exceed  $200  in  value.  Every  owner 
of  a  dwelling-house  in  a  city,  town  or  village,  pro- 
vided he  actually  resides  in  the  house,  and  that  it 
does  not  exceed  $300  in  value,  may  hold  it  free  from 
execution,  attachment,  or  distress. 

GEORGIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution,  for  every  white 
citizen  of  the  Stale,  being  head  of  a  family,  50  acres 
of  land,  which,  including  dwelling-house  and  improve- 
ments, must  not  exceed  in  value  $200 ;  also,  5  acres 
additional  for  every  child  under  15  years  of  age.  If  in 
city  or  town,  lot  not  lo  exceed  $200  in  value. 

The  statute  of  this  State  provides,  that  the  security 
on  a  note,  or  the  endorser,  can  give  notice  to  sue,  ami 
unless  the  suit  is  brought  in  three  months  after  matu- 
rity, be  released. 

Merchants  selling  goods  to  persons  in  Georgia, 
should  require  notes  in  every  instance,  for  open  ac- 
counts bear  no  interest. 

INDIANA. 

Every  debtor  is  entitled  to  3o0  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
sonal or  real  ])roperty  exempt  from  execution,  except 
for  labourers'  and  mechanics'  liens. 

Estates  of  dower  are  abolished,  and  in  lieu  thereof, 


the  widow  takes  one-third  of  the  real  estate  in  fee 
simple,  in  dejidnce  of  creditors  and  the  husband's 
will,  unless  the  value  of  the  real  estate  be  more  than 
$10,000;  if  more,  then  a  less  proportion.  This  is  a  bad 
provision,  and  endangers  the  collection  of  debts,  in 
case  of  the  death  of  the  debtor. 

The  widow  is  entitled  to  300  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
sonal property,  as  against  creditors,  etc. 

Property  taken  in  execution  cannot  be  sold  for  less 
than  two-tliirds  its  appraised  value,  where  the  judg- 
ment was  olitained  ui)on  an  ojien  account,  or  upon 
paper,  unless  the  paper  contained  the  clause,  to  wit: 
"  Without  any  relief  whatever  from  valuation  or  ap- 
praisement laws,"  which  should  always  be  inserted. 

The  debtor  cannot  waive  the  exemption  or  stay  laws 
in  a  binding  form. 

On  negotiable  paper,  (being  bills  of  exchange  and 
notes  payable  at  a  chartered  Ikih/l,)  protested  for 
non-payment,  all  parties  thereto  are  jointly  liable  to 
suit.  The  notary  should  add  to  his  protest  a  certi- 
ficate that  Vdtiees  of  protest  were  duly  sent  to  the 
several  parties — naming  them — which  is,  under  the 
statute,  all  the  proof  thereof  required. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  law  exempts  from  levy  and  forced  sale,  undei 
any  process  or  order  from  any  court  in  the  State,  the 
lot  of  ground  and  the  buildings  thereon,  occuiiied  as 
a  residence,  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  being  a  house- 
holder, and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of  $1,000. 
Such  exemption  shall  continue  after  the  death  of  such 
householder,  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow  and  family, 
some  one  or  more  of  them  continuing  to  occupy  such 
homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  become  21 
years  of  age,  and  until  the  death  of  such  widow  ;  and 
no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemjition  shall  be  valid, 
unless  the  same  shall  be  in  writing,  subscribed  by  such 
householder,  and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner 
as  conveyances  of  real  estate. 

IOWA. 

The  law  exempts  from  judicial  sale  out  of  the  prop- 
erty of  residents,  or  of  any  person  coming  to  this  State 
with  the  intention  of  remaining,  the  customary  articles 
necessary  to  the  living  of  the  family,  including  pro 
visions  and  fuel  for  six  months'  use  ;  also  the  earnings 
of  the  debtor  for  his  personal  services,  or  those  of  his 
family  for  ninety  days  ;  and  as  a  homestead,  any 
quantity  of  land  not  exceeding  40  acres,  used  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  the  dwelling  thereon  and  appurten- 
ances, or  instead  thereof,  a  lot  not  exceeding  one-half 
of  an  acre,  being  within  a  recorded  town-lot,  city,  or 
village,  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and  the  ajipur- 
tenances,  owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of  the 
State,  provided  that  such  exempted  homestead  or 
town-lot,  and  dwelling-house  thereon,  shall  in  no  case 
exceed  in  value  .$500.  This  exemjjtion  is  not  to  affect 
any  labourers'  or  mechanics'  lien,  or  mortgage,  law- 
fully obtained,  which  shall  expressly  stipulate  that  the 
homestead  is  liable.  A  mortgage  or  conveyance  of 
the  homestead  is  void  unless  joined  by  both  husband 
and  wife.  The  exemption  descends  to  the  surviving 
head  of  the  family,  or  to  their  issue.  The  debtor  must 
select  his  own  homestead,  and  have  it  marked  out, 
plotted,  and  recorded  in  the  homestead  book  ;  or  the 
oliicer  having  an  execution  must  have  it  done,  and 
ad<l  the  expenses  to  the  writ. 

KENTUCKY. 

About  $100  worth  of  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture is  exempt  from  attachment  and  execution. 

LOUISIANA. 

By  the  .\ct  of  1S50,  willows  and  minor  children  were 
allowed  $1,000  out  of  the  decedent's  estate,  if  left  in 
necessitous  circumstances. 

No  homestead  exemption  laws  in  this  State. 

MAINE. 

A  few  articles  of  household  furniture,  tools,  pro- 


EXEMPTION   LAWS. 


85 


visions,  etc.,  are  not  liable  to  be  taken  on  attachment 
or  execution  ;  also,  any  one  may  have  real  estate  to 
the  value  of  $500  exempted,  provided  he  shall  tile  in 
the  registry  of  deeds,  in  the  county  where  it  is  situate, 
a  certificate  for  that  purpose,  he  being  a  householder 
in  actual  possession  thereof. 

MARYLAND. 

The  Constitution  directs  the  Legislature  to  pass  laws 
exempting  from  judicial  sales  i)roperty  not  exceeding 
$500,  but  no  Legislature  has  yet  acted  upon  the  sub- 
ject. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  law  exempts  furniture,  etc.,  of  a  head  of  a 
family,  to  the  value  of  .$.5(10,  the  agricultural  imple- 
ments of  a  farmer,  the  tools  of  a  mechanic,  the  library 
of  an  attorney,  physician,  or  minister,  to  the  value  of 
$•250;  also,  to  the  "head  of  a  family  160  acres  of  land, 
with  the  dwelling  and  improvements  theron  ;  or,  if  in 
a  town  or  city,  the  residence,  not  exceeding  in  value 
$1,500. 

Widows  are  entitled  to  the  same  amount  of  property 
out  of  the  deceased  husband's  estate  that  is  exempt 
from  sale  under  an  execution  against  an  insolvent 
debtor,  which  is  $500  worth  of  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  etc.,  and  have  as  her  dower  one-third  inter- 
est in  all  the  lands  of  which  her  husband  died  seized 
and  possessed. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  homestead  of  a  debtor  to  the  value  of  $800, 
wearing  apparel,  certain  articles  of  household  furni- 
ture, in  value  say  from  $100  to  $150  ;  provisions,  $50  ; 
the  stock,  tools,  etc.,  of  a  mechanic  or  handicrafts- 
man, $200;  books,  $50;  1  cow,  6  sheep,  1  swine,  2 
tons  of  hay,  fuel  $10. 

MICHIGAN. 

Household  goods,  furniture,  etc.,  not  exceeding  in 
value  $250;  tools,  stock,  etc.,  to  enable  any  one_  to 
carry  on  his  occupation  or  business,  not  exceeding 
$25o"  in  value;  library  not  exceeding  $150  in  value, 
and  other  minor  articles  usually  enumerated,  are  ex- 
empt from  sale  on  execution ;  and  the  debtor  cannot 
waive  such  exemption. 

The  statute  also  exempts  to  householders  a  home- 
stead consisting  of  any  quantity  of  land  not  exceed- 
ing forty  acres,  and  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and 
its''appurtenances,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner  there- 
of, and  not  included  in  any  recorded  town-plot,  or 
city,  or  village;  or,  instead  thereof,  at  the  option  of 
the  owner,  a  quantity  of  land  not  exceeding  in 
amount  one  lot,  being  within  a  recorded  town-plot, 
or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-house  thereon 
and  its  appurtenances,  owned  and  occui)ied  by  any 
resident  of  this  State,  (not  exceeding  in  value  $1500, 
by  the  Constitution  of  1S51.) 

Said  homestead  is  exempt  during  the  minority  of 
his  chiltlren,  and  the  occupation  of  his  widow. 

Any  person  owning  and  occupying  any  house  on 
land  not  his  own,  and  claiming  such  house  as  his 
homestead,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  exemption. 

MISSOURI. 

The  law  exempts  the  usual  articles  of  domestic  use, 
and  also  property,  real  or  personal,  not  exceeding  in 
value  $150,  chosen  by  the  debtor,  if  he  is  the  head  of 
a  family,  with  the  usual  bedding,  and  other  necessary 
household  and  kitchen  furniture,  not  exceeding  $25 
in  value ;  lawyers,  physicians,  and  ministers  may 
select  books  necessary  to  their  profession  in  place  of 
other  property,  at  their  o|)tion,  and  physicians  also 
may  select  their  medicines.  The  husband's  property 
is  exenii)t  from  all  liabilities  contracted  by  the  wife 
before  marriage. 

NEW  YORK. 

In  addition  to  the  household  articles  usually  enu- 
merated as  exempt  from  sale  under  execution,  and 
the  tools  of  anv  mechanic,  not  exceeding  $25,  there 
is  exempted  to  the  value  of  $150,  other  furniture, 
tools,  or  team  ;  also,  the  lot  and  buildings  thereon  to 
the  value  of  $l(»oO,  the  same  being  occupied  as  a 
residence,  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  he  being  a  house- 
holder, and  having  a  family.  Such  exemption  to  be 
contiiuied  after  the  death  of  said  householder,  forthe 
benefit  of  his  widow  and  children,  some  or  one  of 
them  continuing  to  occupy  such  homestead  until  the 
youngest  child  becomes  21  years  of  age,  and  until 


the  death  of  the  widow.  And  no  release  or  waiver 
of  such  exemjition  shall  be  valid  unless  the  same 
shall  be  in  writing,  subscribed  by  such  householder, 
and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner  as  convey- 
ances of  real  estate  are  by  law  required  to  be  ac- 
knowledged. 

To  entitle  any  property  to  such  exemption,  the  con- 
veyance of  the  same  shall  show  that  it  is  ilesigued 
to  be  held  as  a  homestead  under  this  act,  or  if  already 
purchased,  or  the  conveyance  does  not  show  such  de- 
sign, a  notice  that  the  same  is  designed  to  be  so  held 
shall  be  executed  and  acknowledged  by  the  person 
owning  the  said  i>roperty,  which  shall  contain  a  full 
descrii)tic)n  thereof,  and  shall  be  recorded  in  the 
office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  in  which  the  said 
property  is  situate,  in  a  book  to  be  provided  for  that 
purpose,  and  known  as  the  "  Homestead  Exemption 
Book."  But  no  property  shall,  by  virtue  of  this  act, 
be  exempt  from  sale  for  non-payment  of  taxes  or  as- 
sessments, or  for  a  debt  contracted  for  the  ]>urchase 
thereof,  or  prior  to  the  recording  of  the  aforesaid 
deed  or  notice. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

There  is  a  homestead  exemption  law  in  the  value 
of  $500,  which  descends  to  the  widow  or  minor  chil- 
dren, and  a  mechanics'  lien  law. 

There  is  no  waiver  of  right  to  the  exemption  ex 
cept  by  deed. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Personal  property  to  the  value  of  $200,  the  prop- 
erty of  a  resident  head  of  a  family  is  exempt  from 
sale,  appraised,  under  oath,  by  three  persons  a])- 
poiuted  by  the  sherilT;  under  certain  stringent  statu- 
tory provisions,  the  lot  and  buildings  thereon  occu- 
pied as  a  residence  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  being 
a  householder  and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of 
$1000;  such  exemption  shall  continue  after  the  death 
of  such  householder,  for  the  benetit  of  the  widow  and 
family,  some  or  one  of  them  continuing  to  occujiy 
such  homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  become 
21  years  of  age,  and  until  the  death  of  the  widow ; 
and  no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemption  shall  be 
valid. 

The  act  provides  for  the  sale  or  division  of  the 
homestead  on  execution,  when  its  value  exceeds 
$1000. 

The  widow  or  administrator  of  a  deceased  person 
may  claim  the  same  exemption  of  ])er3onal  property 
to  the  amount  of  $200,  as  against  the  creditors. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
In  addition  to  the  wearing  ajiparel,  etc.,  exempted, 
there  is  also  exempt  from  seizure  the  following  prop- 
erty, proviiled  the  same  shall  have  been  set  apart  be- 
fore seizure,  to  wit.  :  1  cow  and  calf,  10  bushels  of 
corn  or  wheat,  50  pounds  of  bacon,  beef,  or  pork,  or 
1  barrel  of  fish ;  all  necessary  farming  tools  for  1  la- 
bourer, 1  beil,  bedstead  and  covering,  for  every  2 
members  of  the  family,  or  such  other  i)roperty  as  the 
freeholders  appointed  for  that  purpose  may  deem 
necessary  for  the  comfort  and  support  of  such  debtor's 
family ;  such  other  property  not  to  e.xceed  in  value 
$5U  at  cash  valuation. 

OHIO. 

The  family  homestead  of  every  head  of  a  family 
not  exceeding  in  value  $500,  is  exem|)t  so  long  as  the 
debtor,  the  widow,  or  the  unmarried  minor  child  shall 
reside  thereon,  although  the  title  to  the  land  shall  be 
in  another.  In  case  there  is  no  family  homestead, 
$:iOO  additional  personal  property  to  be  selected  by 
appraisers  is  allowed  to  the  head  of  a  family. 

The  earnings  of  the  debtor  for  his  pereonal  services 
at  any  time  within  3  months  next  preceding,  cannot 
be  applied  by  law  towards  the  satisfaction  of  a  judg- 
ment, if  necessary  fur  the  use  of  a  family  supported 
wholly  or  partly  by  his  labour. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution  property,  either 
real  or  personal,  to  the  value  of  $:ioo,  if  claimed  by 
the  debtor,  exclusive  of  all  wearing  ai)paiel,  bibles, 
and  school  books  in  the  use  of  the  family.  This 
privilege  may  be  waived  by  the  debtor  in  the  body 
of  a  note  or  in  a  confession  of  judgment. 

The  widow  or  children  of  any  decedent  may  retain 


86 


EXEMPTION   LAWS — TIME   INDICATOR. 


the  same  additional  amount  from  the  estate  for  her 
or  their  use. 

TENNESSEE. 

The  usual  simple  articles  of  household  furniture, 
farming  utensils,  and  mechanics'  tools,  etc. 

Also  the  homestead  of  every  head  of  a  family,  to 
the  value  of  ^.OUO,  provided  he  has  had  a  declaration 
and  due  notice  of  such  intention  signed,  sealed,  and 
witnessed,  and  duly  registered  in  the  office  of  the 
Register  of  the  County,  and  permanently  resides  on 
the  homestead.  Tlie  widow  of  a  housekeeper,  and 
the  children  during  their  minority,  are  entitled  to  all 
the  benefits  of  the  exemption. 

TEXAS. 

The  law  exempts  from  sale  on  execution,  and  en- 
titles the  widow  of  decedent  to  200  acres  of  land,  or 
any  town  or  citj'  lot,  or  lots,  not  to  exceed  in  value 
$2000,  as  the  homestead  of  a  family,  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  not  to  exceed  in  value  |200.  All 
implements  of  husbandry,  etc.,  etc.  By  a  recent  de- 
cision of  the  Supreme  Court,  an  unmarried  man  is 
entitled  to  the  same  exemption,  except  the  200  acres 
of  land.  He  may  retain  a  town  lot  and  improve- 
ments to  the  value  of  $500. 

VERMONT. 

The  Homestead  Exemption  Law  is  for  the  value  of 
$500.    Mechanics  have  a  lien. 

VIRGINIA. 
In  the  case  of  a  husband  or  parent,  a  few  house- 


hold articles  of  furniture  and  provisions ;  and  in  case 
of  a  mechanic,  the  tools  and  utensils  of  his  trade,  not 
to  exceed  $25  in  value.  Family  portraits  and  en- 
gravings are  expressly  exempted  from  distress  or 
levy.  Slaves,  also,  without  the  debtor's  consent, 
where  there  are  other  goods  and  chattels  of  such 
debtor  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 


WISCONSIN. 

The  law  exempts  from  forced  sale  a  homestead  con- 
sisting of  any  quantity  of  land,  not  exceeding  40  acres, 
used  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  the  dwelling- 
house,  and  its  appurtenances  thereon,  to  be  selected 
by  the  owner  thereof,  and  not  included  in  anj-  town- 
plot,  or  city,  or  village ;  or  instead  thereof,  at  the 
option  of  the  owner,  a  lot  of  land  not  exceeding  one- 
quarter  of  an  acre,  being  within  a  recorded  town- 
plot,  or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-house  there- 
on, and  its  appurtenances.  This  exemption  does  not 
affect  any  labourer's  or  mechanic's  lien. 

The  law  also  exempts  the  dwelling-house  owned  by 
any  person  and  situate  on  land  not  his  own,  but 
which  land  he  is  rightfully  in  possession  of  by  lease 
or  otherwise,  provided  he  claims  such  house  as  his 
homestead. 

Owners  of  homesteads  may  remove  from  and  sell 
the  same,  and  such  removal  or  sale  shall  not  render 
the  homestead  subject  to  forced  sale  on  execution 
hereafter  issued  in  the  State  or  United  States  Courts 
against  the  owner,  except  in  judgment  for  fore- 
closure of  mortgages.  The  homestead  to  descend  to 
the  widow,  who  shall  hold  it  during  widowhood. 


COMPAEATIVE  TIME  INDICATOR, 

Showing  the  Time  at  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  compared  with  Noon 

at  Washingtcm,  New  York  and  Montreal. 

There  is  no  standard  railroad  time  in  America  as  in  Great  Britain.  Each  railroad  com- 
pany adopts  the  time  of  its  own  locality. 

Travellers  are  apt  to  experience  considerable  annoyance  in  consequence  of  such  difference. 
The  only  way  is  to  observe  what  difference  there  is  between  the  time  in  each  particular 
place,  and  arrange  accordingly. 

For  difference  of  time  between  Washington  and  the  chief  cities  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  see  Time  Indicator  on  following  page: — 

NOON  AT  NEW  YORK.  NOON  AT  MONTREAL. 

At  It  will  be  At  It  will  be 

Augusta,  Ga 11 

Baltimore,  Md 11 

Boston 12 

Buffalo,  N.Y 11 

Charleston,  S.  C 11 

Chicago,  111 11 

Cincinnati,  0 11 

Cleveland,  0 11 

Columbus,  0 11 

Detroit,  Mich 11 

Indianapolis,  Ind 11 

Louisville,  Ky 11 

New  Orleans,  La 10 

Philadelphia 11 

Pittsburg,  Pa 11 

Portland,  Me 12 

Richmond,  Va 11 

St.  Louis,  Mo 10 

St.  Paul,  Min 10 


will  be 

30 

\.  M 

50 

it 

12 

P.  M 

40 

a.  M 

36 

6 

18 

30 

24 

24 

14 

14 

54 

55 

35 

16 

46 

55 

45 

p. 

A. 


Boston 12  12 

Buttalo 11  40 

CoUingwood,  C.  W 11  33    " 

Goderich,  C.  W 11  28    " 

Hamilton,  C.  W 11  35    " 

Kingston,  C.  W 11  49    " 

London,  C.  W 11  30    " 

New  York  City 11  58    " 

Ottawa,  C.  W 11  52    " 

Paris,  C.  W 11  37    " 

Peterborough,  C.  W 11  40    " 

Port  Hope,  C.  W 11  40    " 

Portland,  Me 12  14  P.  m 

Quebec,  C.  E 12  10    " 

Richmond 12    6    " 

Sarnia,  C.  W 11  25  a.  M 

St.  Thomas,  C.  E 12  13    " 

Three  Rivers,  C.  E 12    4  P.  M 

Toronto,  C.  W 11  36    " 

Windsor,  C.  W 11  23  a.  m 


DIFFERENCE   OF  TIME  BETWEEN  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA 

"WHEN   IT   IS    NOON    AT   NEW   YORK, 
At  It  will  be 

London 4  55  p.  m. 

Liverpool 4  44    " 

Dublin 4  30    " 

Edinburgh 4  43    " 

Glasgow 4  44    " 


At  II  will  bt 

Madrid 4  40  p.  m. 

Rome 5  46    " 

Hamburg 5  35    " 

Constantinople 6  51    " 

Paris " 


88  BUSINESS — PAST,    PRESENT,   AND   FUTURE. 


BUSINESS— PAST,   PRESENT,   AND  FUTURK 

As  upon  the  commercial  position  of  affairs  generally  depends  the  progress  of  the 
country,  and  happiness  and  comfort  of  the  people,  we  purpose  noticing  here,  briefly, 
the  leading  characteristics  of  the  business  done  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  during 
the  year  1857,  comparing  its  disasters  with  those  of  1858,  and  ascertain  something,  if  pos- 
sible, of  the  future. 

From  statistics  published,  we  find  that  in  1857,  throughout  the  entire  United  States, 
there  were  4,932  failures,  involving  an  amount  of  liabilities  of  §291,750,000,  (or  about 
£58,350,000  stg.,)  against  which  we  find  that  in  1858  there  were  4,225  failures,  with  lia- 
bilities of  $95,749,662  (or  about  £19,149,932  stg.).  This  shows  a  difference  of  £39,210,- 
068  stg.,  between  the  amount  failed  for  in  1857  and  that  in  1858,  but  in  reality  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  amounts  of  both  years'  failures  are  connected  with  the  trade  of  1857,  and 
that  which  was  done  previous  to  the  panic  which  set  in  in  October  that  year — the  eflfects 
of  which  were  carried  into,  and  throughout  the  most  part  of  the  year  1858 — thus  showing 
a  grand  total  of  $387,499,662,  or  within  a  trifle  of  seventy-seven  millions  and  a  half  of 
■pounds  sterling  of  liabilities. 

The  only  natural  conclusion  is,  as  we  have  stated,  that  this  large  amount  of  money,  has 
accrued  nearly  entirely  from  the  panic,  as  it  is  well-known  that  the  bona-fide  trade  done 
during  the  year  1858,  has  been  characterized  by  the  greatest  caution,  and  there  lias  been 
no  business  done  of  a  speculative  kind. 

As  one  of  the  pleasing  features  connected  with  the  panic  of  1857,  is  the  undoubted  fact, 
of  an  immense  amount  of  debts  due  by  parties  with  whom  compromises  were  made,  and 
to  others,  again,  to  whom  time  was  granted  during  the  pressure — having  paid  up  in  full — 
and  even  now,  houses  are  to  be  found  anticipating  the  time  in  paying  up  their  dividends, 
and  paying  in  full.  Independent  of  large  concerns,  we  believe  that  amongst  the  small- 
er class  of  tradesmen  the  honourable  and  independent  spirit  of  paying  up  every  cent  for 
the  dollar  past  due,  has  been  largely  carried  out,  and  speaks  well  for  the  confidence  which 
is  mutually  exchanged  between  parties,  which,  after  all,  is  more  valuable  in  commercial 
communities,  than  bank  bills. 

Eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-eight,  then,  may  be  said  to  have  seen  the  end  of  the  great 
commercial  disasters,  which  broke  out  first  in  Cincinnati  in  September,  1857,  (in  the  fail- 
ure of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,)  and  which  has  extended  to  very  nearly  every 
corner  of  tlie  earth.  No  doubt  but  that  in  some  districts,  particularly  in  the  large  cities  of 
the  Northern  and  Western  States,  a  large  amount  of  old  outstanding  debts  are  yet  to  col- 
lect, where  possible ;  but  people  now  know  the  extent  of  the  mischief  which  has  been  done, 
and  are  regulating  accordingly.  The  trade  of  the  past  year,  1858,  has,  therefore,  been  the 
commencement  of  another  new  era  in  commercial  afi'airs,  and  which  will,  no  doubt,  for 
some  time  at  least,  exhibit  more  caution  than  was  shown  for  some  years  previous  to  the 
panic. 

That  the  country  is  already  exhibiting  signs  of  reviving  health  and  strength  in  its  manu- 
facturing, agi'icultural  and  commercial  departments  is,  undoubtedly,  a  cheering  fact,  de- 
spite those  complaints  which  now  and  then  appear  on  the  surface,  when  balancing 
the  books  of  some  of  the  public  companies,  or  fast  young  cities  in  the  west — rising, 
like  the  excrescences,  from  an  unhealthy  body,  to  get  cured,  and  thereby  leaving  the  great 
parent-sj'stem  sounder  and  healthier  than  before. 

In  some  of  the  manufacturing  concerns  of  New  England,  two  to  three  months'  orders 
are  in  hand  for  goods  at  present  rates,  and  more  orders  refused,  excepting  at  the  market 
prices,  when  the  goods  are  ready  for  delivery. 

In  commercial  circles,  wholesale  men  are  looking  forward  to  doing  a  moderately  large 
and  safe  trade  throughout  the  year,  as,  from  the  manner  in  which  all  classes  of  store-keep- 
ers have  been  running  down  their  stocks  for  the  last  fifteen  months,  their  shelves  are  com- 
paratively bare  of  goods,  so  that  an  ordinary  supply  must  be  had ;  and  judging  from  the 


BUSINESS — PAST,    PRESENT,    AND   FUTURE.  89 

indications  which  the  spring  trade  already  gives,  there  is  every  reason  for  encouragement 
for  the  future. 

The  emigration  from  Europe  during  1858,  has  fallen  off  very  considerably  compared  with 
previous  years,  no  doubt  owing  to  the  general  stagnation  of  affairs,  together  with  the  in- 
ducements hitherto  held  out  for  emigrating  to  the  Australian  colonies;  but  as  the  policy 
of  emigrating  even  there  at  present,  is  questionable,  we  have  no  doubt  but  that  in  the 
natural  course  of  events  the  United  States  and  Canada  will  be  enjoying  as  large  a  share  of 
European  emigration  as  ever  they  have  done,  as,  what  with  the  banks  full  of  idle  capital, 
the  recuperative  powers  of  the  country,  the  character  of  the  people,  and  the  favourable 
commercial  prospects  for  the  future,  every  thing  bids  fair  to  see  an  early  revival  of  tiie 
time  when  things  will  be  going  "ahead,"  as  usual,  in  "  full  blast." 

We  invite  attention  to  the  very  valuable  table  of  statistics,  drawn  up  by  Messrs.  B. 
Douglass  &  Co.,  of  the  Mercantile  Agency,  given  elsewhere,  in  which  will  be  found  some 
interesting  particulars  in  connection  with  the  failures  of  1857  and  1858.  From  it  we  ex- 
tract the  following  statistics,  respecting  the  failures  in  Canada : — 

CANADA.       TOTAL   NUMBER   OF   FATLURiS   FROM    IST   OF   JAMJART    TO    25TH    DECEMBER. 

Kumher  of  Failures.  Totul  LialiUties.  Total  ZuiUlities, 

1857.  1858.  1857.  1858. 


In  Toronto,  C.  "W 25  16 

Remainder  of  Canada  West 109  211 

In  Montreal,  C.  E 15  40 

Remainder  of  Canada  East 15  22 


?2,714,000.     [£542,800]  I    $383,376.    [  £76,675] 

2,172,000.     [£434,400]  |   1,305,879.    [£261,175 1 

Increase  of  failures  in  Canada  West  in  1858.  OS 

Increase  in  Canada  East  iu  1858 32 


From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  business  has  been  more  healthy  in  Toronto  in  1858 
than  in  1857,  there  being  a  decrease  there  of  9  failures  during  the  12  months  just  ended. 
Whilst  throughout  the  other  portions  of  Canada  West,  there  has  been  an  increase  of  109 
failures,  during  the  same  period.  This  maybe  accounted  for  from  the  fact  of  many  of  the 
failures  in  Toronto  during  the  panic  of  the  last  3  months  of  1857  having  occurred  before 
their  effects  reached  the  country  towns  in  the  province  of  Canada  West. 

In  Montreal  again  the  case  is  reversed,  there  having  been  25  more  failures  in  1858  than 
there  were  there  in  1857,  owing  probably  to  the  same  cause  as  already  alluded  to— that  the 
fiulures,  during  the  panic  of  1857-8,  were  not  announced  in  Montreal  until  after  1858  came 
in,  and  thus  have  been  included  in  the  returns  for  1858.  In  the  remainder  of  the  province 
of  Canada  East,  the  number  of  failures,  announced  as  being  22  in  number  for  1858,  also 
shows  an  increase  of  1  over  the  previous  year  (1857). 

Although  these  facts  show,  in  1858,  an  increase  of  failures  in  Canada  West  to  the  extent 
of  sixty-two  per  cent.,  and  in  Canada  East  of  one  hundred  per  cent,  over  those  of  1857,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  such  increase  is  to  be  entirely  attributed  to  the  effects  of  the 
great  panic  which  set  in,  in  October,  1857— and  that  that  increase  more  properly  belongs  to 
the  trade  of  1857  than  that  of  1858,  as  the  trade  of  1858  has  been  characterized  by  extreme 
caution— and  what  has  been  done,  has  been  done  safely— to  a  very  great  extent.  During 
that  time  the  fraudulent  and  weak  in  business  have  been  pretty  well  weeded  out— and  had 
the  last  wheat  crop  not  proved  to  a  very  large  extent  a  failure,  things  would  have  been 
much  better  throughout  Canada  for  the  last  six  months  than  they  were.  Business  matters 
are  now,  however,  upon  a  sound  footing— the  principal  thing  requred  being  good 
crops  for  the  next  few  years  in  Canada— and  more  particularly  if  the  crops  prove  short 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland— this,  together  with  an  addition  to  the  capital  of  the 
country,  is  what  is  wanted  to  render  things  in  Canada  as  Uvely  and  prosperous  as  ever 
they  were. 


90 


STATISTICS  OF   FAILURES. 


FAILURES  IN  AMERICA  IN   1857  AND   1858. 

The  following  tables  of  Statistics  regarding  the  number  of  failures  -which  have  occurred 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  have  been  compiled  by  Messrs.  B.  Douglass  &  Co.,  of  the 
Mercantile  Agency,  New  York,  from  the  immense  mass  of  information,  which  the  magni- 
tude of  their  establishment  and  business  relations  has  placed  them  in  possession  of. 

Apart  from  tlie  facts  with  which  they  are  pregnant,  they  will  form,  in  all  time  coming, 
interesting  memento  of  a  most  eventful  commercial  epoch. 

STATISTICS   AS   TO    FAILURiS   FROM   DEC.    25,    1857,    TO    DEC.    25,    1858. 


Localities. 


New  York — 

N.  Y.  City  (incl.  Brooklyn  and  W'msburg.). 

Albany 

Buffalo 

Oswego 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Troy 

Utica 

Balance  of  State 

Penxstlvaxia — 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburg 

Balance  of  State 

Ohio — 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Balance  of  State 

Ix  DIAXA 

MiCHIGAX — 

Detroit 

Balance  of  State 

Illixois — 

Chicago 

Balance  of  State 

Iowa — 

Dubuque 

Balance  of  State 

Wiscoxsix — 

Milwaukee 

Balance  of  State 

MixxESOTA  AXD  Territories 

Delaware  and  District  op  Columbia.  . . 
Massacuosetts — 

Boston 

Balance  of  State 

Rhode  Island — 

Providence 

Balance  of  State 

Coxxecticut 

Maixe 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

New  Jersey 

Louisiana — 

New  Orleans 

Balance  of  State 

Missouri — 

St.  Louis 

Balance  of  State 

Marylaxd — 

Baltimore 

Balance  of  State 


3 

S 

•^ 

"s^„- 

^ 

^ 

•2>^ 

■2.^- 

5  a 

•S.2 

"&S 

•i.=-t  S 

1^ 

J.  a 

fe-S 

^  2;  i;  H 

s| 

!| 

^S 

No. 

No. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

915 

406 

147,682 

43,777 

35 

22 

23,943 

15,714 

72 

36 

58,667 

16,665 

13 

8 

12,385 

9,200 

31 

15 

27,419 

23,000 

29 

19 

15,034 

21,500 

24 

10 

66,958 

27,857 

20 

10 

29,250 

21,222 

447 

340 

15,188 

12,693 

280 

109 

117,693 

91,765 

28 

22 

42,250 

27,761 

226 

232 

10,102 

20,033 

96 

51 

40,603 

26,383 

30 

17 

20,433 

15,000 

220 

214 

10,714 

7,817 

139 

127 

11,769 

9,092 

34 

27 

44,530 

38,812 

98 

120 

10,246 

14,429 

117 

87 

56,171 

41,272 

199 

305 

13,900 

16,322 

36 

26 

20,417 

31,733 

108 

94 

12,342 

23,363 

19 

21 

20,000 

14,975 

101 

137 

12,316 

17,779 

63 

90 

27,063 

15,176 

20 

46 

13,050 

6,025 

253 

123 

162,095 

33,975 

230 

128 

11,352 

15,139 

35 

17 

130,400 

22,000 

4 

13 

26,250 

21,071 

61 

89 

18,508 

24,870 

81 

61 

13,087 

10,591 

70 

37 

13,257 

10,896 

57 

40 

8,299 

6,968 

86 

60 

13,279 

12,930 

58 

45 

108,362 

77,000 

5 

13 

49,200 

26,300 

49 

22 

112,694 

35,590 

29 

29 

14,931 

21,000 

58 

76 

55,275 

32,140 

41 

92 

17,683 

5,663 

2-S 


Dols. 

135,129,000 
838,000 

4,224,000 
161,000 
850,000 
436,000 

1,607,000 
585,000 

6,789,000 

32,954,000 

1,183,000 
2,283,000 

3,898,000 

613,000 

2,3.57,000 

1,636,000 

1,514,000 
1,004,000 

6,572,000 
2,766,000 

735,000 
1,333,000 

380,000 
1,244,000 
1,705,000 

261,000 

41,010,000 
2,611,000 

4,564,000 
105,000 

1,129,000 

1,060,000 
928,000 
473,000 

1,142,000 

6,285,000 
246,000 

5,522,000 
433,000 

3,206,000 

725,000 


=  8 
I  I 


5-5 


Dols. 

17,773,462 
345,708 
599,940 
73,600 
345,000 
408,500 
278,570 
212,220 
4,315,620 

10,002,385 

610,742 

4,647,656 

1,-345,533 

255,000 

1,672,838 

1,154,684 

1,047,924 
1,731,480 

3,590,664 
4,978,210 

825,058 
2,196,122 

314,475 
2,435,723 
1,365,840 

277,150 

4,178,925 
1,937,792 

374,000 
273,923 
2,213,430 
646,051 
403,152 
278,720 
775,800 

3,465,000 
341,900 

782,980 
609,000 

2,442,640 

520,996 


STATISTICS  OF   FAILUEES. 


91 


STATISTrCS    AS   TO    FAILUllES    FEOM    D£C.    25,    1857,    TO    DEC.    25,    1858. 

[Continued.'\ 


Localiiies. 

2 

1 

1 

1' 

1. 

5  =.11 

:s  Egg 

Av.  of  linhilitiet  of 
each  failure  in  1858. 

•2 

ii 

Kentucky — 

TjOnisville 

19 
31 

30 
90 
32 
7 
16 
11 
40 
15 
62 

31 

24 

7 

4932 

25 
109 

15 
15 
22 

5118 

IS 
62 

25 
244 
71 
17 
48 
36 
103 
28 
90 

20 

21 

6 

39,842  30,859 
32,484  11,000 

26,033,19,965 
10,911'   8,950 
28,906' 19,933 
44,143  43,500 
18,437  42,474 
40,455  29,250 
17,800  15,505 
26,200  16,694 
18,887  16,660 

29,742  28,909 
12,708  11,900 
35,715  23.740 

757,000 
1,007,000 

781,000 
982,000 
925,000 
309,000 
295,000 
445,000 
712,000 
393,000 
1,171,000 

922,000 
305,000 
250,000 

555,462 
682,000 

499,125 

2,183,800 
1,415,243 

739,600 
2,038,752 
1,053,000 
1,597,015 

467,432 
1,499,400 

578,180 
249,900 
142,440 

95,749,662 

383,376 
1,305,879 

1,110,040 

616,770 

1,021,844 

Balance  of  State  

Virginia — 

Richmond               

Tialance  of  State 

Georgia 

Arkansas 

At.AR4M\                

l\rT«;msmppi                

Tennessee 

Tews                     

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina — 

Charleston                

Tialance  of  State 

"Pl.ORTDA                          

' 

Total  United  States 

Canada  West — 

4225 

16 
211 

40 
22 
23 

4537 

108,560 
19,926 

34,866 

23,961 
6,189 

27.751 

291,750,000 

2,714,000 
2,172,000 

523,000 
1,267,000 
1,375,000 

Canada  East — 

Montreal 

84,466  28,035 
62,500  44,428 

^nvA  SroTTA  Avn  \fw  BrFRXWICK 

Total  United  States  and  British  Provinces. . 

299,801,000 

100,187,571 

STATES  (X  WHICH  FAILURES  IXCREASED  IN  1858. 

Michigan 15 

Illinois 76 

Wisconsin 38 

Jlinnesota  and  Territories 27 

Delaware  and  District  of  Columbia 26 

Connecticut 28 

Maryland 69 

Kentucky 30 

Virginia". 149 

Georgia 39 

Arkansas 10 

Alabama 32 

Mississippi 25 

Tennessee 63 

Texas 13 

North  Carolina 28 

Canada  West 93 

Canada  East 32 

Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 1 


STATES  IX  ■Winai   FAILVRES  DECREASED   IN    1858. 

New  York  City  and  State 720 

Pennsylvania li'l 

Ohio 64 

Indiana 12 

Iowa 24 

Massachusetts 232 

Rhode  island 9 

Maine 20 

New  Hampshire 33 

Vermont 17 

New  Jersey 26 

Louisiana 5 

Missouri 27 

South  Carolina 14 

Florida 1 


92 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


DISTANCES   AND   FARES   FROM  NEW  YORK. 

In  the  following  tables  will  be  found  the  fares  and  distances — as  near  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained— from  New  York  to  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  more  particularly  in  the  north 
and  north-west  districts. 

The  fares  given,  are  first  class,  as  well  as  emigrant  fares  per  railroad  all  the  way ;  also, 
per  railroad  and  steamboats,  where  the  latter  run. 

Although  the  fares  from  New  York  to  the  north  and  west,  are  professedly  the  same,  by 
all  the  different  routes,  yet  the  railroad  companies  object  to  publish  emigrant  fares,  which 
renders  a  compilation  of  such  more  than  usually  difficult.  The  fares  as  stated,  however, 
we  believe  will  be  found  correct,  or  any  difference  there  may  be,  will  be  trifling.  The 
summer  fares  are  lower  than  those  now  stated. 

To  the  north  and  west,  the  following  are  the  great  leading  routes: — 

The  New  Yoek  axd  Erie  Railroad. — (Station,  West  street,  foot  of  Duane  street,)  extend- 
ing to  Buffalo  and  Dunkirk. 

The  Hudson  River  Railroad. — (Station,  corner  of  Warren  street  and  College  Place,)  or 
Line  of  Steamers  to  Alb.yny — thence  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and  others,  from 
there. 

The  Pejjnsylvania  Central  Railroad,  by  way  of  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg,  one  of  the 
best  made  lines  in  the  country,  and  through  a  beautiful  district,  now  connected  right 
through  to  Chicago. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  through  the  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  one  of  the  finest  routes  which  can  be  taken  by  tourists. 

Parties  at  a  loss  for  amount  of  fares  to  any  given  point,  may  calculate  at  tlie  rate  of  3 
cents  per  mile  first  class,  and  one  cent  a  mile  for  emigrant  class. 

Strangers  will  observe  that  tlie  fares  are  stated  in  ($)  dollars,  and  (cts.)  cents.  For 
every  dollar  count  4s.  Id.  stg.,  and  for  every  cent,  one-halfpenny  stg.,  which  will  give 
travellers  from  Europe  an  idea  of  the  fares  in  British  money. 

The  fares  in  the  second  emigrant  column,  do  not  include  meals  on  board  the  steamers 
on  the  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Emigrants  proceeding  from  New  York,  are  booked  at  Castle  Garden,  or  at  the  oflSce  252 
Canal  street,  near  Washington  street. 


NAHE  OF  PLACE. 


STATE. 


Auburn 

Aurora 

Alton 

Albany 

Ann  Arbour  . 

Atchison 

liatavia 

Burlington. , . 
Booneville. . . 
Haltiinore.. . . 

Boston 

Brunswick.. . 

Belloit 

Bellefontaine 
Burlington... 
Blooiiiington. 

Buffalo 

Brock  ville  . . . 
Cincinnati.. . 

Caul  (leu 

C'liariton 

("ayuga 

Crestline..  .. 
Collrngwood  . 

Chatham 

Cobourg 


New  York 

Illinois 

I      *^ 

■New  York 

Michigan 

Kansas  Territory. 

New  York 

Vermont 

Missouri 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Ohio. 

Iowa 

Illinois 

New  York 

Canada  West 

Ohio 

Missouri 

Iowa 

New  York 

Ohio 

Canada  West 


D!st.   from 

First  class 

EMIGKANT 

FARES. 

N.Ynrk. 

Fares  per 

Per  Rail- 

Railroad 

road. 

&  StDier. 

$  Cts. 

Miles. 

$    Cts. 

$     Cts. 

810 

6  48 

951 

25  85 

11  00 

9  50 

1053 

30  25 

13  50 

12  00 

144 

3  00 

1  50 

715 

17  10 

9  00 

T  00 

1605 

44  00 

20  00 

19  00 

405 

8  25 

5  00 

305 

T  50 

5  00 

1305 

89  00 

188 

9  00 

5  00 

842 

8  00 

5  00 

2  50 

1372 

41  00 

1071 

26  85 

12  50 

11  00 

690 

18  15 

8  50 

7  50 

1148 

80  00 

14  00 

12  50 

1036 

27  00 

12  50 

11  00 

442 

9  00 

5  00 

478 

10  90 

G  50 

755 

21  00 

10  00 

9  00 

1461 

41  00 

1260 

88  10 

829 

6  70 

4  00 

630 

16  25 

7  75 

6  75 

623 

14  32 

8  25 

7  50 

680 

14  50 

7  50 

606 

18  82 

6  00 

FARES  AND   DISTANCES   FROM   NEW   YORK. 


93 


Continuation  of  the  preceding  page. 


KAU£  OF  PLACE. 

STATE. 

Dist.  from 
N.  York. 
Railroad. 

First  class 
Fares  per 
Railroad. 

EMIGRANT 

FARES. 

Per  Rail- 
road. 

Railroad 
St  Stca'er 

Copetown 

Canada  West 

New  York 

it 

Ohio 

Miles. 

502 
630 
856 
583 
635 
908 
959 
1400 
705 
678 
939 
991 
1096 
1006 
495 
1142 
1204 
459 
995 
497 
1278 
761 
1044 
1064 
1029 
1198 
1270 
499 
334 
1076 
1079 
520 
596 
1337 
608 
835 
864 
474 
509 
1044 
490 
1260 
1150 
813 
999 
843 
1198 
821 
943 
1480 
1193 
870 
854 
833 
454 
1568 
860 
500 
1006 
1193 
897 
401 
996 
765 
250 
729 
906 
1115 
1480 
1211 
993 
1156 
1134 
401 
1085 
19.39 
1633 
17 
622 
2219 
1     1950 
1      447 

$    Cts. 

10  65 
8  60 
7  45 

14  00 

18  00 
24  00 
81  00 
58  60 

19  50 
16  00 
24  50 

26  75 
29  60 

27  00 
10  44 
29  85 

28  35 

10  10 
28  50 

11  50 
35  10 

19  75 

28  00 

29  50 

27  60 

81  15 
89  85 

10  56 
7  00 

29  00 
29  10 

11  40 
13  47 

40  00 
13  83 

20  70 

21  50 
9  81 

10  86 

28  25 

10  50 
32  50 
80  60 

22  50 

27  00 

24  25 

86  00 

20  00 

25  65 

41  00 
32  75 

9  10 
24  85 

22  00 
9  50 

^2  00 

23  00 

12  75 

26  00 

82  50 
23  00 

11  00 
26  70 
17  40 
10  60 

16  25 
22  (10 

21  50 
40  00 

87  00 
26  50 

28  .50 

29  90 
9  85 

29  50 
61  00 
47  00 
00  25 

17  25 
54  00 
51  00 

9  00 

$    cts. 

6  25 

6  00 

4  50 
6  50 

8  50 

10  00 

14  50 

9  50 

8  50 

11  50 
10  00 

15  00 

12  65 
6  25 

25  00 
18  00 

5  00 
18  50 

6  00 

9  50 

13  75 

15  50 

13  50 

16  00 

6  25 

4  50 
18  50 

14  50 

7  00 
6  50 

18  00 

8  00 
10  00 
10  00 

6  00 
6  75 

13  00 

6  25 

16  00 

14  00 

10  50 

13  00 
12  00 

17  00 

9  50 
12  00 
20  00 
17  00 

11  00 
10  50 

5  00 
20  00 

10  75 

7  75 

11  50 

17  00 

12  00 

6  00 
12  00 

8  50 

8  00 
10  00 

14  00 

15  00 

12  50 

13  .50 
13  75 

7  00 

18  50 
15  00 

00  13 

8  65 
20  00 
15  00 

5  00 

$  Cts. 

5  50 

7  50 

8  50 
13  00 

8  50 

6  00 

9  50 
8  50 

13  50 
11  25 

18  50 

11  50 

12  50 

7  50 
12  25 

14  00 
12  00 

12  00 

13  00 

17  00 

8  50 

8  50 

12  00 

14  50 
12  50 

9  50 
11  50 
11  00 

16  00 

8  00 

9  50 
19  00 

15  00 
0  00 

10  00 
8  50 

19  00 
8  75 

10  00 
15  50 

11  00 

10  50 

7  50 

8  50 

12  50 

13  00 
13  00 

9  50 
12  00 

12  75 

11  50 

17  75 

13  00 

Cane  Vincent 

ii 

Illinois 

t( 

Oiiio 

Detroit 

Michigan 

Illinois 

a 

li 

Li 

Canada  West 

Iowa 

a 

Dunkirk     

New  York 

Indiana 

Pennsylvania 

Erie         

Eddvville          

Fort,  Wavne           

Indiana 

Fulton          

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

Fairfield            

4i 

Flamborough 

Geneva  

Canada  West 

New  York 

Illinois 

Canada  West 

Missouri  

Glencoe  

Gla'^ffow                      

Goderich 

Canada  West 

14 

Canada  West 

Wisconsin 

Canada  West 

Missouri 

Grimsbv            

Horicon   

Hamilton 

Iowa ... 

Indiana 

Janesville    

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

Jpffersonville            

Kenosha 

Wisconsin 

Keokuk .• 

Canada  West 

Indiana • 

New  York 

Kan<5as           

Lewiston             

Leavenworth  City 

Indiana 

Canada  West 

Wisconsin 

Kentuckv 

Montreal 

Canada  Kast 

Illinois 

Ohio    

Virginia 

Ohio 

Mansfield 

Michigan  City 

In<liana 

Illinois 

Menii)his,  via  St.  Louis  . . . 

"         via  Cairo 

Milwaukee 

Tennessee 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Madison 

Muscatine 

Canada  West 

Illinois 

Naples 

Natcliez 

Napoleon 

Newark 

Newark 

New  Orleans,  via  St.  Louis 

"          "        via  Cairo  . . 

Niagara  Falls 

Mississippi 

Arkiiiisas     

New  Jersey 

lOllin.           

New  York  ........ 

94 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FROM  NEW   YORK. 


ConUnuation  of  preceding  page. 


NAME  OF  PLACE. 


Oswego 

Ottawa 

Ogdensburg 

Philadelphia 

Peoria 

Peru 

Piqua 

Prairie  du  Chien... 

Prescott 

Preston 

Prescott 

Paris 

Port  Hope 

Portland 

Pittsburg 

Providence 

Portage  City 

Plattsburg 

Quincy 

Rouse's  Point 

Racine 

Rock  Island 

Rochester 

Rockford 

Rome 

Rutland 

Red  Wing 

Sidney 

Sandusky 

Shelby 

Springfield 

Springfield 

Springfield 

Syracuse 

Steubenville 

Suspension  Bridge. 

St.  Louis 

St.  Joseph 

St.  Paul 

Saratoga 

Toronto 

Toledo 

Terre  Haute 

Urbana 

Utica 

Vincennes 

Vicksburg  

Watertown 

Watertown 

Whitewater 

Winterset 

Waukegan 

Winona 

Washington 

Windsor 

AVheeling 

Weston 

Xenia 

Zanesville 


New  York 

Canada  West. 

New  York 

Pennsylvania". 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 


Canada  West . 


Maine 

Pennsylvania. 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Vermont 

Illinois 

New  York 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

New  York 

Illinois 

New  York 

Vermont 

Minnesota. . .. 

Iowa 

Ohio 


Massachusetts. 

Illinois 

Ohio 

New  York 

Ohio 

Niagara 

Missouri 


Minnesota 

New  York. 

Canada  West.  . . . 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Ohio 

New  York 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Wisconsin 

New  York 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Dist.  of  Columbia. 

Canada  West. 

Virginia 

Missouri 

Ohio 


Dist.  from 
N.  York. 
RuUroaJ. 


Miles. 

277 

450 

463 

90 

1069 
840 
733 

1128 

1456 
502 
465 
519 
509 
449 
443 

1100 

1196 
804 

1150 
357 
993 

1095 
363 

1000 
254 
239 

1456 
607 
673 
650 
246 

1030 
728 
242 
405 
447 

1073 

1589 

1399 

182 

529 

690 

886 

744 

239 

944 
1558 
1038 

325 
101:3 
1300 

993 
1316 

226 

670 

507 
1529 

6S5 

603 


First  class 
Fares  per 
Kuilroad. 


$  cts. 

7  00 
11  87 
10  25 

3  00 

28  00 
21  50 
20  50 
31  25 
40  50 
10  86 

10  50 

11  16 
13  36 
10  50 
13  00 
87  00 

29  75 

8  25 
82  00 

9  00 
26  00 
28  35 

r  60 

26  75 

5  20 

5  50 
39  50 
50  10 

15  85 

16  00 

6  06 
28  00 
18  90 

6  00 
15  00 

9  00 
81  00 
44  00 
42  00 

4  00 
11  50 

17  00 

24  75 

18  70 
4  90 

26  75 
49  00 
23  00 

7  70 
28  25 

41  60 

25  00 
85  50 

7  50 
15  87 

15  50 

42  00 

19  50 

16  75 


EMIGRANT 

FARES. 

Per  Rail. 

Railroad 

road. 

&  Stea'er 

$    Cts. 

$    Cts. 

4  50 

7  50 

6  50 

0  yo 

12  50 

11  00 

10  25 

8  25 

9  00 

8  00 

16  26 

14  75 

14  00 

13  00 

1  00 

7  00 

7  00 

7  00 

6  00 

.... 

5  00 

7  00 

15  75 

14  25 

15  50 

14  60 

5  00 

12  25 

13  00 
5  00 

12  50 
3  50 

18  00 

T  50 

7  75 

8  00 
12  75 

9  00 
8  75 
8  50 

5  00 

14  00 
21  00 
18  25 

2  50 

6  50 

8  25 

11  50 

9  00 
2  50 

12  50 

15  Oo 
14  00 

4  00 

13  00 

11  50 
18  00 

8  50 

8  00 

9  25 

9  00 


9  50 
11  50 


2  75 
17  00 

6  00 


11  00 
8  00 

12  00 

16  75 

6  00 
10  50 

11  50 

12  50 

11  50 

9  00 
16  50 

00 


8  25 

8  00 


FAKES,   DISTANCES,   AND   ROUTES  FROM   QUEBEC. 


95 


DISTANCES  AND   FARES   FROM   QUEBEC. 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE   INITIALS   IN  THE   ROUTES. 


G.  T.  R.— Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

0.  S.  &  H.  R. — Ontario,  8imcoe,  and  Huron  Railway. 

G.  W.  R. — Great  Western  Railway. 


C.  &  P.  R. — Coburg  and  Peterborough  Railway. 
P.  &  O.  R.— Prescott  and  Ottawa  Railway. 
E.  T. — Eastern  Townships,  Lower  Canada. 


Emigrant  Fare 
by  Railway. 


Sterling.     $  cts, 


22«. 
26s. 
14s. 
22s. 

128. 

16s. 
22s. 
26«. 


24«. 

18s. 
28s. 
18s. 
2Ss. 
10s. 
17s. 
8s. 
lis. 


14«. 
23«. 
24s. 

23s. 

20s. 
26s. 


26s. 
15s. 
14s. 
16s. 
22s. 

278. 

8s. 
228. 

8s. 

48. 
128. 

228. 
168. 


128. 
248. 
148. 
158. 

188. 

138. 
298. 
208. 

128. 

238. 
168. 

18s. 
22s. 
24s. 
22s. 


5  50 

6  50 
3  50 
5  50 

3  00 

4  00 

5  50 

6  26 


4  50 

5  50 

6  00 
6  60 


PLACES 
IN   CANADA. 


3  50 

5  75 

6  00 

6  75 

5  00 

6  60 


6  50 
3  75 
8  50 
3  75 

5  50 

6  75 
2  00 
5  50 

2  00 
1  00 

3  00 

5  50 

4  00 


8  00 
6  00 
3  50 

3  75 

4  50 

3  25 


Acton,  West 

Barrie 

Relleville 

Bondhead  

Brocliville 

Brighton 

Brampton 

Berlin 

Baltimore 

Bradins 

Bradford 

Bowmanville 

Chatham 

COBOURG  

COLLINGWOOD 

Cornwall 

Colborne 

Compton 

Dickenson's  Landing.. 

DufHn's  Creek 

Davenport 

Eckfried , 

Edwardsburg 

Gananoque 

Georgetown 

Guelph 

Gloucester 

Gait 

Grafton 

HAMILTON 

Hamburg 

Holland  Landing 

Harrisburg 

Harwood 

Indian  A'illage 

Ingersoll 

KINGSTON 

Kemptville 

Kelley's 

Keene 

King 

LONDON 

Lennoxville 

Lefroy 

Lancaster 

MONTREAL 

Matilda 

Morgan's 

Niagara  


25 
00 
00 
75 
00 


Napanee 

Newtonville 

Newcastle 

Norton 

Newmarket 

OTTAWA 

Oliver's  Ferry,  (Rideau  Canal) 

Oshawa 

Oxford 

Osgoode 

Owen  Sound 

Oakville 

Prescott 

Paris 

Perth,  (Bathurst  District) 


IPORT  HOPE.. 

Peterboro 

Preston 

Richmond  Hill. 


530 
565 
888 
493 
293 
410 
522 
563 
436 
444 
544 
457 
679 
431 
593 
286 
417 
134 
246 
478 
507 
686 
273 
823 
530 
550 
324 
570 
424 
539 
576 
583 
563 
446 
449 
592 
840 
304 
816 
452 
569 
015 
123 
508 
222 
168 
267 
456 
587 
867 
448 
454 
157 
542 
836 
353 
467 
298 
312 
630 
518 
281 
565 
836 


437 
459 
573 
517 
Continued  on  neietpaye. 


ROUTES. 


By  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  G.  T.  R 

"        '•        and  Steamer 


from  Toronto. 


"  Railway  from  Cobourg. 
from  Toronto. 


"  6.  T.  R, 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  T.  R.  and  Steamer 

"  O.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  G.  T.  R 


via  Richmond 

or  Steamer  from  Montreal. 


"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  T.  R 


from  Toronto. 


"  G.  T.  and  P.  and  0.  R.  [risburg. 
From  Hamilton  by  G.  W.  R.  via  Har- 
By  Steamer  on  G.  T.  R 


"  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 
ii  ((  ti  II 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton.  . . . 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott.. 


''  C.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  G.  W.  K.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  T.  R.  via  Richmond 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 


"  C.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 

From  Toronto  by  Steamer 

By  G.  T.  R 


"        "        via  Richmond 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott 

"  "  via  Kemptville... 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott.  . . 


"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R 


"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  Railroad  from  Brockville,  nearly 

opened 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  0.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg 

"  G.  W.  K.from  Hamilton  via  Gait. 
"  0.  S.  and  H.  R 


Emigrant  Fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Railway. 


Sterling. 


2l8. 

21s. 
15s. 
17s. 
10s. 


23s. 
15s. 
Un. 
20s. 

IS.'j.  6d. 
24.S.  M. 
13«.  dd. 
22s.  6a!. 
7s.  Gd. 


9s. 

198. 

22s. 
2Ss. 
9s. 
10s. 
22s. 
208. 
12s. 
19s. 

17s.  6d. 

23s. 

21s. 

22s. 

18.S. 

1S.S. 

22s. 

12s. 

lis. 

13s. 

19s. 

23s. 

24s. 

19s.  6d. 
Gs.  Gd. 

88. 

10s. 
ISs. 
19s. 

188.  Gd. 


288. 

lU.  Gd. 

lis. 

16s. 

12s. 

18s. 

26.S. 

16s. 

10s. 

20s. 


Gd. 


14s. 

1.3.'<.  Gd. 
19s. 

22s.  Gd. 
198.  Gd. 


96         DISTAJSrCES   FROM   QUEBEC    AND   liOUTES   ON    ST.    LAWRENCE. 

Continuation  of  preceding  page. 


Emigrant  Fare 
by  Railway. 

Sterling. 

$  cts. 
1  00 

4s. 

22s. 

2  00 
5  50 

26s. 

6  50 

16«. 

4  00 

20s. 
21s. 

5  00 
5  25 

15.S. 
19s. 
26s. 
lis. 

3  T5 

4  Z5 
6  50 
2  75 

2S.9.  6(7. 

7  12 

S6s. 
40s. 

9  00 
10  00 

PLACES 
IN  CANADA. 


Richmond,  E.  T 

RomanviUe 

Sherbroolie 

St.  Catharine's 

Shale  espeare 

Stratford 

Spencerville 

Shanon  ville , 

Scarborough 

laRaNTo  

Thornhill 

Tyandenaga I 

Trenton  

Wliitby [ 

Woodstock 

Williamsburg 

Weston .- 

Windsor,  (opposite  Detroit). .  j 

St.  Andrew's,  (N.  Brunswick) 
St.  John's,        "      I 


S  . 
o  u 

ii  3 


^6 
458 
120 
560 
5S2 
589 
291 
881 
483 
500 
512 
87T 
4ll() 
471 
587 
260 
510 
631 

629 
676 


ROUTES. 


ByG.  T.  R. 


From  Hamilton  by  G.  AV.  R. 
(By  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto..., 


"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott. 


"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 
"  G.  T.  R 


"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer.  [ronto. 
"  G.  T.  or  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  To- 
"  G.  W.  K.  from  Hamilton 


j  By  G.T.  R.  to  Portland,and  thence 
(         by  Steamer. 


Emigrant  Fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Railway. 


Sterling.     $  cts. 


20«. 


25s. 

6  25 

12s. 

3  00 

17s.  M. 

4  37 

22s. 

5  50 

15s. 

8  75 

16s.  M. 

4  12 

23s. 

5  75 

8s.  M. 

2  12 

18s.  6rf. 

4  62 

25s. 

6  25 

5  00 


The  fares  quoted  above  are  emigrant  fares — equivalent  to  the  third  class  of  Great  Britain. 

The  first  class  fare  from  Quebec  to  any  station,  per  rail,  is  about  three  cents  per  mile.  Through  fares — to 
Montreal,  $6  ;  to  Toronto,  |16. 

Second  class  carriages  are  run  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad.    Fare  about  two  cents  per  mile. 

Fares  being  subject  to  alterations,  we  cannot  guarantee  the  absolute  correctness  of  the  figures  stated  for 
the  whole  year,  but  any  difference  there  may  be  will  be  trifling. 

Children  under  12  years  of  age,  half  fare ;  under  3  years,  free. 

All  emigrants'  baggage  is  carried  free  along  the  railroads  in  Canada,  whereas  only  50  lbs.  weight  is  allowed 
free  on  the  lines  in  the  United  States. 


STEAJklBOAT   ROUTE   ON  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


[Do'vvii  the  River  from  Lewiston,  (Niag:ara,) 
to  Quebec.] 

From 
Piaoes.  Miles.  Lewrston. 

Lewiston 0  0 

Youngstown 0  6 

Niagara,  Canada 1  7 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee..  SO  87 

Pultney ville 20  107 

Sodus  Point 10  117 

Oswego 30  147 

Stoney  Point  and  Island 33  180 

SackeVs  Harbour 12  192 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 23  220 

Kingston,  Canada 10  230 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek  . .  24  254 

Alexandria  Kay 12  266 

Brockville,  Canada 22  288 

Morristown 1  489 

Ogdensburo,  or  Prescott  . .  11  3(10 

Gallop  Rapids 6  306 

Point  Iroquois 6  312 

Matilda 2  314 

Rapid  Plat 5  319 

WlLLIAMSDl'RG 2  821 

Farren's  Point 11  832 

Dickenson's  Landing 4  336 

(Long  Saut  Rapid.) 

Cornwall 10  846 

St.  Regis 8  849 

(N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

Lancaster 13  862 

CoTEAu  DU  Lac 16  878 

Cedar  Rapids 6  383 

Split  Rock  Rapids 2  885 

Cascade  Rapids 8  388 

Beauharnois 1  889 

La  Chine 18  407 

MONTREAL 9  416 

William  Henrv 45  461 

Lake  St.  Peter 10  471 

Three  Rivers 85  506 

Richelieu  Rapids 85  541 

QUKBEC 45  586 

7 


[Up  the  River  from  Quebec  to  Lewiston, 
(Niagara).] 

Fronl 
Places.  Miles.    Quebec. 

QUEBEC 0  0 

Richelieu  Rapids 45  45 

Three  Rivers 35  80 

Lake  St.  Peter 30  110 

William  Henry 15  125 

MONTREAL 45  170 

La  Chine,  via  Canal 9  179 

Beauharnois IS  197 

Cascade  Rapids 1  198 

Split  Rock  Rapids 8  201 

CedarRapids 2  203 

CoTEAD  DU  Lac 5  203 

Lancaster 16  224 

St.  Regis 13  237 

(N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

Cornwall 3  240 

(Long  Saut  Rapid. 

Dickenson's  Landing 10  2.50 

Farren's  Point 4  254 

Williamsburg 11  265 

Rapid  Plat 2  267 

Matilda 5  272 

Point  Iroquois 2  274 

Gallop  Rapids 6  280 

Prescott,  or  Ogdensbcrg  . .     6  286 

Maitland 7  293 

Brockville 5  29S 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Alexandria  Bay 22  8.32 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek . .  12  344 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 

Kingston,  Canada 24  868 

Sacket's  Harbour 38  392 

Stoney  Point  and  Island... .  12  404 

Oswego 33  416 

Sodus  Point 30  446 

Pultneyville 10  456 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee.  20  476 

Niagara,  Canada 80  556 

Youngstown 1  557 

Lewiston 6  563 


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